The Water Cloud Model(WCM)plays a crucial role in active microwave soil moisture inversion applications.Empirical parameters are important factors affecting the accuracy of WCM simulation,but the current evaluation of...The Water Cloud Model(WCM)plays a crucial role in active microwave soil moisture inversion applications.Empirical parameters are important factors affecting the accuracy of WCM simulation,but the current evaluation of empirical parameters only considers the forward simulation process,and insufficient consideration is given to the model inversion problem.This study proposes a new estimation method for vegetation parameters in the WCM by combining the soil backscattering model and the objective function.The effectiveness of the method is then verified using measured data.Simultaneously,this study also analyzes the factors influencing the evaluation of vegetation parameters in the WCM,resulting in the following conclusions.First,blindly utilizing vegetation parameters recommended by previous model studies is not advisable.To ensure the accuracy of the simulation,it is necessary to adjust the vegetation parameters appropriately.Second,to ensure the ability of the WCM solving both forward and inverse problems,it is advisable to consider both soil backscatter and surface backscatter simulations in the construction of the cost function.Third,soil backscatter simulations have an impact on the solution of vegetation parameters,and more accurate soil scattering models provide a better representation of the modeled vegetation.This study presents a dependable method for resolving the vegetation parameters of the WCM,thereby offering a valuable reference for the application of the model in surface parameter inversion research.展开更多
Based on relationships between cloud microphysical and optical properties, three different parameterization schemes for narrow and broad band optical properties in longwave region for water clouds have been presented....Based on relationships between cloud microphysical and optical properties, three different parameterization schemes for narrow and broad band optical properties in longwave region for water clouds have been presented. The effects of different parameterization schemes and different number of broad bands used on cloud radiative properties have been investigated. The effect of scattering role of cloud drops on longwave radiation fluxes and cooling rates in cloudy atmospheres has also been analyzed.展开更多
This study quantitatively analyzes the effects of cloud seeding on precipitation and seasonal variations over the Boryeong Dam region,which has the lowest dam storage in South Korea,based on a one-year numerical simul...This study quantitatively analyzes the effects of cloud seeding on precipitation and seasonal variations over the Boryeong Dam region,which has the lowest dam storage in South Korea,based on a one-year numerical simulation for2021.The Morrison microphysics scheme in the WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)model was modified to estimate differences in precipitation between simulations with seeding materials(Ag I and Ca Cl2;SEED)and without them(UNSD).The effect of cloud seeding on increasing precipitation or artificial rainfall(AR)between the two simulations was highest in August(average:0.21 mm;31%of the SEED-simulated monthly mean)and lowest in January(average:0.003 mm;30%).This large AR may be attributable to a combination of abundant moisture from the summer monsoon climate and enhanced cloud droplet growth resulting from cloud seeding.In the analysis of seasonal representative cases,cloud seeding demonstrated more pronounced effects in spring and summer,with mean 180-min accumulated AR values of 0.46 and 0.43 mm,respectively,within the study area.In the spring,where an actual flight experiment was conducted,the simulated mean180-min accumulated AR(1.41 mm)in the flight experiment area was close to the observed value(1.61 mm)for the same area.Additionally,cloud seeding promoted the hygroscopic growth of water vapor,thereby reducing the cloud water mixing ratio and increasing the rain water mixing ratio.Seasonal cross-sectional analysis further highlighted the impact of cloud seeding on changes in these two mixing ratios,with the most pronounced effects observed in spring and summer.展开更多
The potential evapotranspiration of main ecosystems and its relationship with precipitation during the same period were studied,the results showed that precipitation did not meet the water requirement of main ecosyste...The potential evapotranspiration of main ecosystems and its relationship with precipitation during the same period were studied,the results showed that precipitation did not meet the water requirement of main ecosystems influencing ecosystem construction.Based on the data from Liaoning Provincial Department of Water Resources and Liaoning Meteorological Archives,the characteristics of water inflow and each component were analyzed,and it showed that the imbalance between supply and demand of water resource in main ecosystems was improved by means of developing cloud water resource to increase atmospheric precipitation.展开更多
Analyses of cloud water path （CWP） data over China available from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project （ISCCP） are performed for the period 1984-2004. Combined with GPCP precipitation data, cloud ...Analyses of cloud water path （CWP） data over China available from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project （ISCCP） are performed for the period 1984-2004. Combined with GPCP precipitation data, cloud water cycle index （CWCI） is also calculated. The climatic distributions of CWP are found to be dependent on large-scale circulation, topographical features, water vapor transport and similar distribution features which are found in CWCI except in the Sichuan Basin. Influenced by the Asia monsoon, CWP over China exhibits very large seasonal variations in different regions. The seasonal cycles of CWCI in different regions are consistent and the largest CWCI occurs in July. The long-term trends of CWP and CWCI are investigated, too. Increasing trends of CWP are found during the period with the largest increase found in winter. The decreasing trends of CWCI dominate most regions of China. The differences in long-term trends between CWP and CWCI suggest that CWP only can influence the variation of CWCI to a certain extent and that other factors need to be involved in cloud water cycle researches. This phenomenon reveals the complexity of the hydrological cycle related to cloud water.展开更多
