There are five Species of swan in the world. Three of them were recorded in China. They are whooper swan(Cygnus cygnus ). whistling swan (Cygnus columbianus ) and mute swan (Cygnus olor). Among them. whooper swan is t...There are five Species of swan in the world. Three of them were recorded in China. They are whooper swan(Cygnus cygnus ). whistling swan (Cygnus columbianus ) and mute swan (Cygnus olor). Among them. whooper swan is themost famous in China. Whooper swan is a resident bird in China. They breed in Xinjiang Ugyur Autonomous Region. InnerMongol Autonomous Region, Hcilongiiang Province. etc.. and winter in Qinghai. Shandong. Henan Provincc. etc.. and thelower reaches of the Changjiang River. The total number in China is about 5.000 in breeding grounds and 15.000 in winter-ing grounds. Higher number Were found in 1960s. Because of the changes in environment and hunting, of picking up eggsand of catching nestlings. their population is being reduced rapidly. They are in danger now. In order to protect the whooperswans. some protection measuresmust be taken. such as strcngthening public education and scientitic research- establishinga base of raising and breeding; deieloping intcrnational cooperation. strengthening the construction of natural reserves in thebreeding and wintering grounds. Up to the cnd of 1993. 34 natural reserves have been established in China.展开更多
Long-distance migratory birds travel more rapidly in spring than in autumn,as they face temporal breeding constraints.However,several species travel slower in spring owing to environmental influences,such as food avai...Long-distance migratory birds travel more rapidly in spring than in autumn,as they face temporal breeding constraints.However,several species travel slower in spring owing to environmental influences,such as food availability and wind conditions.GPS trackers were attached to 17 Whooper Swans(Cygnus cygnus) inhabiting northeastern Mongolia,to determine their migration routes and stopover sites in spring and autumn.Differences between spring and autumn migrations,migration-influencing parameters,and the effect of spring stopover site temperatures were analyzed.Six swans completed perfect tours between their wintering and breeding sites,and these data were used for analysis.Spring migration lasted 57 days,with 49.2 days spent at 3.7 stopover sites.Autumn migration lasted 21.5 days,with 17.5 days spent at 1.0 stopover sites.Thus,the swans traveled more rapidly in autumn than in spring.Migration distance,number of stopovers,migration speed,and straightness were important migration determinants in both spring and autumn.Migration distance,stopover duration,number of stopovers,daily travel speed,travel duration,and migration speed differed significantly between spring and autumn.During spring migration,the temperature at the current stopover sites and that at the future stopover sites displayed significant variations(t=1585.8,df=631.6,p <0.001).These findings are critical for the conservation and management of Whooper Swans and their key habitats in East Asian regions,and the data are anticipated to make a particularly significant contribution toward developing detailed management plans for the conservation of their key habitats.展开更多
During a helminthological study of waterfowl in China,a new species(Cloacotaenia cygnimorbus sp.nov.)of hymenolepidid cestodes(tapeworm)was found in the small intestine of whooper swan(Cygnus cygnus,Linnaeus,1758).The...During a helminthological study of waterfowl in China,a new species(Cloacotaenia cygnimorbus sp.nov.)of hymenolepidid cestodes(tapeworm)was found in the small intestine of whooper swan(Cygnus cygnus,Linnaeus,1758).The rudimentary rostellum and four unarmed muscular suckers,proglottids with distinct craspedote and three spherical testes were coincident with the characters of Cloacotaenia or Hymenolepis,but phylogenetic analysis of 28S rRNA and cox1 gene revealed that the new species is Cloacotaenia rather than Hymenolepis.Its morphology was also clearly diff erentiated from C.megalops in the arrangement of its testes in a triangle instead of in line and the cirrus unarmed rather than spined.Compared with C.megalops,the new species has more elongated neck,much larger mature proglottids and much smaller testes,cirrus sac,ovary,vitellarium and uterine proglottid.In addition,it infected the host intestine not the cloacae.Phylogenetic analysis of cox1 gene of the new species shows that it had a level of sequence variation(10.52–23.06%)with the sequences of C.megalops.The considerable morphological and molecular diff erences between those two parasites support C.cygnimorbus sp.nov.as a new species.展开更多
