Wetting deformation in earth-rockfill dams is a critical factor influencingdam safety.Although numerous mathematical models have been developed to describe this phenomenon,most of them rely on empirical formulations a...Wetting deformation in earth-rockfill dams is a critical factor influencingdam safety.Although numerous mathematical models have been developed to describe this phenomenon,most of them rely on empirical formulations and lack prior knowledge of model parameters,which is essential for Bayesian parameter inversion to enhance accuracy and reduce uncertainty.This study introduces a datadriven approach to establishing prior knowledge of earth-rockfill dams.Driving factors are utilized to determine the potential range of model parameters,and settlement changes within this range are calculated.The results are iteratively compared with actual monitoring data until the calculated range encompasses the observed data,thereby providing prior knowledge of the model parameters.The proposed method is applied to the right-bank earth-rockfilldam of Danjiangkou.Employing a Gibbs sample size of 30,000,the proposed method effectively calibrates the prior knowledge of the wetting model parameters,achieving a root mean square error(RMSE)of 5.18 mm for the settlement predictions.By comparison,the use of non-informative priors with sample sizes of 30,000 and 50,000 results in significantly larger RMSE values of 11.97 mm and 16.07 mm,respectively.Furthermore,the computational efficiencyof the proposed method is demonstrated by an inversion computation time of 902 s for 30,000 samples,which is notably shorter than the 1026 s and 1558 s required for noninformative priors with 30,000 and 50,000 samples,respectively.These findingsunderscore the superior performance of the proposed approach in terms of both prediction accuracy and computational efficiency.These results demonstrate that the proposed method not only improves the predictive accuracy but also enhances the computational efficiency,enabling optimal parameter identificationwith reduced computational effort.This approach provides a robust and efficientframework for advancing dam safety assessments.展开更多
In the field of rock engineering,the influence of water is a dynamic process that exhibits varying effects over time and across different locations.To further understand how water influences the mechanical properties ...In the field of rock engineering,the influence of water is a dynamic process that exhibits varying effects over time and across different locations.To further understand how water influences the mechanical properties and acoustic emission(AE)behavior of rocks,this study conducted uniaxial compression experiments on sandstones with varying degrees of wetting under both natural conditions and water-chemical environments.In addition,the study combined AE equipment with digital image correlation(DIC)to monitor the entire failure process.Using the sliding window algorithm,the variation in the variance of AE characteristic parameters during the process of sandstone loading to failure is analyzed from the perspective of critical slowing down.This analysis enables the effective identification of the early warning signal before failure.The experimental findings suggest that an increase in wetting height results in a gradual decrease in peak stress,accompanied by a concomitant increase in the percentage of shear cracks.The characteristic parameters,including energy,amplitude,and ringing count,all exhibit critical slowing phenomena.The waveform of AE characteristic parameters of the same sample is similar,and the mutation time of the precursor signal is roughly the same.All signals appear in the irreversible plastic deformation stage of microcrack initiation.The integration of critical slowing down theory and the b-value early warning method facilitates a more comprehensive evaluation of the stability of rock mass,thereby significantly enhancing the efficiency and safety of disaster prevention measures.展开更多
Alternate wetting and drying irrigation(AWD)significantly influences the cooking and eating quality of rice(Oryza sativa L.).However,the mechanisms by which AWD affects rice cooking and eating quality remain unclear.L...Alternate wetting and drying irrigation(AWD)significantly influences the cooking and eating quality of rice(Oryza sativa L.).However,the mechanisms by which AWD affects rice cooking and eating quality remain unclear.Lipid and free fatty acid contents in grains correlate positively with cooking and eating quality of rice.This study examined Yangdao 6(YD6,a conventional taste indica inbred)and Nanjing 9108(NJ9108,a superior taste japonica inbred)cultivated under conventional irrigation(CI),alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation(AWMD),and alternate wetting and severe drying irrigation(AWSD)from 10 days after transplanting to maturity.The research investigated the relationship between lipid and free fatty acid biosynthesis in grains and the cooking and eating quality of rice.Compared to CI treatment,AWMD significantly enhanced the contents of lipid,total free fatty acids(TFFAs),free unsaturated fatty acids(FUFAs),linoleic acid,and oleic acid in milled rice by increasing activities of enzymes associated with lipid synthesis,while AWSD produced opposite effects.Correlation analysis revealed that elevated levels of lipid,TFFAs,FUFAs,linoleic acid,and oleic acid contribute to improved rice cooking and eating quality.The findings demonstrate that AWMD enhances cooking and eating quality of milled rice through optimization of lipid and fatty acid synthesis in rice grains.展开更多
The wetting behavior of slag–coke is a crucial factor influencing the permeability of the lower part of the blast furnace.However,a systematic understanding of the wetting behavior and underlying mechanisms between t...The wetting behavior of slag–coke is a crucial factor influencing the permeability of the lower part of the blast furnace.However,a systematic understanding of the wetting behavior and underlying mechanisms between titanium-containing slag and tuyere coke remains lacking.The sessile drop method was employed to explore the effects of temperature,binary basicity,FeO,and TiO_(2) contents on the wetting behavior of titanium-containing slag and tuyere coke.The results indicate that increasing the temperature enhances the adhesion and wettability of the droplet,reducing the contact angle.Meanwhile,it accelerates the chemical reactions between slag and coke,leading to faster equilibrium.Conversely,increasing slag basicity elevates the contact angle by inhibiting chemical reactions at the slag–coke interface.This inhibition reduces both contact area and depth,thereby hindering slag droplet spreading on the coke surface.The contact angle decreases as the FeO content in the slag increases.Notably,the increase in TiO_(2) content has a dual effect on slag–coke wettability.Initially,it promotes wetting by reducing surface tension and lowering the contact angle.While the TiO_(2) content exceeds 20 wt.%,Ti(C,N)forms a barrier layer at the slag–coke interface,hindering the contact between slag and coke and resulting in an increased contact angle.展开更多
