Glycerol-assisted instant catapult steam explosion(ICSE)of lignocellulose is an effective pretreatment method for enhancing sugar production compared to glycerol-free ICSE.In this study,glycerol-assisted ICSE of corn ...Glycerol-assisted instant catapult steam explosion(ICSE)of lignocellulose is an effective pretreatment method for enhancing sugar production compared to glycerol-free ICSE.In this study,glycerol-assisted ICSE of corn stover was studied in order to understand the reaction mechanisms and further optimize the process.Results showed that water extraction of corn stover prior to ICSE reduced pseudo-lignin formation.The combination of water extraction and glycerol-assisted ICSE led to the formation of lignin with a lower molecular weight(Mw)of 2851 g/mol than 3521 g/mole of that from the combination of water extraction and glycerol-free ICSE.1H-13C NMR analysis revealed that glycerol likely reacted with lignin carboxylic OHs through esterification while etherification of aliphatic OHs was not observed in ICSE.These lignin analyses indicated that glycerol protected lignin from condensation/repolymerization during glycerol-assisted ICSE.Enzymatic hydrolysis results showed that without water extraction increasing glycerol usage from 0.2 kg/kg stover to 0.4 kg/kg stover improved glucan digestibility to 78%but further increase to 0.5 kg/kg stover reduced glucan digestibility.In addition,at the glycerol usage of 0.2-0.4 kg/kg stover,washing of pretreated stover for removal of glycerol and other biomass-derived compounds did not improve glucan digestibility compared to unwashed ones.Combination of water extraction and glycerol-assisted ICSE led to a high glucan digestibility of 89.7%and a total glucose yield of 25.5 g glucose/100 g stover,which were 30.1%and 7.5 g/100 g stover higher than those derived from glycerol-free ICSE of stover,respectively.Since glycerol is a low-cost carbon source,the resulting enzymatic hydrolysate that contained both glucose and glycerol may be directly used to produce bioproducts by microbial fermentation.展开更多
In this study, the effects of hot water temperature on clarity, total soluble solids, polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and color of banana juice during hot water ex-traction were discussed based on the theory in which heat ...In this study, the effects of hot water temperature on clarity, total soluble solids, polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and color of banana juice during hot water ex-traction were discussed based on the theory in which heat treatment might induce the pectin and protein in banana pulp to form insoluble products. The results showed the hot water temperature had a significant effect on the formation of insol-uble polymers in banana pulp from pectin and protein. In 75 ℃ water, the pectin and protein in banana pulp were most inclined to form insoluble products. Under this condition, the clarity of banana juice was also highest. The light transmittance at 660 nm was close to 90%. In the banana juice, extracted by 75 ℃ water, the pectin and protein contents were lowest, and they were lower than 7.3 mg/100 ml and 12.9 mg/100 ml respectively. The 75 ℃ water could not inactivate completely the pectin in banana pulp due to its high heat resistance, Therefore, 0.05% L-cys-teine or ascorbic acid needed to be added into banana pulp to inhibit the browning of juice induced by residual PPO.展开更多
Mechanisms that control the extraction rate of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Z. multiflora) with subcritical water (SW) were studied. The extraction curves at different solvent flow rates were used to ...Mechanisms that control the extraction rate of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Z. multiflora) with subcritical water (SW) were studied. The extraction curves at different solvent flow rates were used to deter-mine whether the extractions were limited primarily by the near equilibrium partitioning of the analyte between the matrix and solvent (i.e. partitioning thermodynamics) or by the rates of analyte desorption from the matrix (i.e. ki-netics). Four simple models have been applied to describe the extraction profiles obtained with SW: (1) a model based solely on the thermodynamic distribution coefficient KD, which assumes that analyte desorption from the ma-trix is rapid compared to elution; (2) one-site kinetic model, which assumes that the extraction rate is limited by the analyte desorption rate from the matrix, and is not limited by the thermodynamic (KD) partitioning that occurs dur-ing elution; (3) two-site kinetic model and (4) external mass transfer resistance model. For SW extraction, the thermodynamic elution of analytes from the matrix was the prevailing mechanism as evidenced by the fact that ex-traction rates increased proportionally with the SW flow rate. This was also confirmed by the fact that simple re-moval calculations based on determined KD (for major essential oil compounds) gave good fits to experimental data for flow rates from 1 to 4 ml·min-1. The results suggested that the overall extraction mechanism was influenced by solute partitioning equilibrium with external mass transfer through liquid film.展开更多