Bergmann's rule predicts that the larger of two homeotherm species differing only in size would occur at higher latitudes, or in cooler climates than the smaller, because of relative thermoregulatory costs in rela...Bergmann's rule predicts that the larger of two homeotherm species differing only in size would occur at higher latitudes, or in cooler climates than the smaller, because of relative thermoregulatory costs in relation to body mass/surface area ratio. Individual tracking data from two congeneric long-distance migratory northern nesting swan species, Tundra Cygnus columbianus (TS, n = 99) and Whooper Swans C. cygnus (WS, 61–71% larger mass than TS, n = 47) were used to determine their summering and wintering latitudes along similar migration routes and common staging areas along the same flyway. We hypothesised that throughout Arctic and Boreal breeding areas (10℃ in July), summer ambient temperatures mainly exceed the Lower Critical Temperatures (LCT, c. 1℃) for both swan species, so the duration of the snow-free summer period will favour smaller body size at highest latitudes, since this constrains the time available to lay, incubate eggs and raise cygnets to fledging. We hypothesised that in contrast, in winter, both species occur in temperatures near to freezing (−3℃ in January), below their respective LCT, so differential thermoregulation demands would constrain TS to winter south of WS. Tracking of individuals showed for the first time that while smaller TS summered significantly north of WS, WS wintered significantly north of TS, with limited overlap in both seasons. We conclude that differences in relative summer distribution of these two closely related migratory herbivores are not to do with latitude per se but are constrained by the time both species require to raise their young to fledging during the short northern summer, when thermoregulation costs are unlikely limiting. In winter, both swan species occur within a climate envelop at or below their respective LCT and smaller TS occurred consistently south of the range of the tracked WS, as predicted by Bergmann's rule.展开更多
Background:Our understanding of any impacts of swans on other waterbirds(including other swans),and potential effects on waterbird community structure,remain limited by a paucity of fundamental behavioural and ecologi...Background:Our understanding of any impacts of swans on other waterbirds(including other swans),and potential effects on waterbird community structure,remain limited by a paucity of fundamental behavioural and ecological data,including which species swans interact aggressively with and how frequently such interactions occur.Methods:Behavioural observations of aggression by swans and other waterbirds in winters 2018/2019 and 2019/2020,were carried out via live-streaming webcams at two wintering sites in the UK.All occurrence sampling was used to identify all aggressive interactions between conspecific or heterospecifics individuals,whilst focal observations were used to record the total time spent by swans on aggressive interactions with other swans.Binomial tests were then used to assess whether the proportion of intraspecific aggressive interactions of each species differed from 0.5(which would indicate equal numbers of intraspecific and interspecific interactions).Zero-inflated generalized linear mixed effects models(ZIGLMMs)were used to assess between-individual variation in the total time spent by swans on aggressive interactions with other swans.Results:All three swan species were most frequently aggressive towards,and received most aggression from,their conspecifics.Our 10-min focal observations showed that Whooper(Cygnus cygnus)and Bewick’s Swans(C.columbianus bewickii)spent 13.8±4.7 s(means±95%CI)and 1.4±0.3 s,respectively,on aggression with other swans.These durations were equivalent to 2.3%and 0.2%of the Whooper and Bewick’s Swan time-activity budgets,respectively.Model selection indicated that the time spent in aggressive interactions with other swans was best-explained by the number of other swans present for Whooper Swans,and an interactive effect of time of day and winter of observation for Bewick’s Swans.However,the relationship between swan numbers and Whooper Swan aggression times was not strong(R2=19.3%).Conclusions:Whilst swans do exhibit some aggression towards smaller waterbirds,the majority of aggression by swans is directed towards other swans.Aggression focused on conspecifics likely reflects greater overlap in resource use,and hence higher potential for competition,between individuals of the same species.Our study provides an example of how questions relating to avian behaviour can be addressed using methods of remote data collection such as live-streaming webcams.展开更多
文摘There are five Species of swan in the world. Three of them were recorded in China. They are whooper swan(Cygnus cygnus ). whistling swan (Cygnus columbianus ) and mute swan (Cygnus olor). Among them. whooper swan is themost famous in China. Whooper swan is a resident bird in China. They breed in Xinjiang Ugyur Autonomous Region. InnerMongol Autonomous Region, Hcilongiiang Province. etc.. and winter in Qinghai. Shandong. Henan Provincc. etc.. and thelower reaches of the Changjiang River. The total number in China is about 5.000 in breeding grounds and 15.000 in winter-ing grounds. Higher number Were found in 1960s. Because of the changes in environment and hunting, of picking up eggsand of catching nestlings. their population is being reduced rapidly. They are in danger now. In order to protect the whooperswans. some protection measuresmust be taken. such as strcngthening public education and scientitic research- establishinga base of raising and breeding; deieloping intcrnational cooperation. strengthening the construction of natural reserves in thebreeding and wintering grounds. Up to the cnd of 1993. 34 natural reserves have been established in China.