The wetting behavior of liquid tin(Sn)solder on copper(Cu)substrate at 250℃was investigated by the wetting balance method under the action of direct current(DC).The curves of wetting balance were measured and the mor...The wetting behavior of liquid tin(Sn)solder on copper(Cu)substrate at 250℃was investigated by the wetting balance method under the action of direct current(DC).The curves of wetting balance were measured and the morphology of the intermetallic compound(IMC)precipitated at the interface were observed.Results show that DC has a significant effect on the wettability and IMC.As the current increases,the balance wetting force and the thickness of the IMC layer increase.The direction of the DC also has a certain effect on the balance wetting force and IMC layer.When the current is negative,the final balance wetting force and the thickness of the Cu_(6)Sn_(5) layer are significantly higher than those in the positive current case,which is attributed to electromigration.The IMC precipitation at the interface provides a chemical driving force for the movement of the triple junction.The interaction of the interface atoms and the chemical reaction are enhanced by DC,thereby improving wettability.Meanwhile,the Marangoni convection caused by DC inside liquid Sn solder changes the structure of triple junction,which provides a physical driving force for the spread of the liquid Sn solder on the Cu substrate.展开更多
The wetting phenomenon of composite substrates in hypergravitational environment has a huge application in electronic devices and astronaut healthcare in aerospace missions.In the present contribution,the governing eq...The wetting phenomenon of composite substrates in hypergravitational environment has a huge application in electronic devices and astronaut healthcare in aerospace missions.In the present contribution,the governing equation of high-G droplets on the composite substrate is firstly established in the hypergravitational environment.Meanwhile,the apparent contact angles at the contact line between droplets and substrates with different stiffness gradients are achieved.Then,we analyze the effects of hypergravity factor and the substrate stiffness on the wetting profile of high-G droplets.By introducing the droplet volume and contact angle into the Bond number,the scaling law of the high-G droplet profile is established,and we find that the contact radius of the droplet R/S^(0.5)has a linear relationship withρω^(2)rl^(2)S/(γ_(LV)^(θ)),while the droplet height H/S^(0.5)has a power-law relationship withρω^(2)rl^(2)S/(γ_(LV)^(θ)).Finally,we explain the profiles of high-G droplets during the wetting process by illustrating energy components of the entire system and find that the substrate with positive triangular stiffness and inverted triangular stiffness show opposite evolution laws.On a substrate with inverted triangular stiffness,the gravitational potential energy is more dominant.展开更多
Antarctica contains numerous scientific mysteries,and the Antarctic ice sheet and its underlying bedrock contain important information about the geological structure of Antarctica and the evolutionary history of the i...Antarctica contains numerous scientific mysteries,and the Antarctic ice sheet and its underlying bedrock contain important information about the geological structure of Antarctica and the evolutionary history of the ice sheet.In order to obtain the focus of these scientific explorations,the Antarctic drilling engineering is constantly developing.The drilling fluid performance directly determines the success or failure of drilling engineering.In order to enhance the poor performance for drilling fluids due to poor dispersion stability and easy settling of organoclay at ultra-low temperatures,the small-molecule wetting agent(HSR)for drilling fluid suitable for Antarctica was prepared by oleic acid,diethanolamine and benzoic acid as raw materials.Its chemical structure,properties and action mechanism were investigated by various experimental methods.The experimental results showed that 2%HSR could improve the colloidal rate for drilling fluid from 6.4%to 84.8%,and the increase rate of yield point was up to 167%.Meanwhile,it also made the drilling fluid excellent in shear dilution and thixotropy.In addition,2%HSR could increase the density from 0.872 to 0.884 g/cm^(3) at-55 ficial.And the drilling fluid with 2%HSR had a good thermal conductivity of 0.1458 W/(m·K)at-55 ficial.This study gives a new direction for the research of drilling fluid treatment agents suitable for the Antarctic region,which will provide strong support for the scientific exploration of the Antarctic region.展开更多
As a typical sedimentary soft rock,mudstone has the characteristics of being easily softened and disintegrated under the effect of wetting and drying(WD).The first cycle of WD plays an important role in the entire WD ...As a typical sedimentary soft rock,mudstone has the characteristics of being easily softened and disintegrated under the effect of wetting and drying(WD).The first cycle of WD plays an important role in the entire WD cycles.X-ray micro-computed tomography(micro-CT)was used as a non-destructive tool to quantitatively analyze microstructural changes of the mudstone due to the first cycle of WD.The test results show that WD leads to an increase of pore volume and pore connectivity in the mudstone.The porosity and fractal dimension of each slice of mudstone not only increase in value,but also in fluctuation amplitude.The pattern of variation in the frequency distribution of the equivalent radii of connected,isolated pores and pore throats in mudstone under WD effect satisfies the Gaussian distribution.Under the effect of WD,pores and pore throats with relatively small sizes increase the most.The sphericity of the pores in mudstones is positively correlated with the pore radius.The WD effect transforms the originally angular and flat pores into round and regular pores.This paper can provide a reference for the study of the deterioration and catastrophic mechanisms of mudstone under wetting and drying cycles.展开更多
Alkaline slag is vital in rare earth steel refining,making it crucial to study the wetting and penetration mechanisms between refractory materials and slag.The effect of Eu_(2)O_(3) doping on the sintering properties ...Alkaline slag is vital in rare earth steel refining,making it crucial to study the wetting and penetration mechanisms between refractory materials and slag.The effect of Eu_(2)O_(3) doping on the sintering properties of MgO-MgAl_(2)O_(4) refractory materials was investigated while simulating the wetting behavior between the refractory and the CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)-MgO quaternary alkaline slag during rare earth steel smelting to improve the material’s resistance to alkaline slag corrosion.The doping of Eu_(2)O_(3) can alter the crystal structure parameters of MgAl_(2)O_(4) and MgO,causing lattice distortion.This lattice activation promotes interionic mass and diffusion,helping reduce porosity and promote densification of the material,further improving sintering properties.At the equilibrium wetting temperature(1723 K),Eu_(2)O_(3) doping increases the interfacial free energy between the slag and refractory material,reducing the spreading coefficient of the molten slag.The contact angle increases from 32.1°to 42.2°,and the residual slag volume increases from 17.9%to 23.5%.The results of thermodynamic analysis show that MgAl_(2)O_(4) and EuAlO3 formed at the interface block the penetration of molten slag at high temperatures,improving the resistance of MgO-MgAl_(2)O_(4) refractories to alkaline slag corrosion.Based on the capillary theory model,it was calculated that the capillary tension of the slag gradually increases with the addition of Eu_(2)O_(3),while the theoretical penetration depth of the slag gradually decreases.The experimental results showed that the slag erosion depth of the sample decreased from 102.54 to 68.28μm.展开更多
