Finger-joint lumber is a sustainable building product commercialized as a structural solution for beams,pillars and other thin flat load-bearing elements.This study aims to study finger-joint lumber and its industry t...Finger-joint lumber is a sustainable building product commercialized as a structural solution for beams,pillars and other thin flat load-bearing elements.This study aims to study finger-joint lumber and its industry to promote this engineered wood product.The first research stage assessed the collection of publications on fingerjoint lumber available globally,in which a structured protocol was developed to prospect studies based on two complementary methodologies:PRISMA 2020 using Scopus and Web of Science databases,and Snowball using both forward and backward models to complete with additional literature.The second research stage assessed finger-joint lumber manufacturers,in which companies were globally prospected using Google search engine and their corporate websites were profoundly analyzed using a structured script to collect information.Literary approaches have provided structural performance and bonding quality of finger-jointing.In the review,we provide a global overview and data regarding the current stage and future directions of finger-joint lumber for industrialized construction.Regarding this structural product,we review the main resources,material preparation and processing,and automated production.Mainly active in Europe and already present in 38 nations across five continents,we survey a finger-joint lumber industry comprising 186 producers controlling 214 manufacturing operations worldwide.The vast majority of this industry has exported linear engineered solutions in different dimensions,certified as to compliance with the origins of their bioresources and the European Union requirements,to markets exposed to 24 languages in order to meet commercial applications such as single-story houses,townhouses,roof structures,and hangars.展开更多
This study investigates the development of an oil palm trunk(OPT)high-performance flame-retardant composite derived from an inexpensive and sustainable biomass source,processed using sodium chloride(NaCl)as a low-cost...This study investigates the development of an oil palm trunk(OPT)high-performance flame-retardant composite derived from an inexpensive and sustainable biomass source,processed using sodium chloride(NaCl)as a low-cost flame retardant,polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)as an adhesive,and calcium carbonate(CaCO_(3))as an additive.The work aims to address the inherent flammability of OPT and to enhance its mechanical performance,dimensional stability,and fire resistance in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective manner.Results indicate that a 10%NaCl treatment optimally improves the performance of the composite,increasing bending strength(MOR)from 5.95 to 12.61 MPa and internal bonding strength(IB)from 2.05 to 4.18 MPa.Dimensional stability was significantly enhanced,thickness swelling(TS)and water absorption(WA)being reduced by 43.8%and 51.3%,respectively.Flame retardancy was significantly enhanced,achieving an Underwriters Laboratories(UL-94)V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index(LOI)value of 33.57%.Higher NaCl concentrations exceeding 10%led to reduced mechanical performance and flame retardancy,likely due to disruption of matrix-fiber interactions or the formation of voids.Compared to halogenated or phosphorus type flame retardants,the NaCl had an advantageous cost,ecology and processing ease,along with the removal of toxic emissions.Synergistic effects of NaCl,PVA,and CaCO_(3) contributed to reduced water absorption,enhanced dimensional stability,and improved fire resistance,making this composite a viable green product for applications where flame retardation is required.This study provides new insights into the utilization of agricultural waste products to develop eco-friendly flame-retardant composite materials,contributing to environmental sustainability and the production of fire-safe engineered wood products.展开更多
The supply of logs for wood industries during the period 2004-2008 was 13.5-32 million cubic meters per year. Logs from plantation forest reached about 65%, which was exploited from industrial plantation forest, Perum...The supply of logs for wood industries during the period 2004-2008 was 13.5-32 million cubic meters per year. Logs from plantation forest reached about 65%, which was exploited from industrial plantation forest, Perum Perhutani, as a government enterprise, community forest and estate. The changing log supply from natural forest to plantation forest implies changing of wood species, cutting cycle, log diameter and wood properties. Research concerning the utilization of fast growing species, small log diameter, lesser used species and other llignocellulosic material have been intensively done by some research institutes and universities, and were related to wood properties, wood properties enhancement, wood chemistry, bio-composite, wood engineering, and also non-timber forest products.展开更多
