This paper proposes a demonstration of the infrastructure concept of electric vehicles-friendly highways. EVs （electric vehicles） are gaining momentum as a bright prospect to replace conventional fuel-dependent ICE ...This paper proposes a demonstration of the infrastructure concept of electric vehicles-friendly highways. EVs （electric vehicles） are gaining momentum as a bright prospect to replace conventional fuel-dependent ICE （internal combustion engine） as demand of EVs increase year by year in every country. However, due to battery capacity limitation and charging stations availability, EVs are mainly used in urban areas for short-range commuters rather than long-range journeys. This has resulted in EV usage concentrated in town and business areas. It is clear that EV usage for long distance driving is still in minimal priority due to inadequate battery performances and charging infrastructures insufficiency. The proposed concept is to solve range anxiety issues by wirelessly charging in-motion vehicles, particularly at highways namely DCH （dynamic charging highway）.展开更多
Electrification of roadways using dynamic wireless charging(DWC)technology can provide an effective solution to range anxiety,high battery costs and long charging times of electric vehicles(EVs).With DWC systems insta...Electrification of roadways using dynamic wireless charging(DWC)technology can provide an effective solution to range anxiety,high battery costs and long charging times of electric vehicles(EVs).With DWC systems installed on roadways,they constitute a charging infrastructure or electrified roads(eRoads)that have many advantages.For instance,the large battery size of heavy-duty EVs can significantly be downsized due to charging-whiledriving.However,a high power demand of the DWC system,especially during traffic rush periods,could lead to voltage instability in the grid and undesirable power demand curves.In this paper,a model for the power demand is developed to predict the DWC system's power demand at various levels of EV penetration rate.The DWC power demand profile in the chosen 550 km section of a major highway in Canada is simulated.Solar photovoltaic(PV)panels are integrated with the DWC,and the integrated system is optimized to mitigate the peak power demand on the electrical grid.With solar panels of 55,000 kW rated capacity installed along roadsides in the study region,the peak power demand on the electrical grid is reduced from 167.5 to 136.1 MW or by 18.7%at an EV penetration rate of 30%under monthly average daily solar radiation in July.It is evidenced that solar PV power has effectively smoothed the peak power demand on the grid.Moreover,the locally generated renewable power could help ease off expensive grid upgrades and expansions for the eRoad.Also,the economic feasibility of the solar PV integrated DWC system is assessed using cost analysis metrics.展开更多
Conformable and wire-less charging energy storage devices play important roles in enabling the fast development of wearable,non-contact soft electronics.However,current wire-less charging power sources are still restr...Conformable and wire-less charging energy storage devices play important roles in enabling the fast development of wearable,non-contact soft electronics.However,current wire-less charging power sources are still restricted by limited flexural angles and fragile connection of components,resulting in the failure expression of performance and constraining their fur-ther applications in health monitoring wearables and moveable artificial limbs.Herein,we present an ultracompatible skin-like integrated wireless charging micro-supercapacitor,which building blocks(including electrolyte,electrode and substrate)are all evaporated by liquid precursor.Owing to the infiltration and permeation of the liquid,each part of the integrated device attached firmly with each other,forming a compact and all-in-one configuration.In addition,benefitting from the controllable volume of electrode solution precursor,the electrode thickness is easily regulated varying from 11.7 to 112.5μm.This prepared thin IWC-MSC skin can fit well with curving human body,and could be wireless charged to store electricity into high capacitive micro-supercapacitors(11.39 F cm-3)of the integrated device.We believe this work will shed light on the construction of skin-attachable electronics and irregular sensing microrobots.展开更多
It is important to verify the safety of electric vehicle(EV)wireless power transmission for child passengers by studying the electromagnetic exposure difference between the child passengers and the adult passengers.Th...It is important to verify the safety of electric vehicle(EV)wireless power transmission for child passengers by studying the electromagnetic exposure difference between the child passengers and the adult passengers.The dielectric parameters of the child passengers’body were calculated under the operating frequency of 85 kHz.Using the finite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics,a model was established for the child passengers and adult passengers when the EVs charged by the wireless charging coil.This paper analyzed the distribution of magnetic induction intensity and induced electric field intensity generated on the body and head when the child passengers and adult passengers sat in four different positions.Additionally,the difference between the brain electromagnetic exposure values of children and adults was analyzed and compared with the limits set.The results showed that the electromagnetic exposure was the largest when the passenger sat in the co-driver position.The electromagnetic exposure level of child was slightly higher than that of adult at the same position,and the magnetic induction intensity and induced electric field intensity of both were much smaller than the public electromagnetic exposure recommendation values.展开更多
With the continuous development of science and technology in China, more and more technologies are applied to the development of many industries. One of the obvious ones is people's means of transportation, which ...With the continuous development of science and technology in China, more and more technologies are applied to the development of many industries. One of the obvious ones is people's means of transportation, which is also changing constantly. Now, people are traveling by car. However, the development of charging technology in the field of automobile electric is getting faster and faster, which has attracted the attention of many technicians. Wireless charging technology is very important for automobiles, so in the research of automobiles, we must improve the quality of wireless charging, so as to improve the safety of automobiles.展开更多
This article outlines an Effective Method for Automatic Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in a Static Environment. It consists of investigated wireless transformer structures with various ferrite forms. WPT technolog...This article outlines an Effective Method for Automatic Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in a Static Environment. It consists of investigated wireless transformer structures with various ferrite forms. WPT technology has rapidly advanced in the last few years. At kilowatt power levels, the transmission distance grows from a few millimeters to several hundred millimeters with a grid to load efficiency greater than 90%. The improvements have made the WPT more appealing for electric vehicle (EV) charging applications in both static and dynamic charging scenarios. Static and dynamic WEVCS, two of the main applications, are described, and current developments with features from research facilities, academic institutions, and businesses are noted. Additionally, forthcoming concepts based WEVCS are analyzed and examined, including “dynamic” wireless charging systems (WCS). A dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system, which can supply electricity to moving EVs, is one of the feasible alternatives. The moving secondary coil is part of the dynamic WPT system, which also comprises of many fixed groundside (primary) coils. An equivalent circuit between the stationary system and the dynamic WPT system that results from the stationary system is demonstrated by theoretical investigations. The dynamic WPT system’s solenoid coils outperform circular coils in terms of flux distribution and misalignment. The WPT-related EV wireless charging technologies were examined in this study. WPT can assist EVs in overcoming their restrictions on cost, range, and charging time.展开更多