Alternate wetting and soil drying irrigation(AWD)technique is crucial in infuencing grain quality in rice(Oryza sativa L.).Lipids are the third most abundant constituents in rice grains,after starch and proteins,and a...Alternate wetting and soil drying irrigation(AWD)technique is crucial in infuencing grain quality in rice(Oryza sativa L.).Lipids are the third most abundant constituents in rice grains,after starch and proteins,and are closely related to grain quality.However,it remains unclear about the changes in lipids profling under different AWD regimes.This study set up three irrigation regimes including conventional irrigation(CI),alternate wetting and moderate soil drying irrigation(AWMD),and alternate wetting and severe soil drying irrigation(AWSD).It explored lipidome changes in milled rice of Yangdao 6(YD6)using the untargeted lipidomics approach and analyzed rice cooking and eating quality.The results identifed seven lipid classes,55 lipid subclasses,and 1,086 lipid molecular species.Compared with the CI regime,the AWMD regime mainly altered lipid subclasses consisting of triglyceride(TG),ceramide(Cer),diglyceride(DG),bis-methyl lysophosphatidic acid(BisMePA),phosphocholine(PC),phosphoethanolamine(PE),monogalactosyldiacylglycerol(MGDG),and digalactosyl diglyceride(DGDG)in milled rice and improved cooking and eating quality of rice;in contrast,the AWSD regime distinctly changed lipid subclasses like TG,Cer,DG,PC,PE,hexosylceramide(Hex1Cer),DGDG,and BisMePA and degraded cooking and eating quality of rice.Specifcally,AWMD most signifcantly altered the expressions of lipid molecules,including DGDG(18:0_18:2),DGDG(16:0_14:0),PC(33:1),Cer(t17:0_26:0),and Cer(t17:0_16:0);AWSD most obviously influenced the expressions of TG(6:0_14:0_18:3),PC(41:1),TG(19:1_18:4_18:4),Hex1Cer(d18:2_24:0+O),and Hex1Cer(d18:2_24:1).These 10 altered lipid molecules in milled rice can be preferentially used for investigating their relationships with grain quality in rice.展开更多
Natural surfaces with super hydrophobic properties often have micro or hierarchical structures.In this paper,the wettingbehaviours of a single droplet on biomimetic micro structured surfaces with different roughness p...Natural surfaces with super hydrophobic properties often have micro or hierarchical structures.In this paper,the wettingbehaviours of a single droplet on biomimetic micro structured surfaces with different roughness parameters are investigated.Atheoretical model is proposed to study wetting transitions.The results of theoretical analysis are compared with those of experimentindicating that the proposed model can effectively predict the wetting transition.Furthermore,a numerical simulationbased on the meso scale Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM)is performed to study dynamic contact angles,contact lines,andlocal velocity fields for the case that a droplet displays on the micro structured surface.A spherical water droplet with r=15μmfalls down to a biomimetic square-post patterned surface under the force of gravity with an initial velocity of 0.01 m·sand aninitial vertical distance of 20μm from droplet centre to the top of pots.In spite of a higher initial velocity,the droplet can stillstay in a Cassie state;moreover,it reaches an equilibrium state at t≈17.5 ms,when contact angle is 153.16°which is slightlylower than the prediction of Cassie-Baxter’s equation which givesθ=154.40°.展开更多
Loess is prone to collapse upon wetting due to its open metastable structure,which poses a considerable threat to the environment,construction processes and human life.In this study,double oedometer tests and scanning...Loess is prone to collapse upon wetting due to its open metastable structure,which poses a considerable threat to the environment,construction processes and human life.In this study,double oedometer tests and scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry analyses were conducted on loess from Yan’an to study the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of loess wetting deformation and the underlying mechanism.The wetting collapse of loess under loading depends on the changes in different microstructure levels and elements.This collapse chain reaction is manifested by the dissipation,scattering and recombination of the cementation,deformation and reorganization of the particles,blocking of the pore channels,decrease in the dominant size and volume of unstable macropores(>14μm)and abundant mesopores(2.5-14μm),increase in the volume of small pores(0.05–2.5μm),and volume contraction at the macroscale.This process is dependent on the initial water content,stress level and wetting degree.These findings can facilitate collapsible loess hazard prevention and geological engineering construction.展开更多
The effects of film thickness and composition ratio on the morphology evolution of polystyrene （PS）/poly（vinyl methyl ether） （PVME） blend thin films were investigated. Diverse morphology evolutions including dro...The effects of film thickness and composition ratio on the morphology evolution of polystyrene （PS）/poly（vinyl methyl ether） （PVME） blend thin films were investigated. Diverse morphology evolutions including droplet-matrix structure, hole emergence, bicontinuous structure formation, percolation-to-droplet transition could be observed under annealing in two-phase region, depending on film thickness and composition ratio. The mechanism for these morphology variations was related to the complex effects of phase separation, dewetting and preferential wetting. The comparison between the thickness of bottom PVME layer and the twice of gyration radius 2Rg（PVME） played a dominant role in morphology control. Only when the PS/PVME film had specific film thickness and compositional symmetry, phase separation and dewetting could happen in sequence.展开更多
A particular porosity method named ＂slot method＂ is implemented in a depth-integrated shallow water flow model （DIVAST） to simulate wetting and drying processes. Discussed is the relationship between the shape fac...A particular porosity method named ＂slot method＂ is implemented in a depth-integrated shallow water flow model （DIVAST） to simulate wetting and drying processes. Discussed is the relationship between the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ and the preset depth used in ＂wetting-drying＂ algorithm. Two typical tests are conducted to examine the performance of the method with the effect of the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ being checked in detail in the first test. Numerical results demonstrate that： 1 ） no additional effort to improve the finite difference scheme is needed to implement ＂slot method＂ in DIVAST, and 2） ＂slot method＂ will simulate wetting and diying processes correctly if the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ being selected properly.展开更多
