BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints...BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints,and patient safety concerns have constrained its practicality.Simulation-based training has become a reliable,safe,and cost-efficient alternative.Dry lab techniques,especially virtual and augmented reality,make up 78%of current dry lab research,whereas wet labs still set the standard for anatomical realism.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness,limitations,and future directions of wet and dry lab simulation in orthopaedic training.METHODS A scoping review was carried out across four databases-PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,and EBSCOhost-up to 2025.Medical Subject Headings included:"Orthopaedic Education","Wet Lab","Dry Lab","Simulation Training","Virtual Reality",and"Surgical Procedure".Eligible studies focused on orthopaedic or spinal surgical education,employed wet or dry lab techniques,and assessed training effectiveness.Exclusion criteria consisted of non-English publications,abstracts only,non-orthopaedic research,and studies unrelated to simulation.Two reviewers independently screened titles,abstracts,and full texts,resolving discrepancies with a third reviewer.RESULTS From 1851 records,101 studies met inclusion:78 on dry labs,7 on wet labs,4 on both.Virtual reality(VR)simulations were most common,with AI increasingly used for feedback and assessment.Cadaveric training remains the gold standard for accuracy and tactile feedback,while dry labs-especially VR-offer scalability,lower cost(40%-60%savings in five studies),and accessibility for novices.Senior residents prefer wet labs for complex tasks;juniors favour dry labs for basics.Challenges include limited transferability data,lack of standard outcome metrics,and ethical concerns about cadaver use and AI assessment.CONCLUSION Wet and dry labs each have unique strengths in orthopaedic training.A hybrid approach combining both,supported by standardised assessments and outcome studies,is most effective.Future efforts should aim for uniform reporting,integrating new technologies,and policy support for hybrid curricula to enhance skills and patient care.展开更多
Oxygen release and electrolyte decomposition under high voltage endlessly exacerbate interfacial ramifications and structu ral degradation of high energy-density Li-rich layered oxide(LLO),leading to voltage and capac...Oxygen release and electrolyte decomposition under high voltage endlessly exacerbate interfacial ramifications and structu ral degradation of high energy-density Li-rich layered oxide(LLO),leading to voltage and capacity fading.Herein,the dual-strategy of Cr,B complex coating and local gradient doping is simultaneously achieved on LLO surface by a one-step wet chemical reaction at room temperature.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations prove that stable B-O and Cr-O bonds through the local gradient doping can significantly reduce the high-energy O 2p states of interfacial lattice O,which is also effective for the near-surface lattice O,thus greatly stabilizing the LLO surface,Besides,differential electrochemical mass spectrometry(DEMS)indicates that the Cr_(x)B complex coating can adequately inhibit oxygen release and prevents the migration or dissolution of transition metal ions,including allowing speedy Li^(+)migration,The voltage and capacity fading of the modified cathode(LLO-C_(r)B)are adequately suppressed,which are benefited from the uniformly dense cathode electrolyte interface(CEI)composed of balanced organic/inorganic composition.Therefore,the specific capacity of LLO-CrB after 200 cycles at 1C is 209.3 mA h g^(-1)(with a retention rate of 95.1%).This dual-strategy through a one-step wet chemical reaction is expected to be applied in the design and development of other anionic redox cathode materials.展开更多
The study focuses on the creep characteristics of significant yellow sandstone for water conservancy, hydropower, and other waterrelated slope excavation unloading rock-graded loading creep characteristics. It conduct...The study focuses on the creep characteristics of significant yellow sandstone for water conservancy, hydropower, and other waterrelated slope excavation unloading rock-graded loading creep characteristics. It conducts a uniaxial graded loading creep test on yellow sandstone under different pre-peak unloading and wetting-drying cycles. The improved nonlinear Nishihara model was obtained by introducing a nonlinear viscous element with an accelerated creep threshold switch. The sensitivity characteristics of the parameters of the improved creep model were analyzed and a nonlinear creep constitutive model was established, considering the unloading-cyclic intrinsic damage induced by water intrusion. The research results show that:(1)With an increase in the unloading point, the porosity of the rock samples initially decreases and then increases. As the number of cyclic water intrusions rises, the porosity of the rock samples gradually increases, reaching a maximum of 9.58% at an unloading point of 70% uniaxial compression stress(0.7 Rc) after five cycles.(2) Total creep deformation increases with the number of cyclic water intrusions;however, with an increase in the unloading ratio, the original samples show an initial decrease, followed by an increase in creep deformation. With a higher unloading ratio and various instances of cyclic water intrusion, the total creep time of the rock samples,compared to the original samples, is reduced by 21.8%and 23.02%. The creep damage mode gradually changes from shear damage to tensile damage.(3) The sensitivity characteristics of the improved creep model parameters show that transient elasticity modulus E1 is affected by the coupling of unloading and cyclic water intrusion. The viscoelastic modulus E2 and viscous coefficient η1 are mainly affected by unloading and cyclic water intrusion.(4) Based on the strain equivalence principle of damage mechanics, the damage treatment of the parameters in the original model is improved to construct a nonlinear creep constitutive model that considers unloading-cyclic water intrusion damage. A parameter inversion and comparison to the traditional Nishihara model reveal an average relative standard deviation of 0.271%,significantly less than 1%, indicating a more accurate nonlinear creep constitutive model. The research results are crucial for analyzing the long-term stability of water-related steep rocky slopes post-excavation and unloading and for preventing and controlling creep-type landslide disasters.展开更多
The wetting behavior of liquid tin(Sn)solder on copper(Cu)substrate at 250℃was investigated by the wetting balance method under the action of direct current(DC).The curves of wetting balance were measured and the mor...The wetting behavior of liquid tin(Sn)solder on copper(Cu)substrate at 250℃was investigated by the wetting balance method under the action of direct current(DC).The curves of wetting balance were measured and the morphology of the intermetallic compound(IMC)precipitated at the interface were observed.Results show that DC has a significant effect on the wettability and IMC.As the current increases,the balance wetting force and the thickness of the IMC layer increase.The direction of the DC also has a certain effect on the balance wetting force and IMC layer.When the current is negative,the final balance wetting force and the thickness of the Cu_(6)Sn_(5) layer are significantly higher than those in the positive current case,which is attributed to electromigration.The IMC precipitation at the interface provides a chemical driving force for the movement of the triple junction.The interaction of the interface atoms and the chemical reaction are enhanced by DC,thereby improving wettability.Meanwhile,the Marangoni convection caused by DC inside liquid Sn solder changes the structure of triple junction,which provides a physical driving force for the spread of the liquid Sn solder on the Cu substrate.展开更多
Wet wipes have become an indispensable part of modern life,offering convenience whether used for personal hygiene,baby care,or household cleaning.Wet wipes made of different materials each have their own characteristi...Wet wipes have become an indispensable part of modern life,offering convenience whether used for personal hygiene,baby care,or household cleaning.Wet wipes made of different materials each have their own characteristics,which not only directly affect the comfort and performance during use but are also closely related to environmental protection.Understanding their differences can help consumers make more informed choices—ones that meet daily needs while reducing the environmental burden.展开更多