基金the National Institute of Bio-logical Resources,funded by the Ministry of Environment,Republic of Korea(grant numbers NIBR202216101 and NIBR202223101).
文摘Long-distance migratory birds travel more rapidly in spring than in autumn,as they face temporal breeding constraints.However,several species travel slower in spring owing to environmental influences,such as food availability and wind conditions.GPS trackers were attached to 17 Whooper Swans(Cygnus cygnus) inhabiting northeastern Mongolia,to determine their migration routes and stopover sites in spring and autumn.Differences between spring and autumn migrations,migration-influencing parameters,and the effect of spring stopover site temperatures were analyzed.Six swans completed perfect tours between their wintering and breeding sites,and these data were used for analysis.Spring migration lasted 57 days,with 49.2 days spent at 3.7 stopover sites.Autumn migration lasted 21.5 days,with 17.5 days spent at 1.0 stopover sites.Thus,the swans traveled more rapidly in autumn than in spring.Migration distance,number of stopovers,migration speed,and straightness were important migration determinants in both spring and autumn.Migration distance,stopover duration,number of stopovers,daily travel speed,travel duration,and migration speed differed significantly between spring and autumn.During spring migration,the temperature at the current stopover sites and that at the future stopover sites displayed significant variations(t=1585.8,df=631.6,p <0.001).These findings are critical for the conservation and management of Whooper Swans and their key habitats in East Asian regions,and the data are anticipated to make a particularly significant contribution toward developing detailed management plans for the conservation of their key habitats.
基金Thanks are especially due to Professor David Blair of the School of Marine and Tropical Biology,James Cook University,Professor Jean Mariaux,Natural History Museum in Geneva,Switzerland,and reviewers for assistance with the morphological description and language editing.
文摘During a helminthological study of waterfowl in China,a new species(Cloacotaenia cygnimorbus sp.nov.)of hymenolepidid cestodes(tapeworm)was found in the small intestine of whooper swan(Cygnus cygnus,Linnaeus,1758).The rudimentary rostellum and four unarmed muscular suckers,proglottids with distinct craspedote and three spherical testes were coincident with the characters of Cloacotaenia or Hymenolepis,but phylogenetic analysis of 28S rRNA and cox1 gene revealed that the new species is Cloacotaenia rather than Hymenolepis.Its morphology was also clearly diff erentiated from C.megalops in the arrangement of its testes in a triangle instead of in line and the cirrus unarmed rather than spined.Compared with C.megalops,the new species has more elongated neck,much larger mature proglottids and much smaller testes,cirrus sac,ovary,vitellarium and uterine proglottid.In addition,it infected the host intestine not the cloacae.Phylogenetic analysis of cox1 gene of the new species shows that it had a level of sequence variation(10.52–23.06%)with the sequences of C.megalops.The considerable morphological and molecular diff erences between those two parasites support C.cygnimorbus sp.nov.as a new species.