In industrial areas, tree leaves contaminated by metals and metalloids could constitute a secondary source of pollutants. In the present study, water extraction kinetics of inorganic elements （IE： Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe...In industrial areas, tree leaves contaminated by metals and metalloids could constitute a secondary source of pollutants. In the present study, water extraction kinetics of inorganic elements （IE： Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe and Mn）, dissolved organic carbon, pH and biological activity were studied for industrial contaminated poplar leaves. Moreover, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the associated top soil was measured. High quantities ofMn, Zn and As and polysaccharides were released in the solution from the strongly contaminated leaves. The kinetic of release varied with time and metal type. The solution pH decreased while dissolved organic contents increased with time after 30 days. Therefore, these contaminated leaves could constitute a source of more available organic metals and metalloids than the initial inorganic process particles. However, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the top soil suggested that a great part of the released IE was adsorbed, reducing in consequence their transfers and bioavailability. It＇s concluded that mobility/boioavailability and speciation of metals and metalloids released from the decomposition of polluted tree leaves depends on soil characteristics, pollutant type and litter composition, with consequences for environmental risk assessment.展开更多
Recently,water extraction based on the indices method has been documented in many studies using various remote sensing data sources.Among them,Landsat satellites data have certain advantages in spatial resolution and ...Recently,water extraction based on the indices method has been documented in many studies using various remote sensing data sources.Among them,Landsat satellites data have certain advantages in spatial resolution and cost.After the successful launch of Landsat 8,the Operational Land Imager(OLI)data from the satellite are getting more and more attention because of its new improvements.In this study,we used the OLI imagery data source to study the water extraction performance based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,Normalized Difference Water Index,Modified Normalized Water Index(MNDWI),and Automated Water Extraction Index(AWEI)and compared the results with the Thematic Mapper(TM)imagery data.Two test sites in Tianjin City of north China were selected as the study area to verify the applicability of OLI data and demonstrate its advantages over TM data.We found that the results of surface water extraction based on OLI data are slightly better than that based on TM in the two test sites,especially in the city site.The AWEI and MNDWI indices performs better than the other two indices,and the thresholds of water indices show more stability when using the OLI data.So,it is suitable to combine OLI imagery with other Landsat sensor data to study water changes for long periods of time.展开更多
Level set method has been extensively used for image segmentation,which is a key technology of water extraction.However,one of the problems of the level-set method is how to find the appropriate initial surface parame...Level set method has been extensively used for image segmentation,which is a key technology of water extraction.However,one of the problems of the level-set method is how to find the appropriate initial surface parameters,which will affect the accuracy and speed of level set evolution.Recently,the semantic segmentation based on deep learning has opened the exciting research possibilities.In addition,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)has shown a strong feature representation capability.Therefore,in this paper,the CNN method is used to obtain the initial SAR image segmentation map to provide deep a priori information for the zero-level set curve,which only needs to describe the general outline of the water body,rather than the accurate edges.Compared with the traditional circular and rectangular zero-level set initialization method,this method can converge to the edge of the water body faster and more precisely;it will not fall into the local minimum value and be able to obtain accurate segmentation results.The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the experimental results of flood disaster monitoring in South China in 2020.展开更多
This work uses advanced remote sensing to precisely extract hydrological information,supporting transmission network planning.High-resolution water body mapping lets designers optimize routes to avoid ecologically sen...This work uses advanced remote sensing to precisely extract hydrological information,supporting transmission network planning.High-resolution water body mapping lets designers optimize routes to avoid ecologically sensitive areas,achieving environmental protection,cost efficiency,and enhanced operational safety.The methodology provides a scalable,replicable framework for intelligent obstacle avoidance in power grid development,applicable to other regions and sectors with similar planning needs.展开更多