Precise solutions for wheel-rail adhesion are important to the traction and braking of the high-speed trains under wet conditions.Current models predominantly rely on Hertzian contact theory assumptions.The present wo...Precise solutions for wheel-rail adhesion are important to the traction and braking of the high-speed trains under wet conditions.Current models predominantly rely on Hertzian contact theory assumptions.The present work proposes a novel non-Hertzian wheel-rail adhesion model to clarify the adhesion mechanisms under wet conditions.The non-Hertzian elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL)model was developed to obtain wheel-rail normal contact pressure under wet conditions with rough surfaces.The non-Hertzian extended creep force(ECF)model,which considers the effects of pressure and temperature on the elastic-plastic characteristics of the third body layer(3BL),was used to solve the tangential problems based on wheel-rail normal contact results.The numerical model was also validated by the high-speed wheel-rail adhesion laboratory tests.The wheel-rail rolling contact characteristics at different wheelset lateral displacements are investigated.The results reveal that the distributions of normal pressure,film thickness,tangential stress,and temperature show typical non-Hertzian characteristics.Finally,the effects of train speed and surface roughness on the adhesion characteristics are studied at different lateral displacements.The findings show that the present model can be used for the prediction of high-speed railway adhesion characteristics.展开更多
Objective:To explore and analyze the effect of the Wet Lab combined with the PBL teaching mode in ophthalmology clinical practice teaching.Methods:Sixty interns who interned in the ophthalmology department of Daqing O...Objective:To explore and analyze the effect of the Wet Lab combined with the PBL teaching mode in ophthalmology clinical practice teaching.Methods:Sixty interns who interned in the ophthalmology department of Daqing Oilfield General Hospital from May 2024 to December 2024 were selected and randomly divided into a control group and a research group,with 30 students in each group.The learning outcomes and satisfaction levels of the two groups of students were compared.The interns in the control group used the traditional teaching mode,while those in the research group used the Wet Lab combined with the PBL teaching mode.The internship outcomes and satisfaction levels of the two groups of students were compared and analyzed.Results:Compared with the students in the control group,the students in the research group showed significantly better internship outcomes and satisfaction levels in ophthalmology clinical practice teaching(P<0.05).Conclusion:The teaching mode of the research group was superior to that of the control group in terms of intern satisfaction and internship outcomes in ophthalmology clinical practice teaching.展开更多
Phytoplankton plays a crucial role in the energy flow and nutrient cycling of aquatic ecosystems.To understand the spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton in the Wujiang River,Yungui Plateau,SW China,sample...Phytoplankton plays a crucial role in the energy flow and nutrient cycling of aquatic ecosystems.To understand the spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton in the Wujiang River,Yungui Plateau,SW China,samples were collected in 12 locations in wet and dry seasons and analyzed.We hypothesized that phytoplankton assemblages would exhibit significant temporal variability,with niche breadths of dominant species fluctuating seasonally,leading to distinct patterns of species association and community stability.Results show differences in community structure between the two seasons,but such changes did not cause non-significant differences inα-diversity.Diatoms were dominant in the assemblages in terms of biomass,while the numerical abundance of Cyanobacteria was highest in the wet season due to their relatively small cells.Rainfall-driven changes in runoff significantly altered nutrient availability,which in turn strongly affected phytoplankton structure.The more intense water flow contributed to a greaterβ-diversity in the wet season,driven primarily by species replacement,with stochastic processes played a more important role during the dry season.In the dry season,dominant species exhibited a broader niche breadth and greater niche overlap,along with more positive species associations,suggesting a more stable and resilient community structure.Conversely,in the wet season,species had narrower niche breadth and less niche overlap,leading to a less stable community.Both negative and positive species associations were observed,indicating a complex balance between environmental filtering and competition within the assemblages.These findings provide important insights into how seasonal environmental changes,particularly water flow and nutrient dynamics,shape phytoplankton communities in aquatic ecosystems.Understanding the mechanisms driving changes in community and stability is critical for predicting the impacts of climate change and managing aquatic biodiversity,as fluctuations in water flow and nutrient input may alter ecosystem functioning and productivity.展开更多
This study tracked the characteristics of atmospheric wet deposition of the toxic element arsenic(As)at both urban(Guangzhou(GZ))and forested(Dinghushan Natural Reserve(DHS))sites within the Pearl River Delta(PRD)regi...This study tracked the characteristics of atmospheric wet deposition of the toxic element arsenic(As)at both urban(Guangzhou(GZ))and forested(Dinghushan Natural Reserve(DHS))sites within the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region between 2016 and 2019,examining its correlation with rainfall patterns.Additionally,by employing backward trajectory analysis and the potential source contribution function(PSCF)in conjunction with pertinent emission inventories,we pinpointed the main pathways of atmospheric arsenic transport and evaluated the emission contributions from priority source areas.The study revealed that the atmospheric arsenic wet deposition fluxes at the GZ and DHS sites exhibited a trend of increase followed by a decrease over the four-year period.Wet season deposition fluxes were more than triple those of the dry season,with urban site showing a difference of over four times.Notably,wet season As deposition at both sites was predominantly affected by heavy rainfall from marine air masses,constituting 31%of the total deposition.The predominant trajectory directions contributing to arsenic deposition at GZ and DHS were northeast(55%)and south(53%),respectively.The primary source areas for both sites were largely outside the PRD region,with the GZ site having 80%to 95%of its source area in the non-PRD region,compared to 69%to 88%at the DHS site.Furthermore,non-PRD areas contributed approximately 65%to arsenic emissions for both sites,with the industrial sector being the dominant emission source,exceeding 97%of the total emissions.展开更多
Antarctica contains numerous scientific mysteries,and the Antarctic ice sheet and its underlying bedrock contain important information about the geological structure of Antarctica and the evolutionary history of the i...Antarctica contains numerous scientific mysteries,and the Antarctic ice sheet and its underlying bedrock contain important information about the geological structure of Antarctica and the evolutionary history of the ice sheet.In order to obtain the focus of these scientific explorations,the Antarctic drilling engineering is constantly developing.The drilling fluid performance directly determines the success or failure of drilling engineering.In order to enhance the poor performance for drilling fluids due to poor dispersion stability and easy settling of organoclay at ultra-low temperatures,the small-molecule wetting agent(HSR)for drilling fluid suitable for Antarctica was prepared by oleic acid,diethanolamine and benzoic acid as raw materials.Its chemical structure,properties and action mechanism were investigated by various experimental methods.The experimental results showed that 2%HSR could improve the colloidal rate for drilling fluid from 6.4%to 84.8%,and the increase rate of yield point was up to 167%.Meanwhile,it also made the drilling fluid excellent in shear dilution and thixotropy.In addition,2%HSR could increase the density from 0.872 to 0.884 g/cm^(3) at-55 ficial.And the drilling fluid with 2%HSR had a good thermal conductivity of 0.1458 W/(m·K)at-55 ficial.This study gives a new direction for the research of drilling fluid treatment agents suitable for the Antarctic region,which will provide strong support for the scientific exploration of the Antarctic region.展开更多
