The aim of the article was firstly to analyze a specific character of the food security＇s concept, and secondly to present a large variety of stakeholders＇ positions dealing with the issue and their impact on econom...The aim of the article was firstly to analyze a specific character of the food security＇s concept, and secondly to present a large variety of stakeholders＇ positions dealing with the issue and their impact on economic and political dimensions. For this purpose, a review in available studies and documents was made. The results show that a lack of the precise definition for the food security＇s concept creates different understandings, leading to various interpretations and divergent solutions. The reasons could be found in specifics of the food security＇s concept which is qualified as a wicked problem. Wicked problems refer to issues which are highly complex, have innumerable and undefined causes and are difficult to understand and frame. Therefore, caution is required when positions of stakeholders are estimating. Based on literature, it can be stated that the productionist （focusing on intensive food production） and environmental frames are dominant in the debate, resulting in potential conflicts and different claims about action to be taken. As a result, a clear political vision on the food security＇s concept is lacking. In conclusion, a return to the principle what food production is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable can reshape a public debate in order to actively form food security policies at the global and national levels in the future. However, better coping strategies like cooperative strategy should be developed to tame food security as a wicked problem by turning over to stakeholders for new definitions and solutions.展开更多
The paper is a part of an ongoing study, labelled as ＂Designing out wicked problems＂ - a design science research （DSR） study with the purpose of developing, implementing, and evaluating a methodology framework for...The paper is a part of an ongoing study, labelled as ＂Designing out wicked problems＂ - a design science research （DSR） study with the purpose of developing, implementing, and evaluating a methodology framework for designing multi-stakeholder business models. The objective of the current paper is to evaluate the business model design framework within a DSR framework. The research is conducted as three-year case study at three sites： The Danish police, with a key player in the Danish energy sector, and the municipality of the Danish capital, Copenhagen. The research method is action research, with a structure of planning-action-evaluation process conducted with the case owners - as well as design science methodology, where an artifact （the multi-stakeholder business model design concept） is created, evaluated and altered to improve its functionality. The finding of this study is that the maturity of the application domain - the type of problem the concept is trying to solve - as well as of the concept itself, is low. The conclusion is thus that the knowledge contribution of the study is of a unique invention character which will lay the foundation for further evaluation and research.展开更多
Purpose:Making policy makers,researcher,education leaders,and assessment developers aware that what matters in education assessment is a wicked problem that cannot be easily solved following traditional approaches.Des...Purpose:Making policy makers,researcher,education leaders,and assessment developers aware that what matters in education assessment is a wicked problem that cannot be easily solved following traditional approaches.Design/Approach/Methods:Starting from the questions that what matters in education assessment,this article presented such questions as a wicked problem because there is no consensus,not right or wrong answer,and certain solutions may lead to side effects on students and society.Therefore,a new approach of ecology should be involved,and different education outcomes or intended qualities of learners are presented in complex relationships.Findings:Deciding what matters in education assessment is a wicked question.It is not a tame or technology problem and can be resolved by any conventional approaches.What is pivotal now is to decipher what matters in education and then what should be measured and ultimately how to measure.The ecology and collaborate approach deliberated in this article could expedite such a process.Originality/Value:This article advocates paradigm change in understanding and resolving one of the most urgent problems in education.It provides an ecology explanation of the relationships that exist among the different education outcomes and students’qualities.By guiding through the dissecting of the problem step by step,this article has demonstrated a unique angle of understanding the wicked problem.展开更多
The design and construction of houses normally require an architect＇s input. However, architects are increasingly being marginalized in these projects, and their roles are constantly being invaded by others. Despite ...The design and construction of houses normally require an architect＇s input. However, architects are increasingly being marginalized in these projects, and their roles are constantly being invaded by others. Despite repeated institutional interventions toward remedying this phenomenon, signs are not abating. This article examines the complexity of this phenomenon to explain the inadequacy of institutional interventions to address the problem. This article conceptualizes the phenomenon of marginalization and role invasion as a super wicked problem with six key features. First, the problem has a difficult definition. Second, the solution involves a large structural and economic burden. Third, time is of the essence. Fourth, multiple stakeholders attempting to solve the problem are part of the cause. Fifth, institutional interventions addressing the issue are weak or ill-equipped. Sixth, institutional interventions discount the future irrationally. The implications of this conceptualization for institutional intervention and research are discussed.展开更多
