BACKGROUND In pediatric age group patients(<18 years old)treated operatively for distal radius/both bone fractures extending imaging beyond the initial postoperative period-particularly in uncomplicated cases-appea...BACKGROUND In pediatric age group patients(<18 years old)treated operatively for distal radius/both bone fractures extending imaging beyond the initial postoperative period-particularly in uncomplicated cases-appears to provide limited additional benefit.AIM To determine the necessary number of follow-up X-rays to use resources efficiently.METHODS Participants included in this study are pediatric age group patients who were treated operatively for distal radius/both bone fractures and were identified from a prospected collected data from the operating room database between the years 2009 and 2017.The data in the study included patients who had distal radius fractures and underwent fixation surgery(n=88).RESULTS When assessing the difference in the odds of conducting 1 or less X-ray compared to 2 or more X-rays in regard to the type of fixation,the only significant difference is the closed reduction fixation method.Patients who underwent closed reduction method procedure have significantly lower odds of having 2 more X-rays compared to those who didn’t have closed reduction method.Open reduction,internal fixation,and other fixation methods(close reduction and internal fixation,debridement,or epiphysiodesis)have higher odds of having two or more X-rays compared to patients who did not receive these methods;however,these odds are not statistically significant.CONCLUSION The findings of this study reveal notable absence of a statistically significant association between the frequency of postoperative X-rays and the outcome of children with distal radius fractures.展开更多
Our understanding of grain-level bursts of plasticity in polycrystals remains limited by current techniques.By employing a modified Synchrotron transmission X-ray Laue diffraction method(beam size larger than the grai...Our understanding of grain-level bursts of plasticity in polycrystals remains limited by current techniques.By employing a modified Synchrotron transmission X-ray Laue diffraction method(beam size larger than the grain size),we tracked grain rotations for the first 1%of tensile strain,in 4400 time steps.We indexed 33 grains and quantified the magnitude and frequency of intermittent bursts of grain rotation.We interpret these events in terms of bursts of plastic deformation.The events are highly coordinated amongst nearby grains,and their frequency and magnitude,as well as the number of grains participating,peaked at around the onset of full plasticity.At this point,7 out of the 10 indexed grains with orientations favorable for twinning showed significant drops in diffracted intensity(a mean value of 8%),due to twin induced re-orientation.For other orientations,20 out of 23 grains displayed bursts attributable to lattice dislocation glide(interpreted in terms of basal and prismatic <α> slip).The mean value of the magnitude of these bursts is∼0.08°,implying accumulated shear strains of the order of 3×10^(-3).These bursts,in many cases,were due to the activation of more than a single slip/twin system within the grain,and co-ordination amongst neighboring grains also involved collaboration between slip and twinning events.展开更多
This paper describes the design and performance of the tender energy spectroscopy beamline(BL16U1),a phase Ⅱ beamline,at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.The beamline,based on an in-vacuum undulator source...This paper describes the design and performance of the tender energy spectroscopy beamline(BL16U1),a phase Ⅱ beamline,at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.The beamline,based on an in-vacuum undulator source with 26 mm period,provides an operable energy range between 2.1 keV and 16 keV,covering the K-edges of P to Rb and L3-edges of Zr to Bi.The principal optical elements of the beamline are a toroidal mirror,a liquid nitrogen-cooled double-crystal monochromator,a high-harmonic-rejection mirror,and two pairs of Kirkpatrick–Baez(KB)mirrors.Three end-stations,including non-focusing,microprobe,and sub-microprobe types,are installed on the beamline.X-ray fluorescence(XRF)and X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS),including X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES)and extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS),are performed under vacuum or He atmosphere at the non-focusing end-station(with a beam spot size of∼670μm×710μm).Using two KB mirrors systems,micro-XRF(μXRF)mapping and micro-XANES(μXANES)studies can be performed with a spot size of approximately∼3.3μm×1.3μm at the microprobe end-station and with a smaller spot size of∼0.5μm×0.25μm at the sub-microprobe end-station.The non-focusing end-station was officially opened to users in January 2024.The microprobe and sub-microprobe end-stations will be opened to users in the near future.This paper presents the characteristics,short-term technical developments,and early experimental results of this new beamline.展开更多
With the development of the semiconductor industry below the 7 nm scale,critical dimension small-angle X-ray scattering(CD-SAXS)has emerged as a powerful tool for quantitatively measuring nanoscale deviations.In this ...With the development of the semiconductor industry below the 7 nm scale,critical dimension small-angle X-ray scattering(CD-SAXS)has emerged as a powerful tool for quantitatively measuring nanoscale deviations.In this study,the effects of X-ray beam size and photon energy on the accuracy of critical dimension measurements were investigated.Critical dimensions measured using beams with different spot sizes showed different deviations from the expected values.Beam sizes that were either too large or too small did not improve confidence intervals.As the incident energy increased,the X-ray transmission rate increased,while the scattering cross section decreased,resulting in a gradual decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio of the diffraction peaks,which reduced the accuracy of the CD-SAXS measurements.An optimal accuracy was obtained at 12 keV with a smaller beam size.Using an effective trapezoid model,the results yielded an average pitch of 100.4±0.2 nm,width of 49.8±0.2 nm,height of 130.0±0.2 nm,and a sidewall angle below 1.1°±0.1°.These results provide crucial guidance for the future development of CD-SAXS laboratories and the construction of X-ray machines as well as robust support for research in related fields.展开更多
