By using the data of Summer and Winter 1987, Spring and Autumn 1988 obtained by the R/V " Shijian" during the China-Japan Joint Research Program on Kuroshio, the paper makes an analysis and research on the w...By using the data of Summer and Winter 1987, Spring and Autumn 1988 obtained by the R/V " Shijian" during the China-Japan Joint Research Program on Kuroshio, the paper makes an analysis and research on the water type distribution and its variations in the studied sea area. Trie results of which are mainly as follows: (1) The Class IV mixing water whose property is similar to that of the continental coastal water is located in the northeast sea area, along the coast of the continent in autumn and winter while extending to the open sea in spring and summer. (2) The boundary between the Kuroshio water and the shelf mixing water (called the left boundary of the Kroshio water) is approximately located in between the 100m and 200m isobaths in various seasons and various layers, and mostly near the 200m isobath. In the sea area northeast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio water is to the west most in spring and then in winter. In summer, it is to the east most while, in autumn, it is in between its positions in summer展开更多
This paper was designed to verify the influence of phosphate on water-holding capacity （WHC） and texture of emulsiontype sausage prepared with pre-rigor meat, ageing meat or frozen meat. Pre-rigor pork, ageing pork ...This paper was designed to verify the influence of phosphate on water-holding capacity （WHC） and texture of emulsiontype sausage prepared with pre-rigor meat, ageing meat or frozen meat. Pre-rigor pork, ageing pork and frozen pork were pre-blended with five levels of phosphate and made into emulsion-type sausage. The yield, hardness and total expressible fluid （TEF） were measured with texture profile analysis machine and pressiometer when emulsion-type sausage was produced. Meanwhile, hardness and purge loss （PL） were measured during 30 d storage. As emusion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, higher yield and relatively stable hardness could be found. It indicated that increasing of phosphate level caused an alleviatable effects in increasing of hardness when emulsion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, but opposite effects made by ageing meat or frozen meat. The distribution of PL of emulsion-type sausage was found to be affected by phosphate addition. Significant decrease of PL could not be obtained by increasing of phosphate level during storage. Pre-rigor meat improved WHC and texture of emulsion-type sausage. Problem of WHC and texture of emulsiontype sausage during storage could not be resolved by single use of phosphate at relatively higher level （3%） of NaCl.展开更多
Implementation of the Grain-for-Green project has led to rapid land cover changes and resulted in a significantly increased vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau of China during the past few decades. The main objectiv...Implementation of the Grain-for-Green project has led to rapid land cover changes and resulted in a significantly increased vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau of China during the past few decades. The main objective of this study was to examine the responses of soil water dynamics under four typical vegetation types against precipitation years. Soil water contents (SWCs) were measured in 0–4.0 m profiles on a hillslope under the four vegetation types of shrub, pasture, natural fallow and crop in a re-vegetated catchment area from April to October in normal (2010), dry (2011), wet (2014) and extremely wet (2013) years. The results indicated that precipitation and vegetation types jointly controlled the soil water temporal dynamics and profile characteristics in the study region. SWCs in 0–4.0 m profiles of the four vegetation types were ranked from high to low as crop>fallow>pasture>shrub and this pattern displayed a temporal stability over the four years. In the extremely wet year, SWC changes occurred in the 0–2.0 m layer under shrub and pasture while the changes further extended to the depth of 4.0-m deep layers under fallow and crop. In the other three years, SWCs changes mainly occurred in the 0–1.0 m layer and kept relatively stable in the layers deeper than 1.0 m for all the four vegetation types. The interannual variation in soil depth of SWCs was about 0–2.0 m for shrub and pasture, about 0–3.4 m for fallow and about 0–4.0 m for crop, respectively. The dried soil layers formed at the depths of 1.0, 0.6, 1.6 and 0.7 m under shrub, and 1.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 0.9 m under pasture, respectively in 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014. The infiltrated rainwater mostly stayed in the 0–1.0 m layer and hardly supplied to soil depth >1.0 m in normal, dry and wet years. Even in the extremely wet year of 2013, rainwater recharge depth did not exceed 2.0 m under shrub and pasture. This implied that soil desiccation was difficult to remove in normal, dry and wet years, and soil desiccation could be removed in 1.0–2.0 m soil layers even in the extremely wet year under shrub and pasture. The results indicated that the natural fallow was the best vegetation type for achieving sustainable utilization of soil water and preventing soil desiccation.展开更多
By analysing the hydrogeological conditions of this region and the coal mines hereof, together with the water hazards troubled Shennan mine area in recent years, this paper summarized six types of mine water hazards. ...By analysing the hydrogeological conditions of this region and the coal mines hereof, together with the water hazards troubled Shennan mine area in recent years, this paper summarized six types of mine water hazards. As per the basic characteristics, geological distribution, threat degree and difficulty of prevention of various water hazards, along with the practice of water prevention in the mining area, this article proposed effective technical measures for the prevention and control of different water hazards and laid a solid foundation for the safe production in the mining area.展开更多
