Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid...Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid to institutional and participatory aspects. This paper explored the performance of various institutions regarding execution of watershed development programmes in semi-arid region of India. Recorded observations from documents maintained at watershed level and information collected through primary survey as well as focus group discussion with different types of stakeholders were used for analysis. The results indicated lacunae in participatory aspects during programme implementation process like monitoring activities, management of common property resources and equity. Gap in linkages and differential level of performance of various watershed level functionaries indicates the necessity for corrections in the structures and linkages pattern for sustainability of the infrastructure and institutions. The study also showed unequal priorities by the implementing agencies towards in-stitutions, land and water resources development, production enhancement activities and fodder re-sources development as well as rationalities of technical, economic, financial, political and social aspects among the watersheds.展开更多
People’s participation in watershed management programmes is an important strategy of government of India for making watershed programmes successful.Participation of local beneficiary farmers is mandatory in planning...People’s participation in watershed management programmes is an important strategy of government of India for making watershed programmes successful.Participation of local beneficiary farmers is mandatory in planning,implementation and maintenance of watershed development projects as per common guidelines issued by Ministry of Agriculture,Government of India.National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development(NABARD)has launched holistic watershed development programmes on 2nd October,2006 to help farmers in the six distressed districts of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra in India.Therefore,there is a need to know the level of participation by the local people in government sponsored watershed management programmes.The study was conducted during 2011-2012 in this Vidarbha region of Maharashtra to measure the extent of people’s participation in NABARD Supported Holistic Watershed Development Programme(NSHWDP).In this paper a detailed structured three-point-continuum schedule was developed by the investigators regarding various aspects of participation by local people in soil and water conservation for watershed management programme.People’s Participation Index(PPI)was also designed to compute the extent of people’s participation.Data for this study was gathered through personal interviews from farmers of six selected districts in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.Findings of this study indicated that the extent of people’s participation in planning was 63.7 per cent,in implementation was 57.7 per cent and in maintenance was 75.1 per cent.It shows that the extent of people’s participation in NSHWDP in the six distressed districts of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra was moderate during watershed programme planning and implementation phases,whereas,high level of participation was exhibited during maintenance phase.展开更多
INTRODUCTION:In-stream and watershed dynamics in urban and urbanizing areas have significant impacts on local property and infrastructure,as well as the quality of the stream itself including:water quality,habitat,phy...INTRODUCTION:In-stream and watershed dynamics in urban and urbanizing areas have significant impacts on local property and infrastructure,as well as the quality of the stream itself including:water quality,habitat,physical characteristics,and biodiversity.As land development occurs,natural vegetation and exposed soils are converted to buildings,pavement and other impervious surfaces.This leads to increased runoff during storm events as well as decreasing the time that it takes that stormwater to reach streams,wetlands,and other stormwater storage and conveyance systems.These hydrologic changes in a watershed often occur at a rapid pace which results in rapid destabilization and degradation of streams and rivers.Rivers and streams are naturally dynamic systems.They naturally erode and reshape themselves based on changes to the watershed or the stream itself.Erosion and deposition are natural processes that have always been important components of stream systems and in and of themselves are not undesirable.When natural stream dynamics are rapidly accelerated,however,an entire series of negative impacts to the stream and the biological systems that are depended on the stream occur.Rapid destabilization of streams often leads to significant bank and bed erosion that negatively impact stream health and frequently leads to negative impact to property,buildings and structures,as well as public infrastructure.Past approaches to stream bank and bed stabilization often involved channelization,armoring,and other gray infrastructure techniques to protect public and private property in the effected reaches of streams and rivers without taking into account the overall stream system dynamics.Early stabilization efforts frequently led to other unintended consequences by accelerating the rate of bank and bed erosion in untreated reaches,inadvertent flooding,and other infrastructure impacts.The complex nature of stream dynamics and fluvial geomorphology when applied to urban stream systems and significantly modified watersheds require the need for detailed analysis of the morphology of the stream.Consideration of the complex factors and processes that make up fluvial morphology are critical when selecting practices or methods of stream restoration.Many agencies and cooperative partners work to accumulate and analyze case studies and detailed research in order to develop a method of evaluating and prescribing different stream restoration techniques based on the morphologic conditions in the stream reach(Lyn D.A.,and Newton J.F.,2015).An accumulation of case studies,research,and scholarly work on stream restoration techniques and practices helps shape and inform designers across multiple agencies in order to effectively select and design restoration practices.Ultimately,in urban streams,the designer is working to establish a condition of dynamic equilibrium in the treated stream reach.Dynamic equilibrium is defined as a stream reach that is in balance with sediment transport,aggradation,degradation,and bank and bed erosion.When those characteristics are in balance based on the inputs of sediment within the watershed,the bed load and sediments the stream transports,and discharge rate and volume,then the stream is considered to be in a relatively stable state(FISRWG,1998).The selection then of stream restoration and stabilization practices in urban areas is dependent on not only the reach being treated,but also on the overall watershed dynamics.In addition to the physics of the actual practices implemented,including resistance to shear stresses and velocity of the water flow within the stream channel being treated,the practices must also take into account the larger picture of stream dynamics including sediment delivery and transport,within the watershed and not just within the treated reach.Successful urban stream restoration and stabilization techniques mimic the structures found in more undisturbed systems through the utilization of similar materials in an engineered configuration.In many streams the use of a combination of hard and soft armorment and stabilization solutions including stone,woody debris materials,modern geosynthetic reinforcement devices and native vegetation to stabilize and naturalize stream channels,thereby provided enhanced habitat,better water quality,and protecting property and infrastructure.展开更多
文摘Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid to institutional and participatory aspects. This paper explored the performance of various institutions regarding execution of watershed development programmes in semi-arid region of India. Recorded observations from documents maintained at watershed level and information collected through primary survey as well as focus group discussion with different types of stakeholders were used for analysis. The results indicated lacunae in participatory aspects during programme implementation process like monitoring activities, management of common property resources and equity. Gap in linkages and differential level of performance of various watershed level functionaries indicates the necessity for corrections in the structures and linkages pattern for sustainability of the infrastructure and institutions. The study also showed unequal priorities by the implementing agencies towards in-stitutions, land and water resources development, production enhancement activities and fodder re-sources development as well as rationalities of technical, economic, financial, political and social aspects among the watersheds.