This paper documents a study to examine the sensitivity to cloud droplet effective radius and liquid water path and the alleviation the energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface in the latest ve...This paper documents a study to examine the sensitivity to cloud droplet effective radius and liquid water path and the alleviation the energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface in the latest version of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics （LASG）, Institute of Atmospheric Physics （IAP） （GAMIL1.1.0）. Considerable negative biases in all flux components, and thus an energy imbalance, are found in GAMIL1.1.0. In order to alleviate the energy imbalance, two modifications, namely an increase in cloud droplet effective radius and a decrease in cloud liquid water path, have been made to the cloud properties used in GAMIL. With the increased cloud droplet effective radius, the single scattering albedo of clouds is reduced, and thus the reflection of solar radiation into space by clouds is reduced and the net solar radiation flux at the top of the atmosphere is increased. With the reduced cloud optical depth, the net surface shortwave radiation flux is increased, causing a net warming over the land surface. This results in an increase in both sensible and latent heat fluxes over the land regions, which is largely balanced by the increased terrestrial radiation fluxes. Consequently, the energy balance at the top of atmosphere and at the surface is achieved with energy flux components consistent with available satellite observations.展开更多
Based on the drop size distribution models built from the observational data of microphysical properties of water clouds, the relationships between the optical properties and microphysical characteristics of water clo...Based on the drop size distribution models built from the observational data of microphysical properties of water clouds, the relationships between the optical properties and microphysical characteristics of water clouds have been investigated, and some different parameterization schemes of cloud optical properties have been analyzed. It is found that with the parameterization scheme, in addition to the equivalent radius, also including the mean radius of cloud droplet size distribution, the role of small cloud drops might be able to be considered more properly and better accuracies of parameterization calculation of cloud optical properties can be obtained, compared with that of using only the equivalent radius as parameter.展开更多
The role of Arctic clouds in the recent rapid Arctic warming has attracted much attention.However,Arctic cloud water paths(CWPs)from reanalysis datasets have not been well evaluated.This study evaluated the CWPs as we...The role of Arctic clouds in the recent rapid Arctic warming has attracted much attention.However,Arctic cloud water paths(CWPs)from reanalysis datasets have not been well evaluated.This study evaluated the CWPs as well as LWPs(cloud liquid water paths)and IWPs(cloud ice water paths)from five reanalysis datasets(MERRA-2,MERRA,ERA-Interim,JRA-55,and ERA5)against the COSP(Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observations Simulator Package)output for MODIS from the MERRA-2 CSP(COSP satellite simulator)collection(defined as M2Modis in short).Averaged over 1980-2015 and over the Arctic region(north of 60°N),the mean CWPs of these five datasets range from 49.5 g/m^(2)(MERRA)to 82.7 g/m^(2)(ERA-Interim),much smaller than that from M2Modis(140.0 g/m^(2)).However,the spatial distributions of CWPs,show similar patterns among these reanalyses,with relatively small values over Greenland and large values over the North Atlantic.Consistent with M2Modis,these reanalyses show larger LWPs than IWPs,except for ERA-Interim.However,MERRA-2 and MERRA underestimate the ratio of IWPs to CWPs over the entire Arctic,while ERA-Interim and JRA-55 overestimate this ratio.ERA5 shows the best performance in terms of the ratio of IWPs to CWPs.All datasets exhibit larger CWPs and LWPs in summer than in winter.For M2Modis,IWPs hold seasonal variation similar with LWPs over the land but opposite over the ocean.Following the Arctic warming,the trends in LWPs and IWPs during 1980~2015 show that LWPs increase and IWPs decrease across all datasets,although not statistically significant.Correlation analysis suggests that all datasets have similar interannual variability.The study further found that the inclusion of re-evaporation processes increases the humidity in the atmosphere over the land and that a more realistic liquid/ice phase can be obtained by independently treating the liquid and ice water contents.展开更多
Tropical cyclone(TC) rainfall forecast has remained a challenge. To create initial conditions with high quality for simulation, the present study implemented a data assimilation scheme based on the EnKF method to inge...Tropical cyclone(TC) rainfall forecast has remained a challenge. To create initial conditions with high quality for simulation, the present study implemented a data assimilation scheme based on the EnKF method to ingest the satellite-retrieved cloud water path(C_(w)) and tested it in WRF. The scheme uses the vertical integration of forecasted cloud water content to transform control variables to the observation space, and creates the correlations between C_(w) and control variables in the flow-dependent background error covariance based on all the ensemble members, so that the observed cloud information can affect the background temperature and humidity. For two typhoons in 2018(Yagi and Rumiba), assimilating C_(w) significantly increases the simulated rainfalls and TC intensities. In terms of the average equitable threat score of daily moderate to heavy rainfall(5-120 mm), the improvements are over 130%, and the dry biases are cut by about 30%. Such improvements are traced down to the fact that C_(w) assimilation increases the moisture content, especially that further away from the TC center, which provides more precipitable water for the rainfall,strengthens the TC and broadens the TC size via latent heat release and internal wind field adjustment.展开更多