With the increase of social complexity and uncertainty,wicked problems have become the hot and difcult issues in the frontier research of public policy.The concept of wicked problems was proposed in the 1960s.Since th...With the increase of social complexity and uncertainty,wicked problems have become the hot and difcult issues in the frontier research of public policy.The concept of wicked problems was proposed in the 1960s.Since then,it has gradually spread to many disciplines,such as environment,urban planning,public policy,etc.A comprehensive understanding of the research progress of the transdisciplinary method is an important way to understand wicked problems.This paper uses Citespace5.5,based on bibliometrics and visual analysis techniques,to analyze 800 academic publications related to wicked problems and visually display the transdisciplinarity knowledge map and information panorama of wicked problems.Through a multi-level descriptive analysis of key literature,research origin,research hotspots and trend of the research on wicked problems,this paper fnds out the law of knowledge growth and internal evolution logic of the research on wicked problems,and concludes that the transdisciplinarity research of wicked problems is forming,which shows the rule from knowledge difusion(single discipline)to knowledge coherence(transdisciplinarity).The discipline of public policy has the potential to change the knowledge constraints of a single discipline and may ofer transdisciplinarity approaches to wicked problems.展开更多
Phase change heat transfer devices like heat pipes are widely utilized in temperature control and heat transfer.However,the traditional single uniform wick makes it hard to meet the requirements of capillary pressure ...Phase change heat transfer devices like heat pipes are widely utilized in temperature control and heat transfer.However,the traditional single uniform wick makes it hard to meet the requirements of capillary pressure and permeability for high-performance heat pipes,thus limiting the improvement of heat transfer performance.In this paper,a gradient structure wick sintered by 316 L stainless steel powder is designed.The capillary performance is tested and characterized through permeability test experiments and capillary rise infrared test experiments.Moreover,the influence of different particle sizes of sintered powder on the capillary performance of the wick structure is studied.The experimental results indicate that the capillary pressure and permeability of the gradient structure wick are significantly improved compared with the traditional single structure wick.Its capillary performance parameter S(K·Pcap)is enhanced by more than 30%,providing an effective alternative for the wick of two-phase heat exchange devices.展开更多
In today's fast-paced modern life, whether for fitness training, outdoor adventures, or daily commutes, we all yearn for quick-dry apparel that can rapidly wick away moisture and keep our bodies dry and comfortabl...In today's fast-paced modern life, whether for fitness training, outdoor adventures, or daily commutes, we all yearn for quick-dry apparel that can rapidly wick away moisture and keep our bodies dry and comfortable. As a standout in functional textiles, quick-dry fabrics are becoming the top choice for more and more people, thanks to their exceptional moisture-wicking performance and rapid drying capabilities.展开更多
The loop heat pipe with a flat evaporator is mainly divided into two forms:rectangular evaporator and disk-shaped evaporator.The rectangular evaporator has advantages such as low heat leakage,a thin shell,and a large ...The loop heat pipe with a flat evaporator is mainly divided into two forms:rectangular evaporator and disk-shaped evaporator.The rectangular evaporator has advantages such as low heat leakage,a thin shell,and a large contact area compared to the disk-shaped evaporator.However,most of the research on rectangular evaporators focuses onworking fluids such as water,methanol,and acetone,when theseworking fluids are in operation,the internal pressure of the evaporator is less than atmospheric pressure.Ammonia,propylene,and other working fluids can also be utilized in the loop heat pipe,these working fluids demonstrate better performance when operating within other temperature intervals,for example,the operating temperature range of ammonia is−20℃to 50℃,however,in an atmospheric pressure environment,it is very difficult for the shell of the rectangular evaporator to withstand the saturated vapor pressure of the working fluid.This paper designs a rectangular flat plate loop heat pipe that can use ammonia as the working fluid.The internal reinforcing structure is used to improve the pressure strength of the shell.The secondary wick connects the compensation chamber and the capillary wick hydraulically.The experiment indicates that this kind of rectangular evaporator is unaffected by the position,and the secondary wick can effectively supply liquid under different angles.The thermal resistance of the evaporator wall was analyzed,and it was found that the thermal resistance of the evaporator wall was the main component of the thermal resistance of the system.The heat transfer capacities of 460 W@0.5 m and 200W@10 m were tested.The test results indicate that by setting a reinforcing structure inside the flat plate evaporator,the evaporator can withstand internal pressure.Combined with the design of the secondary wick,the flat plate evaporator can use working fluids with different pressures,expanding the range of available working fluids.展开更多