The unique advantage of x-ray ghost imaging(XGI)is its potential in low dose radiology.One of the practical ways to reduce the radiation exposure is to reduce the measurements while remaining sufficient image quality....The unique advantage of x-ray ghost imaging(XGI)is its potential in low dose radiology.One of the practical ways to reduce the radiation exposure is to reduce the measurements while remaining sufficient image quality.Synthetic aperture x-ray ghost imaging(SAXGI)is invented to achieve megapixel XGI with limited measurements,which is expected to implement XGI simultaneously with large field of view and low radiation exposure.In this paper,we experimentally investigate the effect of measurements reduction on the spatial resolution and image quality of SAXGI with standard sample and biomedical specimen.The results with a resolution chart demonstrated that at 360 measurements,SAXGI successfully retrieved the sample image of 1960×1960 pixels with spatial resolution of 4μm.With measurement reduction,the spatial resolution deteriorates but the sparser structures are still discernable.Even with measurements reduced to 10,a spatial resolution of 10μm can still be achieved by SAXGI.A biomedical sample of a fish specimen is employed to evaluate the method and the fish image of 2000×1000 pixels with an SSIM of 0.962 is reconstructed by SAXGI with 770measurements,corresponding to an accumulative exposure reduction of more than 2 times.With the measurements reduced to 10 which corresponds to 1/160 of the accumulative radiation exposure for conventional radiology,bulky structure like the fish skeleton can still be definitely discerned and the SSIM for the reconstructed image still retained 0.9179.Results of this paper demonstrate that measurements reduction is practicable for the radiation exposure reduction of the sample,which implicates that SAXGI with limited measurements is an efficient solution for low dose radiology.展开更多
This study aims to investigate the responses of a perovskite-based direct-conversion dual-layer flat-panel detector(DL-FPD)numerically.To this end,the X-ray sensitivity,spatial resolution quantified by the modulation ...This study aims to investigate the responses of a perovskite-based direct-conversion dual-layer flat-panel detector(DL-FPD)numerically.To this end,the X-ray sensitivity,spatial resolution quantified by the modulation transfer function(MTF),and detective quantum efficiency(DQE)of the DL-FPD are evaluated numerically using a linear cascade model.In addition,both the single-crystal(SC)and polycrystalline(PC)structures of MAPbI_(3)are investigated,along with various other key parameters such as the material thickness,electric field strength,X-ray beam spectrum,and electronic readout noise.The results demonstrate that SC perovskite consistently exhibits better performance than PC perovskite owing to fewer material defects.Increasing the layer thickness may decrease the MTF,but can also enhance the sensitivity and DQE.Moreover,appropriately increasing the external electric field within the material can improve the sensitivity,MTF,and DQE.Finally,reducing the electronic readout noise can significantly enhance the DQE for low-dose imaging.This study demonstrates the potential of high-quality dual-energy X-ray imaging using direct-conversion perovskite DL-FPDs.展开更多
This comprehensive study investigates the formation and evolution of intermetallic compounds during the solidification process of magnesium alloys using advanced micro X-ray computed tomography.By analyzing both commo...This comprehensive study investigates the formation and evolution of intermetallic compounds during the solidification process of magnesium alloys using advanced micro X-ray computed tomography.By analyzing both common industrial Mg-Al-Zn alloys and a novel rare earth-containing Mg-Ni-Gd-Y alloy,we aim to characterize the nucleation,growth,and distribution of Al-Mn and eutectic intermetallics across various stages of solidification.The non destructive imaging technique employed in this research provides high-resolution,three-dimensional insights into the microstructural development,allowing for a detailed examination of the morphology,spatial arrangement,and interconnectivity of intermetallic phases.This approach overcomes limitations of traditional two-dimensional metallographic methods,offering a more comprehensive understanding of the complex three-dimensional structures formed during solidification.展开更多
Halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for X-ray detection with exceptional properties and reasonable costs.Among them,heterostructures between 3D perovskites and low-dimensional perovskites attract in...Halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for X-ray detection with exceptional properties and reasonable costs.Among them,heterostructures between 3D perovskites and low-dimensional perovskites attract intensive studies of their advantages due to low-level ion migration and decent stability.However,there is still a lack of methods to precisely construct heterostructures and a fundamental understanding of their structure-dependent optoelectronic properties.Herein,a gas-phase method was developed to grow 2D perovskites directly on 3D perovskites with nanoscale accuracy.In addition,the larger steric hindrance of organic layers of 2D perovskites was proved to enable slower ion migration,which resulted in reduced trap states and better stability.Based on MAPbBr_(3)single crystals with the(PA)_(2)PbBr_(4)capping layer,the X-ray detector achieved a sensitivity of 22,245μC Gy_(air)^(−1)cm^(−2),a response speed of 240μs,and a dark current drift of 1.17.10^(–4)nA cm^(−1)s^(−1)V^(−1),which were among the highest reported for state-of-the-art perovskite-based X-ray detectors.This study presents a precise synthesis method to construct perovskite-based heterostructures.It also brings an in-depth understanding of the relationship between lattice structures and properties,which are beneficial for advancing high-performance and cost-effective X-ray detectors.展开更多
A large-scale view of the magnetospheric cusp is expected to be obtained by the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)onboard the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE).However,it is challenging to trace the three-d...A large-scale view of the magnetospheric cusp is expected to be obtained by the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)onboard the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE).However,it is challenging to trace the three-dimensional cusp boundary from a two-dimensional X-ray image because the detected X-ray signals will be integrated along the line of sight.In this work,a global magnetohydrodynamic code was used to simulate the X-ray images and photon count images,assuming an interplanetary magnetic field with a pure Bz component.The assumption of an elliptic cusp boundary at a given altitude was used to trace the equatorward and poleward boundaries of the cusp from a simulated X-ray image.The average discrepancy was less than 0.1 RE.To reduce the influence of instrument effects and cosmic X-ray backgrounds,image denoising was considered before applying the method above to SXI photon count images.The cusp boundaries were reasonably reconstructed from the noisy X-ray image.展开更多