The relationship between precipitation intensity and cloud water in typhoon systems remains unclear.This study combined time-and space-synchronized precipitation and spectral data obtained by the Precipitation Radar(P...The relationship between precipitation intensity and cloud water in typhoon systems remains unclear.This study combined time-and space-synchronized precipitation and spectral data obtained by the Precipitation Radar(PR)as well as the Visible and Infrared Scanner(VIRS)onboard the TRMM satellite,to overcome the limitations of precipitation properties and cloud parameters not being synchronized in previous studies.A merged dataset of near-surface rain rate(RR)and corresponding cloud water path(CWP)was established and used to analyze the potential correlation between cloud microphysical properties and precipitation,to deepen our understanding of the evolution of cloud to rain.In addition,25 collocated satellite overpasses of mature typhoon cases in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from 1998 to 2012 were obtained,and the relationships between the CWP and RR of 144515 pixels were analyzed in detail.The results show that the CWP and RR of mature typhoon systems with different precipitation types,precipitation cloud phases,and vertical depths of precipitation can be fitted by a notable sigmoid function,which may be useful for estimating CWP and parameterizing precipitation in models.Furthermore,the relationship was applied and tested with an independent sample to show that RR is a significant indicator of CWP.展开更多
The effects of doubled carbon dioxide on rainfall responses to radiative processes of water clouds are investigated in this study.Two groups of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments with regard...The effects of doubled carbon dioxide on rainfall responses to radiative processes of water clouds are investigated in this study.Two groups of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments with regard to pre-summer heavy rainfall around the summer solstice and tropical rainfall around the winter solstice are conducted and their five-day averages over the model domain are analyzed.In the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds,doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the decrease associated with the enhanced atmospheric cooling to the increase associated with the enhanced infrared cooling as a result of the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds.Doubled carbon dioxide leads to the reduction in tropical rainfall,caused by the removal of radiative effects of water clouds through the suppressed infrared cooling.In the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds,doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the increase associated with the strengthened atmospheric warming to the decrease associated with the weakened release of latent heat caused by the elimination of radiative effects of water clouds.The exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds increases tropical rainfall through the strengthened infrared cooling,which is insensitive to the change in carbon dioxide.展开更多
The behavior of cavitation cloud shedding in submerged water jets issuing from a sheathed pipe nozzle is investigated experimentally by high-speed camera visualization observation. Experiments are carried out under di...The behavior of cavitation cloud shedding in submerged water jets issuing from a sheathed pipe nozzle is investigated experimentally by high-speed camera visualization observation. Experiments are carried out under different cavitation numbers decreased to 0.01 with increase of the injection pressure, and the frequency spectrum of cavitation cloud shedding is evaluated by statistical analysis of a sequence of high-speed camera images. Experiments demonstrate that cavitation clouds appear when the cavitation number σ decreases to the level of 0.5-0.7 and developed cavitation clouds shed downstream periodically at multiple frequencies. The low frequency components of cavitation cloud shedding is basically dependent upon the pressure pulsation of plunger pump, which is often employed in various industry application of water jets. However, the high frequency components are closely related to the shedding of vortexes and the collapsing of cavitation clouds, which are dependent on the flow structure of submerged jets and the property of cavitation clouds consisted of numerous bubbles.展开更多
The effects of water and ice clouds on the cloud microphysical budget associated with rainfall are investigated through the analysis of grid-scale data from a series of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model equilibriu...The effects of water and ice clouds on the cloud microphysical budget associated with rainfall are investigated through the analysis of grid-scale data from a series of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model equilibrium sensitivity simulations. The model is imposed without large-scale vertical velocity. In the control experiment, the contribution from rainfall （cM） associated with net evaporation and hydrometeor loss/convergence is about 29% of that from the rainfall （Cm） associated with net condensation and hydrometeor gain/divergence and about 39% of that from the rainfall （CM） associated with net condensation and hydrometeor loss/convergence. The exclusion of ice clouds enhances rainfall contribution of CM, whereas it reduces rainfall contributions of Cm and cM. The removal of radiative effects of water clouds increases rainfall contribution of CM, barely changes rainfall contribution of Cm and reduces the rainfall contribution of cM in the presence of the radiative effects of ice clouds. Elimination of the radiative effects of water clouds reduces the rainfall contributions of CM and Cm, whereas it increases the rainfall contribution of cM in the absence of the radiative effects of ice clouds.展开更多