Centered or striped wick structures have been used to develop ultrathin heat pipes.Differing from traditional heat pipes,the centered or striped wick structures leave noncontact container surfaces with the wick struct...Centered or striped wick structures have been used to develop ultrathin heat pipes.Differing from traditional heat pipes,the centered or striped wick structures leave noncontact container surfaces with the wick structure.In this study,experiments andnumerical analyseswere conductedtoinvestigate the influenceof thesenoncontact surfaces.In the experiments,a strip-shaped wick structure was placed vertically,the top was sandwiched between wider rods and the bottom was immersed in a working fluid.The rod width was greater than the wick width;thus,noncontact surfaces were left between the rod and the wick structure.The heat was applied from the rod to the wick structure,and the evaporation heat transfer characteristics of the working fluid from the wick structure were evaluated.Water was used as the working fluid.The experiments were conducted by varying the rod and wick widths.The experimental results were obtained when the wick structures were placed separately.In the numerical analyses,the temperature and heat flux distributions in the rod were obtained.From the experimental and numerical results,it was confirmed that the noncontact surfaces caused the heat flux in the rod near both surfaces of the wick structure to concentrate,which increased the evaporation thermal resistance of the wick structure.A reduction in the noncontact surface area by increasing the wick width was found to be effective in decreasing the evaporation thermal resistance and increasing themaximumheat transfer rate of the wick structure.The separation of the wick structure increased the evaporation surface area.However,its effectiveness was limited when the heat transfer rate was small.展开更多
Miniature cylindrical metal powder sintered wick heat pipe （sintered heat pipe） is an ideal component with super-high thermal efficiency for high heat flux electronics cooling. The sintering process for sintered wic...Miniature cylindrical metal powder sintered wick heat pipe （sintered heat pipe） is an ideal component with super-high thermal efficiency for high heat flux electronics cooling. The sintering process for sintered wick is important for its quality. The sintering process was optimally designed based on the equation of the heat transfer limit of sintered heat pipe. Four-step sintering process was proposed to fabricate sintered wick. The sintering parameters including sintering temperature, sintering time, sintering atmosphere and sintering position were discussed. The experimental results showed that the proper sintering temperature was 950 ℃ for Cu powder of 159μm and 900 ℃ for Cu powders of 81 and 38 μm, respectively, while the wick thickness was 0.45 mm and sintering time was 3 h. The optimized sintering time was 3 h for 0.45 and 0.6 mm wick thickness and 1 h for 0.75 mm wick thickness, respectively, when copper powder diameter was 159μm and sintering temperature was 950 ℃. Redox reduction reaction between H2 and CuO during sintering could produce segmentation cracks in Cu powders as a second structure. Sintering at vertical position can effectively avoid the generation of gap between wick and the inner wall of pipe.展开更多
The intensified boiling and condensation wick structures of heat column were designed and manufactured by ploughing-extrusion （P-E） machining method.The forming process and mechanism were analyzed.The results show t...The intensified boiling and condensation wick structures of heat column were designed and manufactured by ploughing-extrusion （P-E） machining method.The forming process and mechanism were analyzed.The results show that the P-E depth plays a decisive role in forming of wick structure.The larger the P-E depth is,the better the surface characteristics are.Only when the groove spacing is in a certain range,superior surface structure can be formed in the wick.The better enhancement boiling structure forms at P-E depth of 0.3 mm,ringed groove spacing of 0.4 mm,and interior angle of radial groove of 3°;the better enhancement condensation structure forms at P-E depth of 0.3 mm,ringed groove spacing of 0.4 mm,and axial grooves spacing of π/3 mm.展开更多
With the rapid rising of heat flux and reduction of heat dissipating space of microelectronic devises, flattened sintered heat pipe has become an ideal conducting element of use in the electronic cooling field. A manu...With the rapid rising of heat flux and reduction of heat dissipating space of microelectronic devises, flattened sintered heat pipe has become an ideal conducting element of use in the electronic cooling field. A manufacturing technology named phase change flattening process is presented to fabricate the flattened grooved-sintered wick heat pipe （GSHP for short）. Deformation geometry of flattened GSHP and the elasto-plastic deformation of flattening process are analyzed theoretically and verified by experiments. The results show that the vapor pressure inside sintered heat pipe during flattening process is determined by the saturated vapor pressure equation; the width and vapor area of flattened heat pipe change greatly as the flattening proceeds; the maximum equivalent strain distributes at the interface between wick and vapor in the fiat section; the buckling phenomenon can be well eliminated when the flattening temperature reaches 480 K; phase change flattening punch load increases with flattening temperature and displacement.展开更多