Owing to their intricate molecular frameworks and copious chiral centers,the structural identification and configurational assignment of natural products are challenging tasks.Comprehensive spectral data analysis is c...Owing to their intricate molecular frameworks and copious chiral centers,the structural identification and configurational assignment of natural products are challenging tasks.Comprehensive spectral data analysis is crucial for the confirmation of absolute configurations.Ignoring critical parameters will lead to false structure,which may confuse the total synthesis and drug development.Herein,the configurations of seven heterogeneous Pallavicinia diterpenoids(PDs) isolated from Pallavicinia liverworts are revised using a combination of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism(ECD) calculations.Meanwhile,identification of five unprecedented PD heterodimers PD-dimers A-E(18-22) along with eleven previously undescribed PDs(5-9,13-17,23) obtained by the reinvestigation of the Chinese liverwort Pallavicinia subciliata have resulted in corrections and support the revised conclusions.展开更多
Van der Waals(vdW)heterostructures have attracted much attention due to their distinctive optical,electrical,and thermal properties,demonstrating promising potential in areas such as photocatalysis,ultrafast photonics...Van der Waals(vdW)heterostructures have attracted much attention due to their distinctive optical,electrical,and thermal properties,demonstrating promising potential in areas such as photocatalysis,ultrafast photonics,and free electron radiation devices.Particularly,they are promising platforms for studying thermionic emission.It is illustrated that using vdW heterostructure-based thermionic emission can enhance heat transfer in vacuum devices.As a proof of concept,the approach is demonstrated to offer a promising solution for the long-standing overheating issue in X-ray tubes.Specifically,it is shown that the saturated target temperature of a 2000 W X-ray tube can be reduced from around 1200℃ to 490℃.Additionally,it is also demonstrated that by reducing the height of the Schottky barrier formed in the vdW heterostructures,the thermionic cooling performance can be enhanced.The findings pave the way for the development of high-power X-ray tubes.展开更多
Aqueous zinc metal batteries(AZMBs)face significant challenges in achieving reversibility and cycling stability,primarily due to hydrogen evolution reactions(HER)and zinc dendrite growth.In this study,by employing car...Aqueous zinc metal batteries(AZMBs)face significant challenges in achieving reversibility and cycling stability,primarily due to hydrogen evolution reactions(HER)and zinc dendrite growth.In this study,by employing carefully designed cells that approximate the structural characteristics of practical batteries,we revisit this widely held view through in-operando X-ray radiography to examine zinc dendrite formation and HER under nearpractical operating conditions.While conventional understanding emphasizes the severity of these processes,our findings suggest that zinc dendrites and HER are noticeably less pronounced in dense,real-operation configurations compared to modified cells,possibly due to a more uniform electric field and the suppression of triple-phase boundaries.This study indicates that other components,such as degradation at the cathode current collector interface and configuration mismatches within the full cell,may also represent important barriers to the practical application of AZMBs,particularly during the early stages of electrodeposition.展开更多
Small angle x-ray scattering(SAXS)is an advanced technique for characterizing the particle size distribution(PSD)of nanoparticles.However,the ill-posed nature of inverse problems in SAXS data analysis often reduces th...Small angle x-ray scattering(SAXS)is an advanced technique for characterizing the particle size distribution(PSD)of nanoparticles.However,the ill-posed nature of inverse problems in SAXS data analysis often reduces the accuracy of conventional methods.This article proposes a user-friendly software for PSD analysis,GranuSAS,which employs an algorithm that integrates truncated singular value decomposition(TSVD)with the Chahine method.This approach employs TSVD for data preprocessing,generating a set of initial solutions with noise suppression.A high-quality initial solution is subsequently selected via the L-curve method.This selected candidate solution is then iteratively refined by the Chahine algorithm,enforcing constraints such as non-negativity and improving physical interpretability.Most importantly,GranuSAS employs a parallel architecture that simultaneously yields inversion results from multiple shape models and,by evaluating the accuracy of each model's reconstructed scattering curve,offers a suggestion for model selection in material systems.To systematically validate the accuracy and efficiency of the software,verification was performed using both simulated and experimental datasets.The results demonstrate that the proposed software delivers both satisfactory accuracy and reliable computational efficiency.It provides an easy-to-use and reliable tool for researchers in materials science,helping them fully exploit the potential of SAXS in nanoparticle characterization.展开更多
Organic-inorganic metal halides(OIMHs)have emerged as highly promising novel multifunctional optoelectronic materials,owing to their easily adjustable properties from a variety of combinations of different components....Organic-inorganic metal halides(OIMHs)have emerged as highly promising novel multifunctional optoelectronic materials,owing to their easily adjustable properties from a variety of combinations of different components.But it is still difficult and rare to realize highly tunable multicolor luminescence within the same material.In this work,we successfully incorporated three adjustable emission centers in OIMHs to synthesize a novel OIMH(NEA)_(2)MnBr_(4),with each emission center capable of emitting one of the primary colors—red,green,and blue.The green and red emissions originate from the tetrahedron and octahedron structures in the Mn-based frame,while the blue can be attributed to the contribution of organic components.Additionally,to achieve comparable emission intensity among the three primary colors,we enhanced the blue emission performance by optimizing the ratio of organic structure components and incorporating chirality in the OIMHs.The resulting high-quality films can be obtained by spin-coating method with a photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 96%.More interestingly,by the dual manipulation of excitation wavelength and temperature,the sample can be emitted at least seven distinct colors including a standard white luminescence at(0.33,0.33),opening up promising prospects for multicolor luminescence applications such as high-end anti-counterfeiting technology,light-emitting diodes,X-ray imaging,latent fingerprints,humidity detection,and so on.Therefore,based on application scenarios and requirements,our research on this highly tunable luminescent OIMH material lays a solid foundation for further development of various functional properties of related materials.展开更多