Cloud water samples, LWC （Liquid Water Content） and meteorological data were collected at the Clingmans Dome, Tennessee, high-elevation site in Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the warm season from 1994 th...Cloud water samples, LWC （Liquid Water Content） and meteorological data were collected at the Clingmans Dome, Tennessee, high-elevation site in Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the warm season from 1994 through 2011. This paper presents results from 2000 through the conclusion of the study in 2011. Samples were analyzed for SO42＂, NO3, NH4＋ and H＋. These measurements were supplemented by measurements of ambient air and precipitation concentrations to estimate dry and wet deposition. Cloud water concentrations, LWC, cloud frequency, various meteorological measurements and information on nearby forest canopy were used to model cloud water deposition to gauge trends in deposition. Total deposition was calculated as the sum of cloud, dry and wet deposition estimates. Concentrations and deposition fluxes declined over the study period. The decreases in cloud water SO42＂ and NO3 concentrations were 40 percent and 26 percent, respectively. Three-year mean 5042 and NO3 deposition rates decreased by 71 percent and 70 percent, respectively. Trends in concentrations and depositions were comparable with trends in SO2 and NOx emissions from Tennessee Valley Authority power plants and aggregated emission reductions from electric generating units in adjacent states. Back trajectories were simulated with the HYSPLIT model and aggregated over cloud sampling periods from 2000 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011. Trajectories during periods with high H＋ concentrations traveled over local EGU （Electric Generating Unit） emission sources in Tennessee and Kentucky to the Ohio River Valley, Alabama and Georgia with the conclusion that these source regions contributed to acidic cloud water deposition at Clingmans Dome. This work was supported by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Tennessee Valley Authority with infrastructure support provided by the National Park Service.展开更多
With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distr...With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province from 1956 to 2000 based on a cloud model. The spatial variation of the temporal distribution characteristics and the temporal variation of the spatial distribution characteristics were both analyzed. In addition, the relationships between the numerical characteristics of the cloud model of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation were also studied. The results show that, using a cloud model, it is possible to intuitively describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in cloud images. Water resources in Guangdong Province and their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics are differentiated by their geographic locations. Downstream and coastal areas have a larger amount of water resources with greater uniformity and stronger stability in terms of temporal distribution. Regions with more precipitation possess larger amounts of water resources, and years with more precipitation show greater nonuniformity in the spatial distribution of water resources. The correlation between the nonuniformity of the temporal distribution and local precipitation is small, and no correlation is found between the stability of the nonuniformity of the temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation. The amount of water resources in Guangdong Province shows an increasing trend from 1956 to 2000, the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources declines, and the stability of the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources is enhanced.展开更多
In this paper, some features of cloud liquid water content with respect to rain and water vapor are presented. Cloud liquid water density profile is obtained from radiosonde observation with Salonen's model and Ka...In this paper, some features of cloud liquid water content with respect to rain and water vapor are presented. Cloud liquid water density profile is obtained from radiosonde observation with Salonen's model and Karsten's model at Kolkata, a tropical location in the Indian region. Cloud liquid water contents (LWC) are obtained from these profiles which show a prominent seasonal variation. The monsoon months exhibit much higher values of LWC than in other months. However Salonen's model yields higher LWC values than that obtained with Karsten's model. The variation of daily total rainfall with LWC shows a positive relationship indicating the role of LWC in controlling the rainfall. Also the variation pattern of LWC with integrated water vapor (IWV) content of the atmosphere indicates that a threshold value of water vapor is required for cloud to form and once cloud is formed LWC increases with IWV.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:51779269。
文摘The Water Cloud Model(WCM)plays a crucial role in active microwave soil moisture inversion applications.Empirical parameters are important factors affecting the accuracy of WCM simulation,but the current evaluation of empirical parameters only considers the forward simulation process,and insufficient consideration is given to the model inversion problem.This study proposes a new estimation method for vegetation parameters in the WCM by combining the soil backscattering model and the objective function.The effectiveness of the method is then verified using measured data.Simultaneously,this study also analyzes the factors influencing the evaluation of vegetation parameters in the WCM,resulting in the following conclusions.First,blindly utilizing vegetation parameters recommended by previous model studies is not advisable.To ensure the accuracy of the simulation,it is necessary to adjust the vegetation parameters appropriately.Second,to ensure the ability of the WCM solving both forward and inverse problems,it is advisable to consider both soil backscatter and surface backscatter simulations in the construction of the cost function.Third,soil backscatter simulations have an impact on the solution of vegetation parameters,and more accurate soil scattering models provide a better representation of the modeled vegetation.This study presents a dependable method for resolving the vegetation parameters of the WCM,thereby offering a valuable reference for the application of the model in surface parameter inversion research.