This study was carried out to investigate the impact of drainage basin’s lithostratigraphy on the quality and type of stored water in the Mujib dam reservoir. The water samples were collected on a monthly basis from ...This study was carried out to investigate the impact of drainage basin’s lithostratigraphy on the quality and type of stored water in the Mujib dam reservoir. The water samples were collected on a monthly basis from surface water from January 2012 to December 2015. The classifications of collecting water samples for domestic and irrigation purposes were based on different physico- chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TSS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3- , NH4+, NO3- , NO2- , SAR, RSC, SSP, RSBC, PI, MAR, KR, and TH. All analyzed water samples were satisfied the Jordanian permissible limit and graded as “fresh water”. The hydrochemical indices (Mg/Ca and Cl/HCO3) and Cation Exchange values (CEV), indicating that the surface water chemistry is due to the rock weathering minerals with respect to their inland origin. The water samples have complied within the respective limits in respect of pH, EC, SAR, RSC, RSBC, MAR, KR, SSP and PI, and hard in respect of TH which may be due to the dissolution of the weathered rocks. Abundance of cations and anions is in the following order: Ca > Na > Mg > K and HCO3 > SO4 > Cl > NO3 during the period 2013-2015 and SO4 > HCO3 > Cl > NO3 through 2012. Thus, calcium and bicarbonate–sulfate are the dominant ions present in the surface water of this study. Piper diagram suggested that carbonate and gypsum weathering is the dominant process controlling reservoir water chemistry in the basin area. The quality and type of surface water can be modified by the lithology of the catchment area. The hydrogeochemical study of Mujib reservoir water indicated that the water quality is safe for drinking and agricultural purposes.展开更多
With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin,a total of 222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments.In this study,three pore-throat comb...With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin,a total of 222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments.In this study,three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability.The type-I sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats,of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio>30%).The pores in the type-II sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores,and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-II sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio<15%).Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-III samples,which are connected by various throats.The throat size distribution curves of type-III sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio<10%),and the micro-scale throat radii(>0.5μm)constitute a large proportion.From type-I to type-III sandstones,the irreducible water saturation(Swo)decreased;furthermore,the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased.Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types,which indicate the type-III sandstones are better reservoirs,followed by type-II sandstones and type-I sandstones.As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality,the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.展开更多
Keggin type heteropolyacids was found to be an efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of biologically active quinoxaline derivatives from the condensation of 1,2-diamine with 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in exc...Keggin type heteropolyacids was found to be an efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of biologically active quinoxaline derivatives from the condensation of 1,2-diamine with 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in excellent yields in water. This method provides a new and efficient protocol in terms of small quantity of catalyst, a wide scope of substrates, and simple work-up procedure.展开更多
Background: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) have become a public health problem, globally, regionally, nationally and locally. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) that took a lot of attention was diabetes mellitus. In I...Background: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) have become a public health problem, globally, regionally, nationally and locally. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) that took a lot of attention was diabetes mellitus. In Indonesia diabetes mellitus is a serious threat to health development. Efforts developed to overcome the problems of diabetes mellitus type 2 is to apply four pillars of therapy namely education, nutrition therapy, physical activity and pharmacology. However, these efforts have not been able to achieve optimal results due to many obstacles encountered. One of the non-pharmacological treatments that can be utilized is to consume alkaline water to reduce blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus type 2. Methods: The research design used was quasy experiment with pre-post control group design approach. The variables observed in this study were random blood sugar changes in people with diabetes mellitus type 2 prior to intervention and after intervention. Intervention is given over a period of 14 days. To measure the demand of drinking water on the respondents, the measurement was done using Water Drink Reminder - Hydro application. The alkaline water used in this study is alkaline water produced from Kangen Water Type SD501 Platinum Machine. Test analysis used is paired t test to determine the effectiveness of alkaline water consumption to decrease random blood sugar level of diabetes mellitus type 2. To know the difference of effectiveness of alkaline water consumption to