Formamidinium lead iodide(FAPbI_(3))perovskite exhibits an impressive X-ray absorption coefficient and a large carrier mobility-lifetime product(μτ),making it as a highly promising candidate for X-ray detection appl...Formamidinium lead iodide(FAPbI_(3))perovskite exhibits an impressive X-ray absorption coefficient and a large carrier mobility-lifetime product(μτ),making it as a highly promising candidate for X-ray detection application.However,the presence of larger FA^(+)cation induces to an expansion of the Pb-I octahedral framework,which unfortunately affects both the stability and charge carrier mobility of the corresponding devices.To address this challenge,we develop a novel low-dimensional(HtrzT)PbI_(3) perovskite featuring a conjugated organic cation(1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-thiol,HtrzT^(+))which matches well with theα-FAPbI_(3) lattices in two-dimensional plane.Benefiting from the matched lattice between(HtrzT)PbI_(3) andα-FAPbI_(3),the anchored lattice enhances the Pb-I bond strength and effectively mitigates the inherent tensile strain of theα-FAPbI_(3) crystal lattice.The X-ray detector based on(HtrzT)PbI_(3)(1.0)/FAPbI_(3) device achieves a remarkable sensitivity up to 1.83×10^(5)μC Gy_(air)^(−1) cm^(−2),along with a low detection limit of 27.6 nGy_(air) s^(−1),attributed to the release of residual stress,and the enhancement in carrier mobility-lifetime product.Furthermore,the detector exhibits outstanding stability under X-ray irradiation with tolerating doses equivalent to nearly 1.17×10^(6) chest imaging doses.展开更多
Soft X-ray detectors play a vital role in materials science,high-energy physics and medical imaging.Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6),a lead-free double perovskite,has gained attention for its excellent optoelectronic properties,stabi...Soft X-ray detectors play a vital role in materials science,high-energy physics and medical imaging.Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6),a lead-free double perovskite,has gained attention for its excellent optoelectronic properties,stability,and nontoxicity.However,its fast crystallization and requirement for high-temperature annealing(>250℃)often lead to inferior film quality,limiting its application in flexible devices.This study introduces an alloying strategy that significantly improves the quality of Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)thin films annealed at a reduced temperature of 150℃.Devices based on the alloyed thin films exhibit an ultra-low dark current of 0.32 nA·cm^(-2)and a quantum efficiency of 725%.Furthermore,the first successful integration of Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)with a thinfilm transistor backplane demonstrates its superior imaging performance,indicating that Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)is a promising material for next-generation soft X-ray sensors.展开更多
Space scientific exploration is rapidly becoming the primary battlefield for humankind to explore the universe.Countries worldwide have launched numerous space exploration satellites.Accurate calibration of the detect...Space scientific exploration is rapidly becoming the primary battlefield for humankind to explore the universe.Countries worldwide have launched numerous space exploration satellites.Accurate calibration of the detectors on the ground is a crucial element for space science satellites to obtain observational results.For the purpose of providing calibration for various satellite-borne detectors,multiple monochromatic X-rays facilities have been built at the National Institute of Metrology,P.R.China(NIM).These facilities mainly pertain to grating diffraction and Bragg diffraction,and the energy range of the produced monochromatic X-rays is 0.218–301 ke V.These facilities have a high performance in terms of energy stability,monochromaticity,and flux stability.The monochromaticity was greater than 3.0%.The energy stability of the facility is 0.02%at 25 ke V over 8 h,and the flux stability was within 1.0%at 25 ke V over 8 h.Calibration experiments on the properties of satellite-borne detectors,such as energy linearity,energy resolution,detection efficiency,and temperature response,can be conducted at the facilities.Thus far,the calibration of two satellites has been completed by the authors,and the work on three other satellites is in progress.This study will contribute to the advancement of X-ray astronomy the development of Chinese space science.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the attenuation of gamma and X-rays with different energies caused by passage through different materials.To this end,different materials with a range of atomic numbers were chos...The aim of this study was to determine the attenuation of gamma and X-rays with different energies caused by passage through different materials.To this end,different materials with a range of atomic numbers were chosen to measure gamma and X-ray attenuation coefficients and to explore the mechanisms of interaction of gamma and X-rays with matter of various kinds.It is shown that the attenuation coefficients first decrease and then increase with increase in the radiation(photon)energy.The attenuation of gamma and X-rays passing through materials with high atomic number is greater than that in materials with low atomic number.The attenuation minimum is related to the atomic number of the irradiated materials.The larger the atomic number is,the lower the energy corresponding to attenuation minimum is.Photoelectric and Compton effects are the main processes when gamma rays pass through individual materials with high and low atomic numbers,respectively.Therefore,for radiotherapy and radiation protection,different methods should be considered and selected for the use of gamma and X-rays of different energies for use in different materials.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND In pediatric age group patients(<18 years old)treated operatively for distal radius/both bone fractures extending imaging beyond the initial postoperative period-particularly in uncomplicated cases-appears to provide limited additional benefit.AIM To determine the necessary number of follow-up X-rays to use resources efficiently.METHODS Participants included in this study are pediatric age group patients who were treated operatively for distal radius/both bone fractures and were identified from a prospected collected data from the operating room database between the years 2009 and 2017.The data in the study included patients who had distal radius fractures and underwent fixation surgery(n=88).RESULTS When assessing the difference in the odds of conducting 1 or less X-ray compared to 2 or more X-rays in regard to the type of fixation,the only significant difference is the closed reduction fixation method.Patients who underwent closed reduction method procedure have significantly lower odds of having 2 more X-rays compared to those who didn’t have closed reduction method.Open reduction,internal fixation,and other fixation methods(close reduction and internal fixation,debridement,or epiphysiodesis)have higher odds of having two or more X-rays compared to patients who did not receive these methods;however,these odds are not statistically significant.CONCLUSION The findings of this study reveal notable absence of a statistically significant association between the frequency of postoperative X-rays and the outcome of children with distal radius fractures.