Wireless Power Transfer(WPT)is an alternative method of Electric Vehicle(EV)battery charging,particularly for fleet vehicles and people with mobility issues.The safe operation of WPT systems should therefore be of int...Wireless Power Transfer(WPT)is an alternative method of Electric Vehicle(EV)battery charging,particularly for fleet vehicles and people with mobility issues.The safe operation of WPT systems should therefore be of interest and importance to system designers,installers,and end-users.One aspect of safe operation is the potential exposure to high-power electromagnetic fields.There are international guidelines with recommended exposure limits that system designers can design and test to.Simulations can be used to predict magnetic field levels,but these should be developed in conjunction with physical measurements to improve the accuracy of such simulations.1 Several factors can influence the WPT generated electromagnetic field,in regions where end users could be located during charging operation.These factors were studied for an in-house designed WPT system retrofitted to an electric vehicle.The magnetic field was physically measured around the vehicle for different operating conditions(alignment,power transfer level and probe position)to assess performance against recommended exposure levels,observe any trends in measurements and study the impact of the probe position.Coil currents were measured and used within an initial simulation to predict magnetic field for comparison to physical values.The initial simulation predicted the trend of the magnetic field with reasonable accuracy.Where there was a difference in magnitude,the physical measurements highlighted that a High Frequency(HF cable)used within the vehicle assembly(not included in initial simulation)contributed to the magnetic field intensity.Overall,magnetic fields were within permitted exposure limits at 10 kW power and good alignment,and with misaligned coils,the system showed only minor exceedance of the most stringent limits,and DC–DC system efficiency was only slightly reduced.展开更多
To increase the transmission efficiency of a wireless power transmission system while ensuring high stability and low cost,a two-degree-of-freedom two-sided control strategy to control the phase-shift duty ratio of th...To increase the transmission efficiency of a wireless power transmission system while ensuring high stability and low cost,a two-degree-of-freedom two-sided control strategy to control the phase-shift duty ratio of the triggered pulse of the primary inverter and the angle between the resonant current and the AC voltage of the secondary side is proposed.The control strategy does not require additional DC-DC converters and components,and only some parameters of the basic circuit can be adjusted.The zero-voltage switching(ZVS)of all the MOSFETs in the system can be achieved by adjusting the shift duty ratio and power angle,and the current and voltage on the load side can be adjusted in real time.First,the basic principle of the two-sided control and the relationship of the phase angle are analyzed,and the operating range is determined by analyzing the operating modes on both sides.Second,the power loss of each link is analyzed,and the best operating point is determined.Subsequently,the system structure and the control strategy of the proposed method are presented.The two-sided control strategy is verified experimentally,which shows that the system can achieve the ZVS of all the MOSFETs while maintaining a constant current output.展开更多
The compensation circuit plays a crucial role in the framework of Capacitive Power Transfer(CPT)in wireless Electric Vehicle(EV)charging schemes.Various wireless charging factors such as power transfer capacity,effici...The compensation circuit plays a crucial role in the framework of Capacitive Power Transfer(CPT)in wireless Electric Vehicle(EV)charging schemes.Various wireless charging factors such as power transfer capacity,efficiency,and frequency depend on the design of compensation circuit topology.In CPT,power is transferred between the two capacitor plates(one transmitter plate embedded on the track and the other plate which is inserted in the wireless EV chassis operates as a receiver).The transmitter plate is excited by a high frequency source and power is transferred between the plates through an electric field.This review paper introduced an experimental prototype of the Corbin Sparrow(CS),featuring an onboard battery charger and an off-board DC charging port.Additionally,it presented a novel conformal bumper-based approach,highlighting its distinct advantages compared to alternative charging methods.The major challenges to employing capacitive technology in transferring power up to kW level are-the greater air gap between the capacitor of vehicle chassis&ground and the high value of electric field strength in the contour of plates.Also,due to the lowvalue of coupling capacitance,there is the requirement for suitable gain and compensated network which is a major area of concern.This review paper proposed various designs of compensation circuit topologies to achieve the effectiveness of the CPT scheme for Wireless Power Transfer(WPT)systems.展开更多
[Objective] In order to better meet the requirement of crops on a more and more accurate water content under various planting environment of modern agri-culture, an automatic test system of soil water characteristic c...[Objective] In order to better meet the requirement of crops on a more and more accurate water content under various planting environment of modern agri-culture, an automatic test system of soil water characteristic curve was designed by combining the conceptions of soil moisture content and soil water potential. [Method] Electronic soil moisture tension meter was used to determine the real-time tension value of soil moisture in the tested container, and the electronic Weigh sensor was used to determine soil Weigh. Minusing method was used to calculate soil moisture content, based on which the soil water characteristic curve was plotted. [Result] Through the filed survey of 2 different kinds of soil in Jiangsu Province, the results were as fol ows： soil of different composition showed different trend in soil water characteristic curve that the soil water characteristic relation of the sandy soil in the old course of the Yel ow River in Xuzhou was Y=-0.000 2X3＋0.027 7X2-1.644 5X＋38.161, R2=0.991 9; while the soil water characteristic relation of the saline-alkali soil in Jinhai Farm of Dafeng was Y=-0.00 2X2-0.426X＋39.905, R2=0.991 3. [Con-clusion] The automatic test system of soil water characteristic curve soil water char-acteristics curve could reflect soil moisture content and soil water potential, as wel as reflect the effectiveness of soil water to plant growth, providing basis for the sci-entific irrigation.展开更多