Materials used for interior designs and works within buildings significantly influence fire safety.During a fire outbreak,these materials can either function as a barrier,slowing the spread or as a catalyst,accelerati...Materials used for interior designs and works within buildings significantly influence fire safety.During a fire outbreak,these materials can either function as a barrier,slowing the spread or as a catalyst,accelerating the fire.Among these materials,the role of wood,including engineering wood products,is crucial due to its variable calorific value.This paper aimed to determine the differences in calorific values of three wood derivatives:natural wood(Tieghemella heckelii,commonly known as Makore),plywood,and medium-density fibreboard(MDF).The study employed an experimental research design to analyse the combustion properties of the three wood types.Measurements of their calorific values were made using an oxygen bomb calorimeter following ASTM standards.Tieghemella heckelii exhibited the highest calorific value(18.4622 MJ/kg)and lowest ash content(0.43%-0.48%),making it the most energyefficient but posing higher fire risks.Plywood demonstrated moderate calorific values(16.3076-16.8227 MJ/kg)and ash content(1.76%-2.63%),providing a balance between efficiency and safety.MDF had the lowest calorific values(16.0921-16.3098 MJ/kg)and highest ash content(6.80%-7.22%),making it less efficient as a fuel source but highly suitable for fire-safe interior applications.Moisture content varied,with MDF exhibiting the lowest levels,enhancing its stability in diverse conditions.The findings indicated that Tieghemella heckelii is better suited for energy-intensive applications,while plywood and MDF are more appropriate for interior designs prioritising fire safety.The results emphasise the need for material selection based on specific application requirements and compliance with fire safety standards.展开更多
China emits more than 25%of the world’s carbon dioxide(https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions),and in December 2021 the country’s daily carbon trading volume hits a new highest record.Together with the EU and USA,...China emits more than 25%of the world’s carbon dioxide(https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions),and in December 2021 the country’s daily carbon trading volume hits a new highest record.Together with the EU and USA,China bears a great responsibility to limit global warming to 2℃,and therefore recently launches a plan to be carbon-neutral be-fore 2060(https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions).However,its rapid urbanization challenges this initiative as the boom-ing building and construction industry constitute more than 1/3 of the total energy consumption,which undesirably in-creases carbon emissions(IEA,2019;Duan et al.,2021).Although China has built five new nuclear power stations and closed down more than 1000 coal-fired power plants,it is still highly insufficient to meet the country’s goal to be carbon-neutral(https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/china/).展开更多
INTRODUCTION I built my first“green”structure when I was ten years old-a multilevel tree house with views of my backyard and the woods beyond.The whole thing was built from lumber cast off(with permission,honestly)f...INTRODUCTION I built my first“green”structure when I was ten years old-a multilevel tree house with views of my backyard and the woods beyond.The whole thing was built from lumber cast off(with permission,honestly)from a construction site down the road and hauled in by kids with wagons.Old nails straightened with hammers,a rusty handsaw for the cuts and a rickety ladder borrowed from some kid’s father got us that fort in the sky-and my first experience in recycling and reuse.Actually,I had the privilege of growing up around talented people with solid skills.My grandfather worked on the Old Ironsides renovations at the shipyard in Boston.My father taught me his renovation skills.I worked on a house build when I was fourteen with a man who was a natural at creating beautifully engineered trusses and carriers.When I was a twenty-year-old UConn student,I spent my weekends in New Hampshire helping friends build their summer home out of salvaged materials.Did the experience stick?Who knows?But this dyed-in-the-wool Yankee has always considered material reuse and recycling to be an important part of any build or renovation project.展开更多
基金supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education,Science,Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic(VEGA)with VEGA 1/0228/24 Project and the Cultural and Educational Grant Agency Ministry of Education,Science,Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic(KEGA)with KEGA 017TUKE-4/2024 ProjectBrazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education(CAPES),with finance code 001.
文摘Finger-joint lumber is a sustainable building product commercialized as a structural solution for beams,pillars and other thin flat load-bearing elements.This study aims to study finger-joint lumber and its industry to promote this engineered wood product.The first research stage assessed the collection of publications on fingerjoint lumber available globally,in which a structured protocol was developed to prospect studies based on two complementary methodologies:PRISMA 2020 using Scopus and Web of Science databases,and Snowball using both forward and backward models to complete with additional literature.The second research stage assessed finger-joint lumber manufacturers,in which companies were globally prospected using Google search engine and their corporate websites were profoundly analyzed using a structured script to collect information.Literary approaches have provided structural performance and bonding quality of finger-jointing.In the review,we provide a global overview and data regarding the current stage and future directions of finger-joint lumber for industrialized construction.Regarding this structural product,we review the main resources,material preparation and processing,and automated production.Mainly active in Europe and already present in 38 nations across five continents,we survey a finger-joint lumber industry comprising 186 producers controlling 214 manufacturing operations worldwide.The vast majority of this industry has exported linear engineered solutions in different dimensions,certified as to compliance with the origins of their bioresources and the European Union requirements,to markets exposed to 24 languages in order to meet commercial applications such as single-story houses,townhouses,roof structures,and hangars.
基金support from research grants YSRG/1/2022/02,1001/PTEKIND/8014083the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development(SATREPS)(203.PTEKIND.67811002).