基金the Australian Research Council through the Discovery Grant DP200100727 and Laureate Fellowship FL210100147。
文摘Our understanding of grain-level bursts of plasticity in polycrystals remains limited by current techniques.By employing a modified Synchrotron transmission X-ray Laue diffraction method(beam size larger than the grain size),we tracked grain rotations for the first 1%of tensile strain,in 4400 time steps.We indexed 33 grains and quantified the magnitude and frequency of intermittent bursts of grain rotation.We interpret these events in terms of bursts of plastic deformation.The events are highly coordinated amongst nearby grains,and their frequency and magnitude,as well as the number of grains participating,peaked at around the onset of full plasticity.At this point,7 out of the 10 indexed grains with orientations favorable for twinning showed significant drops in diffracted intensity(a mean value of 8%),due to twin induced re-orientation.For other orientations,20 out of 23 grains displayed bursts attributable to lattice dislocation glide(interpreted in terms of basal and prismatic <α> slip).The mean value of the magnitude of these bursts is∼0.08°,implying accumulated shear strains of the order of 3×10^(-3).These bursts,in many cases,were due to the activation of more than a single slip/twin system within the grain,and co-ordination amongst neighboring grains also involved collaboration between slip and twinning events.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1601003)the financial support of the SSRF PhaseⅡproject.
文摘This paper describes the design and performance of the tender energy spectroscopy beamline(BL16U1),a phase Ⅱ beamline,at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.The beamline,based on an in-vacuum undulator source with 26 mm period,provides an operable energy range between 2.1 keV and 16 keV,covering the K-edges of P to Rb and L3-edges of Zr to Bi.The principal optical elements of the beamline are a toroidal mirror,a liquid nitrogen-cooled double-crystal monochromator,a high-harmonic-rejection mirror,and two pairs of Kirkpatrick–Baez(KB)mirrors.Three end-stations,including non-focusing,microprobe,and sub-microprobe types,are installed on the beamline.X-ray fluorescence(XRF)and X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS),including X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES)and extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS),are performed under vacuum or He atmosphere at the non-focusing end-station(with a beam spot size of∼670μm×710μm).Using two KB mirrors systems,micro-XRF(μXRF)mapping and micro-XANES(μXANES)studies can be performed with a spot size of approximately∼3.3μm×1.3μm at the microprobe end-station and with a smaller spot size of∼0.5μm×0.25μm at the sub-microprobe end-station.The non-focusing end-station was officially opened to users in January 2024.The microprobe and sub-microprobe end-stations will be opened to users in the near future.This paper presents the characteristics,short-term technical developments,and early experimental results of this new beamline.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12175295)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1601000)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project。
文摘With the development of the semiconductor industry below the 7 nm scale,critical dimension small-angle X-ray scattering(CD-SAXS)has emerged as a powerful tool for quantitatively measuring nanoscale deviations.In this study,the effects of X-ray beam size and photon energy on the accuracy of critical dimension measurements were investigated.Critical dimensions measured using beams with different spot sizes showed different deviations from the expected values.Beam sizes that were either too large or too small did not improve confidence intervals.As the incident energy increased,the X-ray transmission rate increased,while the scattering cross section decreased,resulting in a gradual decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio of the diffraction peaks,which reduced the accuracy of the CD-SAXS measurements.An optimal accuracy was obtained at 12 keV with a smaller beam size.Using an effective trapezoid model,the results yielded an average pitch of 100.4±0.2 nm,width of 49.8±0.2 nm,height of 130.0±0.2 nm,and a sidewall angle below 1.1°±0.1°.These results provide crucial guidance for the future development of CD-SAXS laboratories and the construction of X-ray machines as well as robust support for research in related fields.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFA1603601,2021YFF0601203,and 2021YFA1600703)。
文摘The unique advantage of x-ray ghost imaging(XGI)is its potential in low dose radiology.One of the practical ways to reduce the radiation exposure is to reduce the measurements while remaining sufficient image quality.Synthetic aperture x-ray ghost imaging(SAXGI)is invented to achieve megapixel XGI with limited measurements,which is expected to implement XGI simultaneously with large field of view and low radiation exposure.In this paper,we experimentally investigate the effect of measurements reduction on the spatial resolution and image quality of SAXGI with standard sample and biomedical specimen.The results with a resolution chart demonstrated that at 360 measurements,SAXGI successfully retrieved the sample image of 1960×1960 pixels with spatial resolution of 4μm.With measurement reduction,the spatial resolution deteriorates but the sparser structures are still discernable.Even with measurements reduced to 10,a spatial resolution of 10μm can still be achieved by SAXGI.A biomedical sample of a fish specimen is employed to evaluate the method and the fish image of 2000×1000 pixels with an SSIM of 0.962 is reconstructed by SAXGI with 770measurements,corresponding to an accumulative exposure reduction of more than 2 times.With the measurements reduced to 10 which corresponds to 1/160 of the accumulative radiation exposure for conventional radiology,bulky structure like the fish skeleton can still be definitely discerned and the SSIM for the reconstructed image still retained 0.9179.Results of this paper demonstrate that measurements reduction is practicable for the radiation exposure reduction of the sample,which implicates that SAXGI with limited measurements is an efficient solution for low dose radiology.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12305349,12235006,12027812)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JSGGKQTD20210831174329010)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021TQ06Y108).