Water-soluble organic matter(WSOM)significantly influences the transport of metals and organic contaminants in soils,yet the interaction specifics with antimony(Sb)remain largely unexplored.Antimony is of particular e...Water-soluble organic matter(WSOM)significantly influences the transport of metals and organic contaminants in soils,yet the interaction specifics with antimony(Sb)remain largely unexplored.Antimony is of particular environmental concern due to its toxic properties and harmful effects on ecosystems and human health.Employing a three-step fractionation method with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),this study aimed to isolate and analyze humic acids(HA),PVP-non adsorbed fulvic acids(FAA),and PVP-adsorbed fulvic acids(FAB)from WSOM in soil spiked with Sb and incubated for 18 months.These fractions underwent chemical analysis for carbon(C),nitrogen(N),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb,complemented by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization.The study revealed that HA wasmore aliphatic,with Sb predominantly associating with the fulvic acid(FA)fraction,accounting for 97%of Sb in extracts.Specifically,the FAA subfraction held substantial portions of total carbon(TC),total nitrogen(TN),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb.Correlations between Sb concentrations and TN,TC,and TOC were significant.Extraction methods showed NaOH and Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) outperformed HCl and deionised water in extracting TC,TN,and TOC,with higher Sb concentrations found in Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) and NaOH extracts.This underscores the role of Fe/Al-SOM complexes in Sb soil availability.The results revealed that FAA subfraction accounted for 76%,64%and 94%of TN,TOC and Sb,respectively.Therefore,this research highlights the FAA fraction’s central role,predominantly comprising non-humic substances like amines,in the availability of C,N,and Sb in Sb-impacted soils.The findings offer insights for environmental management and remediation strategies.展开更多
[Objectives]To explore the effects of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae water extract and Semen Ziziphi Spinosae compound on theβ-secretase activity in mice exposed to aluminum maltolate.[Methods]A total of 60 healthy,clea...[Objectives]To explore the effects of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae water extract and Semen Ziziphi Spinosae compound on theβ-secretase activity in mice exposed to aluminum maltolate.[Methods]A total of 60 healthy,clean-grade SPF mice were randomly assigned to four groups based on their body weight,with each group consisting of 15 mice.The groups included a control group,a model group,treatment group 1,and treatment group 2.The control group received an equivalent dose of normal saline,while the model group and treatment groups 1 and 2 were intraperitoneally injected with 0.3 mg/kg of aluminum maltolate solution for 60 d.Additionally,treatment groups 1 and 2 were injected with 0.3 mg/kg of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae water extract and 0.3 mg/kg of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae compound,respectively,starting from the 31 st day for a total of 30 d.The cognitive functions of mice,specifically their learning and memory capabilities,were assessed using the Y-shaped water maze test at three distinct time points:prior to,during,and following the experimental procedure.Serum samples were collected for the analysis of various biochemical markers,including hemoglobin(Hb),total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),total protein(TP),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and blood urea nitrogen(BUN).Additionally,brain tissues were harvested to evaluate the levels of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)and acetylcholinesterase(AChE)in both serum and brain samples.The expression levels ofα-secretase,β-secretase,andγ-secretase in mouse serum were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).[Results]According to the final results of the Y-shaped water maze test,the administration of therapeutic drugs to mice resulted in a gradual reduction in both the swimming time and the distance traveled to reach the platform in treatment groups 1 and 2.Additionally,the number of errors made by these treatment groups was significantly greater than that observed in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.01).Among the three groups subjected to subchronic aluminum exposure,statistically significant differences were observed in the levels of Hb,TC,TG,TP,ALT,BUN,brain GSH-PX,and brain AChE(P<0.05).Furthermore,with the increasing duration of therapeutic drug administration,the levels ofβ-secretase in the brains of mice in both the treatment groups and the model group exhibited a significant decrease,while the levels ofα-secretase showed a significant increase.Additionally,the differences were statistically significant when compared to the control group(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae water extract and Semen Ziziphi Spinosae compound will decrease the expression level ofβ-secretase activity in mice exposed to aluminum maltolate.展开更多
With rutin standard sample as the comparison, flavonoid extraction rate as an indicator, UV-2450 ultraviolet visible light spectrophotometer to measure flavonoid content in planted Trollius chinensis through orthogona...With rutin standard sample as the comparison, flavonoid extraction rate as an indicator, UV-2450 ultraviolet visible light spectrophotometer to measure flavonoid content in planted Trollius chinensis through orthogonal experiment, this experiment optimizes process condition of flavonoid in Trollius chinensis through water extraction and ethanol extraction. The result shows that flavonoid extraction rate of Trollius chinensis through ethanol extraction method is obviously higher than water extraction, and the optimal extraction process condition is： ethanol concentration is 75%, extraction time is 90min, extraction times are 3, and fluid material ratio is 20：1.展开更多