基金This work was supported by National Key Basic Research Development Program (G1999043400) and the National Natural Science Founda
文摘Based on relationships between cloud microphysical and optical properties, three different parameterization schemes for narrow and broad band optical properties in longwave region for water clouds have been presented. The effects of different parameterization schemes and different number of broad bands used on cloud radiative properties have been investigated. The effect of scattering role of cloud drops on longwave radiation fluxes and cooling rates in cloudy atmospheres has also been analyzed.
基金funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program“Research on Weather Modification and Cloud Physics”(Grant No.KMA2018-00224)supported by Korea Institute of Marine Science&Technology Promotion(KIMST)funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries,Korea(RS-202502217872)supported by an NRF grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(Grant No.NRF2023R1A2C1002367)。
文摘This study quantitatively analyzes the effects of cloud seeding on precipitation and seasonal variations over the Boryeong Dam region,which has the lowest dam storage in South Korea,based on a one-year numerical simulation for2021.The Morrison microphysics scheme in the WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)model was modified to estimate differences in precipitation between simulations with seeding materials(Ag I and Ca Cl2;SEED)and without them(UNSD).The effect of cloud seeding on increasing precipitation or artificial rainfall(AR)between the two simulations was highest in August(average:0.21 mm;31%of the SEED-simulated monthly mean)and lowest in January(average:0.003 mm;30%).This large AR may be attributable to a combination of abundant moisture from the summer monsoon climate and enhanced cloud droplet growth resulting from cloud seeding.In the analysis of seasonal representative cases,cloud seeding demonstrated more pronounced effects in spring and summer,with mean 180-min accumulated AR values of 0.46 and 0.43 mm,respectively,within the study area.In the spring,where an actual flight experiment was conducted,the simulated mean180-min accumulated AR(1.41 mm)in the flight experiment area was close to the observed value(1.61 mm)for the same area.Additionally,cloud seeding promoted the hygroscopic growth of water vapor,thereby reducing the cloud water mixing ratio and increasing the rain water mixing ratio.Seasonal cross-sectional analysis further highlighted the impact of cloud seeding on changes in these two mixing ratios,with the most pronounced effects observed in spring and summer.
文摘The potential evapotranspiration of main ecosystems and its relationship with precipitation during the same period were studied,the results showed that precipitation did not meet the water requirement of main ecosystems influencing ecosystem construction.Based on the data from Liaoning Provincial Department of Water Resources and Liaoning Meteorological Archives,the characteristics of water inflow and each component were analyzed,and it showed that the imbalance between supply and demand of water resource in main ecosystems was improved by means of developing cloud water resource to increase atmospheric precipitation.
基金CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams, the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences （Project No. KZCX2-YW-202） National Basic Research Program of China （Grant No. 2006CB403600） +1 种基金 the National Natural Science Foundation of China（Grant Nos. 40437017, 40221503） ＂The Climate System Model Development and Application Studies＂ of International Partnership Creative Group program of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Key Sci. ＆ Tech. Supporting Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China（2006BAC12B03）.