As the adoption of Electric Vehicles(EVs)intensifies,two primary challenges emerge:limited range due to battery constraints and extended charging times.The traditional charging stations,particularly those near highway...As the adoption of Electric Vehicles(EVs)intensifies,two primary challenges emerge:limited range due to battery constraints and extended charging times.The traditional charging stations,particularly those near highways,exacerbate these issues with necessary detours,inconsistent service levels,and unpredictable waiting durations.The emerging technology of dynamic wireless charging lanes(DWCLs)may alleviate range anxiety and eliminate long charging stops;however,the driving speed on DWCL significantly affects charging efficiency and effective charging time.Meanwhile,the existing research has addressed load balancing optimization on Dynamic Wireless Charging(DWC)systems to a limited extent.To address this critical issue,this study introduces an innovative eco-driving speed control strategy,providing a novel solution to the multi-objective optimization problem of speed control on DWCL.We utilize mathematical programming methods and incorporate the longitudinal dynamics of vehicles to provide an accurate physical model of EVs.Three objective functions are formulated to tackle the challenges at hand:reducing travel time,increasing charging efficiency,and achieving load balancing on DWCL,which corresponds to four control strategies.The results of numerical tests indicate that a comprehensive control strategy,which considers all objectives,achieves a minor sacrifice in travel time reduction while significantly improving energy efficiency and load balancing.Furthermore,by defining the energy demand and speed range through an upper operation limit,a relatively superior speed control strategy can be selected.This work contributes to the discourse on DWCL integration into modern transportation systems,enhancing the EV driving experience on major roads.展开更多
Sustaining an operational wireless sensor network (WSN) is challenging due to the persistent need of the battery-powered sensors to be charged from time to time. The procedure of exploiting mobile chargers (MCs) that ...Sustaining an operational wireless sensor network (WSN) is challenging due to the persistent need of the battery-powered sensors to be charged from time to time. The procedure of exploiting mobile chargers (MCs) that traverse to the fixed sensors of the network and wirelessly transfer energy in an efficient matter has been considered widely as a promising way to tackle this challenge. An optimization problem, called the mobile charger coverage problem, arises naturally to keep all of the sensors alive with an objective of determining both the minimum number of MCs required meeting the sensor recharge frequency and the schedule of these MCs. It is shown that this optimization problem becomes NP-hard in high-dimensional spaces. Moreover, the special case of the homogeneous recharge frequency of the sensors has already been proven to have a tractable algorithm if we consider whether the 1-dimensional space is a line or a ring. In this work, we seek to find a delicate border between the tractable and the intractable problem space. Specifically, we study the special case of heterogeneous sensors that take frequencies of 1's and 2's (lifetime of 1 and 0.5 time units) on a line, conjecture the special case's NP-hardness, propose a novel brute-force optimal algorithm, and present a linear-time greedy algorithm that gives a 1.5-approximation solution for the problem. Afterwards, we introduce the energy optimization problem of the MCs with the minimized number and solve it optimally. Comprehensive simulation is conducted to verify the efficiency of using our proposed algorithms that minimize the number of MCs.展开更多
The paper deals with wireless battery chargers(WBCs)for plug-in electric vehicles(PEVs)and analyzes two arrangements for the receiver of a series-series resonant WBC.The first arrangement charges the PEV battery in a ...The paper deals with wireless battery chargers(WBCs)for plug-in electric vehicles(PEVs)and analyzes two arrangements for the receiver of a series-series resonant WBC.The first arrangement charges the PEV battery in a straightforward manner through a diode rectifier.The second arrangement charges the PEV battery through the cascade of a diode rectifier and a chopper whose input voltage is kept constant.Figures of merit of WBCs such as efficiency and sizing factor of both the power source and the transmitter/receiver coils are determined.Afterwards,they are discussed and compared with reference to the case study of WBC for an electric city car.A proposal to optimize the efficiency of the second arrangement by a suitable selection of the chopper input voltage is presented.Measurements on the efficiency of the two arrangements are included to support the theoretical results.展开更多
Efficient portable wearable sweat sensors allow the long-term monitoring of changes in the status of biomarkers in sweat,which can be useful in diagnosis,medication,and nutritional assessment.In this study,we designed...Efficient portable wearable sweat sensors allow the long-term monitoring of changes in the status of biomarkers in sweat,which can be useful in diagnosis,medication,and nutritional assessment.In this study,we designed and tested a wireless,battery-free,flexible,self-pumping sweat-sensing system that simultaneously tracks levodopa and vitamin C levels in human sweat and detects body temperature.The system includes a microfluidic chip with a self-driven pump and anti-reflux valve,a flexible wireless circuit board,and a purpose-designed smartphone app.The microfluidic chip is used for the efficient collection of sweat and the drainage of excess sweat.The dual electrochemical sensing electrodes in the chip are modified with functional materials and appropriate enzymatic reagents,achieving excellent selectivity and stability.The sensitivities of the levodopa sensor and the vitamin C sensor are 0.0073 and 0.0018μA·μM^(-1),respectively,and the detection correlation coefficients of both exceed 0.99.Both sensors have a wide linear detection range of 0–100 and 0–1000μM,respectively,and low detection limits of 0.28 and 17.9μM,respectively.The flexible wireless circuit board is equipped with the functions of wireless charging,electrical signal capture and processing,and wireless transmission.The data recorded from each sensor are displayed on a smartphone via a self-developed app.A series of experimental results confirmed the reliability of the sweat-sensing system in noninvasively monitoring important biomarkers in the human body and its potential utility in the comprehensive assessment of biological health.展开更多
This article explores the development and application of wireless charging technology for unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),focusing on the principles and challenges of wireless charging via magnetic coupling.The paper r...This article explores the development and application of wireless charging technology for unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),focusing on the principles and challenges of wireless charging via magnetic coupling.The paper reviews various wireless power transfer(WPT)methods such as electromagnetic induction,magnetic resonance and microwave transmission,discussing the advantages and limitations of each.The paper highlights the difficulties in improving charging efficiency,extending transmission distances and ensuring EMF safety.Using these principles,the thesis further explores the potential for future breakthroughs using new materials,intelligent control systems and advanced algorithms to improve the efficiency,safety and cost-effectiveness of wireless charging for UAVs.Insights gained from this research could provide significant support for the widespread use of drones in a variety of industries,including agriculture,logistics and military applications.展开更多
The challenges that electric vehicles(EVs)must overcome today include the high cost of batteries,poor specific energy,and ineffectiveness in estimating the state of batteries using traditional methods.This article rev...The challenges that electric vehicles(EVs)must overcome today include the high cost of batteries,poor specific energy,and ineffectiveness in estimating the state of batteries using traditional methods.This article reviews(i)current research trends in EV technology according to the Web of Science database,(ii)current states of battery technology in EVs,(iii)advancements in battery technology,(iv)safety concerns with high-energy batteries and their environmental impacts,(v)modern algorithms to evaluate battery state,(vi)wireless charging technology and its practical limitations,(vii)key barriers to battery technology,and(viii)conclusions and recommendations are also provided.This paper examines energy-storage technologies for EVs,including lithium-ion,solid-state,and lithium-air batteries,fuel cells,and ultracapacitors.The core characteristics,advantages,disadvantages,and safety concerns associated with these batteries are discussed.Internet-of-Things(IoT)-based approaches are described to assess the battery state in real-time.Furthermore,for enhanced electric mobility,wireless power transfer charging techniques are discussed.Finally,recent advancements and potential outcomes for future EV technologies are outlined.展开更多