Fins are extensively utilized in heat exchangers and various industrial applications as they are lightweight and can benefit in various systems,including electronic cooling devices and automotive components,owing to t...Fins are extensively utilized in heat exchangers and various industrial applications as they are lightweight and can benefit in various systems,including electronic cooling devices and automotive components,owing to their adaptable design.Furthermore,spine fins are introduced to improve performance in applications such as automotive radiators.They can be shaped in different ways and constructed from a collection of materials.Inspired by this,the present model examines the effects of internal heat generation and radiation-convection on the thermal distribution in a wetted convex-shaped spine fin.Using dimensionless terms,the proposed fin model involving a governing nonlinear ordinary differential equation(ODE)is transformed into a dimensionless form.The study uses the operational matrix with the Charlier polynomial collocation method(OMCCM)to ensure precise and computationally efficient numerical solutions for the dimensionless equation.In order to aid in the analysis of thermal performance,the importance of major parameters on the temperature profile is graphically illustrated.The main outcome of the study reveals that as the radiation-conductive,wet,and convective-conductive parameters increase,the heat transfer rate progressively improves.Conversely,the ambient temperature and internal heat generation parameters show an inverse relationship.展开更多
The extraordinary Super Typhoon(STY)Muifa(2022)made landfall four times and had a significant impact on the coastal regions from south to north of China.Although previous studies have demonstrated the‘pumping effect&...The extraordinary Super Typhoon(STY)Muifa(2022)made landfall four times and had a significant impact on the coastal regions from south to north of China.Although previous studies have demonstrated the‘pumping effect'of typhoons on the enhancement of reactive nitrogen(Nr)wet deposition over the ocean,it is uncertain how Nr deposition is influenced by typhoons thatmake prolonged mechanism due tomultiple landfalls.In this study,theNr wet deposition induced by STYMuifawas investigated fromthe perspective of in-and below-cloud processes based on the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System with an online tracer-tagging module.High volume of Nr wet deposition caused by Muifa migrated from south to north,passing over half of China's coastal cities.Compared to the typhoon generated vicinity,both mean values of the oxidized and reduced nitrogen wet deposition over the Typhoon affected regions were increased about 20.4 and 66.1 times after landfall even with the similar rainfall.Emissions from the four landfall areas of China contributed to the majority of Nr wet deposition with significantly enhanced proportion of in-cloud deposition.The strong pumping effect of typhoon to the Nr deposition along the coastal areas and the risk of ecosystem effects requires further researches and higher demands on the control of nitrogen emissions of National Industrial Park,which usually located in China's coastal cities.展开更多
The wetting behavior of slag–coke is a crucial factor influencing the permeability of the lower part of the blast furnace.However,a systematic understanding of the wetting behavior and underlying mechanisms between t...The wetting behavior of slag–coke is a crucial factor influencing the permeability of the lower part of the blast furnace.However,a systematic understanding of the wetting behavior and underlying mechanisms between titanium-containing slag and tuyere coke remains lacking.The sessile drop method was employed to explore the effects of temperature,binary basicity,FeO,and TiO_(2) contents on the wetting behavior of titanium-containing slag and tuyere coke.The results indicate that increasing the temperature enhances the adhesion and wettability of the droplet,reducing the contact angle.Meanwhile,it accelerates the chemical reactions between slag and coke,leading to faster equilibrium.Conversely,increasing slag basicity elevates the contact angle by inhibiting chemical reactions at the slag–coke interface.This inhibition reduces both contact area and depth,thereby hindering slag droplet spreading on the coke surface.The contact angle decreases as the FeO content in the slag increases.Notably,the increase in TiO_(2) content has a dual effect on slag–coke wettability.Initially,it promotes wetting by reducing surface tension and lowering the contact angle.While the TiO_(2) content exceeds 20 wt.%,Ti(C,N)forms a barrier layer at the slag–coke interface,hindering the contact between slag and coke and resulting in an increased contact angle.展开更多
As a typical sedimentary soft rock,mudstone has the characteristics of being easily softened and disintegrated under the effect of wetting and drying(WD).The first cycle of WD plays an important role in the entire WD ...As a typical sedimentary soft rock,mudstone has the characteristics of being easily softened and disintegrated under the effect of wetting and drying(WD).The first cycle of WD plays an important role in the entire WD cycles.X-ray micro-computed tomography(micro-CT)was used as a non-destructive tool to quantitatively analyze microstructural changes of the mudstone due to the first cycle of WD.The test results show that WD leads to an increase of pore volume and pore connectivity in the mudstone.The porosity and fractal dimension of each slice of mudstone not only increase in value,but also in fluctuation amplitude.The pattern of variation in the frequency distribution of the equivalent radii of connected,isolated pores and pore throats in mudstone under WD effect satisfies the Gaussian distribution.Under the effect of WD,pores and pore throats with relatively small sizes increase the most.The sphericity of the pores in mudstones is positively correlated with the pore radius.The WD effect transforms the originally angular and flat pores into round and regular pores.This paper can provide a reference for the study of the deterioration and catastrophic mechanisms of mudstone under wetting and drying cycles.展开更多
Zenith wet delay(ZWD)is a key parameter for the precise positioning of global navigation satellite systems(GNSS)and occupies a central role in meteorological research.Currently,most models only consider the periodic v...Zenith wet delay(ZWD)is a key parameter for the precise positioning of global navigation satellite systems(GNSS)and occupies a central role in meteorological research.Currently,most models only consider the periodic variability of the ZWD,neglecting the effect of nonlinear factors on the ZWD estimation.This oversight results in a limited capability to reflect the rapid fluctuations of the ZWD.To more accurately capture and predict complicated variations in ZWD,this paper developed the CRZWD model by a combination of the GPT3 model and random forests(RF)algorithm using 5-year atmospheric profiles from 70 radiosonde(RS)stations across China.Taking the external 25 test stations data as reference,the root mean square(RMS)of the CRZWD model is 29.95 mm.Compared with the GPT3 model and another model using backpropagation neural network(BPNN),the accuracy has improved by 24.7%and 15.9%,respectively.Notably,over 56%of the test stations exhibit an improvement of more than 20%in contrast to GPT3-ZWD.Further temporal and spatial characteristic analyses also demonstrate the significant accuracy and stability advantages of the CRZWD model,indicating the potential prospects for GNSS-based applications.展开更多