文摘This study aims to investigate the responses of a perovskite-based direct-conversion dual-layer flat-panel detector(DL-FPD)numerically.To this end,the X-ray sensitivity,spatial resolution quantified by the modulation transfer function(MTF),and detective quantum efficiency(DQE)of the DL-FPD are evaluated numerically using a linear cascade model.In addition,both the single-crystal(SC)and polycrystalline(PC)structures of MAPbI_(3)are investigated,along with various other key parameters such as the material thickness,electric field strength,X-ray beam spectrum,and electronic readout noise.The results demonstrate that SC perovskite consistently exhibits better performance than PC perovskite owing to fewer material defects.Increasing the layer thickness may decrease the MTF,but can also enhance the sensitivity and DQE.Moreover,appropriately increasing the external electric field within the material can improve the sensitivity,MTF,and DQE.Finally,reducing the electronic readout noise can significantly enhance the DQE for low-dose imaging.This study demonstrates the potential of high-quality dual-energy X-ray imaging using direct-conversion perovskite DL-FPDs.
基金Project(2023YFB4606200)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(2023-SSRF-HZ-503114-2)supported by Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility,Instrument BL16U2,China。
文摘This comprehensive study investigates the formation and evolution of intermetallic compounds during the solidification process of magnesium alloys using advanced micro X-ray computed tomography.By analyzing both common industrial Mg-Al-Zn alloys and a novel rare earth-containing Mg-Ni-Gd-Y alloy,we aim to characterize the nucleation,growth,and distribution of Al-Mn and eutectic intermetallics across various stages of solidification.The non destructive imaging technique employed in this research provides high-resolution,three-dimensional insights into the microstructural development,allowing for a detailed examination of the morphology,spatial arrangement,and interconnectivity of intermetallic phases.This approach overcomes limitations of traditional two-dimensional metallographic methods,offering a more comprehensive understanding of the complex three-dimensional structures formed during solidification.
基金support from National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFE0217100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21905006,22261160370,and 62105075)+7 种基金the Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan(2021A0505110003)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(2023JJ50132)Guangxi Department of Science and Technology(2020GXNSFBA159049 and AD19110030)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(SGDX20230116093205009,JCYJ20220818100211025 and 2022378670)the Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU(GDRC202343)financial support of Innovation and Technology Fund(#GHP/245/22SZ)The University Grant Council of the University of Hong Kong(grant No.2302101786)General Research Fund(grant Nos.17200823 and 17310624)from the Research Grants Council.
文摘Halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for X-ray detection with exceptional properties and reasonable costs.Among them,heterostructures between 3D perovskites and low-dimensional perovskites attract intensive studies of their advantages due to low-level ion migration and decent stability.However,there is still a lack of methods to precisely construct heterostructures and a fundamental understanding of their structure-dependent optoelectronic properties.Herein,a gas-phase method was developed to grow 2D perovskites directly on 3D perovskites with nanoscale accuracy.In addition,the larger steric hindrance of organic layers of 2D perovskites was proved to enable slower ion migration,which resulted in reduced trap states and better stability.Based on MAPbBr_(3)single crystals with the(PA)_(2)PbBr_(4)capping layer,the X-ray detector achieved a sensitivity of 22,245μC Gy_(air)^(−1)cm^(−2),a response speed of 240μs,and a dark current drift of 1.17.10^(–4)nA cm^(−1)s^(−1)V^(−1),which were among the highest reported for state-of-the-art perovskite-based X-ray detectors.This study presents a precise synthesis method to construct perovskite-based heterostructures.It also brings an in-depth understanding of the relationship between lattice structures and properties,which are beneficial for advancing high-performance and cost-effective X-ray detectors.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSFC)under Grant Numbers 42322408,42188101,and 42441809Additional support was provided by the Climbing Program of the National Space Science Center(NSSC,Grant No.E4PD3005)as well as the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories of China.