The increasing adoption of new energy vehicles has promoted the alleviation of petroleum fuel consumption and environmental problems.The charging and endurance capability problems of these vehicles are main constraint...The increasing adoption of new energy vehicles has promoted the alleviation of petroleum fuel consumption and environmental problems.The charging and endurance capability problems of these vehicles are main constraints for their further development.The intelligent e-Road pavements can provide wireless charging,presenting a potential solution to the above deficiencies.This paper systematically introduced the composition and working principle of wireless charging technology to advance its development and application.Moreover,the main influencing factors of electric energy transmission efficiency on e-Road concerning pavement materials were analysed.The findings showed that the electric energy passed through pavement layers when applying the existing wireless charging technologies that typically use air as the medium.As a result,the transmission efficiency fluctuated owing to various influencing factors,including pavement materials,layers and moisture.This phenomenon is attributed to the performance parameters of wireless charging coils and the power loss caused by the electromagnetic induction characteristics of dielectric pavement materials.Potential solutions for improving the power transmission efficiency of wireless charging pavements were proposed,considering the circuit composition,asphalt concrete gradation type,and pavement structural composition.The methods and models used in previous studies were summarised to evaluate the dielectric loss of asphalt mixtures,and the wireless energy transmission efficiency,application scope,and optimisation methods were put forward.The impact of a commonly used wireless charging coil layout on the structure and service life of wireless charging pavements was analysed,and improvement measures were suggested.展开更多
The aim of this research study is to present a method for analyzing the performance of the wireless inductive charge-while-driving(CWD)electric vehicles,from both traffic and energy points of view.To accurately quanti...The aim of this research study is to present a method for analyzing the performance of the wireless inductive charge-while-driving(CWD)electric vehicles,from both traffic and energy points of view.To accurately quantify the electric power required from an energy supplier for the proper management of the charging system,a traffic simulation model is implemented.This model is based on a mesoscopic approach,and it is applied to a freight distribution scenario.Lane changing and positioning are managed according to a cooperative system among vehicles and supported by advanced driver assistance systems(ADAS).From the energy point of view,the analyses indicate that the traffic may have the following effects on the energy of the system:in a low traffic level scenario,the maximum power that should be supplied for the entire road is simulated at approximately 9 MW;and in a high level traffic scenario with lower average speeds,the maximum power required by the vehicles in the charging lane increases by more than 50%.展开更多
Amid escalating energy crises and environmental pressures,electric vehicles(EVs)have emerged as an effective measure to reduce reliance on fossil fuels,combat climate change,uphold sustainable energy and environmental...Amid escalating energy crises and environmental pressures,electric vehicles(EVs)have emerged as an effective measure to reduce reliance on fossil fuels,combat climate change,uphold sustainable energy and environmental development,and strive towards carbon peaking and neutrality goals.This study introduces a nonlinear integer programming model for the deployment of dynamic wireless charging lanes(DWCLs)and EV charging strategy joint optimization in highway networks.Taking into account established charging resources in highway service areas(HSAs),the nonlinear charging characteristics of EV batteries,and the traffic capacity constraints of DWCLs.The model identifies the deployment of charging facilities and the EV charging strategy as the decision-making variables and aims to minimize both the DWCL construction and user charging costs.By ensuring that EVs maintain an acceptable state of charge(SoC),the model combines highway EV charging demand and highway EV charging strategy to optimize the DWCL deployment,thus reducing the construction cost of wireless charging facilities and user charging expenses.The efficacy and universality of the model are demonstrated using the classical Nguyen-Dupius network as a numerical example and a real-world highway network in Guangdong Province,China.Finally,a sensitivity analysis is conducted to corroborate the stability of the model.The results show that the operating speed of EVs on DWCLs has the largest impact on total cost,while battery capacity has the smallest.This comprehensive study offers vital insights into the strategic deployment of DWCLs,promoting the sustainable and efficient use of EVs in highway networks.展开更多
Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)are fatal chronic diseases,where electrocardiography(ECG)monitoring could be a prominent solution for early diagnosis.In spite of available commercialized,multilead ECG devices,bulky forma...Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)are fatal chronic diseases,where electrocardiography(ECG)monitoring could be a prominent solution for early diagnosis.In spite of available commercialized,multilead ECG devices,bulky formats,discontinuous monitoring,and no safety alarm system significantly limit their practical applications.Herein,we present a soft,and stretchable,three-lead ECG device allowing continuous monitoring and wireless transmission of ECG signals.A newly developed organohydrogel patch with a strong adhesive ability(~9.9 kPa)and higher conductivity(~6.5 kΩ)is applied for high-quality ECG signals collection.With a long operation duration(6.5 h)and wireless transmission distance(20.9 m),it could fulfill most of the daily applications.Machine learning algorithms and the graphical user interface are used for real-time ECG monitoring and cardiac abnormalities diagnosis.The vibratory flexible actuator,which is triggered by cardiac abnormalities that need immediate medical treatment,is also integrated as a warning system for the user.As a newly reported stretchable multi-lead ECG device for long-term ECG signal monitoring,there is a high potential for improving users'life quality with the high-risk population of CVDs.展开更多
文摘This paper proposes a demonstration of the infrastructure concept of electric vehicles-friendly highways. EVs （electric vehicles） are gaining momentum as a bright prospect to replace conventional fuel-dependent ICE （internal combustion engine） as demand of EVs increase year by year in every country. However, due to battery capacity limitation and charging stations availability, EVs are mainly used in urban areas for short-range commuters rather than long-range journeys. This has resulted in EV usage concentrated in town and business areas. It is clear that EV usage for long distance driving is still in minimal priority due to inadequate battery performances and charging infrastructures insufficiency. The proposed concept is to solve range anxiety issues by wirelessly charging in-motion vehicles, particularly at highways namely DCH （dynamic charging highway）.