文摘People’s participation in watershed management programmes is an important strategy of government of India for making watershed programmes successful.Participation of local beneficiary farmers is mandatory in planning,implementation and maintenance of watershed development projects as per common guidelines issued by Ministry of Agriculture,Government of India.National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development(NABARD)has launched holistic watershed development programmes on 2nd October,2006 to help farmers in the six distressed districts of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra in India.Therefore,there is a need to know the level of participation by the local people in government sponsored watershed management programmes.The study was conducted during 2011-2012 in this Vidarbha region of Maharashtra to measure the extent of people’s participation in NABARD Supported Holistic Watershed Development Programme(NSHWDP).In this paper a detailed structured three-point-continuum schedule was developed by the investigators regarding various aspects of participation by local people in soil and water conservation for watershed management programme.People’s Participation Index(PPI)was also designed to compute the extent of people’s participation.Data for this study was gathered through personal interviews from farmers of six selected districts in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.Findings of this study indicated that the extent of people’s participation in planning was 63.7 per cent,in implementation was 57.7 per cent and in maintenance was 75.1 per cent.It shows that the extent of people’s participation in NSHWDP in the six distressed districts of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra was moderate during watershed programme planning and implementation phases,whereas,high level of participation was exhibited during maintenance phase.
文摘INTRODUCTION:In-stream and watershed dynamics in urban and urbanizing areas have significant impacts on local property and infrastructure,as well as the quality of the stream itself including:water quality,habitat,physical characteristics,and biodiversity.As land development occurs,natural vegetation and exposed soils are converted to buildings,pavement and other impervious surfaces.This leads to increased runoff during storm events as well as decreasing the time that it takes that stormwater to reach streams,wetlands,and other stormwater storage and conveyance systems.These hydrologic changes in a watershed often occur at a rapid pace which results in rapid destabilization and degradation of streams and rivers.Rivers and streams are naturally dynamic systems.They naturally erode and reshape themselves based on changes to the watershed or the stream itself.Erosion and deposition are natural processes that have always been important components of stream systems and in and of themselves are not undesirable.When natural stream dynamics are rapidly accelerated,however,an entire series of negative impacts to the stream and the biological systems that are depended on the stream occur.Rapid destabilization of streams often leads to significant bank and bed erosion that negatively impact stream health and frequently leads to negative impact to property,buildings and structures,as well as public infrastructure.Past approaches to stream bank and bed stabilization often involved channelization,armoring,and other gray infrastructure techniques to protect public and private property in the effected reaches of streams and rivers without taking into account the overall stream system dynamics.Early stabilization efforts frequently led to other unintended consequences by accelerating the rate of bank and bed erosion in untreated reaches,inadvertent flooding,and other infrastructure impacts.The complex nature of stream dynamics and fluvial geomorphology when applied to urban stream systems and significantly modified watersheds require the need for detailed analysis of the morphology of the stream.Consideration of the complex factors and processes that make up fluvial morphology are critical when selecting practices or methods of stream restoration.Many agencies and cooperative partners work to accumulate and analyze case studies and detailed research in order to develop a method of evaluating and prescribing different stream restoration techniques based on the morphologic conditions in the stream reach(Lyn D.A.,and Newton J.F.,2015).An accumulation of case studies,research,and scholarly work on stream restoration techniques and practices helps shape and inform designers across multiple agencies in order to effectively select and design restoration practices.Ultimately,in urban streams,the designer is working to establish a condition of dynamic equilibrium in the treated stream reach.Dynamic equilibrium is defined as a stream reach that is in balance with sediment transport,aggradation,degradation,and bank and bed erosion.When those characteristics are in balance based on the inputs of sediment within the watershed,the bed load and sediments the stream transports,and discharge rate and volume,then the stream is considered to be in a relatively stable state(FISRWG,1998).The selection then of stream restoration and stabilization practices in urban areas is dependent on not only the reach being treated,but also on the overall watershed dynamics.In addition to the physics of the actual practices implemented,including resistance to shear stresses and velocity of the water flow within the stream channel being treated,the practices must also take into account the larger picture of stream dynamics including sediment delivery and transport,within the watershed and not just within the treated reach.Successful urban stream restoration and stabilization techniques mimic the structures found in more undisturbed systems through the utilization of similar materials in an engineered configuration.In many streams the use of a combination of hard and soft armorment and stabilization solutions including stone,woody debris materials,modern geosynthetic reinforcement devices and native vegetation to stabilize and naturalize stream channels,thereby provided enhanced habitat,better water quality,and protecting property and infrastructure.