AIM:To use two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR)method to study uveitis causal association with wet age-related macular degeneration(wAMD)risk from the genetic level.METHODS:Two-sample MR analysis was used to assess ...AIM:To use two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR)method to study uveitis causal association with wet age-related macular degeneration(wAMD)risk from the genetic level.METHODS:Two-sample MR analysis was used to assess the causal role of uveitis on wAMD risk,using the 8 genetic variants associated strongly with uveitis as instrumental variables.Besides,eight MR methods[inverse variance weighted(IVW),weighted median,MR-Egger regression,weighted mode,simple mode,robust adjusted profile score(RAPS),contamination inverse-variance weighted method,and debiased inverse-variance weighted method]were used to get the whole causal estimate for multiple instrumental single nucleotide polymorphism(SNPs).The MR analysis was based on Europeans.RESULTS:Uveitis was related to a higher risk of wAMD[odds ratio(OR):1.08,95%confidence interval(CI)1.03–1.12;P=1.03×10^(-3)]with the IVW method.No heterogeneity and directional pleiotropy were detected.On the contrary,no significant results were detected in reverse MR analysis.CONCLUSION:Uveitis is related to an increased risk of wAMD.Due to the high blindness rate of wAMD,understanding and controlling the risk factors of AMD is of great significance for reducing its incidence and early diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Objective:This study assessed heat exposure,physiological responses,and the risk of chronic kidney disease among outdoor agricultural workers in Pak Chong,Thailand,and developed a predictive model for Wet Bulb Globe T...Objective:This study assessed heat exposure,physiological responses,and the risk of chronic kidney disease among outdoor agricultural workers in Pak Chong,Thailand,and developed a predictive model for Wet Bulb Globe Temperature(WBGT).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 170 agricultural workers.Field WBGT was measured at 33 locations in April and July and corrected for Clothing Adjustment Factor to determine effective WBGT.Core temperature,skin temperature,heart rate,blood pressure,and body weight were monitored before,during,and after work shifts.Urine dipstick and microalbumin tests were performed to evaluate dehydration and kidney disorder.Workloads were classified according to American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH)metabolic rate categories.Meteorological data were used to train machine learning models—including linear regression,decision tree,random forest,and extreme gradient boosting—to predict WBGT values.Results:Effective WBGT at fruit gardens and field crops sites frequently exceeded ACGIH limits for moderateto-heavy work.Workers’systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate increased during work(transient cardiovascular strain)while body temperature remained stable.Post-shift,34.7%showed moderate dehydration;microalbumin screening was positive in 31/170(18.2%)suggesting possible early renal involvement but not chronic kidney disease diagnosis.Among the predictive models,extreme gradient boosting achieved the best performance(root mean square error=0.798℃,mean absolute error=0.576℃,R^(2)=0.81).The most influential predictors were air temperature,sunshine duration,and site-specific factors.Conclusions:Agricultural workers in Pak Chong are frequently exposed to heat stress that exceeds ACGIH standards,predisposing them to dehydration and kidney impairment.The findings support evidence-based preventive strategies such as regulated work–rest cycles,hydration management,and medical surveillance.Moreover,the validated WBGT prediction tool offers a practical approach for real-time monitoring and proactive climate adaptation to protect outdoor workers in heat-prone environments.展开更多
Understanding the occurrence and characteristics of dry and wet events is crucial for effective disaster prevention,resource management,and risk reduction in vulnerable regions.This study analyzed the spatiotemporal p...Understanding the occurrence and characteristics of dry and wet events is crucial for effective disaster prevention,resource management,and risk reduction in vulnerable regions.This study analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of dry-wet events and their transition characteristics in Uttar Pradesh,India.The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI)at a monthly timescale was utilized to identify hotspot regions vulnerable to concurrent and frequent dry and wet events and their transitions.The severity,duration,and intensity of dry and wet events were characterized with the run theory over SPEI time series data from 18 synoptic stations in Uttar Pradesh over 48 years(1971-2018),sourced from the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and the India Meteorological Department.Multiple assessment methods were utilized to examine the interaction of these extreme events,considering characteristics such as wet-dry ratio,average transition time,and rapid transition times from wet to dry events and from dry to wet events.Average wet durations ranged from 1.27 to 1.58 months,and average dry durations ranged from 1.29 to 1.82 months.Rapid transition times from dry to wet events ranged from 2.5 to 4.1 months,and those for wet-to-dry events ranged from 2.1 to 5.3 months.The eastern region experienced a significantly high number of dry events,while the western and Bundelkhand regions experienced more intense dry events.In contrast,the eastern region had intense wet events.This research on the occurrence of dry-wet events and their transitions can provide valuable insights for government decision-making and disaster prevention and reduction efforts.展开更多
A steel-concrete composite cable-stayed bridge features integrated steel girders and concrete decks linked by shear connectors to support loads,but stress concentration in wet joints can lead to cracking.In-situ tests...A steel-concrete composite cable-stayed bridge features integrated steel girders and concrete decks linked by shear connectors to support loads,but stress concentration in wet joints can lead to cracking.In-situ tests were conducted on key sections of steel-concrete composite cable-stayed bridges to analyze the stress-strain evolution of wet joints under environmental factors,constraints,and complex construction processes.The coordinated working performance of the bridge decks was also analyzed.The results indicate that temperature is the key factor affecting the stresses and strains in wet joint concrete.Approximately 7 days after casting the wet joint concrete,the strains at each measurement point of the wet joint are approximately negatively correlated with the temperature change at the measurement point.Different locations within the wet joints have respective impacts,presenting potential weak points.Construction conditions have a certain impact on the stress and strain of the wet joint.The top deck of the steel box girder is not fully bonded to the bottom surface of the wet joints,resulting in a certain strain difference after loading.To further analyze the cooperative working performance of steel box girders and concrete wet joint bridge deck systems,finite element analysis was conducted on composite girder structures.A stiffness calculation method for shear connectors based on numerical simulation was proposed.The results indicate that strain differences can cause interface slip in composite girders.This slip leads to increased deflection of the composite girders and increased tensile stress in the bottom plate of the steel box girders.This study clarifies the stress conditions and factors affecting wet joints during construction,preventing early cracking,and offers precise data for a full bridge finite element model.展开更多