文摘Analyses of cloud water path （CWP） data over China available from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project （ISCCP） are performed for the period 1984-2004. Combined with GPCP precipitation data, cloud water cycle index （CWCI） is also calculated. The climatic distributions of CWP are found to be dependent on large-scale circulation, topographical features, water vapor transport and similar distribution features which are found in CWCI except in the Sichuan Basin. Influenced by the Asia monsoon, CWP over China exhibits very large seasonal variations in different regions. The seasonal cycles of CWCI in different regions are consistent and the largest CWCI occurs in July. The long-term trends of CWP and CWCI are investigated, too. Increasing trends of CWP are found during the period with the largest increase found in winter. The decreasing trends of CWCI dominate most regions of China. The differences in long-term trends between CWP and CWCI suggest that CWP only can influence the variation of CWCI to a certain extent and that other factors need to be involved in cloud water cycle researches. This phenomenon reveals the complexity of the hydrological cycle related to cloud water.
基金This work was jointly supported by the 973 Project(Grant No.2005CB321703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40221503)the Chinese Academy of Sciences International Partnership Creative Group entitled"The Climate System Model Development and Application Studies".
文摘This paper documents a study to examine the sensitivity to cloud droplet effective radius and liquid water path and the alleviation the energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface in the latest version of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics （LASG）, Institute of Atmospheric Physics （IAP） （GAMIL1.1.0）. Considerable negative biases in all flux components, and thus an energy imbalance, are found in GAMIL1.1.0. In order to alleviate the energy imbalance, two modifications, namely an increase in cloud droplet effective radius and a decrease in cloud liquid water path, have been made to the cloud properties used in GAMIL. With the increased cloud droplet effective radius, the single scattering albedo of clouds is reduced, and thus the reflection of solar radiation into space by clouds is reduced and the net solar radiation flux at the top of the atmosphere is increased. With the reduced cloud optical depth, the net surface shortwave radiation flux is increased, causing a net warming over the land surface. This results in an increase in both sensible and latent heat fluxes over the land regions, which is largely balanced by the increased terrestrial radiation fluxes. Consequently, the energy balance at the top of atmosphere and at the surface is achieved with energy flux components consistent with available satellite observations.
文摘Based on the drop size distribution models built from the observational data of microphysical properties of water clouds, the relationships between the optical properties and microphysical characteristics of water clouds have been investigated, and some different parameterization schemes of cloud optical properties have been analyzed. It is found that with the parameterization scheme, in addition to the equivalent radius, also including the mean radius of cloud droplet size distribution, the role of small cloud drops might be able to be considered more properly and better accuracies of parameterization calculation of cloud optical properties can be obtained, compared with that of using only the equivalent radius as parameter.
基金The National Key R&D Program of China under contract No.2018YFA0605904the Global Change Research Program of China under contract No.2015CB953900+1 种基金the Innovative Platform Program of Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration under contract No.CXPT2020009the Program of China Scholarships Council under contract No.201908320511.
文摘The role of Arctic clouds in the recent rapid Arctic warming has attracted much attention.However,Arctic cloud water paths(CWPs)from reanalysis datasets have not been well evaluated.This study evaluated the CWPs as well as LWPs(cloud liquid water paths)and IWPs(cloud ice water paths)from five reanalysis datasets(MERRA-2,MERRA,ERA-Interim,JRA-55,and ERA5)against the COSP(Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observations Simulator Package)output for MODIS from the MERRA-2 CSP(COSP satellite simulator)collection(defined as M2Modis in short).Averaged over 1980-2015 and over the Arctic region(north of 60°N),the mean CWPs of these five datasets range from 49.5 g/m^(2)(MERRA)to 82.7 g/m^(2)(ERA-Interim),much smaller than that from M2Modis(140.0 g/m^(2)).However,the spatial distributions of CWPs,show similar patterns among these reanalyses,with relatively small values over Greenland and large values over the North Atlantic.Consistent with M2Modis,these reanalyses show larger LWPs than IWPs,except for ERA-Interim.However,MERRA-2 and MERRA underestimate the ratio of IWPs to CWPs over the entire Arctic,while ERA-Interim and JRA-55 overestimate this ratio.ERA5 shows the best performance in terms of the ratio of IWPs to CWPs.All datasets exhibit larger CWPs and LWPs in summer than in winter.For M2Modis,IWPs hold seasonal variation similar with LWPs over the land but opposite over the ocean.Following the Arctic warming,the trends in LWPs and IWPs during 1980~2015 show that LWPs increase and IWPs decrease across all datasets,although not statistically significant.Correlation analysis suggests that all datasets have similar interannual variability.The study further found that the inclusion of re-evaporation processes increases the humidity in the atmosphere over the land and that a more realistic liquid/ice phase can be obtained by independently treating the liquid and ice water contents.