Amplifying the intrinsic wettability of substrate material by changing the solid/liquid contact area is considered to be the main mechanism for controlling the wettability of rough or structured surfaces.Through theor...Amplifying the intrinsic wettability of substrate material by changing the solid/liquid contact area is considered to be the main mechanism for controlling the wettability of rough or structured surfaces.Through theoretical analysis and experimental exploration,we have found that in addition to this wettability structure amplification effect,the surface structure also simultaneously controls surface wettability by regulating the wetting state via changing the threshold Young angles of the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel wetting regions.This wetting state regulation effect provides us with an alternative strategy to overcome the inherent limitation in surface chemistry by tailoring surface structure.The wetting state regulation effect created by multi-scale hierarchical structures is quite significant and plays is a crucial role in promoting the superhydrophobicity,superhydrophilicity and the transition between these two extreme wetting properties,as well as stabilizing the Cassie-Baxter superhydrophobic state on the fabricated lotus-like hierarchically structured Cu surface and the natural lotus leaf.展开更多
In order to reveal the physical essence of the spreading process of reactive wetting,a sort of model of energy to explain the driving force and wetting mechanism was presented.The reactive wetting of molten A1 and Cu ...In order to reveal the physical essence of the spreading process of reactive wetting,a sort of model of energy to explain the driving force and wetting mechanism was presented.The reactive wetting of molten A1 and Cu Si on graphite was studied by a modified sessile drop method under a vacuum,in which the contact angles were measured by ADSA software.The thermodynamic and kinetic processes of the typical reactive wetting were focused on,the thermodynamic equations of energy relations were derived,the interfacial energy of graphite and solid-liquid interfacial energy versus time at the triple line were calculated,and the dynamics model of interface energy is established.The presented dynamics model is verified by means of experimental results,and it is shown that solid liquid interfacial energy decreases with time in exponential relationship.It provides a new method for reference to explain the process from the angle of energy.展开更多
There are five most widely used contact angle schemes in the pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann(LB)model for simulating the wetting phenomenon:The pseudopotential-based scheme(PB scheme),the improved virtualdensity sch...There are five most widely used contact angle schemes in the pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann(LB)model for simulating the wetting phenomenon:The pseudopotential-based scheme(PB scheme),the improved virtualdensity scheme(IVD scheme),the modified pseudopotential-based scheme with a ghost fluid layer constructed by using the fluid layer density above the wall(MPB-C scheme),the modified pseudopotential-based scheme with a ghost fluid layer constructed by using the weighted average density of surrounding fluid nodes(MPB-W scheme)and the geometric formulation scheme(GF scheme).But the numerical stability and accuracy of the schemes for wetting simulation remain unclear in the past.In this paper,the numerical stability and accuracy of these schemes are clarified for the first time,by applying the five widely used contact angle schemes to simulate a two-dimensional(2D)sessile droplet on wall and capillary imbibition in a 2D channel as the examples of static wetting and dynamic wetting simulations respectively.(i)It is shown that the simulated contact angles by the GF scheme are consistent at different density ratios for the same prescribed contact angle,but the simulated contact angles by the PB scheme,IVD scheme,MPB-C scheme and MPB-W scheme change with density ratios for the same fluid-solid interaction strength.The PB scheme is found to be the most unstable scheme for simulating static wetting at increased density ratios.(ii)Although the spurious velocity increases with the increased liquid/vapor density ratio for all the contact angle schemes,the magnitude of the spurious velocity in the PB scheme,IVD scheme and GF scheme are smaller than that in the MPB-C scheme and MPB-W scheme.(iii)The fluid density variation near the wall in the PB scheme is the most significant,and the variation can be diminished in the IVD scheme,MPB-C scheme andMPBWscheme.The variation totally disappeared in the GF scheme.(iv)For the simulation of capillary imbibition,the MPB-C scheme,MPB-Wscheme and GF scheme simulate the dynamics of the liquid-vapor interface well,with the GF scheme being the most accurate.The accuracy of the IVD scheme is low at a small contact angle(44 degrees)but gets high at a large contact angle(60 degrees).However,the PB scheme is the most inaccurate in simulating the dynamics of the liquid-vapor interface.As a whole,it is most suggested to apply the GF scheme to simulate static wetting or dynamic wetting,while it is the least suggested to use the PB scheme to simulate static wetting or dynamic wetting.展开更多
The effects of the substrate-water interaction on the wetting behavior in water-oil and surfactant-water-oil systems confined by one substrate which has the preferential interaction to one species of particles have be...The effects of the substrate-water interaction on the wetting behavior in water-oil and surfactant-water-oil systems confined by one substrate which has the preferential interaction to one species of particles have been investigated by using the free energy analysis and discontinuous molecular dynamic simulations. As the preferential interaction between the substrate and water particles varies from small repulsion to large attraction, the partial drying, partial wetting and complete wetting state are observed in sequence. In addition, the wetting behavior of surfactant aqueous solution on the substrate is not only dependent on the interaction, but also limited by the maximum equilibrium concentration of surfactants at the interface.展开更多
This study investigated if super rice could better cope with soil water deficit and if it could have better yield performance and water use efficiency （WUE） under alternate wetting and drying （AWD） irrigation than...This study investigated if super rice could better cope with soil water deficit and if it could have better yield performance and water use efficiency （WUE） under alternate wetting and drying （AWD） irrigation than check rice. Two super rice cultivars and two elite check rice cultivars were grown in pots with three soil moisture levels, well watered （WW）, moderate water deficit （MWD） and severe water deficit （SWD）. Two cultivars, each for super rice and check rice, were grown in field with three irrigation regimes, alternate wetting and moderate drying （AWMD）, alternate wetting and severe drying （AWSD） and conventional irrigation （CI）. Compared with that under WW, grain yield was significantly decreased under MWD and SWD treatments, with less reduction for super rice than for check rice. Super rice had higher percentage of productive tillers, deeper root distribution, higher root oxidation activity, and greater aboveground biomass production at mid and late growth stages than check rice, especially under WMD and WSD. Compared with CI,AWMD increased, whereasAWSD decreased grain yield, with more increase or less decrease for super rice than for check rice. Both MWD and SWD treatments and eitherAWMD orAWSD regime significantly increased WUE compared with WW treatment or CI regime, with more increase for super rice than for check rice. The results suggest that super rice has a stronger ability to cope with soil water deficit and holds greater promising to increase both grain yield and WUE by adoption of moderate AWD irrigation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3209504)Natural Science Foundation of Wuhan(Grant No.2024040801020271)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(Grant No.CKSF2025718/YT).