文摘This study investigates the development of an oil palm trunk(OPT)high-performance flame-retardant composite derived from an inexpensive and sustainable biomass source,processed using sodium chloride(NaCl)as a low-cost flame retardant,polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)as an adhesive,and calcium carbonate(CaCO_(3))as an additive.The work aims to address the inherent flammability of OPT and to enhance its mechanical performance,dimensional stability,and fire resistance in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective manner.Results indicate that a 10%NaCl treatment optimally improves the performance of the composite,increasing bending strength(MOR)from 5.95 to 12.61 MPa and internal bonding strength(IB)from 2.05 to 4.18 MPa.Dimensional stability was significantly enhanced,thickness swelling(TS)and water absorption(WA)being reduced by 43.8%and 51.3%,respectively.Flame retardancy was significantly enhanced,achieving an Underwriters Laboratories(UL-94)V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index(LOI)value of 33.57%.Higher NaCl concentrations exceeding 10%led to reduced mechanical performance and flame retardancy,likely due to disruption of matrix-fiber interactions or the formation of voids.Compared to halogenated or phosphorus type flame retardants,the NaCl had an advantageous cost,ecology and processing ease,along with the removal of toxic emissions.Synergistic effects of NaCl,PVA,and CaCO_(3) contributed to reduced water absorption,enhanced dimensional stability,and improved fire resistance,making this composite a viable green product for applications where flame retardation is required.This study provides new insights into the utilization of agricultural waste products to develop eco-friendly flame-retardant composite materials,contributing to environmental sustainability and the production of fire-safe engineered wood products.
文摘The supply of logs for wood industries during the period 2004-2008 was 13.5-32 million cubic meters per year. Logs from plantation forest reached about 65%, which was exploited from industrial plantation forest, Perum Perhutani, as a government enterprise, community forest and estate. The changing log supply from natural forest to plantation forest implies changing of wood species, cutting cycle, log diameter and wood properties. Research concerning the utilization of fast growing species, small log diameter, lesser used species and other llignocellulosic material have been intensively done by some research institutes and universities, and were related to wood properties, wood properties enhancement, wood chemistry, bio-composite, wood engineering, and also non-timber forest products.
文摘Materials used for interior designs and works within buildings significantly influence fire safety.During a fire outbreak,these materials can either function as a barrier,slowing the spread or as a catalyst,accelerating the fire.Among these materials,the role of wood,including engineering wood products,is crucial due to its variable calorific value.This paper aimed to determine the differences in calorific values of three wood derivatives:natural wood(Tieghemella heckelii,commonly known as Makore),plywood,and medium-density fibreboard(MDF).The study employed an experimental research design to analyse the combustion properties of the three wood types.Measurements of their calorific values were made using an oxygen bomb calorimeter following ASTM standards.Tieghemella heckelii exhibited the highest calorific value(18.4622 MJ/kg)and lowest ash content(0.43%-0.48%),making it the most energyefficient but posing higher fire risks.Plywood demonstrated moderate calorific values(16.3076-16.8227 MJ/kg)and ash content(1.76%-2.63%),providing a balance between efficiency and safety.MDF had the lowest calorific values(16.0921-16.3098 MJ/kg)and highest ash content(6.80%-7.22%),making it less efficient as a fuel source but highly suitable for fire-safe interior applications.Moisture content varied,with MDF exhibiting the lowest levels,enhancing its stability in diverse conditions.The findings indicated that Tieghemella heckelii is better suited for energy-intensive applications,while plywood and MDF are more appropriate for interior designs prioritising fire safety.The results emphasise the need for material selection based on specific application requirements and compliance with fire safety standards.
文摘China emits more than 25%of the world’s carbon dioxide(https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions),and in December 2021 the country’s daily carbon trading volume hits a new highest record.Together with the EU and USA,China bears a great responsibility to limit global warming to 2℃,and therefore recently launches a plan to be carbon-neutral be-fore 2060(https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions).However,its rapid urbanization challenges this initiative as the boom-ing building and construction industry constitute more than 1/3 of the total energy consumption,which undesirably in-creases carbon emissions(IEA,2019;Duan et al.,2021).Although China has built five new nuclear power stations and closed down more than 1000 coal-fired power plants,it is still highly insufficient to meet the country’s goal to be carbon-neutral(https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/china/).
文摘INTRODUCTION I built my first“green”structure when I was ten years old-a multilevel tree house with views of my backyard and the woods beyond.The whole thing was built from lumber cast off(with permission,honestly)from a construction site down the road and hauled in by kids with wagons.Old nails straightened with hammers,a rusty handsaw for the cuts and a rickety ladder borrowed from some kid’s father got us that fort in the sky-and my first experience in recycling and reuse.Actually,I had the privilege of growing up around talented people with solid skills.My grandfather worked on the Old Ironsides renovations at the shipyard in Boston.My father taught me his renovation skills.I worked on a house build when I was fourteen with a man who was a natural at creating beautifully engineered trusses and carriers.When I was a twenty-year-old UConn student,I spent my weekends in New Hampshire helping friends build their summer home out of salvaged materials.Did the experience stick?Who knows?But this dyed-in-the-wool Yankee has always considered material reuse and recycling to be an important part of any build or renovation project.