decrease of blood sugar level, it uses one way anova test with significance value α: 0.05. Results: From result of the one way anova test with significance value α: 0.05, we have got significance 0.039. Since the significance probability value is 0.039 0.05, the research hypothesis is accepted which means that there is a significant difference in the level of random blood sugar of diabetes mellitus type 2 performed by using four kinds of intervention of alkaline water treatment (Alkali Water PH 7.0, PH 8.0, PH 9.5 and PH 9.5 and PH 11.5) for a period of 14 days. Conclusion: Support from health personnel and adherence to diabetes mellitus is required to utilize alkaline water as nonpharmacologic therapy to control blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To achieve maximum results from nonfarmakologi therapy performed, people with diabetes mellitus type 2 should routinely consume antidiabetic drugs provided by health personnel and always strive for a healthy life.展开更多
A new water-cooling Gardon-type heat power measuring apparatus is designed to meet the need of heat power source management and distribution. The steady state measurement mathe- matic model of the apparatus is built u...A new water-cooling Gardon-type heat power measuring apparatus is designed to meet the need of heat power source management and distribution. The steady state measurement mathe- matic model of the apparatus is built up in theory and the system amplification coefficient is defined as the ratio of the heat power to the temperature difference of the device, with which the value of the measured source power can be calculated easily with the corresponding temperature difference. In order to obtain an optimal heat power measuring system, the coefficients that can influence the relationship between the amplification coefficient, the temperature difference, and the heat power are analyzed. On the basis of these analyses, a set of experimental device is constructed and a num- ber of experiments are carried on. Compared with the input heat power sample data, the error of the experimental measuring results is less than 4-2%, and the experimental measuring values are in good agreement with the calculated theoretical ones. The heat power measuring apparatus can be applied in heat flux or heat power measurement in other fields due to its simple structure and high accuracy.展开更多
We investigated the effects of pipe diameter on the corrosion resistance of stainless steel type 304 pipes using electrochemical measurements. Compared to plate steel, pipes have harder physical properties and tend to...We investigated the effects of pipe diameter on the corrosion resistance of stainless steel type 304 pipes using electrochemical measurements. Compared to plate steel, pipes have harder physical properties and tend to be harder and showed greater permeability with decreasing inner diameter. We found that the maximum corrosion current density in the secondary active state, which is the starting point of secondary passivation, appeared in the polarization curve measurement in tap water. Similar to the Vickers hardness and the maximum current density in the secondary active state, the permeability tended to increase as the diameter decreased. This is thought to increase the amount of deformation-induced martensitic and increase corrosion susceptibility. The peak of the secondary active current density was clearly seen as the potential sweep speed was increased. In addition, potential sweep speed dependence was observed in the corrosion susceptibility evaluation of deformation-induced martensite. In comparison with acid treatment, the formation of deformation-induced martensite was considered to occur in the extreme surface layer. The maximum corrosion current density in the secondary active state is expected to be a new susceptibility evaluation method for evaluating the deformation-induced martensitic transformation.展开更多
Invasive exotic （alien） species have not been taken into enough consideration concerning the European Water Framework Directive （WFD） and other European directives until recently. The Dutch ministry responsible fo...Invasive exotic （alien） species have not been taken into enough consideration concerning the European Water Framework Directive （WFD） and other European directives until recently. The Dutch ministry responsible for water management is looking for ways to establish the impacts that invasive alien species may have on specified water types. This paper concentrates on the vulnerability of such water types to the introduction of exotic species. This new approach focusses on the system where the alien species are introduced into rather than only on the alien species themselves. We propose an equation that combines threats to and in water types with effects of particular species （observed or prognosticated）. Numerical values used in the formula have been found by scoring a number of properties in different water types and species, which are specified in questionnaires. The results of the calculations are given as relative vulnerability scores （scale 1-10）. By testing as many as 8 water types and 13 species, we demonstrate that this method is flexible and easy to use for water managers. Our results can be translated into classes of vulner- ability, which are represented on geographical maps with colour codes to indicate different degrees of vulnerability in the different water bodies. This readily corresponds to the way countries are required to report to the European Union in the context of the WFD. The method can also be generalized using functional groups of （exotic） species instead of particular species展开更多