文摘Wetting deformation in earth-rockfill dams is a critical factor influencingdam safety.Although numerous mathematical models have been developed to describe this phenomenon,most of them rely on empirical formulations and lack prior knowledge of model parameters,which is essential for Bayesian parameter inversion to enhance accuracy and reduce uncertainty.This study introduces a datadriven approach to establishing prior knowledge of earth-rockfill dams.Driving factors are utilized to determine the potential range of model parameters,and settlement changes within this range are calculated.The results are iteratively compared with actual monitoring data until the calculated range encompasses the observed data,thereby providing prior knowledge of the model parameters.The proposed method is applied to the right-bank earth-rockfilldam of Danjiangkou.Employing a Gibbs sample size of 30,000,the proposed method effectively calibrates the prior knowledge of the wetting model parameters,achieving a root mean square error(RMSE)of 5.18 mm for the settlement predictions.By comparison,the use of non-informative priors with sample sizes of 30,000 and 50,000 results in significantly larger RMSE values of 11.97 mm and 16.07 mm,respectively.Furthermore,the computational efficiencyof the proposed method is demonstrated by an inversion computation time of 902 s for 30,000 samples,which is notably shorter than the 1026 s and 1558 s required for noninformative priors with 30,000 and 50,000 samples,respectively.These findingsunderscore the superior performance of the proposed approach in terms of both prediction accuracy and computational efficiency.These results demonstrate that the proposed method not only improves the predictive accuracy but also enhances the computational efficiency,enabling optimal parameter identificationwith reduced computational effort.This approach provides a robust and efficientframework for advancing dam safety assessments.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52104207 and 52374214)the Shandong Provincial Youth Innovation Team Development Program for Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.2023KJ305).
文摘In the field of rock engineering,the influence of water is a dynamic process that exhibits varying effects over time and across different locations.To further understand how water influences the mechanical properties and acoustic emission(AE)behavior of rocks,this study conducted uniaxial compression experiments on sandstones with varying degrees of wetting under both natural conditions and water-chemical environments.In addition,the study combined AE equipment with digital image correlation(DIC)to monitor the entire failure process.Using the sliding window algorithm,the variation in the variance of AE characteristic parameters during the process of sandstone loading to failure is analyzed from the perspective of critical slowing down.This analysis enables the effective identification of the early warning signal before failure.The experimental findings suggest that an increase in wetting height results in a gradual decrease in peak stress,accompanied by a concomitant increase in the percentage of shear cracks.The characteristic parameters,including energy,amplitude,and ringing count,all exhibit critical slowing phenomena.The waveform of AE characteristic parameters of the same sample is similar,and the mutation time of the precursor signal is roughly the same.All signals appear in the irreversible plastic deformation stage of microcrack initiation.The integration of critical slowing down theory and the b-value early warning method facilitates a more comprehensive evaluation of the stability of rock mass,thereby significantly enhancing the efficiency and safety of disaster prevention measures.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20241931 and BK 20221371)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071943,32372214,and 31901444)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300304)。
文摘Alternate wetting and drying irrigation(AWD)significantly influences the cooking and eating quality of rice(Oryza sativa L.).However,the mechanisms by which AWD affects rice cooking and eating quality remain unclear.Lipid and free fatty acid contents in grains correlate positively with cooking and eating quality of rice.This study examined Yangdao 6(YD6,a conventional taste indica inbred)and Nanjing 9108(NJ9108,a superior taste japonica inbred)cultivated under conventional irrigation(CI),alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation(AWMD),and alternate wetting and severe drying irrigation(AWSD)from 10 days after transplanting to maturity.The research investigated the relationship between lipid and free fatty acid biosynthesis in grains and the cooking and eating quality of rice.Compared to CI treatment,AWMD significantly enhanced the contents of lipid,total free fatty acids(TFFAs),free unsaturated fatty acids(FUFAs),linoleic acid,and oleic acid in milled rice by increasing activities of enzymes associated with lipid synthesis,while AWSD produced opposite effects.Correlation analysis revealed that elevated levels of lipid,TFFAs,FUFAs,linoleic acid,and oleic acid contribute to improved rice cooking and eating quality.The findings demonstrate that AWMD enhances cooking and eating quality of milled rice through optimization of lipid and fatty acid synthesis in rice grains.
基金supported by the Postdoctor Project of Hubei Province(2024HBBHCXA074)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51974212)+2 种基金China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(BWLCF202116)Foundation of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for New Processes of Ironmaking and Steelmaking(NPISlab25-03)Science and Technology Major Project of Wuhan(2023020302020572).
文摘The wetting behavior of slag–coke is a crucial factor influencing the permeability of the lower part of the blast furnace.However,a systematic understanding of the wetting behavior and underlying mechanisms between titanium-containing slag and tuyere coke remains lacking.The sessile drop method was employed to explore the effects of temperature,binary basicity,FeO,and TiO_(2) contents on the wetting behavior of titanium-containing slag and tuyere coke.The results indicate that increasing the temperature enhances the adhesion and wettability of the droplet,reducing the contact angle.Meanwhile,it accelerates the chemical reactions between slag and coke,leading to faster equilibrium.Conversely,increasing slag basicity elevates the contact angle by inhibiting chemical reactions at the slag–coke interface.This inhibition reduces both contact area and depth,thereby hindering slag droplet spreading on the coke surface.The contact angle decreases as the FeO content in the slag increases.Notably,the increase in TiO_(2) content has a dual effect on slag–coke wettability.Initially,it promotes wetting by reducing surface tension and lowering the contact angle.While the TiO_(2) content exceeds 20 wt.%,Ti(C,N)forms a barrier layer at the slag–coke interface,hindering the contact between slag and coke and resulting in an increased contact angle.