This paper reported a gradual disassembly of the chemical components of hardwood,starting with hot-water extraction(HWE)for the removal of hemicelluloses,followed by organosolv delignification to remove the lignin.Und...This paper reported a gradual disassembly of the chemical components of hardwood,starting with hot-water extraction(HWE)for the removal of hemicelluloses,followed by organosolv delignification to remove the lignin.Under mild acid conditions,in addition to hemicelluloses,lower molecular weight lignin fractions were removed(~15%of the total lignin)in the HWE pre-treatment;also,the cleavage of the acid-labile lignin-carbohydrate bond took place to some extent.As a result,the HWE pretreatment promoted the subsequent delignification process and facilitated the lignin recovery from the spent liquor,in terms of higher delignification efficiency and higher purity of the lignin recovered from the spent liquor.The effects of the HWE pre-treatment prior to the delignification process were investigated in this study for both the oxygen-pressurized acetone-water(AWO)and the ALCELL processes,with focuses on the delignification efficiency and the properties of the lignin recovered from the process spent liquor.展开更多
Aiming at the problems of high time-consuming, low accuracy and weak versatility of the existing methods of wa- ter extraction based on TM image, this paper combines principal component analysis （PCA） with the modif...Aiming at the problems of high time-consuming, low accuracy and weak versatility of the existing methods of wa- ter extraction based on TM image, this paper combines principal component analysis （PCA） with the modified normalized difference water index （MNDWI） which was improved by XU Han-qiu to construct a false color composite image that could separate water from others easily. This method can realize the water extraction based on TM image by analyzing the spectral characteristics of water in this false color image and establishing a water extraction model. This paper also compares the effi- ciency of this method with MNDWI, （TM2 ＋ TM3） - （TM4 ＋ TM5） and new water index （NWI）, which were applied in the city and mountain of Taiyuan, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can extract water body from TM im- age more rapidly and efficiently and its accuracy is up to 94.03 %. In addition, this method does not require a manual selec- tion threshold, which meets the research reuuirement of high automaticm.展开更多
Water scarcity in arid regions poses significant challenges to sustainable development and human well-being. This article explores both existing and innovative technologies and methods to produce large amounts of wate...Water scarcity in arid regions poses significant challenges to sustainable development and human well-being. This article explores both existing and innovative technologies and methods to produce large amounts of water to address these challenges effectively. Key approaches include atmospheric water generation, advanced desalination techniques, innovative water collection methods such as fog nets and dew harvesting, geothermal water extraction, and water recycling and reuse. Each method is evaluated for its feasibility with existing technology, potential time of implementation, required investments, and specific challenges. By leveraging these technologies and combining them into a multifaceted water management strategy, it is possible to enhance water security, support agricultural and industrial activities, and improve living conditions in arid regions. Collaborative efforts between governments, private sector entities, and research institutions are crucial to advancing these technologies and ensuring their sustainable implementation. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of these technologies, their potential for large-scale application, and recommendations for future research and development.展开更多
The extraction of water bodies is essential for monitoring water resources,ecosystem services and the hydrological cycle,so analyzing water bodies from remote sensing images is necessary.The water index is designed to...The extraction of water bodies is essential for monitoring water resources,ecosystem services and the hydrological cycle,so analyzing water bodies from remote sensing images is necessary.The water index is designed to highlight water bodies in remote sensing images.We employ a new water index and digital image processing technology to extract water bodies automatically and accurately from Landsat 8 OLI images.Firstly,we preprocess Landsat 8 OLI images with radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction.Subsequently,we apply KT transformation,LBV transformation,AWEI nsh,and HIS transformation to the preprocessed image to calculate a new water index.Then,we perform linear feature enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract small water bodies accurately.Meanwhile,we employ morphological enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract large water bodies.Finally,we combine small and large water bodies to get complete water bodies.Compared with other traditional methods,our method has apparent advantages in water extraction,particularly in the extraction of small water bodies.展开更多