目的观察复方真武冲剂治疗阳虚水泛型心力衰竭的临床疗效,并探索其对心功能、心室重构及炎症因子水平的影响。方法选择2023年5月至2024年3月安徽中医药大学第一附属医院老年病中心心血管内科收治心力衰竭(阳虚水泛型)病人60例。采用随...目的观察复方真武冲剂治疗阳虚水泛型心力衰竭的临床疗效,并探索其对心功能、心室重构及炎症因子水平的影响。方法选择2023年5月至2024年3月安徽中医药大学第一附属医院老年病中心心血管内科收治心力衰竭(阳虚水泛型)病人60例。采用随机数字表法分组,对照组采用正规西药治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加服复方真武冲剂,疗程均为4周。统计两组治疗前后临床疗效,评估病人6 min步行试验的距离(6-minute walk test,6MWT),检测并比较两组病人的心功能[氨基末端脑利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)]、心室重构[左心室舒张期末内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩期末内径(LVESD)]、炎症因子[C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)]等指标。结果经治疗后观察组心功能改善总有效率为93.3%,明显高于对照组总有效率76.7%(χ^(2)=6.05,P<0.05)。两组治疗后,观察组6MWT距离增加多于对照组[(488.97±52.65)m比(455.43±43.08)m,P<0.05],观察组NT-proBNP水平较对照组下降更明显[(106.19±26.74)ng/L比(134.38±28.10)ng/L,P<0.05],观察组LVEF提高程度优于对照组[(54.10±4.29)%比(47.50±3.81)%,P<0.05],观察组LVEDD、LVESD较对照组下降更明显(P<0.05),观察组CRP、PCT、IL-6和SAA水平均较对照组下降更明显(P<0.05)。结论复方真武冲剂联合常规西较单纯西药更好地改善阳虚水泛型心力衰竭病人心脏功能,逆转心室重构,减轻炎症反应,其机制可能与其能更好地抑制心肌细胞炎症反应有关。展开更多
Combined with tectonic evolution, a multi-isotopic method （δD, δ^18O, ^87Sr/^86Sr and ^14C） and hydrochemistry data have been used to study the origin and classification of geothermal water in the Guanzhong Basin....Combined with tectonic evolution, a multi-isotopic method （δD, δ^18O, ^87Sr/^86Sr and ^14C） and hydrochemistry data have been used to study the origin and classification of geothermal water in the Guanzhong Basin. The study shows that geothermal water of Xianli terrace primarily came from north- west direction when accepting recharge. A small amount supply source of geothermal water in Xi＇an City is from Qinling Mountain and the principal supply source comes from the west direction, but geothermal water of Chang＇an District mainly accepts supply from Qinling Mountain. Based on geothermal environ- ment is open or not, the degree of water-rock interaction, and the origin of geothermal water, geothermal water of the study area can be divided into four types： A, geothermal water of Gushi depression, perfect closed thermal environment and significant water-rock interaction, belonged to residual sedimentary wa- ter origin; B, geothermal water of Xianyang City, good closed environment and relatively significant water-rock interaction, belonged to residual sedimentary water origin mixed with fossil leaching water; C, geothermal water of Xi＇an City, half closed environment and some water-rock interaction, belonged to fossil leaching water origin; D, geothermal water of Chang＇an District, open environment and mixed with modern precipitation, belonged to fossil leaching water origin.展开更多
The Oshnavieh plain is part of the West Azarbaijan province, which is located;100 km south of Urmia City, northwestern of Iran, and its groundwater resources are developed for water supply and irrigation purposes. In ...The Oshnavieh plain is part of the West Azarbaijan province, which is located;100 km south of Urmia City, northwestern of Iran, and its groundwater resources are developed for water supply and irrigation purposes. In order to evaluate the quality of groundwater in study area, 31 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters. Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater such as electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3, CO3, SO4, NO3, NH3, PO4, Fe, F were determined. Chemical index like percentage of sodium, sodium ad-sorption ratio, and residual sodium carbonated, permeability index (PI) and chloroalkaline indices were calculated. Based on the analytical results, groundwater in the area is generally fresh and hard to very hard. The abundance of the major ions is as follows: HCO3 > SO4 > Cl and Ca > Mg > Na > K. The dominant hydrochemical facieses of groundwater is Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 type. According to Gibbs diagrams samples fall in the rock dominance field and the chemical quality of groundwater is related to the lithology of the area. The results of calculation saturation index by computer pro-gram PHREEQC shows that the nearly all of the water samples were saturated to undersaturated with respect to carbon-ate minerals and undersaturated with respect to sulfate minerals. Assessment of water samples from various methods in-dicated that groundwater in study area is chemically suitable for drinking and agricultural uses. Fluoride and nitrate are within the permissible limits for human consumption and crops as per the international standards.展开更多
The analysis of a territory＇s climatic water balance dynamics against the background of climate change is a key component for increasing water resource management efficiency. The present study aims to analyse climati...The analysis of a territory＇s climatic water balance dynamics against the background of climate change is a key component for increasing water resource management efficiency. The present study aims to analyse climatic water balance （CWB） dynamics in Romania＇s most arid region, Dobrogea, located in the southeast. The study covers the 1961-2009 period, and is based on annual and seasonal CWB values （mm）, provided by nine weather stations located throughout the region. The study, based on statistical and GIS techniques, is divided into two main stages, both carried out at annual and seasonal scales - trend analysis using the Mann-Kendall test, the Sen＇s slope method, and CWB value distribution type analysis. In order to identify the probabilistic types of distributions four mathematical models were identified-Pearson, Gamma, Chi-Squared and Wakeby, statistically verified with the P-P Plot, Q-Q Plot and Probabillity Difference Graph （PDG） curve tests. Thus, in terms of trends, the results showed a deficit increase especially at the northern stations, mainly for annual values （with a peak in the northeast, where CWB rates reached -3.2 mm/yr）. While general CWB declines occurred in winter, spring and summer, apparent decrease rates were found in the northern region （highest negative rates-summer, northwest, -1.4 mm/yr）. Autumn is an exception, due to overall increase rates which peaked in the southwest （2.3 mm/yr）. However, the entire trend analysis indicated a general lack of statistical significance. The distribution type histogram analysis showed that, annually and seasonally, deficit values are generally dominant （more noticeable in the northern region）, except for the winter season, mainly characterized by surplus intervals. Thus, the results suggest a climatic water deficit increase over the last five decades especially in northern Dobrogea, which signals the need for a spatial prioritization targeting a more efficient water resource management, necessary first and foremost for increasing regional agricultural system productivity.展开更多