基金supported by the Joint Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)-Max Planck Society(MPG)Research Project(HZXM20225001MI)the China Biodiversity Observation Networks(Sino BON)+1 种基金the Ministry of the Environment of Japan(ME20080401,ME20090401)the US Geological Survey(Grant No.07WRAG0003,G09AC00046).
文摘Bergmann's rule predicts that the larger of two homeotherm species differing only in size would occur at higher latitudes, or in cooler climates than the smaller, because of relative thermoregulatory costs in relation to body mass/surface area ratio. Individual tracking data from two congeneric long-distance migratory northern nesting swan species, Tundra Cygnus columbianus (TS, n = 99) and Whooper Swans C. cygnus (WS, 61–71% larger mass than TS, n = 47) were used to determine their summering and wintering latitudes along similar migration routes and common staging areas along the same flyway. We hypothesised that throughout Arctic and Boreal breeding areas (10℃ in July), summer ambient temperatures mainly exceed the Lower Critical Temperatures (LCT, c. 1℃) for both swan species, so the duration of the snow-free summer period will favour smaller body size at highest latitudes, since this constrains the time available to lay, incubate eggs and raise cygnets to fledging. We hypothesised that in contrast, in winter, both species occur in temperatures near to freezing (−3℃ in January), below their respective LCT, so differential thermoregulation demands would constrain TS to winter south of WS. Tracking of individuals showed for the first time that while smaller TS summered significantly north of WS, WS wintered significantly north of TS, with limited overlap in both seasons. We conclude that differences in relative summer distribution of these two closely related migratory herbivores are not to do with latitude per se but are constrained by the time both species require to raise their young to fledging during the short northern summer, when thermoregulation costs are unlikely limiting. In winter, both swan species occur within a climate envelop at or below their respective LCT and smaller TS occurred consistently south of the range of the tracked WS, as predicted by Bergmann's rule.
基金This work was supported by the Wildfowl&Wetlands Trust and the University of Exeter。
文摘Background:Our understanding of any impacts of swans on other waterbirds(including other swans),and potential effects on waterbird community structure,remain limited by a paucity of fundamental behavioural and ecological data,including which species swans interact aggressively with and how frequently such interactions occur.Methods:Behavioural observations of aggression by swans and other waterbirds in winters 2018/2019 and 2019/2020,were carried out via live-streaming webcams at two wintering sites in the UK.All occurrence sampling was used to identify all aggressive interactions between conspecific or heterospecifics individuals,whilst focal observations were used to record the total time spent by swans on aggressive interactions with other swans.Binomial tests were then used to assess whether the proportion of intraspecific aggressive interactions of each species differed from 0.5(which would indicate equal numbers of intraspecific and interspecific interactions).Zero-inflated generalized linear mixed effects models(ZIGLMMs)were used to assess between-individual variation in the total time spent by swans on aggressive interactions with other swans.Results:All three swan species were most frequently aggressive towards,and received most aggression from,their conspecifics.Our 10-min focal observations showed that Whooper(Cygnus cygnus)and Bewick’s Swans(C.columbianus bewickii)spent 13.8±4.7 s(means±95%CI)and 1.4±0.3 s,respectively,on aggression with other swans.These durations were equivalent to 2.3%and 0.2%of the Whooper and Bewick’s Swan time-activity budgets,respectively.Model selection indicated that the time spent in aggressive interactions with other swans was best-explained by the number of other swans present for Whooper Swans,and an interactive effect of time of day and winter of observation for Bewick’s Swans.However,the relationship between swan numbers and Whooper Swan aggression times was not strong(R2=19.3%).Conclusions:Whilst swans do exhibit some aggression towards smaller waterbirds,the majority of aggression by swans is directed towards other swans.Aggression focused on conspecifics likely reflects greater overlap in resource use,and hence higher potential for competition,between individuals of the same species.Our study provides an example of how questions relating to avian behaviour can be addressed using methods of remote data collection such as live-streaming webcams.