文摘A large-scale view of the magnetospheric cusp is expected to be obtained by the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)onboard the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE).However,it is challenging to trace the three-dimensional cusp boundary from a two-dimensional X-ray image because the detected X-ray signals will be integrated along the line of sight.In this work,a global magnetohydrodynamic code was used to simulate the X-ray images and photon count images,assuming an interplanetary magnetic field with a pure Bz component.The assumption of an elliptic cusp boundary at a given altitude was used to trace the equatorward and poleward boundaries of the cusp from a simulated X-ray image.The average discrepancy was less than 0.1 RE.To reduce the influence of instrument effects and cosmic X-ray backgrounds,image denoising was considered before applying the method above to SXI photon count images.The cusp boundaries were reasonably reconstructed from the noisy X-ray image.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.82293682,82293684,and 82173703)。
文摘Owing to their intricate molecular frameworks and copious chiral centers,the structural identification and configurational assignment of natural products are challenging tasks.Comprehensive spectral data analysis is crucial for the confirmation of absolute configurations.Ignoring critical parameters will lead to false structure,which may confuse the total synthesis and drug development.Herein,the configurations of seven heterogeneous Pallavicinia diterpenoids(PDs) isolated from Pallavicinia liverworts are revised using a combination of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism(ECD) calculations.Meanwhile,identification of five unprecedented PD heterodimers PD-dimers A-E(18-22) along with eleven previously undescribed PDs(5-9,13-17,23) obtained by the reinvestigation of the Chinese liverwort Pallavicinia subciliata have resulted in corrections and support the revised conclusions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61921002 and 92163204)。
文摘Van der Waals(vdW)heterostructures have attracted much attention due to their distinctive optical,electrical,and thermal properties,demonstrating promising potential in areas such as photocatalysis,ultrafast photonics,and free electron radiation devices.Particularly,they are promising platforms for studying thermionic emission.It is illustrated that using vdW heterostructure-based thermionic emission can enhance heat transfer in vacuum devices.As a proof of concept,the approach is demonstrated to offer a promising solution for the long-standing overheating issue in X-ray tubes.Specifically,it is shown that the saturated target temperature of a 2000 W X-ray tube can be reduced from around 1200℃ to 490℃.Additionally,it is also demonstrated that by reducing the height of the Schottky barrier formed in the vdW heterostructures,the thermionic cooling performance can be enhanced.The findings pave the way for the development of high-power X-ray tubes.
基金the fundamental Research Funds for the central Universities(x2wjD2240360)for the funding supportMeanwhile,Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC,EP/V027433/3)+2 种基金UK Research and Innovation(UKRI)under the UK government’s Horizon Europe funding(101077226,EP/Y008707/1)Faraday Institution(EP/S003053/1)Degradation project(FIRG001),Royal Society(IEC\NSFC\233361),QUB Agility Fund and Wright Technology and Research Centre(W-Tech,R5240MEE)Funding from UK aid from the UK Government through the Faraday Institution and the Transforming Energy Access Programme(Grant number FIRG050-Device engineering of Zn-based hybrid micro-flow batteries and by-product H2 collection for Emerging Economies)。
文摘Aqueous zinc metal batteries(AZMBs)face significant challenges in achieving reversibility and cycling stability,primarily due to hydrogen evolution reactions(HER)and zinc dendrite growth.In this study,by employing carefully designed cells that approximate the structural characteristics of practical batteries,we revisit this widely held view through in-operando X-ray radiography to examine zinc dendrite formation and HER under nearpractical operating conditions.While conventional understanding emphasizes the severity of these processes,our findings suggest that zinc dendrites and HER are noticeably less pronounced in dense,real-operation configurations compared to modified cells,possibly due to a more uniform electric field and the suppression of triple-phase boundaries.This study indicates that other components,such as degradation at the cathode current collector interface and configuration mismatches within the full cell,may also represent important barriers to the practical application of AZMBs,particularly during the early stages of electrodeposition.
基金Project supported by the Project of the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2308085MA19)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA0410401)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52202120)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFA1609800)USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative(Grant No.YD2310002013)。
文摘Small angle x-ray scattering(SAXS)is an advanced technique for characterizing the particle size distribution(PSD)of nanoparticles.However,the ill-posed nature of inverse problems in SAXS data analysis often reduces the accuracy of conventional methods.This article proposes a user-friendly software for PSD analysis,GranuSAS,which employs an algorithm that integrates truncated singular value decomposition(TSVD)with the Chahine method.This approach employs TSVD for data preprocessing,generating a set of initial solutions with noise suppression.A high-quality initial solution is subsequently selected via the L-curve method.This selected candidate solution is then iteratively refined by the Chahine algorithm,enforcing constraints such as non-negativity and improving physical interpretability.Most importantly,GranuSAS employs a parallel architecture that simultaneously yields inversion results from multiple shape models and,by evaluating the accuracy of each model's reconstructed scattering curve,offers a suggestion for model selection in material systems.To systematically validate the accuracy and efficiency of the software,verification was performed using both simulated and experimental datasets.The results demonstrate that the proposed software delivers both satisfactory accuracy and reliable computational efficiency.It provides an easy-to-use and reliable tool for researchers in materials science,helping them fully exploit the potential of SAXS in nanoparticle characterization.
