Disinfection of water for human use is essential to protect against microbial disease;however, disinfection also leads to formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs）, some of which are of health concern. From a chem...Disinfection of water for human use is essential to protect against microbial disease;however, disinfection also leads to formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs）, some of which are of health concern. From a chemical perspective, swimming pools are a complex matrix, with continual addition of a wide range of natural and anthropogenic chemicals via filling waters, disinfectant addition, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and human body excretions. Natural organic matter, trace amounts of DBPs and chlorine or chloramines may be introduced by the filling water, which is commonly disinfected distributed drinking water. Chlorine and/or bromine is continually introduced via the addition of chemical disinfectants to the pool. Human body excretions（sweat, urine and saliva） and pharmaceuticals and personal care products（sunscreens, cosmetics, hair products and lotions） are introduced by swimmers. High addition of disinfectant leads to a high formation of DBPs from reaction of some of the chemicals with the disinfectant.Swimming pool air is also of concern as volatile DBPs partition into the air above the pool.The presence of bromine leads to the formation of a wide range of bromo-and bromo/chloro-DBPs, and Br-DBPs are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. This is particularly important for seawater-filled pools or pools using a bromine-based disinfectant.This review summarises chemical contaminants and DBPs in swimming pool waters, as well as in the air above pools. Factors that have been found to affect DBP formation in pools are discussed. The impact of the swimming pool environment on human health is reviewed.展开更多
为了提高普通细水雾的灭火有效性 ,克服不足之处 ,研究了含 Na Cl灭火添加剂的细水雾与油池火相互作用的过程。重点研究了不同质量分数、不同工作压力、不同燃料条件下 ,细水雾的灭火有效性。研究结果表明 ,向细水雾中加入 Na Cl,显著...为了提高普通细水雾的灭火有效性 ,克服不足之处 ,研究了含 Na Cl灭火添加剂的细水雾与油池火相互作用的过程。重点研究了不同质量分数、不同工作压力、不同燃料条件下 ,细水雾的灭火有效性。研究结果表明 ,向细水雾中加入 Na Cl,显著影响其灭火性能。细水雾的灭火时间与加入的 Na Cl质量分数间呈现出“W”形的关系曲线 ;细水雾喷头工作压力和燃料性质也影响细水雾的灭火性能 :工作压力越高 ,平均熄灭时间越短 ;在相同的实验条件下 ,含 N a Cl添加剂的细水雾熄灭煤油火的时间小于酒精火的时间。含添加剂细水雾的灭火有效性 。展开更多
基金Curtin University for an Australian Postgraduate AwardWater Research Australia and Chem Centre (Western Australia) for a PhD Top Up Scholarship
文摘Disinfection of water for human use is essential to protect against microbial disease;however, disinfection also leads to formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs）, some of which are of health concern. From a chemical perspective, swimming pools are a complex matrix, with continual addition of a wide range of natural and anthropogenic chemicals via filling waters, disinfectant addition, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and human body excretions. Natural organic matter, trace amounts of DBPs and chlorine or chloramines may be introduced by the filling water, which is commonly disinfected distributed drinking water. Chlorine and/or bromine is continually introduced via the addition of chemical disinfectants to the pool. Human body excretions（sweat, urine and saliva） and pharmaceuticals and personal care products（sunscreens, cosmetics, hair products and lotions） are introduced by swimmers. High addition of disinfectant leads to a high formation of DBPs from reaction of some of the chemicals with the disinfectant.Swimming pool air is also of concern as volatile DBPs partition into the air above the pool.The presence of bromine leads to the formation of a wide range of bromo-and bromo/chloro-DBPs, and Br-DBPs are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. This is particularly important for seawater-filled pools or pools using a bromine-based disinfectant.This review summarises chemical contaminants and DBPs in swimming pool waters, as well as in the air above pools. Factors that have been found to affect DBP formation in pools are discussed. The impact of the swimming pool environment on human health is reviewed.
文摘为了提高普通细水雾的灭火有效性 ,克服不足之处 ,研究了含 Na Cl灭火添加剂的细水雾与油池火相互作用的过程。重点研究了不同质量分数、不同工作压力、不同燃料条件下 ,细水雾的灭火有效性。研究结果表明 ,向细水雾中加入 Na Cl,显著影响其灭火性能。细水雾的灭火时间与加入的 Na Cl质量分数间呈现出“W”形的关系曲线 ;细水雾喷头工作压力和燃料性质也影响细水雾的灭火性能 :工作压力越高 ,平均熄灭时间越短 ;在相同的实验条件下 ,含 N a Cl添加剂的细水雾熄灭煤油火的时间小于酒精火的时间。含添加剂细水雾的灭火有效性 。