基金Funding for this work was provided by Natural Resources Canada through the Program of Energy Research and Development.
文摘Electrification of roadways using dynamic wireless charging(DWC)technology can provide an effective solution to range anxiety,high battery costs and long charging times of electric vehicles(EVs).With DWC systems installed on roadways,they constitute a charging infrastructure or electrified roads(eRoads)that have many advantages.For instance,the large battery size of heavy-duty EVs can significantly be downsized due to charging-whiledriving.However,a high power demand of the DWC system,especially during traffic rush periods,could lead to voltage instability in the grid and undesirable power demand curves.In this paper,a model for the power demand is developed to predict the DWC system's power demand at various levels of EV penetration rate.The DWC power demand profile in the chosen 550 km section of a major highway in Canada is simulated.Solar photovoltaic(PV)panels are integrated with the DWC,and the integrated system is optimized to mitigate the peak power demand on the electrical grid.With solar panels of 55,000 kW rated capacity installed along roadsides in the study region,the peak power demand on the electrical grid is reduced from 167.5 to 136.1 MW or by 18.7%at an EV penetration rate of 30%under monthly average daily solar radiation in July.It is evidenced that solar PV power has effectively smoothed the peak power demand on the grid.Moreover,the locally generated renewable power could help ease off expensive grid upgrades and expansions for the eRoad.Also,the economic feasibility of the solar PV integrated DWC system is assessed using cost analysis metrics.
基金This work was supported partly by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M730201)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023XKRC027)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the 173 project under Grant 2020-JCJQ-ZD-043the project under Grant 22TQ0403ZT07001 and Wei Zhen Limited Liability Company.
文摘Conformable and wire-less charging energy storage devices play important roles in enabling the fast development of wearable,non-contact soft electronics.However,current wire-less charging power sources are still restricted by limited flexural angles and fragile connection of components,resulting in the failure expression of performance and constraining their fur-ther applications in health monitoring wearables and moveable artificial limbs.Herein,we present an ultracompatible skin-like integrated wireless charging micro-supercapacitor,which building blocks(including electrolyte,electrode and substrate)are all evaporated by liquid precursor.Owing to the infiltration and permeation of the liquid,each part of the integrated device attached firmly with each other,forming a compact and all-in-one configuration.In addition,benefitting from the controllable volume of electrode solution precursor,the electrode thickness is easily regulated varying from 11.7 to 112.5μm.This prepared thin IWC-MSC skin can fit well with curving human body,and could be wireless charged to store electricity into high capacitive micro-supercapacitors(11.39 F cm-3)of the integrated device.We believe this work will shed light on the construction of skin-attachable electronics and irregular sensing microrobots.
基金Department of Edication of Gansu Province(No.2018D-08)。
文摘It is important to verify the safety of electric vehicle(EV)wireless power transmission for child passengers by studying the electromagnetic exposure difference between the child passengers and the adult passengers.The dielectric parameters of the child passengers’body were calculated under the operating frequency of 85 kHz.Using the finite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics,a model was established for the child passengers and adult passengers when the EVs charged by the wireless charging coil.This paper analyzed the distribution of magnetic induction intensity and induced electric field intensity generated on the body and head when the child passengers and adult passengers sat in four different positions.Additionally,the difference between the brain electromagnetic exposure values of children and adults was analyzed and compared with the limits set.The results showed that the electromagnetic exposure was the largest when the passenger sat in the co-driver position.The electromagnetic exposure level of child was slightly higher than that of adult at the same position,and the magnetic induction intensity and induced electric field intensity of both were much smaller than the public electromagnetic exposure recommendation values.
文摘With the continuous development of science and technology in China, more and more technologies are applied to the development of many industries. One of the obvious ones is people's means of transportation, which is also changing constantly. Now, people are traveling by car. However, the development of charging technology in the field of automobile electric is getting faster and faster, which has attracted the attention of many technicians. Wireless charging technology is very important for automobiles, so in the research of automobiles, we must improve the quality of wireless charging, so as to improve the safety of automobiles.
