Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy of women worldwide;In Iraq, it ranks first among cancers diagnosed in women, but studies on breast cancer among women in Western Iraq are limited. Breast cance...Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy of women worldwide;In Iraq, it ranks first among cancers diagnosed in women, but studies on breast cancer among women in Western Iraq are limited. Breast cancer rate in Arabic countries is lower than that in West nations and more common in younger age. The aim of this study is to estimate age of presentation, stage, grade, type and side of tumor and their comparison with other Iraqi regions as well as with some Arabic and West countries. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study conducted between 1<sup>st</sup> of February 2011 to 30<sup>th</sup> of January 2015 in Western Iraq. 292 cases of breast cancer were enrolled in this study, including 206 cases of mastectomy and 86 cases of lumpectomy. Results: Average age at diagnosis: 47.16 (SD: 12.15), median age at diagnosis: 45 with mode of: 40. Cases with age <50 y: 68.15%. Regarding tumor stages, only 2.39% were presented in pT0 & pT1 categories, and only 2.92% of 206 mastectomy cases were presented in stage 0 & stage I, 12.7% of cases were of grade I. Regarding the types: invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified type: 88%, medullary type: 6.8%, mucinous type: 2.1% & invasive lobular type: 3.1%. Left side (179)/Right side (113) = 1.58, and the bilaterality was 2.7%. Conclusion: Breast cancer rate among females in Western Iraq is low, but it is relatively higher in younger age group in comparison to other studies and mostly presented beyond early stage with a higher grade.展开更多
In this work we try to clarify, and correlate between two Maastrichtian aged units, namely Digma and Safra Units from selected sections in western desert of Iraq. Taking in consideration the stratigraphic code of NASC...In this work we try to clarify, and correlate between two Maastrichtian aged units, namely Digma and Safra Units from selected sections in western desert of Iraq. Taking in consideration the stratigraphic code of NASCENT (2005), and the results of previous studies, nine criteria have been used for the correlation, as follow: 1- From lithostratigraphic point of view, Digma Formation (Fm.) mostly composed of dark grey to blackish gray, uniform Carbonates-dominated facies, while Safra unit is characterized by light yellowish brown mixed phosphatic- siliceous-siliciclastics and carbonates facies. 2- Digma Fm. is characterized by Benthonic foraminifera assemblages (Bulimmina sp., Siphogerinoides sp. & Bolivinoides sp. ), while Safra phosphatic unit is flourished by macrofossils assemblages and vertebrates (Oyster, fish teeth’s and bones). 3- The upper and lower boundaries of the Digma Fm. are conformable, and vice versa for Safra Unit. 4- Illite/Semctite mixed layers-Illite clays assemblage and Glauconitic are predominates in Digma Fm., while Sepiolite-palygorskite-Montmorillonite, are common in Safra Unit, without any Glauconitic mineralization. 5- Digma Fm. slightly influenced by neomorphism and micritization. On other hand, Safra facies extremely influenced by phosphatization, silicification, dolomitization, and neomorphism and carbonate-silica replacement of the original evaporate minerals. 6- The predominated foraminiferal wackestone and mudstone microfacies, within Digma facies associations, mostly indicate deep trough marine condition (Anah Graben). The mixed phosphatic-carbonates (Oyster coquina band) and siliciclastics facies, (occasionally cross laminated), mostly deposited in shallower water depth, on the Arabian platform and distal steepened ramp towards Rutba flanks. 7- Sequence boundary of type one and three is bounded the Safra Unit respectively from upper and lower parts. 8- Continuously deposited Sequence was detected from the parasequences of the Safra facies, and across Maastrichtian/Danian boundary (Trafawi Unit). 9- The paleo-configuration of the basin almost influenced by the reactivity of the Anah basement faults started in the Late Campanian, and combined by shallowing upwards sequences. The conclusion is that, Digma facies can be considered as local facial changes of the Shiranish Formation, while Safra unit can be considered as a lower Member of (L. Maastrichtian-Danian) Jeed Formation, which is coincides with the whole stratigraphic frame work of the Mediterranean segments of the Tethyan phosphatic realm.展开更多
The Iraqi Western and Southern deserts are part of the Iraqi Stable Shelf (Inner Platform) that belongs to the Arabian Plate. Therefore, both deserts lack tectonic forms like folds and faults;however, very rarely faul...The Iraqi Western and Southern deserts are part of the Iraqi Stable Shelf (Inner Platform) that belongs to the Arabian Plate. Therefore, both deserts lack tectonic forms like folds and faults;however, very rarely faults and regional lineaments can be seen in both deserts. Although both deserts are tectonically stable, tens of Neotectonic indications can be seen everywhere in both deserts. Among those indications are: Straight valleys, perpendicular valley bendings, sinkholes aligned along straight lines, dislocated valleys, knickpoints within valleys aligned along straight lines, regional lineaments, anomalous valley shapes, trends, and types, dissected alluvial fans. We have used existing geological maps of different scales and Esri World Imagery to recognize those Neotectonic indications. All those recognized features are excellent indications that both the Iraqi Western and Southern deserts are tectonically not stable. Accordingly, new terminology is suggested instead of the Stable Shelf (Inner Platform) which is the “Less Disturbed Shelf”.展开更多