Degradation of land/water ecotones in China is a serious problem and it is often neglected by people. The types of ecotone degradation are described and analyzed. The degradation of land/water ecotones enhanced the wa...Degradation of land/water ecotones in China is a serious problem and it is often neglected by people. The types of ecotone degradation are described and analyzed. The degradation of land/water ecotones enhanced the water quality reduction, bank erosion, desasters such as landslide, flood and drought, biodiversity reduction, lost of fertilized lands, decrease of the resource value of water scenic beauty and many others. The paper analyzes how these problems are related with each other.展开更多
基金This is a project funded by the National Natural Science Fund numbered 4957275
文摘By using the data of Summer and Winter 1987, Spring and Autumn 1988 obtained by the R/V " Shijian" during the China-Japan Joint Research Program on Kuroshio, the paper makes an analysis and research on the water type distribution and its variations in the studied sea area. Trie results of which are mainly as follows: (1) The Class IV mixing water whose property is similar to that of the continental coastal water is located in the northeast sea area, along the coast of the continent in autumn and winter while extending to the open sea in spring and summer. (2) The boundary between the Kuroshio water and the shelf mixing water (called the left boundary of the Kroshio water) is approximately located in between the 100m and 200m isobaths in various seasons and various layers, and mostly near the 200m isobath. In the sea area northeast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio water is to the west most in spring and then in winter. In summer, it is to the east most while, in autumn, it is in between its positions in summer
基金supported by the Key Technology R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year PlanPeriod (2006BAD05A15)
文摘This paper was designed to verify the influence of phosphate on water-holding capacity （WHC） and texture of emulsiontype sausage prepared with pre-rigor meat, ageing meat or frozen meat. Pre-rigor pork, ageing pork and frozen pork were pre-blended with five levels of phosphate and made into emulsion-type sausage. The yield, hardness and total expressible fluid （TEF） were measured with texture profile analysis machine and pressiometer when emulsion-type sausage was produced. Meanwhile, hardness and purge loss （PL） were measured during 30 d storage. As emusion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, higher yield and relatively stable hardness could be found. It indicated that increasing of phosphate level caused an alleviatable effects in increasing of hardness when emulsion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, but opposite effects made by ageing meat or frozen meat. The distribution of PL of emulsion-type sausage was found to be affected by phosphate addition. Significant decrease of PL could not be obtained by increasing of phosphate level during storage. Pre-rigor meat improved WHC and texture of emulsion-type sausage. Problem of WHC and texture of emulsiontype sausage during storage could not be resolved by single use of phosphate at relatively higher level （3%） of NaCl.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51179180,41390463)
文摘Implementation of the Grain-for-Green project has led to rapid land cover changes and resulted in a significantly increased vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau of China during the past few decades. The main objective of this study was to examine the responses of soil water dynamics under four typical vegetation types against precipitation years. Soil water contents (SWCs) were measured in 0–4.0 m profiles on a hillslope under the four vegetation types of shrub, pasture, natural fallow and crop in a re-vegetated catchment area from April to October in normal (2010), dry (2011), wet (2014) and extremely wet (2013) years. The results indicated that precipitation and vegetation types jointly controlled the soil water temporal dynamics and profile characteristics in the study region. SWCs in 0–4.0 m profiles of the four vegetation types were ranked from high to low as crop>fallow>pasture>shrub and this pattern displayed a temporal stability over the four years. In the extremely wet year, SWC changes occurred in the 0–2.0 m layer under shrub and pasture while the changes further extended to the depth of 4.0-m deep layers under fallow and crop. In the other three years, SWCs changes mainly occurred in the 0–1.0 m layer and kept relatively stable in the layers deeper than 1.0 m for all the four vegetation types. The interannual variation in soil depth of SWCs was about 0–2.0 m for shrub and pasture, about 0–3.4 m for fallow and about 0–4.0 m for crop, respectively. The dried soil layers formed at the depths of 1.0, 0.6, 1.6 and 0.7 m under shrub, and 1.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 0.9 m under pasture, respectively in 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014. The infiltrated rainwater mostly stayed in the 0–1.0 m layer and hardly supplied to soil depth >1.0 m in normal, dry and wet years. Even in the extremely wet year of 2013, rainwater recharge depth did not exceed 2.0 m under shrub and pasture. This implied that soil desiccation was difficult to remove in normal, dry and wet years, and soil desiccation could be removed in 1.0–2.0 m soil layers even in the extremely wet year under shrub and pasture. The results indicated that the natural fallow was the best vegetation type for achieving sustainable utilization of soil water and preventing soil desiccation.