文摘This article outlines an Effective Method for Automatic Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in a Static Environment. It consists of investigated wireless transformer structures with various ferrite forms. WPT technology has rapidly advanced in the last few years. At kilowatt power levels, the transmission distance grows from a few millimeters to several hundred millimeters with a grid to load efficiency greater than 90%. The improvements have made the WPT more appealing for electric vehicle (EV) charging applications in both static and dynamic charging scenarios. Static and dynamic WEVCS, two of the main applications, are described, and current developments with features from research facilities, academic institutions, and businesses are noted. Additionally, forthcoming concepts based WEVCS are analyzed and examined, including “dynamic” wireless charging systems (WCS). A dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system, which can supply electricity to moving EVs, is one of the feasible alternatives. The moving secondary coil is part of the dynamic WPT system, which also comprises of many fixed groundside (primary) coils. An equivalent circuit between the stationary system and the dynamic WPT system that results from the stationary system is demonstrated by theoretical investigations. The dynamic WPT system’s solenoid coils outperform circular coils in terms of flux distribution and misalignment. The WPT-related EV wireless charging technologies were examined in this study. WPT can assist EVs in overcoming their restrictions on cost, range, and charging time.
基金support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
文摘Wireless Power Transfer(WPT)is an alternative method of Electric Vehicle(EV)battery charging,particularly for fleet vehicles and people with mobility issues.The safe operation of WPT systems should therefore be of interest and importance to system designers,installers,and end-users.One aspect of safe operation is the potential exposure to high-power electromagnetic fields.There are international guidelines with recommended exposure limits that system designers can design and test to.Simulations can be used to predict magnetic field levels,but these should be developed in conjunction with physical measurements to improve the accuracy of such simulations.1 Several factors can influence the WPT generated electromagnetic field,in regions where end users could be located during charging operation.These factors were studied for an in-house designed WPT system retrofitted to an electric vehicle.The magnetic field was physically measured around the vehicle for different operating conditions(alignment,power transfer level and probe position)to assess performance against recommended exposure levels,observe any trends in measurements and study the impact of the probe position.Coil currents were measured and used within an initial simulation to predict magnetic field for comparison to physical values.The initial simulation predicted the trend of the magnetic field with reasonable accuracy.Where there was a difference in magnitude,the physical measurements highlighted that a High Frequency(HF cable)used within the vehicle assembly(not included in initial simulation)contributed to the magnetic field intensity.Overall,magnetic fields were within permitted exposure limits at 10 kW power and good alignment,and with misaligned coils,the system showed only minor exceedance of the most stringent limits,and DC–DC system efficiency was only slightly reduced.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877070,U20A20198,51577048)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China(E2024208079).
文摘To increase the transmission efficiency of a wireless power transmission system while ensuring high stability and low cost,a two-degree-of-freedom two-sided control strategy to control the phase-shift duty ratio of the triggered pulse of the primary inverter and the angle between the resonant current and the AC voltage of the secondary side is proposed.The control strategy does not require additional DC-DC converters and components,and only some parameters of the basic circuit can be adjusted.The zero-voltage switching(ZVS)of all the MOSFETs in the system can be achieved by adjusting the shift duty ratio and power angle,and the current and voltage on the load side can be adjusted in real time.First,the basic principle of the two-sided control and the relationship of the phase angle are analyzed,and the operating range is determined by analyzing the operating modes on both sides.Second,the power loss of each link is analyzed,and the best operating point is determined.Subsequently,the system structure and the control strategy of the proposed method are presented.The two-sided control strategy is verified experimentally,which shows that the system can achieve the ZVS of all the MOSFETs while maintaining a constant current output.
文摘The compensation circuit plays a crucial role in the framework of Capacitive Power Transfer(CPT)in wireless Electric Vehicle(EV)charging schemes.Various wireless charging factors such as power transfer capacity,efficiency,and frequency depend on the design of compensation circuit topology.In CPT,power is transferred between the two capacitor plates(one transmitter plate embedded on the track and the other plate which is inserted in the wireless EV chassis operates as a receiver).The transmitter plate is excited by a high frequency source and power is transferred between the plates through an electric field.This review paper introduced an experimental prototype of the Corbin Sparrow(CS),featuring an onboard battery charger and an off-board DC charging port.Additionally,it presented a novel conformal bumper-based approach,highlighting its distinct advantages compared to alternative charging methods.The major challenges to employing capacitive technology in transferring power up to kW level are-the greater air gap between the capacitor of vehicle chassis&ground and the high value of electric field strength in the contour of plates.Also,due to the lowvalue of coupling capacitance,there is the requirement for suitable gain and compensated network which is a major area of concern.This review paper proposed various designs of compensation circuit topologies to achieve the effectiveness of the CPT scheme for Wireless Power Transfer(WPT)systems.
基金Supported by the Fund for Independent Innovation of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Province(CX(13)3031)~~
文摘[Objective] In order to better meet the requirement of crops on a more and more accurate water content under various planting environment of modern agri-culture, an automatic test system of soil water characteristic curve was designed by combining the conceptions of soil moisture content and soil water potential. [Method] Electronic soil moisture tension meter was used to determine the real-time tension value of soil moisture in the tested container, and the electronic Weigh sensor was used to determine soil Weigh. Minusing method was used to calculate soil moisture content, based on which the soil water characteristic curve was plotted. [Result] Through the filed survey of 2 different kinds of soil in Jiangsu Province, the results were as fol ows： soil of different composition showed different trend in soil water characteristic curve that the soil water characteristic relation of the sandy soil in the old course of the Yel ow River in Xuzhou was Y=-0.000 2X3＋0.027 7X2-1.644 5X＋38.161, R2=0.991 9; while the soil water characteristic relation of the saline-alkali soil in Jinhai Farm of Dafeng was Y=-0.00 2X2-0.426X＋39.905, R2=0.991 3. [Con-clusion] The automatic test system of soil water characteristic curve soil water char-acteristics curve could reflect soil moisture content and soil water potential, as wel as reflect the effectiveness of soil water to plant growth, providing basis for the sci-entific irrigation.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72201149)Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Green Mining of Coal resources,Ministry of Education(KLXGY-KB2420)Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research(SL2023A04J00802).