文摘Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy of women worldwide;In Iraq, it ranks first among cancers diagnosed in women, but studies on breast cancer among women in Western Iraq are limited. Breast cancer rate in Arabic countries is lower than that in West nations and more common in younger age. The aim of this study is to estimate age of presentation, stage, grade, type and side of tumor and their comparison with other Iraqi regions as well as with some Arabic and West countries. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study conducted between 1<sup>st</sup> of February 2011 to 30<sup>th</sup> of January 2015 in Western Iraq. 292 cases of breast cancer were enrolled in this study, including 206 cases of mastectomy and 86 cases of lumpectomy. Results: Average age at diagnosis: 47.16 (SD: 12.15), median age at diagnosis: 45 with mode of: 40. Cases with age <50 y: 68.15%. Regarding tumor stages, only 2.39% were presented in pT0 & pT1 categories, and only 2.92% of 206 mastectomy cases were presented in stage 0 & stage I, 12.7% of cases were of grade I. Regarding the types: invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified type: 88%, medullary type: 6.8%, mucinous type: 2.1% & invasive lobular type: 3.1%. Left side (179)/Right side (113) = 1.58, and the bilaterality was 2.7%. Conclusion: Breast cancer rate among females in Western Iraq is low, but it is relatively higher in younger age group in comparison to other studies and mostly presented beyond early stage with a higher grade.
文摘In this work we try to clarify, and correlate between two Maastrichtian aged units, namely Digma and Safra Units from selected sections in western desert of Iraq. Taking in consideration the stratigraphic code of NASCENT (2005), and the results of previous studies, nine criteria have been used for the correlation, as follow: 1- From lithostratigraphic point of view, Digma Formation (Fm.) mostly composed of dark grey to blackish gray, uniform Carbonates-dominated facies, while Safra unit is characterized by light yellowish brown mixed phosphatic- siliceous-siliciclastics and carbonates facies. 2- Digma Fm. is characterized by Benthonic foraminifera assemblages (Bulimmina sp., Siphogerinoides sp. & Bolivinoides sp. ), while Safra phosphatic unit is flourished by macrofossils assemblages and vertebrates (Oyster, fish teeth’s and bones). 3- The upper and lower boundaries of the Digma Fm. are conformable, and vice versa for Safra Unit. 4- Illite/Semctite mixed layers-Illite clays assemblage and Glauconitic are predominates in Digma Fm., while Sepiolite-palygorskite-Montmorillonite, are common in Safra Unit, without any Glauconitic mineralization. 5- Digma Fm. slightly influenced by neomorphism and micritization. On other hand, Safra facies extremely influenced by phosphatization, silicification, dolomitization, and neomorphism and carbonate-silica replacement of the original evaporate minerals. 6- The predominated foraminiferal wackestone and mudstone microfacies, within Digma facies associations, mostly indicate deep trough marine condition (Anah Graben). The mixed phosphatic-carbonates (Oyster coquina band) and siliciclastics facies, (occasionally cross laminated), mostly deposited in shallower water depth, on the Arabian platform and distal steepened ramp towards Rutba flanks. 7- Sequence boundary of type one and three is bounded the Safra Unit respectively from upper and lower parts. 8- Continuously deposited Sequence was detected from the parasequences of the Safra facies, and across Maastrichtian/Danian boundary (Trafawi Unit). 9- The paleo-configuration of the basin almost influenced by the reactivity of the Anah basement faults started in the Late Campanian, and combined by shallowing upwards sequences. The conclusion is that, Digma facies can be considered as local facial changes of the Shiranish Formation, while Safra unit can be considered as a lower Member of (L. Maastrichtian-Danian) Jeed Formation, which is coincides with the whole stratigraphic frame work of the Mediterranean segments of the Tethyan phosphatic realm.
文摘The Iraqi Western and Southern deserts are part of the Iraqi Stable Shelf (Inner Platform) that belongs to the Arabian Plate. Therefore, both deserts lack tectonic forms like folds and faults;however, very rarely faults and regional lineaments can be seen in both deserts. Although both deserts are tectonically stable, tens of Neotectonic indications can be seen everywhere in both deserts. Among those indications are: Straight valleys, perpendicular valley bendings, sinkholes aligned along straight lines, dislocated valleys, knickpoints within valleys aligned along straight lines, regional lineaments, anomalous valley shapes, trends, and types, dissected alluvial fans. We have used existing geological maps of different scales and Esri World Imagery to recognize those Neotectonic indications. All those recognized features are excellent indications that both the Iraqi Western and Southern deserts are tectonically not stable. Accordingly, new terminology is suggested instead of the Stable Shelf (Inner Platform) which is the “Less Disturbed Shelf”.