文摘By analysing the hydrogeological conditions of this region and the coal mines hereof, together with the water hazards troubled Shennan mine area in recent years, this paper summarized six types of mine water hazards. As per the basic characteristics, geological distribution, threat degree and difficulty of prevention of various water hazards, along with the practice of water prevention in the mining area, this article proposed effective technical measures for the prevention and control of different water hazards and laid a solid foundation for the safe production in the mining area.
文摘This study was carried out to investigate the impact of drainage basin’s lithostratigraphy on the quality and type of stored water in the Mujib dam reservoir. The water samples were collected on a monthly basis from surface water from January 2012 to December 2015. The classifications of collecting water samples for domestic and irrigation purposes were based on different physico- chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TSS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3- , NH4+, NO3- , NO2- , SAR, RSC, SSP, RSBC, PI, MAR, KR, and TH. All analyzed water samples were satisfied the Jordanian permissible limit and graded as “fresh water”. The hydrochemical indices (Mg/Ca and Cl/HCO3) and Cation Exchange values (CEV), indicating that the surface water chemistry is due to the rock weathering minerals with respect to their inland origin. The water samples have complied within the respective limits in respect of pH, EC, SAR, RSC, RSBC, MAR, KR, SSP and PI, and hard in respect of TH which may be due to the dissolution of the weathered rocks. Abundance of cations and anions is in the following order: Ca > Na > Mg > K and HCO3 > SO4 > Cl > NO3 during the period 2013-2015 and SO4 > HCO3 > Cl > NO3 through 2012. Thus, calcium and bicarbonate–sulfate are the dominant ions present in the surface water of this study. Piper diagram suggested that carbonate and gypsum weathering is the dominant process controlling reservoir water chemistry in the basin area. The quality and type of surface water can be modified by the lithology of the catchment area. The hydrogeochemical study of Mujib reservoir water indicated that the water quality is safe for drinking and agricultural purposes.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 41772130)
文摘With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin,a total of 222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments.In this study,three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability.The type-I sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats,of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio>30%).The pores in the type-II sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores,and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-II sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio<15%).Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-III samples,which are connected by various throats.The throat size distribution curves of type-III sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio<10%),and the micro-scale throat radii(>0.5μm)constitute a large proportion.From type-I to type-III sandstones,the irreducible water saturation(Swo)decreased;furthermore,the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased.Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types,which indicate the type-III sandstones are better reservoirs,followed by type-II sandstones and type-I sandstones.As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality,the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.
文摘Keggin type heteropolyacids was found to be an efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of biologically active quinoxaline derivatives from the condensation of 1,2-diamine with 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in excellent yields in water. This method provides a new and efficient protocol in terms of small quantity of catalyst, a wide scope of substrates, and simple work-up procedure.
文摘Background: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) have become a public health problem, globally, regionally, nationally and locally. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) that took a lot of attention was diabetes mellitus. In Indonesia diabetes mellitus is a serious threat to health development. Efforts developed to overcome the problems of diabetes mellitus type 2 is to apply four pillars of therapy namely education, nutrition therapy, physical activity and pharmacology. However, these efforts have not been able to achieve optimal results due to many obstacles encountered. One of the non-pharmacological treatments that can be utilized is to consume alkaline water to reduce blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus type 2. Methods: The research design used was quasy experiment with pre-post control group design approach. The variables observed in this study were random blood sugar changes in people with diabetes mellitus type 2 prior to intervention and after intervention. Intervention is given over a period of 14 days. To measure the demand of drinking water on the respondents, the measurement was done using Water Drink Reminder - Hydro application. The alkaline water used in this study is alkaline water produced from Kangen Water Type SD501 Platinum Machine. Test analysis used is paired t test to determine the effectiveness of alkaline water consumption to decrease random blood sugar level of diabetes mellitus type 2. To know the difference of effectiveness of alkaline water consumption to decrease of blood sugar level, it uses one way anova test with significance value α: 0.05. Results: From result of the one way anova test with significance value α: 0.05, we have got significance 0.039. Since the significance probability value is 0.039 0.05, the research hypothesis is accepted which means that there is a significant difference in the level of random blood sugar of diabetes mellitus type 2 performed by using four kinds of intervention of alkaline water treatment (Alkali Water PH 7.0, PH 8.0, PH 9.5 and PH 9.5 and PH 11.5) for a period of 14 days. Conclusion: Support from health personnel and adherence to diabetes mellitus is required to utilize alkaline water as nonpharmacologic therapy to control blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To achieve maximum results from nonfarmakologi therapy performed, people with diabetes mellitus type 2 should routinely consume antidiabetic drugs provided by health personnel and always strive for a healthy life.