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)affects approximately 6%of diabetic patients globally.The overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is around 22%.Wet age-related macular degeneration(ARMD),the sight-threatenin...Proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)affects approximately 6%of diabetic patients globally.The overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is around 22%.Wet age-related macular degeneration(ARMD),the sight-threatening type of ARMD,affects approximately 1.2%-1.3%of the general population and represents 15%of total ARMD cases.While intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections are still the mainstay therapy,there are a few challenges,such as frequent administration,cost burden,and compliance barriers that prompt the need for exploration into systemic oral alternative drugs like fenofibrate,candesartan,and vorolanib.These oral therapies have the advantage of being noninvasive and systemically accessible with few logistical burdens.This review highlights current evidence supporting the use of oral therapies in PDR and wet ARMD management,along with practical limitations and future prospects.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints,and patient safety concerns have constrained its practicality.Simulation-based training has become a reliable,safe,and cost-efficient alternative.Dry lab techniques,especially virtual and augmented reality,make up 78%of current dry lab research,whereas wet labs still set the standard for anatomical realism.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness,limitations,and future directions of wet and dry lab simulation in orthopaedic training.METHODS A scoping review was carried out across four databases-PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,and EBSCOhost-up to 2025.Medical Subject Headings included:"Orthopaedic Education","Wet Lab","Dry Lab","Simulation Training","Virtual Reality",and"Surgical Procedure".Eligible studies focused on orthopaedic or spinal surgical education,employed wet or dry lab techniques,and assessed training effectiveness.Exclusion criteria consisted of non-English publications,abstracts only,non-orthopaedic research,and studies unrelated to simulation.Two reviewers independently screened titles,abstracts,and full texts,resolving discrepancies with a third reviewer.RESULTS From 1851 records,101 studies met inclusion:78 on dry labs,7 on wet labs,4 on both.Virtual reality(VR)simulations were most common,with AI increasingly used for feedback and assessment.Cadaveric training remains the gold standard for accuracy and tactile feedback,while dry labs-especially VR-offer scalability,lower cost(40%-60%savings in five studies),and accessibility for novices.Senior residents prefer wet labs for complex tasks;juniors favour dry labs for basics.Challenges include limited transferability data,lack of standard outcome metrics,and ethical concerns about cadaver use and AI assessment.CONCLUSION Wet and dry labs each have unique strengths in orthopaedic training.A hybrid approach combining both,supported by standardised assessments and outcome studies,is most effective.Future efforts should aim for uniform reporting,integrating new technologies,and policy support for hybrid curricula to enhance skills and patient care.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12304077)the Natural Science Foundation of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(No.23NSFSC6224)+3 种基金Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0989)the Key Laboratory of Computational Physics of Sichuan Province(No.YBUJSWL-YB-2022-03)the Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(No.2023CL14 and No.2023CL01)the National Innovation Practice Project(No.202411079005S).
文摘Oxygen release and electrolyte decomposition under high voltage endlessly exacerbate interfacial ramifications and structu ral degradation of high energy-density Li-rich layered oxide(LLO),leading to voltage and capacity fading.Herein,the dual-strategy of Cr,B complex coating and local gradient doping is simultaneously achieved on LLO surface by a one-step wet chemical reaction at room temperature.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations prove that stable B-O and Cr-O bonds through the local gradient doping can significantly reduce the high-energy O 2p states of interfacial lattice O,which is also effective for the near-surface lattice O,thus greatly stabilizing the LLO surface,Besides,differential electrochemical mass spectrometry(DEMS)indicates that the Cr_(x)B complex coating can adequately inhibit oxygen release and prevents the migration or dissolution of transition metal ions,including allowing speedy Li^(+)migration,The voltage and capacity fading of the modified cathode(LLO-C_(r)B)are adequately suppressed,which are benefited from the uniformly dense cathode electrolyte interface(CEI)composed of balanced organic/inorganic composition.Therefore,the specific capacity of LLO-CrB after 200 cycles at 1C is 209.3 mA h g^(-1)(with a retention rate of 95.1%).This dual-strategy through a one-step wet chemical reaction is expected to be applied in the design and development of other anionic redox cathode materials.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Key Laboratory of Geological Safety of Coastal Urban Underground Space,Ministry of Natural Resources(BHKF2022Y03)Shandong Provincial Colleges and Universities Youth Innovation Technology Support Program,Education Department of Shandong Province(grant number 2023KJ092).
文摘The study focuses on the creep characteristics of significant yellow sandstone for water conservancy, hydropower, and other waterrelated slope excavation unloading rock-graded loading creep characteristics. It conducts a uniaxial graded loading creep test on yellow sandstone under different pre-peak unloading and wetting-drying cycles. The improved nonlinear Nishihara model was obtained by introducing a nonlinear viscous element with an accelerated creep threshold switch. The sensitivity characteristics of the parameters of the improved creep model were analyzed and a nonlinear creep constitutive model was established, considering the unloading-cyclic intrinsic damage induced by water intrusion. The research results show that:(1)With an increase in the unloading point, the porosity of the rock samples initially decreases and then increases. As the number of cyclic water intrusions rises, the porosity of the rock samples gradually increases, reaching a maximum of 9.58% at an unloading point of 70% uniaxial compression stress(0.7 Rc) after five cycles.(2) Total creep deformation increases with the number of cyclic water intrusions;however, with an increase in the unloading ratio, the original samples show an initial decrease, followed by an increase in creep deformation. With a higher unloading ratio and various instances of cyclic water intrusion, the total creep time of the rock samples,compared to the original samples, is reduced by 21.8%and 23.02%. The creep damage mode gradually changes from shear damage to tensile damage.(3) The sensitivity characteristics of the improved creep model parameters show that transient elasticity modulus E1 is affected by the coupling of unloading and cyclic water intrusion. The viscoelastic modulus E2 and viscous coefficient η1 are mainly affected by unloading and cyclic water intrusion.(4) Based on the strain equivalence principle of damage mechanics, the damage treatment of the parameters in the original model is improved to construct a nonlinear creep constitutive model that considers unloading-cyclic water intrusion damage. A parameter inversion and comparison to the traditional Nishihara model reveal an average relative standard deviation of 0.271%,significantly less than 1%, indicating a more accurate nonlinear creep constitutive model. The research results are crucial for analyzing the long-term stability of water-related steep rocky slopes post-excavation and unloading and for preventing and controlling creep-type landslide disasters.
基金Doctoral Research Start-up Fund of Lanzhou University of Arts and Science(2021-9)Innovation Fund for Colleges and Universities of Gansu Province,China(2022B-265)。
文摘The wetting behavior of liquid tin(Sn)solder on copper(Cu)substrate at 250℃was investigated by the wetting balance method under the action of direct current(DC).The curves of wetting balance were measured and the morphology of the intermetallic compound(IMC)precipitated at the interface were observed.Results show that DC has a significant effect on the wettability and IMC.As the current increases,the balance wetting force and the thickness of the IMC layer increase.The direction of the DC also has a certain effect on the balance wetting force and IMC layer.When the current is negative,the final balance wetting force and the thickness of the Cu_(6)Sn_(5) layer are significantly higher than those in the positive current case,which is attributed to electromigration.The IMC precipitation at the interface provides a chemical driving force for the movement of the triple junction.The interaction of the interface atoms and the chemical reaction are enhanced by DC,thereby improving wettability.Meanwhile,the Marangoni convection caused by DC inside liquid Sn solder changes the structure of triple junction,which provides a physical driving force for the spread of the liquid Sn solder on the Cu substrate.