基金National Key R&D Project of China(2018YFC1507001)。
文摘Tropical cyclone(TC) rainfall forecast has remained a challenge. To create initial conditions with high quality for simulation, the present study implemented a data assimilation scheme based on the EnKF method to ingest the satellite-retrieved cloud water path(C_(w)) and tested it in WRF. The scheme uses the vertical integration of forecasted cloud water content to transform control variables to the observation space, and creates the correlations between C_(w) and control variables in the flow-dependent background error covariance based on all the ensemble members, so that the observed cloud information can affect the background temperature and humidity. For two typhoons in 2018(Yagi and Rumiba), assimilating C_(w) significantly increases the simulated rainfalls and TC intensities. In terms of the average equitable threat score of daily moderate to heavy rainfall(5-120 mm), the improvements are over 130%, and the dry biases are cut by about 30%. Such improvements are traced down to the fact that C_(w) assimilation increases the moisture content, especially that further away from the TC center, which provides more precipitable water for the rainfall,strengthens the TC and broadens the TC size via latent heat release and internal wind field adjustment.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.91837310,41675041,41705011)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1507200,2017YFC1501402)+2 种基金the Key research and development projects in Anhui province(201904a07020099)the Third Tibetan Plateau Scientific Experiment:Observations for Boundary Layer and Troposphere(Grant No.GYHY201406001)CLIMATE-TPE(ID 32070)in the framework of the ESA-MOST Dragon 4 program.
文摘The relationship between precipitation intensity and cloud water in typhoon systems remains unclear.This study combined time-and space-synchronized precipitation and spectral data obtained by the Precipitation Radar(PR)as well as the Visible and Infrared Scanner(VIRS)onboard the TRMM satellite,to overcome the limitations of precipitation properties and cloud parameters not being synchronized in previous studies.A merged dataset of near-surface rain rate(RR)and corresponding cloud water path(CWP)was established and used to analyze the potential correlation between cloud microphysical properties and precipitation,to deepen our understanding of the evolution of cloud to rain.In addition,25 collocated satellite overpasses of mature typhoon cases in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from 1998 to 2012 were obtained,and the relationships between the CWP and RR of 144515 pixels were analyzed in detail.The results show that the CWP and RR of mature typhoon systems with different precipitation types,precipitation cloud phases,and vertical depths of precipitation can be fitted by a notable sigmoid function,which may be useful for estimating CWP and parameterizing precipitation in models.Furthermore,the relationship was applied and tested with an independent sample to show that RR is a significant indicator of CWP.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41475039)National Key Basic Research and Development (973) Program of China(2015CB953601)
文摘The effects of doubled carbon dioxide on rainfall responses to radiative processes of water clouds are investigated in this study.Two groups of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments with regard to pre-summer heavy rainfall around the summer solstice and tropical rainfall around the winter solstice are conducted and their five-day averages over the model domain are analyzed.In the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds,doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the decrease associated with the enhanced atmospheric cooling to the increase associated with the enhanced infrared cooling as a result of the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds.Doubled carbon dioxide leads to the reduction in tropical rainfall,caused by the removal of radiative effects of water clouds through the suppressed infrared cooling.In the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds,doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the increase associated with the strengthened atmospheric warming to the decrease associated with the weakened release of latent heat caused by the elimination of radiative effects of water clouds.The exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds increases tropical rainfall through the strengthened infrared cooling,which is insensitive to the change in carbon dioxide.
文摘The behavior of cavitation cloud shedding in submerged water jets issuing from a sheathed pipe nozzle is investigated experimentally by high-speed camera visualization observation. Experiments are carried out under different cavitation numbers decreased to 0.01 with increase of the injection pressure, and the frequency spectrum of cavitation cloud shedding is evaluated by statistical analysis of a sequence of high-speed camera images. Experiments demonstrate that cavitation clouds appear when the cavitation number σ decreases to the level of 0.5-0.7 and developed cavitation clouds shed downstream periodically at multiple frequencies. The low frequency components of cavitation cloud shedding is basically dependent upon the pressure pulsation of plunger pump, which is often employed in various industry application of water jets. However, the high frequency components are closely related to the shedding of vortexes and the collapsing of cavitation clouds, which are dependent on the flow structure of submerged jets and the property of cavitation clouds consisted of numerous bubbles.