基金Doctoral Research Start-up Fund of Lanzhou University of Arts and Science(2021-9)Innovation Fund for Colleges and Universities of Gansu Province,China(2022B-265)。
文摘The wetting behavior of liquid tin(Sn)solder on copper(Cu)substrate at 250℃was investigated by the wetting balance method under the action of direct current(DC).The curves of wetting balance were measured and the morphology of the intermetallic compound(IMC)precipitated at the interface were observed.Results show that DC has a significant effect on the wettability and IMC.As the current increases,the balance wetting force and the thickness of the IMC layer increase.The direction of the DC also has a certain effect on the balance wetting force and IMC layer.When the current is negative,the final balance wetting force and the thickness of the Cu_(6)Sn_(5) layer are significantly higher than those in the positive current case,which is attributed to electromigration.The IMC precipitation at the interface provides a chemical driving force for the movement of the triple junction.The interaction of the interface atoms and the chemical reaction are enhanced by DC,thereby improving wettability.Meanwhile,the Marangoni convection caused by DC inside liquid Sn solder changes the structure of triple junction,which provides a physical driving force for the spread of the liquid Sn solder on the Cu substrate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12322206,12272340,and 11925206)Basic Science Center Program for Multiphase Media Evolution in Hypergravity of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51988101)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LD21A020002).
文摘The wetting phenomenon of composite substrates in hypergravitational environment has a huge application in electronic devices and astronaut healthcare in aerospace missions.In the present contribution,the governing equation of high-G droplets on the composite substrate is firstly established in the hypergravitational environment.Meanwhile,the apparent contact angles at the contact line between droplets and substrates with different stiffness gradients are achieved.Then,we analyze the effects of hypergravity factor and the substrate stiffness on the wetting profile of high-G droplets.By introducing the droplet volume and contact angle into the Bond number,the scaling law of the high-G droplet profile is established,and we find that the contact radius of the droplet R/S^(0.5)has a linear relationship withρω^(2)rl^(2)S/(γ_(LV)^(θ)),while the droplet height H/S^(0.5)has a power-law relationship withρω^(2)rl^(2)S/(γ_(LV)^(θ)).Finally,we explain the profiles of high-G droplets during the wetting process by illustrating energy components of the entire system and find that the substrate with positive triangular stiffness and inverted triangular stiffness show opposite evolution laws.On a substrate with inverted triangular stiffness,the gravitational potential energy is more dominant.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274021)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFA0719102)。
文摘Antarctica contains numerous scientific mysteries,and the Antarctic ice sheet and its underlying bedrock contain important information about the geological structure of Antarctica and the evolutionary history of the ice sheet.In order to obtain the focus of these scientific explorations,the Antarctic drilling engineering is constantly developing.The drilling fluid performance directly determines the success or failure of drilling engineering.In order to enhance the poor performance for drilling fluids due to poor dispersion stability and easy settling of organoclay at ultra-low temperatures,the small-molecule wetting agent(HSR)for drilling fluid suitable for Antarctica was prepared by oleic acid,diethanolamine and benzoic acid as raw materials.Its chemical structure,properties and action mechanism were investigated by various experimental methods.The experimental results showed that 2%HSR could improve the colloidal rate for drilling fluid from 6.4%to 84.8%,and the increase rate of yield point was up to 167%.Meanwhile,it also made the drilling fluid excellent in shear dilution and thixotropy.In addition,2%HSR could increase the density from 0.872 to 0.884 g/cm^(3) at-55 ficial.And the drilling fluid with 2%HSR had a good thermal conductivity of 0.1458 W/(m·K)at-55 ficial.This study gives a new direction for the research of drilling fluid treatment agents suitable for the Antarctic region,which will provide strong support for the scientific exploration of the Antarctic region.
基金Project(41877240)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘As a typical sedimentary soft rock,mudstone has the characteristics of being easily softened and disintegrated under the effect of wetting and drying(WD).The first cycle of WD plays an important role in the entire WD cycles.X-ray micro-computed tomography(micro-CT)was used as a non-destructive tool to quantitatively analyze microstructural changes of the mudstone due to the first cycle of WD.The test results show that WD leads to an increase of pore volume and pore connectivity in the mudstone.The porosity and fractal dimension of each slice of mudstone not only increase in value,but also in fluctuation amplitude.The pattern of variation in the frequency distribution of the equivalent radii of connected,isolated pores and pore throats in mudstone under WD effect satisfies the Gaussian distribution.Under the effect of WD,pores and pore throats with relatively small sizes increase the most.The sphericity of the pores in mudstones is positively correlated with the pore radius.The WD effect transforms the originally angular and flat pores into round and regular pores.This paper can provide a reference for the study of the deterioration and catastrophic mechanisms of mudstone under wetting and drying cycles.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U21A2057 and U1908223)the open research fund for the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Refractories(Grant No.SKLAR202405).