基金supported by supported by the Basic Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology(No.202401020302)funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62274040 and No.62304046)Shanghai science and technology innovation action plan(No.24DZ3001200)。
文摘Organic-inorganic metal halides(OIMHs)have emerged as highly promising novel multifunctional optoelectronic materials,owing to their easily adjustable properties from a variety of combinations of different components.But it is still difficult and rare to realize highly tunable multicolor luminescence within the same material.In this work,we successfully incorporated three adjustable emission centers in OIMHs to synthesize a novel OIMH(NEA)_(2)MnBr_(4),with each emission center capable of emitting one of the primary colors—red,green,and blue.The green and red emissions originate from the tetrahedron and octahedron structures in the Mn-based frame,while the blue can be attributed to the contribution of organic components.Additionally,to achieve comparable emission intensity among the three primary colors,we enhanced the blue emission performance by optimizing the ratio of organic structure components and incorporating chirality in the OIMHs.The resulting high-quality films can be obtained by spin-coating method with a photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 96%.More interestingly,by the dual manipulation of excitation wavelength and temperature,the sample can be emitted at least seven distinct colors including a standard white luminescence at(0.33,0.33),opening up promising prospects for multicolor luminescence applications such as high-end anti-counterfeiting technology,light-emitting diodes,X-ray imaging,latent fingerprints,humidity detection,and so on.Therefore,based on application scenarios and requirements,our research on this highly tunable luminescent OIMH material lays a solid foundation for further development of various functional properties of related materials.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22375220,U2001214,22471302)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024B1515020101)Open Project Fund from State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies(OEMT-2024-KF-08).
文摘Formamidinium lead iodide(FAPbI_(3))perovskite exhibits an impressive X-ray absorption coefficient and a large carrier mobility-lifetime product(μτ),making it as a highly promising candidate for X-ray detection application.However,the presence of larger FA^(+)cation induces to an expansion of the Pb-I octahedral framework,which unfortunately affects both the stability and charge carrier mobility of the corresponding devices.To address this challenge,we develop a novel low-dimensional(HtrzT)PbI_(3) perovskite featuring a conjugated organic cation(1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-thiol,HtrzT^(+))which matches well with theα-FAPbI_(3) lattices in two-dimensional plane.Benefiting from the matched lattice between(HtrzT)PbI_(3) andα-FAPbI_(3),the anchored lattice enhances the Pb-I bond strength and effectively mitigates the inherent tensile strain of theα-FAPbI_(3) crystal lattice.The X-ray detector based on(HtrzT)PbI_(3)(1.0)/FAPbI_(3) device achieves a remarkable sensitivity up to 1.83×10^(5)μC Gy_(air)^(−1) cm^(−2),along with a low detection limit of 27.6 nGy_(air) s^(−1),attributed to the release of residual stress,and the enhancement in carrier mobility-lifetime product.Furthermore,the detector exhibits outstanding stability under X-ray irradiation with tolerating doses equivalent to nearly 1.17×10^(6) chest imaging doses.
基金supported by the NSFC under Grant No.62474169the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2024YFB3212200the funding from USTC under Grant Nos.WK2100000025,KY2190000003,and KY2190000006。
文摘Soft X-ray detectors play a vital role in materials science,high-energy physics and medical imaging.Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6),a lead-free double perovskite,has gained attention for its excellent optoelectronic properties,stability,and nontoxicity.However,its fast crystallization and requirement for high-temperature annealing(>250℃)often lead to inferior film quality,limiting its application in flexible devices.This study introduces an alloying strategy that significantly improves the quality of Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)thin films annealed at a reduced temperature of 150℃.Devices based on the alloyed thin films exhibit an ultra-low dark current of 0.32 nA·cm^(-2)and a quantum efficiency of 725%.Furthermore,the first successful integration of Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)with a thinfilm transistor backplane demonstrates its superior imaging performance,indicating that Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)is a promising material for next-generation soft X-ray sensors.
基金upported by the National Key R&D Plan of China(2016YFF0200802)Establishment of a standard device for air kerma in mammography X-rays(ANL1902)。
文摘Space scientific exploration is rapidly becoming the primary battlefield for humankind to explore the universe.Countries worldwide have launched numerous space exploration satellites.Accurate calibration of the detectors on the ground is a crucial element for space science satellites to obtain observational results.For the purpose of providing calibration for various satellite-borne detectors,multiple monochromatic X-rays facilities have been built at the National Institute of Metrology,P.R.China(NIM).These facilities mainly pertain to grating diffraction and Bragg diffraction,and the energy range of the produced monochromatic X-rays is 0.218–301 ke V.These facilities have a high performance in terms of energy stability,monochromaticity,and flux stability.The monochromaticity was greater than 3.0%.The energy stability of the facility is 0.02%at 25 ke V over 8 h,and the flux stability was within 1.0%at 25 ke V over 8 h.Calibration experiments on the properties of satellite-borne detectors,such as energy linearity,energy resolution,detection efficiency,and temperature response,can be conducted at the facilities.Thus far,the calibration of two satellites has been completed by the authors,and the work on three other satellites is in progress.This study will contribute to the advancement of X-ray astronomy the development of Chinese space science.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11475013,11975040 and U1832130)
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the attenuation of gamma and X-rays with different energies caused by passage through different materials.To this end,different materials with a range of atomic numbers were chosen to measure gamma and X-ray attenuation coefficients and to explore the mechanisms of interaction of gamma and X-rays with matter of various kinds.It is shown that the attenuation coefficients first decrease and then increase with increase in the radiation(photon)energy.The attenuation of gamma and X-rays passing through materials with high atomic number is greater than that in materials with low atomic number.The attenuation minimum is related to the atomic number of the irradiated materials.The larger the atomic number is,the lower the energy corresponding to attenuation minimum is.Photoelectric and Compton effects are the main processes when gamma rays pass through individual materials with high and low atomic numbers,respectively.Therefore,for radiotherapy and radiation protection,different methods should be considered and selected for the use of gamma and X-rays of different energies for use in different materials.