基金Project supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Project of China (Grant No.2012CB417201)the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Grant Nos.40930950 41075043,41275065,and 41075044)the 985 Program of Zhejiang University (Grant No.188020+193432602/215)
文摘The effects of water and ice clouds on the cloud microphysical budget associated with rainfall are investigated through the analysis of grid-scale data from a series of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model equilibrium sensitivity simulations. The model is imposed without large-scale vertical velocity. In the control experiment, the contribution from rainfall （cM） associated with net evaporation and hydrometeor loss/convergence is about 29% of that from the rainfall （Cm） associated with net condensation and hydrometeor gain/divergence and about 39% of that from the rainfall （CM） associated with net condensation and hydrometeor loss/convergence. The exclusion of ice clouds enhances rainfall contribution of CM, whereas it reduces rainfall contributions of Cm and cM. The removal of radiative effects of water clouds increases rainfall contribution of CM, barely changes rainfall contribution of Cm and reduces the rainfall contribution of cM in the presence of the radiative effects of ice clouds. Elimination of the radiative effects of water clouds reduces the rainfall contributions of CM and Cm, whereas it increases the rainfall contribution of cM in the absence of the radiative effects of ice clouds.
文摘Cloud water samples, LWC （Liquid Water Content） and meteorological data were collected at the Clingmans Dome, Tennessee, high-elevation site in Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the warm season from 1994 through 2011. This paper presents results from 2000 through the conclusion of the study in 2011. Samples were analyzed for SO42＂, NO3, NH4＋ and H＋. These measurements were supplemented by measurements of ambient air and precipitation concentrations to estimate dry and wet deposition. Cloud water concentrations, LWC, cloud frequency, various meteorological measurements and information on nearby forest canopy were used to model cloud water deposition to gauge trends in deposition. Total deposition was calculated as the sum of cloud, dry and wet deposition estimates. Concentrations and deposition fluxes declined over the study period. The decreases in cloud water SO42＂ and NO3 concentrations were 40 percent and 26 percent, respectively. Three-year mean 5042 and NO3 deposition rates decreased by 71 percent and 70 percent, respectively. Trends in concentrations and depositions were comparable with trends in SO2 and NOx emissions from Tennessee Valley Authority power plants and aggregated emission reductions from electric generating units in adjacent states. Back trajectories were simulated with the HYSPLIT model and aggregated over cloud sampling periods from 2000 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011. Trajectories during periods with high H＋ concentrations traveled over local EGU （Electric Generating Unit） emission sources in Tennessee and Kentucky to the Ohio River Valley, Alabama and Georgia with the conclusion that these source regions contributed to acidic cloud water deposition at Clingmans Dome. This work was supported by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Tennessee Valley Authority with infrastructure support provided by the National Park Service.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of Water Pollution Control and Treatment(Grants No.2014ZX07405002,2012ZX07506007,2012ZX07506006,and 2012ZX07506002)the Natural Science Foundation of the Anhui Higher Education Institutions of China(Grant No.KJ2016A868)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province from 1956 to 2000 based on a cloud model. The spatial variation of the temporal distribution characteristics and the temporal variation of the spatial distribution characteristics were both analyzed. In addition, the relationships between the numerical characteristics of the cloud model of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation were also studied. The results show that, using a cloud model, it is possible to intuitively describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in cloud images. Water resources in Guangdong Province and their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics are differentiated by their geographic locations. Downstream and coastal areas have a larger amount of water resources with greater uniformity and stronger stability in terms of temporal distribution. Regions with more precipitation possess larger amounts of water resources, and years with more precipitation show greater nonuniformity in the spatial distribution of water resources. The correlation between the nonuniformity of the temporal distribution and local precipitation is small, and no correlation is found between the stability of the nonuniformity of the temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation. The amount of water resources in Guangdong Province shows an increasing trend from 1956 to 2000, the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources declines, and the stability of the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources is enhanced.
文摘In this paper, some features of cloud liquid water content with respect to rain and water vapor are presented. Cloud liquid water density profile is obtained from radiosonde observation with Salonen's model and Karsten's model at Kolkata, a tropical location in the Indian region. Cloud liquid water contents (LWC) are obtained from these profiles which show a prominent seasonal variation. The monsoon months exhibit much higher values of LWC than in other months. However Salonen's model yields higher LWC values than that obtained with Karsten's model. The variation of daily total rainfall with LWC shows a positive relationship indicating the role of LWC in controlling the rainfall. Also the variation pattern of LWC with integrated water vapor (IWV) content of the atmosphere indicates that a threshold value of water vapor is required for cloud to form and once cloud is formed LWC increases with IWV.