文摘Wet wipes have become an indispensable part of modern life,offering convenience whether used for personal hygiene,baby care,or household cleaning.Wet wipes made of different materials each have their own characteristics,which not only directly affect the comfort and performance during use but are also closely related to environmental protection.Understanding their differences can help consumers make more informed choices—ones that meet daily needs while reducing the environmental burden.
基金Project(52372391)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘Precise solutions for wheel-rail adhesion are important to the traction and braking of the high-speed trains under wet conditions.Current models predominantly rely on Hertzian contact theory assumptions.The present work proposes a novel non-Hertzian wheel-rail adhesion model to clarify the adhesion mechanisms under wet conditions.The non-Hertzian elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL)model was developed to obtain wheel-rail normal contact pressure under wet conditions with rough surfaces.The non-Hertzian extended creep force(ECF)model,which considers the effects of pressure and temperature on the elastic-plastic characteristics of the third body layer(3BL),was used to solve the tangential problems based on wheel-rail normal contact results.The numerical model was also validated by the high-speed wheel-rail adhesion laboratory tests.The wheel-rail rolling contact characteristics at different wheelset lateral displacements are investigated.The results reveal that the distributions of normal pressure,film thickness,tangential stress,and temperature show typical non-Hertzian characteristics.Finally,the effects of train speed and surface roughness on the adhesion characteristics are studied at different lateral displacements.The findings show that the present model can be used for the prediction of high-speed railway adhesion characteristics.
基金Higher Education Research Project of Heilongjiang Provincial Higher Education Society:Design and Effect Evaluation of Ophthalmology Clinical Practice Teaching Mode Based on Wet Lab Combined with PBL Teaching Method(23GJYBF110)。
文摘Objective:To explore and analyze the effect of the Wet Lab combined with the PBL teaching mode in ophthalmology clinical practice teaching.Methods:Sixty interns who interned in the ophthalmology department of Daqing Oilfield General Hospital from May 2024 to December 2024 were selected and randomly divided into a control group and a research group,with 30 students in each group.The learning outcomes and satisfaction levels of the two groups of students were compared.The interns in the control group used the traditional teaching mode,while those in the research group used the Wet Lab combined with the PBL teaching mode.The internship outcomes and satisfaction levels of the two groups of students were compared and analyzed.Results:Compared with the students in the control group,the students in the research group showed significantly better internship outcomes and satisfaction levels in ophthalmology clinical practice teaching(P<0.05).Conclusion:The teaching mode of the research group was superior to that of the control group in terms of intern satisfaction and internship outcomes in ophthalmology clinical practice teaching.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32060270)the Project for Innovation and Entrepreneurship of High level Overseas Talents in Guizhou(No.(2020)09)。
文摘Phytoplankton plays a crucial role in the energy flow and nutrient cycling of aquatic ecosystems.To understand the spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton in the Wujiang River,Yungui Plateau,SW China,samples were collected in 12 locations in wet and dry seasons and analyzed.We hypothesized that phytoplankton assemblages would exhibit significant temporal variability,with niche breadths of dominant species fluctuating seasonally,leading to distinct patterns of species association and community stability.Results show differences in community structure between the two seasons,but such changes did not cause non-significant differences inα-diversity.Diatoms were dominant in the assemblages in terms of biomass,while the numerical abundance of Cyanobacteria was highest in the wet season due to their relatively small cells.Rainfall-driven changes in runoff significantly altered nutrient availability,which in turn strongly affected phytoplankton structure.The more intense water flow contributed to a greaterβ-diversity in the wet season,driven primarily by species replacement,with stochastic processes played a more important role during the dry season.In the dry season,dominant species exhibited a broader niche breadth and greater niche overlap,along with more positive species associations,suggesting a more stable and resilient community structure.Conversely,in the wet season,species had narrower niche breadth and less niche overlap,leading to a less stable community.Both negative and positive species associations were observed,indicating a complex balance between environmental filtering and competition within the assemblages.These findings provide important insights into how seasonal environmental changes,particularly water flow and nutrient dynamics,shape phytoplankton communities in aquatic ecosystems.Understanding the mechanisms driving changes in community and stability is critical for predicting the impacts of climate change and managing aquatic biodiversity,as fluctuations in water flow and nutrient input may alter ecosystem functioning and productivity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42121004,42275107,and 42077205)the National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2023YFC3706202)+1 种基金the Foundational and Applied Basic Research in Guangzhou in 2023(No.2023A04J0251)the Special Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province(No.2019B121205004)。
文摘This study tracked the characteristics of atmospheric wet deposition of the toxic element arsenic(As)at both urban(Guangzhou(GZ))and forested(Dinghushan Natural Reserve(DHS))sites within the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region between 2016 and 2019,examining its correlation with rainfall patterns.Additionally,by employing backward trajectory analysis and the potential source contribution function(PSCF)in conjunction with pertinent emission inventories,we pinpointed the main pathways of atmospheric arsenic transport and evaluated the emission contributions from priority source areas.The study revealed that the atmospheric arsenic wet deposition fluxes at the GZ and DHS sites exhibited a trend of increase followed by a decrease over the four-year period.Wet season deposition fluxes were more than triple those of the dry season,with urban site showing a difference of over four times.Notably,wet season As deposition at both sites was predominantly affected by heavy rainfall from marine air masses,constituting 31%of the total deposition.The predominant trajectory directions contributing to arsenic deposition at GZ and DHS were northeast(55%)and south(53%),respectively.The primary source areas for both sites were largely outside the PRD region,with the GZ site having 80%to 95%of its source area in the non-PRD region,compared to 69%to 88%at the DHS site.Furthermore,non-PRD areas contributed approximately 65%to arsenic emissions for both sites,with the industrial sector being the dominant emission source,exceeding 97%of the total emissions.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274021)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFA0719102)。
文摘Antarctica contains numerous scientific mysteries,and the Antarctic ice sheet and its underlying bedrock contain important information about the geological structure of Antarctica and the evolutionary history of the ice sheet.In order to obtain the focus of these scientific explorations,the Antarctic drilling engineering is constantly developing.The drilling fluid performance directly determines the success or failure of drilling engineering.In order to enhance the poor performance for drilling fluids due to poor dispersion stability and easy settling of organoclay at ultra-low temperatures,the small-molecule wetting agent(HSR)for drilling fluid suitable for Antarctica was prepared by oleic acid,diethanolamine and benzoic acid as raw materials.Its chemical structure,properties and action mechanism were investigated by various experimental methods.The experimental results showed that 2%HSR could improve the colloidal rate for drilling fluid from 6.4%to 84.8%,and the increase rate of yield point was up to 167%.Meanwhile,it also made the drilling fluid excellent in shear dilution and thixotropy.In addition,2%HSR could increase the density from 0.872 to 0.884 g/cm^(3) at-55 ficial.And the drilling fluid with 2%HSR had a good thermal conductivity of 0.1458 W/(m·K)at-55 ficial.This study gives a new direction for the research of drilling fluid treatment agents suitable for the Antarctic region,which will provide strong support for the scientific exploration of the Antarctic region.