文摘The aim of the article was firstly to analyze a specific character of the food security＇s concept, and secondly to present a large variety of stakeholders＇ positions dealing with the issue and their impact on economic and political dimensions. For this purpose, a review in available studies and documents was made. The results show that a lack of the precise definition for the food security＇s concept creates different understandings, leading to various interpretations and divergent solutions. The reasons could be found in specifics of the food security＇s concept which is qualified as a wicked problem. Wicked problems refer to issues which are highly complex, have innumerable and undefined causes and are difficult to understand and frame. Therefore, caution is required when positions of stakeholders are estimating. Based on literature, it can be stated that the productionist （focusing on intensive food production） and environmental frames are dominant in the debate, resulting in potential conflicts and different claims about action to be taken. As a result, a clear political vision on the food security＇s concept is lacking. In conclusion, a return to the principle what food production is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable can reshape a public debate in order to actively form food security policies at the global and national levels in the future. However, better coping strategies like cooperative strategy should be developed to tame food security as a wicked problem by turning over to stakeholders for new definitions and solutions.
文摘The paper is a part of an ongoing study, labelled as ＂Designing out wicked problems＂ - a design science research （DSR） study with the purpose of developing, implementing, and evaluating a methodology framework for designing multi-stakeholder business models. The objective of the current paper is to evaluate the business model design framework within a DSR framework. The research is conducted as three-year case study at three sites： The Danish police, with a key player in the Danish energy sector, and the municipality of the Danish capital, Copenhagen. The research method is action research, with a structure of planning-action-evaluation process conducted with the case owners - as well as design science methodology, where an artifact （the multi-stakeholder business model design concept） is created, evaluated and altered to improve its functionality. The finding of this study is that the maturity of the application domain - the type of problem the concept is trying to solve - as well as of the concept itself, is low. The conclusion is thus that the knowledge contribution of the study is of a unique invention character which will lay the foundation for further evaluation and research.
文摘Purpose:Making policy makers,researcher,education leaders,and assessment developers aware that what matters in education assessment is a wicked problem that cannot be easily solved following traditional approaches.Design/Approach/Methods:Starting from the questions that what matters in education assessment,this article presented such questions as a wicked problem because there is no consensus,not right or wrong answer,and certain solutions may lead to side effects on students and society.Therefore,a new approach of ecology should be involved,and different education outcomes or intended qualities of learners are presented in complex relationships.Findings:Deciding what matters in education assessment is a wicked question.It is not a tame or technology problem and can be resolved by any conventional approaches.What is pivotal now is to decipher what matters in education and then what should be measured and ultimately how to measure.The ecology and collaborate approach deliberated in this article could expedite such a process.Originality/Value:This article advocates paradigm change in understanding and resolving one of the most urgent problems in education.It provides an ecology explanation of the relationships that exist among the different education outcomes and students’qualities.By guiding through the dissecting of the problem step by step,this article has demonstrated a unique angle of understanding the wicked problem.
文摘The design and construction of houses normally require an architect＇s input. However, architects are increasingly being marginalized in these projects, and their roles are constantly being invaded by others. Despite repeated institutional interventions toward remedying this phenomenon, signs are not abating. This article examines the complexity of this phenomenon to explain the inadequacy of institutional interventions to address the problem. This article conceptualizes the phenomenon of marginalization and role invasion as a super wicked problem with six key features. First, the problem has a difficult definition. Second, the solution involves a large structural and economic burden. Third, time is of the essence. Fourth, multiple stakeholders attempting to solve the problem are part of the cause. Fifth, institutional interventions addressing the issue are weak or ill-equipped. Sixth, institutional interventions discount the future irrationally. The implications of this conceptualization for institutional intervention and research are discussed.