文摘As the adoption of Electric Vehicles(EVs)intensifies,two primary challenges emerge:limited range due to battery constraints and extended charging times.The traditional charging stations,particularly those near highways,exacerbate these issues with necessary detours,inconsistent service levels,and unpredictable waiting durations.The emerging technology of dynamic wireless charging lanes(DWCLs)may alleviate range anxiety and eliminate long charging stops;however,the driving speed on DWCL significantly affects charging efficiency and effective charging time.Meanwhile,the existing research has addressed load balancing optimization on Dynamic Wireless Charging(DWC)systems to a limited extent.To address this critical issue,this study introduces an innovative eco-driving speed control strategy,providing a novel solution to the multi-objective optimization problem of speed control on DWCL.We utilize mathematical programming methods and incorporate the longitudinal dynamics of vehicles to provide an accurate physical model of EVs.Three objective functions are formulated to tackle the challenges at hand:reducing travel time,increasing charging efficiency,and achieving load balancing on DWCL,which corresponds to four control strategies.The results of numerical tests indicate that a comprehensive control strategy,which considers all objectives,achieves a minor sacrifice in travel time reduction while significantly improving energy efficiency and load balancing.Furthermore,by defining the energy demand and speed range through an upper operation limit,a relatively superior speed control strategy can be selected.This work contributes to the discourse on DWCL integration into modern transportation systems,enhancing the EV driving experience on major roads.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation of USA under Grant Nos.2128378,CNS 2107014,CNS 1824440,CNS 1828363,CNS 1757533,CNS 1629746,and CNS 1651947.
文摘Sustaining an operational wireless sensor network (WSN) is challenging due to the persistent need of the battery-powered sensors to be charged from time to time. The procedure of exploiting mobile chargers (MCs) that traverse to the fixed sensors of the network and wirelessly transfer energy in an efficient matter has been considered widely as a promising way to tackle this challenge. An optimization problem, called the mobile charger coverage problem, arises naturally to keep all of the sensors alive with an objective of determining both the minimum number of MCs required meeting the sensor recharge frequency and the schedule of these MCs. It is shown that this optimization problem becomes NP-hard in high-dimensional spaces. Moreover, the special case of the homogeneous recharge frequency of the sensors has already been proven to have a tractable algorithm if we consider whether the 1-dimensional space is a line or a ring. In this work, we seek to find a delicate border between the tractable and the intractable problem space. Specifically, we study the special case of heterogeneous sensors that take frequencies of 1's and 2's (lifetime of 1 and 0.5 time units) on a line, conjecture the special case's NP-hardness, propose a novel brute-force optimal algorithm, and present a linear-time greedy algorithm that gives a 1.5-approximation solution for the problem. Afterwards, we introduce the energy optimization problem of the MCs with the minimized number and solve it optimally. Comprehensive simulation is conducted to verify the efficiency of using our proposed algorithms that minimize the number of MCs.
文摘The paper deals with wireless battery chargers(WBCs)for plug-in electric vehicles(PEVs)and analyzes two arrangements for the receiver of a series-series resonant WBC.The first arrangement charges the PEV battery in a straightforward manner through a diode rectifier.The second arrangement charges the PEV battery through the cascade of a diode rectifier and a chopper whose input voltage is kept constant.Figures of merit of WBCs such as efficiency and sizing factor of both the power source and the transmitter/receiver coils are determined.Afterwards,they are discussed and compared with reference to the case study of WBC for an electric city car.A proposal to optimize the efficiency of the second arrangement by a suitable selection of the chopper input voltage is presented.Measurements on the efficiency of the two arrangements are included to support the theoretical results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32171373)the Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC(No.82020108017)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.23ZR1414500)the Medical Engineering Cross Project of SJTU(No.YG2021QN141).
文摘Efficient portable wearable sweat sensors allow the long-term monitoring of changes in the status of biomarkers in sweat,which can be useful in diagnosis,medication,and nutritional assessment.In this study,we designed and tested a wireless,battery-free,flexible,self-pumping sweat-sensing system that simultaneously tracks levodopa and vitamin C levels in human sweat and detects body temperature.The system includes a microfluidic chip with a self-driven pump and anti-reflux valve,a flexible wireless circuit board,and a purpose-designed smartphone app.The microfluidic chip is used for the efficient collection of sweat and the drainage of excess sweat.The dual electrochemical sensing electrodes in the chip are modified with functional materials and appropriate enzymatic reagents,achieving excellent selectivity and stability.The sensitivities of the levodopa sensor and the vitamin C sensor are 0.0073 and 0.0018μA·μM^(-1),respectively,and the detection correlation coefficients of both exceed 0.99.Both sensors have a wide linear detection range of 0–100 and 0–1000μM,respectively,and low detection limits of 0.28 and 17.9μM,respectively.The flexible wireless circuit board is equipped with the functions of wireless charging,electrical signal capture and processing,and wireless transmission.The data recorded from each sensor are displayed on a smartphone via a self-developed app.A series of experimental results confirmed the reliability of the sweat-sensing system in noninvasively monitoring important biomarkers in the human body and its potential utility in the comprehensive assessment of biological health.
文摘This article explores the development and application of wireless charging technology for unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),focusing on the principles and challenges of wireless charging via magnetic coupling.The paper reviews various wireless power transfer(WPT)methods such as electromagnetic induction,magnetic resonance and microwave transmission,discussing the advantages and limitations of each.The paper highlights the difficulties in improving charging efficiency,extending transmission distances and ensuring EMF safety.Using these principles,the thesis further explores the potential for future breakthroughs using new materials,intelligent control systems and advanced algorithms to improve the efficiency,safety and cost-effectiveness of wireless charging for UAVs.Insights gained from this research could provide significant support for the widespread use of drones in a variety of industries,including agriculture,logistics and military applications.