基金the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Research Project under grant number RGP2/308/46。
文摘Fins are extensively utilized in heat exchangers and various industrial applications as they are lightweight and can benefit in various systems,including electronic cooling devices and automotive components,owing to their adaptable design.Furthermore,spine fins are introduced to improve performance in applications such as automotive radiators.They can be shaped in different ways and constructed from a collection of materials.Inspired by this,the present model examines the effects of internal heat generation and radiation-convection on the thermal distribution in a wetted convex-shaped spine fin.Using dimensionless terms,the proposed fin model involving a governing nonlinear ordinary differential equation(ODE)is transformed into a dimensionless form.The study uses the operational matrix with the Charlier polynomial collocation method(OMCCM)to ensure precise and computationally efficient numerical solutions for the dimensionless equation.In order to aid in the analysis of thermal performance,the importance of major parameters on the temperature profile is graphically illustrated.The main outcome of the study reveals that as the radiation-conductive,wet,and convective-conductive parameters increase,the heat transfer rate progressively improves.Conversely,the ambient temperature and internal heat generation parameters show an inverse relationship.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42122049 and 42377104)the Basic Strengthening Research Program(No.2021-JCJQ-JJ-1058)+1 种基金the Strategy Priority Research Programof Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0760403)the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project"Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility"(EarthLab)the Innovation Foundation of CPML/CMA(No.2024CPML-C027).
文摘The extraordinary Super Typhoon(STY)Muifa(2022)made landfall four times and had a significant impact on the coastal regions from south to north of China.Although previous studies have demonstrated the‘pumping effect'of typhoons on the enhancement of reactive nitrogen(Nr)wet deposition over the ocean,it is uncertain how Nr deposition is influenced by typhoons thatmake prolonged mechanism due tomultiple landfalls.In this study,theNr wet deposition induced by STYMuifawas investigated fromthe perspective of in-and below-cloud processes based on the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System with an online tracer-tagging module.High volume of Nr wet deposition caused by Muifa migrated from south to north,passing over half of China's coastal cities.Compared to the typhoon generated vicinity,both mean values of the oxidized and reduced nitrogen wet deposition over the Typhoon affected regions were increased about 20.4 and 66.1 times after landfall even with the similar rainfall.Emissions from the four landfall areas of China contributed to the majority of Nr wet deposition with significantly enhanced proportion of in-cloud deposition.The strong pumping effect of typhoon to the Nr deposition along the coastal areas and the risk of ecosystem effects requires further researches and higher demands on the control of nitrogen emissions of National Industrial Park,which usually located in China's coastal cities.
基金supported by the Postdoctor Project of Hubei Province(2024HBBHCXA074)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51974212)+2 种基金China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(BWLCF202116)Foundation of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for New Processes of Ironmaking and Steelmaking(NPISlab25-03)Science and Technology Major Project of Wuhan(2023020302020572).
文摘The wetting behavior of slag–coke is a crucial factor influencing the permeability of the lower part of the blast furnace.However,a systematic understanding of the wetting behavior and underlying mechanisms between titanium-containing slag and tuyere coke remains lacking.The sessile drop method was employed to explore the effects of temperature,binary basicity,FeO,and TiO_(2) contents on the wetting behavior of titanium-containing slag and tuyere coke.The results indicate that increasing the temperature enhances the adhesion and wettability of the droplet,reducing the contact angle.Meanwhile,it accelerates the chemical reactions between slag and coke,leading to faster equilibrium.Conversely,increasing slag basicity elevates the contact angle by inhibiting chemical reactions at the slag–coke interface.This inhibition reduces both contact area and depth,thereby hindering slag droplet spreading on the coke surface.The contact angle decreases as the FeO content in the slag increases.Notably,the increase in TiO_(2) content has a dual effect on slag–coke wettability.Initially,it promotes wetting by reducing surface tension and lowering the contact angle.While the TiO_(2) content exceeds 20 wt.%,Ti(C,N)forms a barrier layer at the slag–coke interface,hindering the contact between slag and coke and resulting in an increased contact angle.
基金Project(41877240)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘As a typical sedimentary soft rock,mudstone has the characteristics of being easily softened and disintegrated under the effect of wetting and drying(WD).The first cycle of WD plays an important role in the entire WD cycles.X-ray micro-computed tomography(micro-CT)was used as a non-destructive tool to quantitatively analyze microstructural changes of the mudstone due to the first cycle of WD.The test results show that WD leads to an increase of pore volume and pore connectivity in the mudstone.The porosity and fractal dimension of each slice of mudstone not only increase in value,but also in fluctuation amplitude.The pattern of variation in the frequency distribution of the equivalent radii of connected,isolated pores and pore throats in mudstone under WD effect satisfies the Gaussian distribution.Under the effect of WD,pores and pore throats with relatively small sizes increase the most.The sphericity of the pores in mudstones is positively correlated with the pore radius.The WD effect transforms the originally angular and flat pores into round and regular pores.This paper can provide a reference for the study of the deterioration and catastrophic mechanisms of mudstone under wetting and drying cycles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[42030109,42074012]the Scientific Study Project for institutes of Higher Learning,Ministry of Education,Liaoning Province[LJKMZ20220673]+2 种基金the Project supported by the State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earths'Dynamics,Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology[SKLGED2023-3-2]Liaoning Revitalization Talent Program[XLYC2203162]Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province in China[D2023402024].
文摘Zenith wet delay(ZWD)is a key parameter for the precise positioning of global navigation satellite systems(GNSS)and occupies a central role in meteorological research.Currently,most models only consider the periodic variability of the ZWD,neglecting the effect of nonlinear factors on the ZWD estimation.This oversight results in a limited capability to reflect the rapid fluctuations of the ZWD.To more accurately capture and predict complicated variations in ZWD,this paper developed the CRZWD model by a combination of the GPT3 model and random forests(RF)algorithm using 5-year atmospheric profiles from 70 radiosonde(RS)stations across China.Taking the external 25 test stations data as reference,the root mean square(RMS)of the CRZWD model is 29.95 mm.Compared with the GPT3 model and another model using backpropagation neural network(BPNN),the accuracy has improved by 24.7%and 15.9%,respectively.Notably,over 56%of the test stations exhibit an improvement of more than 20%in contrast to GPT3-ZWD.Further temporal and spatial characteristic analyses also demonstrate the significant accuracy and stability advantages of the CRZWD model,indicating the potential prospects for GNSS-based applications.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82201163)Natural Science Foundation Youth Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2023-JC-QN-0861)Shaanxi Province Key Research and Development Program(No.2021SF-332).