文摘Alkaline slag is vital in rare earth steel refining,making it crucial to study the wetting and penetration mechanisms between refractory materials and slag.The effect of Eu_(2)O_(3) doping on the sintering properties of MgO-MgAl_(2)O_(4) refractory materials was investigated while simulating the wetting behavior between the refractory and the CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)-MgO quaternary alkaline slag during rare earth steel smelting to improve the material’s resistance to alkaline slag corrosion.The doping of Eu_(2)O_(3) can alter the crystal structure parameters of MgAl_(2)O_(4) and MgO,causing lattice distortion.This lattice activation promotes interionic mass and diffusion,helping reduce porosity and promote densification of the material,further improving sintering properties.At the equilibrium wetting temperature(1723 K),Eu_(2)O_(3) doping increases the interfacial free energy between the slag and refractory material,reducing the spreading coefficient of the molten slag.The contact angle increases from 32.1°to 42.2°,and the residual slag volume increases from 17.9%to 23.5%.The results of thermodynamic analysis show that MgAl_(2)O_(4) and EuAlO3 formed at the interface block the penetration of molten slag at high temperatures,improving the resistance of MgO-MgAl_(2)O_(4) refractories to alkaline slag corrosion.Based on the capillary theory model,it was calculated that the capillary tension of the slag gradually increases with the addition of Eu_(2)O_(3),while the theoretical penetration depth of the slag gradually decreases.The experimental results showed that the slag erosion depth of the sample decreased from 102.54 to 68.28μm.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20241931 and BK20221371)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071943 and 32372214)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300304)。
文摘Alternate wetting and soil drying irrigation(AWD)technique is crucial in infuencing grain quality in rice(Oryza sativa L.).Lipids are the third most abundant constituents in rice grains,after starch and proteins,and are closely related to grain quality.However,it remains unclear about the changes in lipids profling under different AWD regimes.This study set up three irrigation regimes including conventional irrigation(CI),alternate wetting and moderate soil drying irrigation(AWMD),and alternate wetting and severe soil drying irrigation(AWSD).It explored lipidome changes in milled rice of Yangdao 6(YD6)using the untargeted lipidomics approach and analyzed rice cooking and eating quality.The results identifed seven lipid classes,55 lipid subclasses,and 1,086 lipid molecular species.Compared with the CI regime,the AWMD regime mainly altered lipid subclasses consisting of triglyceride(TG),ceramide(Cer),diglyceride(DG),bis-methyl lysophosphatidic acid(BisMePA),phosphocholine(PC),phosphoethanolamine(PE),monogalactosyldiacylglycerol(MGDG),and digalactosyl diglyceride(DGDG)in milled rice and improved cooking and eating quality of rice;in contrast,the AWSD regime distinctly changed lipid subclasses like TG,Cer,DG,PC,PE,hexosylceramide(Hex1Cer),DGDG,and BisMePA and degraded cooking and eating quality of rice.Specifcally,AWMD most signifcantly altered the expressions of lipid molecules,including DGDG(18:0_18:2),DGDG(16:0_14:0),PC(33:1),Cer(t17:0_26:0),and Cer(t17:0_16:0);AWSD most obviously influenced the expressions of TG(6:0_14:0_18:3),PC(41:1),TG(19:1_18:4_18:4),Hex1Cer(d18:2_24:0+O),and Hex1Cer(d18:2_24:1).These 10 altered lipid molecules in milled rice can be preferentially used for investigating their relationships with grain quality in rice.
基金supported by the Royal Society(UK)-NSFC(China)joint project,2009-2011by China Natural Science Foundation major International collaborative project 2010-2013 under grant No.50920105504
文摘Natural surfaces with super hydrophobic properties often have micro or hierarchical structures.In this paper,the wettingbehaviours of a single droplet on biomimetic micro structured surfaces with different roughness parameters are investigated.Atheoretical model is proposed to study wetting transitions.The results of theoretical analysis are compared with those of experimentindicating that the proposed model can effectively predict the wetting transition.Furthermore,a numerical simulationbased on the meso scale Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM)is performed to study dynamic contact angles,contact lines,andlocal velocity fields for the case that a droplet displays on the micro structured surface.A spherical water droplet with r=15μmfalls down to a biomimetic square-post patterned surface under the force of gravity with an initial velocity of 0.01 m·sand aninitial vertical distance of 20μm from droplet centre to the top of pots.In spite of a higher initial velocity,the droplet can stillstay in a Cassie state;moreover,it reaches an equilibrium state at t≈17.5 ms,when contact angle is 153.16°which is slightlylower than the prediction of Cassie-Baxter’s equation which givesθ=154.40°.
基金supported by the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41790441)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41807234,41907235)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(300102269203)。
文摘Loess is prone to collapse upon wetting due to its open metastable structure,which poses a considerable threat to the environment,construction processes and human life.In this study,double oedometer tests and scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry analyses were conducted on loess from Yan’an to study the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of loess wetting deformation and the underlying mechanism.The wetting collapse of loess under loading depends on the changes in different microstructure levels and elements.This collapse chain reaction is manifested by the dissipation,scattering and recombination of the cementation,deformation and reorganization of the particles,blocking of the pore channels,decrease in the dominant size and volume of unstable macropores(>14μm)and abundant mesopores(2.5-14μm),increase in the volume of small pores(0.05–2.5μm),and volume contraction at the macroscale.This process is dependent on the initial water content,stress level and wetting degree.These findings can facilitate collapsible loess hazard prevention and geological engineering construction.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51403026)
文摘The effects of film thickness and composition ratio on the morphology evolution of polystyrene （PS）/poly（vinyl methyl ether） （PVME） blend thin films were investigated. Diverse morphology evolutions including droplet-matrix structure, hole emergence, bicontinuous structure formation, percolation-to-droplet transition could be observed under annealing in two-phase region, depending on film thickness and composition ratio. The mechanism for these morphology variations was related to the complex effects of phase separation, dewetting and preferential wetting. The comparison between the thickness of bottom PVME layer and the twice of gyration radius 2Rg（PVME） played a dominant role in morphology control. Only when the PS/PVME film had specific film thickness and compositional symmetry, phase separation and dewetting could happen in sequence.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10702050)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (Grant No.07JCYBJC07500)the Support Plan of Science and Technology of Tianjin (Grant No.07ZCGYSH01700)
文摘A particular porosity method named ＂slot method＂ is implemented in a depth-integrated shallow water flow model （DIVAST） to simulate wetting and drying processes. Discussed is the relationship between the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ and the preset depth used in ＂wetting-drying＂ algorithm. Two typical tests are conducted to examine the performance of the method with the effect of the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ being checked in detail in the first test. Numerical results demonstrate that： 1 ） no additional effort to improve the finite difference scheme is needed to implement ＂slot method＂ in DIVAST, and 2） ＂slot method＂ will simulate wetting and diying processes correctly if the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ being selected properly.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52105303 and 52025053)Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(No.20220101209JC)Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52021003).