基金Faculty of Engineering&Technology,University Polytechnic,JMI,New Delhi to support this research.
文摘The challenges that electric vehicles(EVs)must overcome today include the high cost of batteries,poor specific energy,and ineffectiveness in estimating the state of batteries using traditional methods.This article reviews(i)current research trends in EV technology according to the Web of Science database,(ii)current states of battery technology in EVs,(iii)advancements in battery technology,(iv)safety concerns with high-energy batteries and their environmental impacts,(v)modern algorithms to evaluate battery state,(vi)wireless charging technology and its practical limitations,(vii)key barriers to battery technology,and(viii)conclusions and recommendations are also provided.This paper examines energy-storage technologies for EVs,including lithium-ion,solid-state,and lithium-air batteries,fuel cells,and ultracapacitors.The core characteristics,advantages,disadvantages,and safety concerns associated with these batteries are discussed.Internet-of-Things(IoT)-based approaches are described to assess the battery state in real-time.Furthermore,for enhanced electric mobility,wireless power transfer charging techniques are discussed.Finally,recent advancements and potential outcomes for future EV technologies are outlined.
基金the financial support provided by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant number:2572022BJ012572022DX09)the Key Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang Province(grant number:GZ20220062)。
文摘The increasing adoption of new energy vehicles has promoted the alleviation of petroleum fuel consumption and environmental problems.The charging and endurance capability problems of these vehicles are main constraints for their further development.The intelligent e-Road pavements can provide wireless charging,presenting a potential solution to the above deficiencies.This paper systematically introduced the composition and working principle of wireless charging technology to advance its development and application.Moreover,the main influencing factors of electric energy transmission efficiency on e-Road concerning pavement materials were analysed.The findings showed that the electric energy passed through pavement layers when applying the existing wireless charging technologies that typically use air as the medium.As a result,the transmission efficiency fluctuated owing to various influencing factors,including pavement materials,layers and moisture.This phenomenon is attributed to the performance parameters of wireless charging coils and the power loss caused by the electromagnetic induction characteristics of dielectric pavement materials.Potential solutions for improving the power transmission efficiency of wireless charging pavements were proposed,considering the circuit composition,asphalt concrete gradation type,and pavement structural composition.The methods and models used in previous studies were summarised to evaluate the dielectric loss of asphalt mixtures,and the wireless energy transmission efficiency,application scope,and optimisation methods were put forward.The impact of a commonly used wireless charging coil layout on the structure and service life of wireless charging pavements was analysed,and improvement measures were suggested.
基金This study is partially supported by the eCo-FEV project(Grant agreement No.314411).
文摘The aim of this research study is to present a method for analyzing the performance of the wireless inductive charge-while-driving(CWD)electric vehicles,from both traffic and energy points of view.To accurately quantify the electric power required from an energy supplier for the proper management of the charging system,a traffic simulation model is implemented.This model is based on a mesoscopic approach,and it is applied to a freight distribution scenario.Lane changing and positioning are managed according to a cooperative system among vehicles and supported by advanced driver assistance systems(ADAS).From the energy point of view,the analyses indicate that the traffic may have the following effects on the energy of the system:in a low traffic level scenario,the maximum power that should be supplied for the entire road is simulated at approximately 9 MW;and in a high level traffic scenario with lower average speeds,the maximum power required by the vehicles in the charging lane increases by more than 50%.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2023A1515011322).
文摘Amid escalating energy crises and environmental pressures,electric vehicles(EVs)have emerged as an effective measure to reduce reliance on fossil fuels,combat climate change,uphold sustainable energy and environmental development,and strive towards carbon peaking and neutrality goals.This study introduces a nonlinear integer programming model for the deployment of dynamic wireless charging lanes(DWCLs)and EV charging strategy joint optimization in highway networks.Taking into account established charging resources in highway service areas(HSAs),the nonlinear charging characteristics of EV batteries,and the traffic capacity constraints of DWCLs.The model identifies the deployment of charging facilities and the EV charging strategy as the decision-making variables and aims to minimize both the DWCL construction and user charging costs.By ensuring that EVs maintain an acceptable state of charge(SoC),the model combines highway EV charging demand and highway EV charging strategy to optimize the DWCL deployment,thus reducing the construction cost of wireless charging facilities and user charging expenses.The efficacy and universality of the model are demonstrated using the classical Nguyen-Dupius network as a numerical example and a real-world highway network in Guangdong Province,China.Finally,a sensitivity analysis is conducted to corroborate the stability of the model.The results show that the operating speed of EVs on DWCLs has the largest impact on total cost,while battery capacity has the smallest.This comprehensive study offers vital insights into the strategic deployment of DWCLs,promoting the sustainable and efficient use of EVs in highway networks.
基金supported by Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering,City University of Hong Kong(Grants No.9667221,9680322)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(Nos.21210820,11213721)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62122002).
文摘Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)are fatal chronic diseases,where electrocardiography(ECG)monitoring could be a prominent solution for early diagnosis.In spite of available commercialized,multilead ECG devices,bulky formats,discontinuous monitoring,and no safety alarm system significantly limit their practical applications.Herein,we present a soft,and stretchable,three-lead ECG device allowing continuous monitoring and wireless transmission of ECG signals.A newly developed organohydrogel patch with a strong adhesive ability(~9.9 kPa)and higher conductivity(~6.5 kΩ)is applied for high-quality ECG signals collection.With a long operation duration(6.5 h)and wireless transmission distance(20.9 m),it could fulfill most of the daily applications.Machine learning algorithms and the graphical user interface are used for real-time ECG monitoring and cardiac abnormalities diagnosis.The vibratory flexible actuator,which is triggered by cardiac abnormalities that need immediate medical treatment,is also integrated as a warning system for the user.As a newly reported stretchable multi-lead ECG device for long-term ECG signal monitoring,there is a high potential for improving users'life quality with the high-risk population of CVDs.