文摘With the increase of social complexity and uncertainty,wicked problems have become the hot and difcult issues in the frontier research of public policy.The concept of wicked problems was proposed in the 1960s.Since then,it has gradually spread to many disciplines,such as environment,urban planning,public policy,etc.A comprehensive understanding of the research progress of the transdisciplinary method is an important way to understand wicked problems.This paper uses Citespace5.5,based on bibliometrics and visual analysis techniques,to analyze 800 academic publications related to wicked problems and visually display the transdisciplinarity knowledge map and information panorama of wicked problems.Through a multi-level descriptive analysis of key literature,research origin,research hotspots and trend of the research on wicked problems,this paper fnds out the law of knowledge growth and internal evolution logic of the research on wicked problems,and concludes that the transdisciplinarity research of wicked problems is forming,which shows the rule from knowledge difusion(single discipline)to knowledge coherence(transdisciplinarity).The discipline of public policy has the potential to change the knowledge constraints of a single discipline and may ofer transdisciplinarity approaches to wicked problems.
文摘Phase change heat transfer devices like heat pipes are widely utilized in temperature control and heat transfer.However,the traditional single uniform wick makes it hard to meet the requirements of capillary pressure and permeability for high-performance heat pipes,thus limiting the improvement of heat transfer performance.In this paper,a gradient structure wick sintered by 316 L stainless steel powder is designed.The capillary performance is tested and characterized through permeability test experiments and capillary rise infrared test experiments.Moreover,the influence of different particle sizes of sintered powder on the capillary performance of the wick structure is studied.The experimental results indicate that the capillary pressure and permeability of the gradient structure wick are significantly improved compared with the traditional single structure wick.Its capillary performance parameter S(K·Pcap)is enhanced by more than 30%,providing an effective alternative for the wick of two-phase heat exchange devices.
文摘In today's fast-paced modern life, whether for fitness training, outdoor adventures, or daily commutes, we all yearn for quick-dry apparel that can rapidly wick away moisture and keep our bodies dry and comfortable. As a standout in functional textiles, quick-dry fabrics are becoming the top choice for more and more people, thanks to their exceptional moisture-wicking performance and rapid drying capabilities.
基金Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars 2020-JCJQ-ZQ-042.
文摘The loop heat pipe with a flat evaporator is mainly divided into two forms:rectangular evaporator and disk-shaped evaporator.The rectangular evaporator has advantages such as low heat leakage,a thin shell,and a large contact area compared to the disk-shaped evaporator.However,most of the research on rectangular evaporators focuses onworking fluids such as water,methanol,and acetone,when theseworking fluids are in operation,the internal pressure of the evaporator is less than atmospheric pressure.Ammonia,propylene,and other working fluids can also be utilized in the loop heat pipe,these working fluids demonstrate better performance when operating within other temperature intervals,for example,the operating temperature range of ammonia is−20℃to 50℃,however,in an atmospheric pressure environment,it is very difficult for the shell of the rectangular evaporator to withstand the saturated vapor pressure of the working fluid.This paper designs a rectangular flat plate loop heat pipe that can use ammonia as the working fluid.The internal reinforcing structure is used to improve the pressure strength of the shell.The secondary wick connects the compensation chamber and the capillary wick hydraulically.The experiment indicates that this kind of rectangular evaporator is unaffected by the position,and the secondary wick can effectively supply liquid under different angles.The thermal resistance of the evaporator wall was analyzed,and it was found that the thermal resistance of the evaporator wall was the main component of the thermal resistance of the system.The heat transfer capacities of 460 W@0.5 m and 200W@10 m were tested.The test results indicate that by setting a reinforcing structure inside the flat plate evaporator,the evaporator can withstand internal pressure.Combined with the design of the secondary wick,the flat plate evaporator can use working fluids with different pressures,expanding the range of available working fluids.