To establish an analytical method for determination of four bisphenols （BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS） and two alkylphenols （4-n-OP, 4-n-NP） in water by ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry ...To establish an analytical method for determination of four bisphenols （BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS） and two alkylphenols （4-n-OP, 4-n-NP） in water by ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC/MS/MS）. The water samples were extracted and condensed with solid-phase extraction （SPE） using C18 cartridges and eluted by acetonitrile. Separation was carried out with Acquity BEH C8 column and detection were performed by UPLC/MS/MS. Quantification was calculated by using the internal standard BPA-d16 and 4-n-NP-d8. The linear correlation coefficients of these compounds in the range of 1.0-100.0μg/L were all over 0.999. The minimum detectable concentrations were 0.75-1.0 ng/L, and the recoveries ranged from 87.0% to 106.9%.展开更多
An improved method for trace level quantification of dicyandiamide in stream water has been developed. This method includes sample pretreatment using solid phase extraction.The extraction procedure（including loading,...An improved method for trace level quantification of dicyandiamide in stream water has been developed. This method includes sample pretreatment using solid phase extraction.The extraction procedure（including loading, washing, and eluting） used a flow rate of1.0 m L/min, and dicyandiamide was eluted with 20 m L of a methanol/acetonitrile mixture（V/V = 2：3）, followed by pre-concentration using nitrogen evaporation and analysis with high performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet spectroscopy（HPLC–UV）. Sample extraction was carried out using a Waters Sep-Pak AC-2 Cartridge（with activated carbon）.Separation was achieved on a ZIC-Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography（ZIC-HILIC）（50 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm） chromatography column and quantification was accomplished based on UV absorbance. A reliable linear relationship was obtained for the calibration curve using standard solutions（R^2〉 0.999）. Recoveries for dicyandiamide ranged from 84.6% to 96.8%, and the relative standard deviations（RSDs, n = 3） were below 6.1% with a detection limit of 5.0 ng/m L for stream water samples.展开更多
Four peptides PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3 and PSPP4 were purified from the water-extract of Papaver somniferum pollen.Their sequences,with 21,17,13 and 16 amino acid residues respectively,have been determined by Edman degradati...Four peptides PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3 and PSPP4 were purified from the water-extract of Papaver somniferum pollen.Their sequences,with 21,17,13 and 16 amino acid residues respectively,have been determined by Edman degradation-N-terminal dansylation.PSPP2, PSPP3 and PSPP4 were synthesized using solid phase method.The immunopromotive activities of PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3,PSPP4 and the initially separated sample PSPP have been also observed by the methods of counting erythrocyte rosette forming cells(ERFC) and T-lymphocyte transformation test in vitro.展开更多
Bai-Hua-She-She-Cao Hedyotis diffusa Willd. (Ru-biaceae) is a medicinal herbwidely distributed in northeast Asian countries. In traditional Chinese medicine, it has the effectof 'clearing away heat and toxic mater...Bai-Hua-She-She-Cao Hedyotis diffusa Willd. (Ru-biaceae) is a medicinal herbwidely distributed in northeast Asian countries. In traditional Chinese medicine, it has the effectof 'clearing away heat and toxic material, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis'.It is a well known Chinese folk-medicine used for the treatment of appendicitis, sore throat, mumps,acne, sebo-rheic dermatitis and various kinds of tumors, such as tumors of digestive tract,carcinoma of liver. It was reported that the MeOH extract of H. diffusa demonstrated a significantantitumor activity and ursolic acid succeeded in being isolated from the MeOH extract as an activecomponent . Shan BN, et al suggested that the direct aqueous extract of H. diffusa hadimmuno-modulating activity and antitumor activity in vitro through stimulating the immune system tokill or engulf tumor cells. But regarding anti-tumor activity in vivo of water soluble extracts fromH. diffusa, no detail was reported. Therefore, we prepared water soluble extracts (H_1 and H_2)from H. diffusa and evaluated their anti-tumor property in vivo experiments as well as protectiveeffect on chemo-therapeutic damage.展开更多