文摘AIM:To use two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR)method to study uveitis causal association with wet age-related macular degeneration(wAMD)risk from the genetic level.METHODS:Two-sample MR analysis was used to assess the causal role of uveitis on wAMD risk,using the 8 genetic variants associated strongly with uveitis as instrumental variables.Besides,eight MR methods[inverse variance weighted(IVW),weighted median,MR-Egger regression,weighted mode,simple mode,robust adjusted profile score(RAPS),contamination inverse-variance weighted method,and debiased inverse-variance weighted method]were used to get the whole causal estimate for multiple instrumental single nucleotide polymorphism(SNPs).The MR analysis was based on Europeans.RESULTS:Uveitis was related to a higher risk of wAMD[odds ratio(OR):1.08,95%confidence interval(CI)1.03–1.12;P=1.03×10^(-3)]with the IVW method.No heterogeneity and directional pleiotropy were detected.On the contrary,no significant results were detected in reverse MR analysis.CONCLUSION:Uveitis is related to an increased risk of wAMD.Due to the high blindness rate of wAMD,understanding and controlling the risk factors of AMD is of great significance for reducing its incidence and early diagnosis and treatment.
基金supported by Suranaree University of Technology,the National Science,Research and Innovation Fundthe Program Management Unit for Human Resources&Institutional Development,Research and Innovation,Fiscal Year 2024.
文摘Objective:This study assessed heat exposure,physiological responses,and the risk of chronic kidney disease among outdoor agricultural workers in Pak Chong,Thailand,and developed a predictive model for Wet Bulb Globe Temperature(WBGT).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 170 agricultural workers.Field WBGT was measured at 33 locations in April and July and corrected for Clothing Adjustment Factor to determine effective WBGT.Core temperature,skin temperature,heart rate,blood pressure,and body weight were monitored before,during,and after work shifts.Urine dipstick and microalbumin tests were performed to evaluate dehydration and kidney disorder.Workloads were classified according to American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH)metabolic rate categories.Meteorological data were used to train machine learning models—including linear regression,decision tree,random forest,and extreme gradient boosting—to predict WBGT values.Results:Effective WBGT at fruit gardens and field crops sites frequently exceeded ACGIH limits for moderateto-heavy work.Workers’systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate increased during work(transient cardiovascular strain)while body temperature remained stable.Post-shift,34.7%showed moderate dehydration;microalbumin screening was positive in 31/170(18.2%)suggesting possible early renal involvement but not chronic kidney disease diagnosis.Among the predictive models,extreme gradient boosting achieved the best performance(root mean square error=0.798℃,mean absolute error=0.576℃,R^(2)=0.81).The most influential predictors were air temperature,sunshine duration,and site-specific factors.Conclusions:Agricultural workers in Pak Chong are frequently exposed to heat stress that exceeds ACGIH standards,predisposing them to dehydration and kidney impairment.The findings support evidence-based preventive strategies such as regulated work–rest cycles,hydration management,and medical surveillance.Moreover,the validated WBGT prediction tool offers a practical approach for real-time monitoring and proactive climate adaptation to protect outdoor workers in heat-prone environments.
文摘Understanding the occurrence and characteristics of dry and wet events is crucial for effective disaster prevention,resource management,and risk reduction in vulnerable regions.This study analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of dry-wet events and their transition characteristics in Uttar Pradesh,India.The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI)at a monthly timescale was utilized to identify hotspot regions vulnerable to concurrent and frequent dry and wet events and their transitions.The severity,duration,and intensity of dry and wet events were characterized with the run theory over SPEI time series data from 18 synoptic stations in Uttar Pradesh over 48 years(1971-2018),sourced from the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and the India Meteorological Department.Multiple assessment methods were utilized to examine the interaction of these extreme events,considering characteristics such as wet-dry ratio,average transition time,and rapid transition times from wet to dry events and from dry to wet events.Average wet durations ranged from 1.27 to 1.58 months,and average dry durations ranged from 1.29 to 1.82 months.Rapid transition times from dry to wet events ranged from 2.5 to 4.1 months,and those for wet-to-dry events ranged from 2.1 to 5.3 months.The eastern region experienced a significantly high number of dry events,while the western and Bundelkhand regions experienced more intense dry events.In contrast,the eastern region had intense wet events.This research on the occurrence of dry-wet events and their transitions can provide valuable insights for government decision-making and disaster prevention and reduction efforts.
文摘A steel-concrete composite cable-stayed bridge features integrated steel girders and concrete decks linked by shear connectors to support loads,but stress concentration in wet joints can lead to cracking.In-situ tests were conducted on key sections of steel-concrete composite cable-stayed bridges to analyze the stress-strain evolution of wet joints under environmental factors,constraints,and complex construction processes.The coordinated working performance of the bridge decks was also analyzed.The results indicate that temperature is the key factor affecting the stresses and strains in wet joint concrete.Approximately 7 days after casting the wet joint concrete,the strains at each measurement point of the wet joint are approximately negatively correlated with the temperature change at the measurement point.Different locations within the wet joints have respective impacts,presenting potential weak points.Construction conditions have a certain impact on the stress and strain of the wet joint.The top deck of the steel box girder is not fully bonded to the bottom surface of the wet joints,resulting in a certain strain difference after loading.To further analyze the cooperative working performance of steel box girders and concrete wet joint bridge deck systems,finite element analysis was conducted on composite girder structures.A stiffness calculation method for shear connectors based on numerical simulation was proposed.The results indicate that strain differences can cause interface slip in composite girders.This slip leads to increased deflection of the composite girders and increased tensile stress in the bottom plate of the steel box girders.This study clarifies the stress conditions and factors affecting wet joints during construction,preventing early cracking,and offers precise data for a full bridge finite element model.
文摘Proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)affects approximately 6%of diabetic patients globally.The overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is around 22%.Wet age-related macular degeneration(ARMD),the sight-threatening type of ARMD,affects approximately 1.2%-1.3%of the general population and represents 15%of total ARMD cases.While intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections are still the mainstay therapy,there are a few challenges,such as frequent administration,cost burden,and compliance barriers that prompt the need for exploration into systemic oral alternative drugs like fenofibrate,candesartan,and vorolanib.These oral therapies have the advantage of being noninvasive and systemically accessible with few logistical burdens.This review highlights current evidence supporting the use of oral therapies in PDR and wet ARMD management,along with practical limitations and future prospects.