基金partly supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB046403)
文摘A new water-cooling Gardon-type heat power measuring apparatus is designed to meet the need of heat power source management and distribution. The steady state measurement mathe- matic model of the apparatus is built up in theory and the system amplification coefficient is defined as the ratio of the heat power to the temperature difference of the device, with which the value of the measured source power can be calculated easily with the corresponding temperature difference. In order to obtain an optimal heat power measuring system, the coefficients that can influence the relationship between the amplification coefficient, the temperature difference, and the heat power are analyzed. On the basis of these analyses, a set of experimental device is constructed and a num- ber of experiments are carried on. Compared with the input heat power sample data, the error of the experimental measuring results is less than 4-2%, and the experimental measuring values are in good agreement with the calculated theoretical ones. The heat power measuring apparatus can be applied in heat flux or heat power measurement in other fields due to its simple structure and high accuracy.
文摘We investigated the effects of pipe diameter on the corrosion resistance of stainless steel type 304 pipes using electrochemical measurements. Compared to plate steel, pipes have harder physical properties and tend to be harder and showed greater permeability with decreasing inner diameter. We found that the maximum corrosion current density in the secondary active state, which is the starting point of secondary passivation, appeared in the polarization curve measurement in tap water. Similar to the Vickers hardness and the maximum current density in the secondary active state, the permeability tended to increase as the diameter decreased. This is thought to increase the amount of deformation-induced martensitic and increase corrosion susceptibility. The peak of the secondary active current density was clearly seen as the potential sweep speed was increased. In addition, potential sweep speed dependence was observed in the corrosion susceptibility evaluation of deformation-induced martensite. In comparison with acid treatment, the formation of deformation-induced martensite was considered to occur in the extreme surface layer. The maximum corrosion current density in the secondary active state is expected to be a new susceptibility evaluation method for evaluating the deformation-induced martensitic transformation.
文摘Invasive exotic （alien） species have not been taken into enough consideration concerning the European Water Framework Directive （WFD） and other European directives until recently. The Dutch ministry responsible for water management is looking for ways to establish the impacts that invasive alien species may have on specified water types. This paper concentrates on the vulnerability of such water types to the introduction of exotic species. This new approach focusses on the system where the alien species are introduced into rather than only on the alien species themselves. We propose an equation that combines threats to and in water types with effects of particular species （observed or prognosticated）. Numerical values used in the formula have been found by scoring a number of properties in different water types and species, which are specified in questionnaires. The results of the calculations are given as relative vulnerability scores （scale 1-10）. By testing as many as 8 water types and 13 species, we demonstrate that this method is flexible and easy to use for water managers. Our results can be translated into classes of vulner- ability, which are represented on geographical maps with colour codes to indicate different degrees of vulnerability in the different water bodies. This readily corresponds to the way countries are required to report to the European Union in the context of the WFD. The method can also be generalized using functional groups of （exotic） species instead of particular species
文摘目的观察复方真武冲剂治疗阳虚水泛型心力衰竭的临床疗效,并探索其对心功能、心室重构及炎症因子水平的影响。方法选择2023年5月至2024年3月安徽中医药大学第一附属医院老年病中心心血管内科收治心力衰竭(阳虚水泛型)病人60例。采用随机数字表法分组,对照组采用正规西药治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加服复方真武冲剂,疗程均为4周。统计两组治疗前后临床疗效,评估病人6 min步行试验的距离(6-minute walk test,6MWT),检测并比较两组病人的心功能[氨基末端脑利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)]、心室重构[左心室舒张期末内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩期末内径(LVESD)]、炎症因子[C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)]等指标。结果经治疗后观察组心功能改善总有效率为93.3%,明显高于对照组总有效率76.7%(χ^(2)=6.05,P<0.05)。两组治疗后,观察组6MWT距离增加多于对照组[(488.97±52.65)m比(455.43±43.08)m,P<0.05],观察组NT-proBNP水平较对照组下降更明显[(106.19±26.74)ng/L比(134.38±28.10)ng/L,P<0.05],观察组LVEF提高程度优于对照组[(54.10±4.29)%比(47.50±3.81)%,P<0.05],观察组LVEDD、LVESD较对照组下降更明显(P<0.05),观察组CRP、PCT、IL-6和SAA水平均较对照组下降更明显(P<0.05)。结论复方真武冲剂联合常规西较单纯西药更好地改善阳虚水泛型心力衰竭病人心脏功能,逆转心室重构,减轻炎症反应,其机制可能与其能更好地抑制心肌细胞炎症反应有关。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41172211)
文摘Combined with tectonic evolution, a multi-isotopic method （δD, δ^18O, ^87Sr/^86Sr and ^14C） and hydrochemistry data have been used to study the origin and classification of geothermal water in the Guanzhong Basin. The study shows that geothermal water of Xianli terrace primarily came from north- west direction when accepting recharge. A small amount supply source of geothermal water in Xi＇an City is from Qinling Mountain and the principal supply source comes from the west direction, but geothermal water of Chang＇an District mainly accepts supply from Qinling Mountain. Based on geothermal environ- ment is open or not, the degree of water-rock interaction, and the origin of geothermal water, geothermal water of the study area can be divided into four types： A, geothermal water of Gushi depression, perfect closed thermal environment and significant water-rock interaction, belonged to residual sedimentary wa- ter origin; B, geothermal water of Xianyang City, good closed environment and relatively significant water-rock interaction, belonged to residual sedimentary water origin mixed with fossil leaching water; C, geothermal water of Xi＇an City, half closed environment and some water-rock interaction, belonged to fossil leaching water origin; D, geothermal water of Chang＇an District, open environment and mixed with modern precipitation, belonged to fossil leaching water origin.