文摘Amplifying the intrinsic wettability of substrate material by changing the solid/liquid contact area is considered to be the main mechanism for controlling the wettability of rough or structured surfaces.Through theoretical analysis and experimental exploration,we have found that in addition to this wettability structure amplification effect,the surface structure also simultaneously controls surface wettability by regulating the wetting state via changing the threshold Young angles of the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel wetting regions.This wetting state regulation effect provides us with an alternative strategy to overcome the inherent limitation in surface chemistry by tailoring surface structure.The wetting state regulation effect created by multi-scale hierarchical structures is quite significant and plays is a crucial role in promoting the superhydrophobicity,superhydrophilicity and the transition between these two extreme wetting properties,as well as stabilizing the Cassie-Baxter superhydrophobic state on the fabricated lotus-like hierarchically structured Cu surface and the natural lotus leaf.
基金Project(50471007)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to reveal the physical essence of the spreading process of reactive wetting,a sort of model of energy to explain the driving force and wetting mechanism was presented.The reactive wetting of molten A1 and Cu Si on graphite was studied by a modified sessile drop method under a vacuum,in which the contact angles were measured by ADSA software.The thermodynamic and kinetic processes of the typical reactive wetting were focused on,the thermodynamic equations of energy relations were derived,the interfacial energy of graphite and solid-liquid interfacial energy versus time at the triple line were calculated,and the dynamics model of interface energy is established.The presented dynamics model is verified by means of experimental results,and it is shown that solid liquid interfacial energy decreases with time in exponential relationship.It provides a new method for reference to explain the process from the angle of energy.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52206101Shanghai Sailing Program under Grant No.20YF1431200the Experiments for Space Exploration Program and the Qian Xuesen Laboratory,China Academy of Space Technology under Grant No.TKTSPY-2020-01-01.
文摘There are five most widely used contact angle schemes in the pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann(LB)model for simulating the wetting phenomenon:The pseudopotential-based scheme(PB scheme),the improved virtualdensity scheme(IVD scheme),the modified pseudopotential-based scheme with a ghost fluid layer constructed by using the fluid layer density above the wall(MPB-C scheme),the modified pseudopotential-based scheme with a ghost fluid layer constructed by using the weighted average density of surrounding fluid nodes(MPB-W scheme)and the geometric formulation scheme(GF scheme).But the numerical stability and accuracy of the schemes for wetting simulation remain unclear in the past.In this paper,the numerical stability and accuracy of these schemes are clarified for the first time,by applying the five widely used contact angle schemes to simulate a two-dimensional(2D)sessile droplet on wall and capillary imbibition in a 2D channel as the examples of static wetting and dynamic wetting simulations respectively.(i)It is shown that the simulated contact angles by the GF scheme are consistent at different density ratios for the same prescribed contact angle,but the simulated contact angles by the PB scheme,IVD scheme,MPB-C scheme and MPB-W scheme change with density ratios for the same fluid-solid interaction strength.The PB scheme is found to be the most unstable scheme for simulating static wetting at increased density ratios.(ii)Although the spurious velocity increases with the increased liquid/vapor density ratio for all the contact angle schemes,the magnitude of the spurious velocity in the PB scheme,IVD scheme and GF scheme are smaller than that in the MPB-C scheme and MPB-W scheme.(iii)The fluid density variation near the wall in the PB scheme is the most significant,and the variation can be diminished in the IVD scheme,MPB-C scheme andMPBWscheme.The variation totally disappeared in the GF scheme.(iv)For the simulation of capillary imbibition,the MPB-C scheme,MPB-Wscheme and GF scheme simulate the dynamics of the liquid-vapor interface well,with the GF scheme being the most accurate.The accuracy of the IVD scheme is low at a small contact angle(44 degrees)but gets high at a large contact angle(60 degrees).However,the PB scheme is the most inaccurate in simulating the dynamics of the liquid-vapor interface.As a whole,it is most suggested to apply the GF scheme to simulate static wetting or dynamic wetting,while it is the least suggested to use the PB scheme to simulate static wetting or dynamic wetting.
文摘The effects of the substrate-water interaction on the wetting behavior in water-oil and surfactant-water-oil systems confined by one substrate which has the preferential interaction to one species of particles have been investigated by using the free energy analysis and discontinuous molecular dynamic simulations. As the preferential interaction between the substrate and water particles varies from small repulsion to large attraction, the partial drying, partial wetting and complete wetting state are observed in sequence. In addition, the wetting behavior of surfactant aqueous solution on the substrate is not only dependent on the interaction, but also limited by the maximum equilibrium concentration of surfactants at the interface.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31461143015,31271641,31471438)the National Key Technology Support Program of China(2014AA10A605,216YFD0300206-4)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD),Chinathe Jiangsu Creation Program for Post-graduation Students,China(KYZZ15_0364)
文摘This study investigated if super rice could better cope with soil water deficit and if it could have better yield performance and water use efficiency （WUE） under alternate wetting and drying （AWD） irrigation than check rice. Two super rice cultivars and two elite check rice cultivars were grown in pots with three soil moisture levels, well watered （WW）, moderate water deficit （MWD） and severe water deficit （SWD）. Two cultivars, each for super rice and check rice, were grown in field with three irrigation regimes, alternate wetting and moderate drying （AWMD）, alternate wetting and severe drying （AWSD） and conventional irrigation （CI）. Compared with that under WW, grain yield was significantly decreased under MWD and SWD treatments, with less reduction for super rice than for check rice. Super rice had higher percentage of productive tillers, deeper root distribution, higher root oxidation activity, and greater aboveground biomass production at mid and late growth stages than check rice, especially under WMD and WSD. Compared with CI,AWMD increased, whereasAWSD decreased grain yield, with more increase or less decrease for super rice than for check rice. Both MWD and SWD treatments and eitherAWMD orAWSD regime significantly increased WUE compared with WW treatment or CI regime, with more increase for super rice than for check rice. The results suggest that super rice has a stronger ability to cope with soil water deficit and holds greater promising to increase both grain yield and WUE by adoption of moderate AWD irrigation.