The effect of sonication pretreatment condition on Eucheuma cottonii and Gelidium amansii seaweed towards agar extraction wae studied.Four parameters were changed during sonication to investigate the effects on agar y...The effect of sonication pretreatment condition on Eucheuma cottonii and Gelidium amansii seaweed towards agar extraction wae studied.Four parameters were changed during sonication to investigate the effects on agar yield and quality.These parameters include the time interval,concentration ratio,frequency,and intensity.The highest amount of agar extracted from Eucheuma cottonii species could be obtained from the time interval of 30min,seaweed weight to solvent volume ratio of 1:20,the frequency of 35Hz,and the sonication power intensity of 30%.For Gelidium amansii species,the best agar yield also could be obtained from the time interval of 30 min,1:20 of seaweed weight to water volume ratio,the frequency of 35Hz,and power intensity of 30%.From the experiment,sonication pretreatment signifi cantly influenced the yield and properties of extracted agar.The sonication with autoclaved seaweed produced agar containing less sulfate content,which is an excellent chemical property for gel electrophoresis applications.The gelstrength of sonication with autoclaving for both seaweeds,Eucheuma and Gelidium species was the highest among those by sonication with direct heating,which proved that sonication pretreatment with autoclaving could enhance the physical properties of the agar.展开更多
[ Objective] The differences in effective components contents of Lysimachia clethroides Duby were compared using three extraction methods. [ Method] L. clethroides was extracted by three methods, including water extra...[ Objective] The differences in effective components contents of Lysimachia clethroides Duby were compared using three extraction methods. [ Method] L. clethroides was extracted by three methods, including water extraction, water extraction-alcohol precipitation and 75% ethanol extraction, to determine the effec- tive components of extracts, and contents of calcium, phosphorus and Vc were calculated. [ Result] L. clezhreides contained calcium salt, chlorine, VB1, VB2, Vc and phosphate, but did not contain citrate, sulfate, carbonate or bicarbonate, acetate, lactate, VA , VD and Vs ; the contents of calcium and phosphorus in water extract were 150 and 3.34 mg/g, respectively, greatly exceeding their contents in water extraction-alcohol precipitation and ethanol extraction, while the difference in Vc content was not significant. [ CondusionJ The paper provides a reference for practical application of L. clethroides as an additive.展开更多
基金supported by the Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project(222102520015)the Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents of Central Plains,Henan province,China(204200510018).
文摘Glycerol-assisted instant catapult steam explosion(ICSE)of lignocellulose is an effective pretreatment method for enhancing sugar production compared to glycerol-free ICSE.In this study,glycerol-assisted ICSE of corn stover was studied in order to understand the reaction mechanisms and further optimize the process.Results showed that water extraction of corn stover prior to ICSE reduced pseudo-lignin formation.The combination of water extraction and glycerol-assisted ICSE led to the formation of lignin with a lower molecular weight(Mw)of 2851 g/mol than 3521 g/mole of that from the combination of water extraction and glycerol-free ICSE.1H-13C NMR analysis revealed that glycerol likely reacted with lignin carboxylic OHs through esterification while etherification of aliphatic OHs was not observed in ICSE.These lignin analyses indicated that glycerol protected lignin from condensation/repolymerization during glycerol-assisted ICSE.Enzymatic hydrolysis results showed that without water extraction increasing glycerol usage from 0.2 kg/kg stover to 0.4 kg/kg stover improved glucan digestibility to 78%but further increase to 0.5 kg/kg stover reduced glucan digestibility.In addition,at the glycerol usage of 0.2-0.4 kg/kg stover,washing of pretreated stover for removal of glycerol and other biomass-derived compounds did not improve glucan digestibility compared to unwashed ones.Combination of water extraction and glycerol-assisted ICSE led to a high glucan digestibility of 89.7%and a total glucose yield of 25.5 g glucose/100 g stover,which were 30.1%and 7.5 g/100 g stover higher than those derived from glycerol-free ICSE of stover,respectively.Since glycerol is a low-cost carbon source,the resulting enzymatic hydrolysate that contained both glucose and glycerol may be directly used to produce bioproducts by microbial fermentation.
基金Supported by the Key Project of the National Twelfth-Five Year Research Program of China(2012BAD31B03)Guangdong Province Science and Technology Project(2011B010100041)~~
文摘In this study, the effects of hot water temperature on clarity, total soluble solids, polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and color of banana juice during hot water ex-traction were discussed based on the theory in which heat treatment might induce the pectin and protein in banana pulp to form insoluble products. The results showed the hot water temperature had a significant effect on the formation of insol-uble polymers in banana pulp from pectin and protein. In 75 ℃ water, the pectin and protein in banana pulp were most inclined to form insoluble products. Under this condition, the clarity of banana juice was also highest. The light transmittance at 660 nm was close to 90%. In the banana juice, extracted by 75 ℃ water, the pectin and protein contents were lowest, and they were lower than 7.3 mg/100 ml and 12.9 mg/100 ml respectively. The 75 ℃ water could not inactivate completely the pectin in banana pulp due to its high heat resistance, Therefore, 0.05% L-cys-teine or ascorbic acid needed to be added into banana pulp to inhibit the browning of juice induced by residual PPO.