文摘Centered or striped wick structures have been used to develop ultrathin heat pipes.Differing from traditional heat pipes,the centered or striped wick structures leave noncontact container surfaces with the wick structure.In this study,experiments andnumerical analyseswere conductedtoinvestigate the influenceof thesenoncontact surfaces.In the experiments,a strip-shaped wick structure was placed vertically,the top was sandwiched between wider rods and the bottom was immersed in a working fluid.The rod width was greater than the wick width;thus,noncontact surfaces were left between the rod and the wick structure.The heat was applied from the rod to the wick structure,and the evaporation heat transfer characteristics of the working fluid from the wick structure were evaluated.Water was used as the working fluid.The experiments were conducted by varying the rod and wick widths.The experimental results were obtained when the wick structures were placed separately.In the numerical analyses,the temperature and heat flux distributions in the rod were obtained.From the experimental and numerical results,it was confirmed that the noncontact surfaces caused the heat flux in the rod near both surfaces of the wick structure to concentrate,which increased the evaporation thermal resistance of the wick structure.A reduction in the noncontact surface area by increasing the wick width was found to be effective in decreasing the evaporation thermal resistance and increasing themaximumheat transfer rate of the wick structure.The separation of the wick structure increased the evaporation surface area.However,its effectiveness was limited when the heat transfer rate was small.
基金Project(50905119)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(20120171120036)supported by New Teachers'Fund for Doctor Stations,Ministry of Education,ChinaProject(S2012040007715)supported by Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China
文摘Miniature cylindrical metal powder sintered wick heat pipe （sintered heat pipe） is an ideal component with super-high thermal efficiency for high heat flux electronics cooling. The sintering process for sintered wick is important for its quality. The sintering process was optimally designed based on the equation of the heat transfer limit of sintered heat pipe. Four-step sintering process was proposed to fabricate sintered wick. The sintering parameters including sintering temperature, sintering time, sintering atmosphere and sintering position were discussed. The experimental results showed that the proper sintering temperature was 950 ℃ for Cu powder of 159μm and 900 ℃ for Cu powders of 81 and 38 μm, respectively, while the wick thickness was 0.45 mm and sintering time was 3 h. The optimized sintering time was 3 h for 0.45 and 0.6 mm wick thickness and 1 h for 0.75 mm wick thickness, respectively, when copper powder diameter was 159μm and sintering temperature was 950 ℃. Redox reduction reaction between H2 and CuO during sintering could produce segmentation cracks in Cu powders as a second structure. Sintering at vertical position can effectively avoid the generation of gap between wick and the inner wall of pipe.
基金Project(U0834002) supported by the Joint Funds of NSFC-Guangdong of ChinaProject(2009ZM0121) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘The intensified boiling and condensation wick structures of heat column were designed and manufactured by ploughing-extrusion （P-E） machining method.The forming process and mechanism were analyzed.The results show that the P-E depth plays a decisive role in forming of wick structure.The larger the P-E depth is,the better the surface characteristics are.Only when the groove spacing is in a certain range,superior surface structure can be formed in the wick.The better enhancement boiling structure forms at P-E depth of 0.3 mm,ringed groove spacing of 0.4 mm,and interior angle of radial groove of 3°;the better enhancement condensation structure forms at P-E depth of 0.3 mm,ringed groove spacing of 0.4 mm,and axial grooves spacing of π/3 mm.
基金Project(50905119)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012M510205)supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation+1 种基金Project(PEMT1206)supported by the Open Foundation of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Precision Equipment and Manufacturing Technology,ChinaProject(S2012040007715)supported by Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China
文摘With the rapid rising of heat flux and reduction of heat dissipating space of microelectronic devises, flattened sintered heat pipe has become an ideal conducting element of use in the electronic cooling field. A manufacturing technology named phase change flattening process is presented to fabricate the flattened grooved-sintered wick heat pipe （GSHP for short）. Deformation geometry of flattened GSHP and the elasto-plastic deformation of flattening process are analyzed theoretically and verified by experiments. The results show that the vapor pressure inside sintered heat pipe during flattening process is determined by the saturated vapor pressure equation; the width and vapor area of flattened heat pipe change greatly as the flattening proceeds; the maximum equivalent strain distributes at the interface between wick and vapor in the fiat section; the buckling phenomenon can be well eliminated when the flattening temperature reaches 480 K; phase change flattening punch load increases with flattening temperature and displacement.