文摘The Oshnavieh plain is part of the West Azarbaijan province, which is located;100 km south of Urmia City, northwestern of Iran, and its groundwater resources are developed for water supply and irrigation purposes. In order to evaluate the quality of groundwater in study area, 31 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters. Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater such as electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3, CO3, SO4, NO3, NH3, PO4, Fe, F were determined. Chemical index like percentage of sodium, sodium ad-sorption ratio, and residual sodium carbonated, permeability index (PI) and chloroalkaline indices were calculated. Based on the analytical results, groundwater in the area is generally fresh and hard to very hard. The abundance of the major ions is as follows: HCO3 > SO4 > Cl and Ca > Mg > Na > K. The dominant hydrochemical facieses of groundwater is Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 type. According to Gibbs diagrams samples fall in the rock dominance field and the chemical quality of groundwater is related to the lithology of the area. The results of calculation saturation index by computer pro-gram PHREEQC shows that the nearly all of the water samples were saturated to undersaturated with respect to carbon-ate minerals and undersaturated with respect to sulfate minerals. Assessment of water samples from various methods in-dicated that groundwater in study area is chemically suitable for drinking and agricultural uses. Fluoride and nitrate are within the permissible limits for human consumption and crops as per the international standards.
基金supported by the UEFISCDI PN-II-PTPCCA-2011-3.2 1427 (Project ECOMAGIS/No. 69/2012)project COSMOMAR No.58/2013 financed by STAR Program of ROSAthe support of the Pluri and interdisciplinarity in doctoral and postdoctoral program cofinanced by Ministry of National Education–OIR POSDRU,contract no.POSDRU/159/1.5/S/141086
文摘The analysis of a territory＇s climatic water balance dynamics against the background of climate change is a key component for increasing water resource management efficiency. The present study aims to analyse climatic water balance （CWB） dynamics in Romania＇s most arid region, Dobrogea, located in the southeast. The study covers the 1961-2009 period, and is based on annual and seasonal CWB values （mm）, provided by nine weather stations located throughout the region. The study, based on statistical and GIS techniques, is divided into two main stages, both carried out at annual and seasonal scales - trend analysis using the Mann-Kendall test, the Sen＇s slope method, and CWB value distribution type analysis. In order to identify the probabilistic types of distributions four mathematical models were identified-Pearson, Gamma, Chi-Squared and Wakeby, statistically verified with the P-P Plot, Q-Q Plot and Probabillity Difference Graph （PDG） curve tests. Thus, in terms of trends, the results showed a deficit increase especially at the northern stations, mainly for annual values （with a peak in the northeast, where CWB rates reached -3.2 mm/yr）. While general CWB declines occurred in winter, spring and summer, apparent decrease rates were found in the northern region （highest negative rates-summer, northwest, -1.4 mm/yr）. Autumn is an exception, due to overall increase rates which peaked in the southwest （2.3 mm/yr）. However, the entire trend analysis indicated a general lack of statistical significance. The distribution type histogram analysis showed that, annually and seasonally, deficit values are generally dominant （more noticeable in the northern region）, except for the winter season, mainly characterized by surplus intervals. Thus, the results suggest a climatic water deficit increase over the last five decades especially in northern Dobrogea, which signals the need for a spatial prioritization targeting a more efficient water resource management, necessary first and foremost for increasing regional agricultural system productivity.
文摘Degradation of land/water ecotones in China is a serious problem and it is often neglected by people. The types of ecotone degradation are described and analyzed. The degradation of land/water ecotones enhanced the water quality reduction, bank erosion, desasters such as landslide, flood and drought, biodiversity reduction, lost of fertilized lands, decrease of the resource value of water scenic beauty and many others. The paper analyzes how these problems are related with each other.