基金support is gratefully acknowledged to the Semnan University and the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST)
文摘Mechanisms that control the extraction rate of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Z. multiflora) with subcritical water (SW) were studied. The extraction curves at different solvent flow rates were used to deter-mine whether the extractions were limited primarily by the near equilibrium partitioning of the analyte between the matrix and solvent (i.e. partitioning thermodynamics) or by the rates of analyte desorption from the matrix (i.e. ki-netics). Four simple models have been applied to describe the extraction profiles obtained with SW: (1) a model based solely on the thermodynamic distribution coefficient KD, which assumes that analyte desorption from the ma-trix is rapid compared to elution; (2) one-site kinetic model, which assumes that the extraction rate is limited by the analyte desorption rate from the matrix, and is not limited by the thermodynamic (KD) partitioning that occurs dur-ing elution; (3) two-site kinetic model and (4) external mass transfer resistance model. For SW extraction, the thermodynamic elution of analytes from the matrix was the prevailing mechanism as evidenced by the fact that ex-traction rates increased proportionally with the SW flow rate. This was also confirmed by the fact that simple re-moval calculations based on determined KD (for major essential oil compounds) gave good fits to experimental data for flow rates from 1 to 4 ml·min-1. The results suggested that the overall extraction mechanism was influenced by solute partitioning equilibrium with external mass transfer through liquid film.
文摘In industrial areas, tree leaves contaminated by metals and metalloids could constitute a secondary source of pollutants. In the present study, water extraction kinetics of inorganic elements （IE： Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe and Mn）, dissolved organic carbon, pH and biological activity were studied for industrial contaminated poplar leaves. Moreover, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the associated top soil was measured. High quantities ofMn, Zn and As and polysaccharides were released in the solution from the strongly contaminated leaves. The kinetic of release varied with time and metal type. The solution pH decreased while dissolved organic contents increased with time after 30 days. Therefore, these contaminated leaves could constitute a source of more available organic metals and metalloids than the initial inorganic process particles. However, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the top soil suggested that a great part of the released IE was adsorbed, reducing in consequence their transfers and bioavailability. It＇s concluded that mobility/boioavailability and speciation of metals and metalloids released from the decomposition of polluted tree leaves depends on soil characteristics, pollutant type and litter composition, with consequences for environmental risk assessment.
基金The authors would like to thank the support by the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science[grant number KZZD–EW–14]the Visiting Scholar Foundation of Chinese Academy of Science.The authors would like to thank USGS for processing and providing Landsat data and the reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.The authors especially thank Prof Xiangming Xiao in the Earth Observation and Modeling Facility,University of Oklahoma,for his useful suggestions to this paper.
文摘Recently,water extraction based on the indices method has been documented in many studies using various remote sensing data sources.Among them,Landsat satellites data have certain advantages in spatial resolution and cost.After the successful launch of Landsat 8,the Operational Land Imager(OLI)data from the satellite are getting more and more attention because of its new improvements.In this study,we used the OLI imagery data source to study the water extraction performance based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,Normalized Difference Water Index,Modified Normalized Water Index(MNDWI),and Automated Water Extraction Index(AWEI)and compared the results with the Thematic Mapper(TM)imagery data.Two test sites in Tianjin City of north China were selected as the study area to verify the applicability of OLI data and demonstrate its advantages over TM data.We found that the results of surface water extraction based on OLI data are slightly better than that based on TM in the two test sites,especially in the city site.The AWEI and MNDWI indices performs better than the other two indices,and the thresholds of water indices show more stability when using the OLI data.So,it is suitable to combine OLI imagery with other Landsat sensor data to study water changes for long periods of time.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 41771457 and 41601443]the Research Program of the Department of Natural Resources of Hubei Province of China[grant number ZRZY2020KJ03].
文摘Level set method has been extensively used for image segmentation,which is a key technology of water extraction.However,one of the problems of the level-set method is how to find the appropriate initial surface parameters,which will affect the accuracy and speed of level set evolution.Recently,the semantic segmentation based on deep learning has opened the exciting research possibilities.In addition,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)has shown a strong feature representation capability.Therefore,in this paper,the CNN method is used to obtain the initial SAR image segmentation map to provide deep a priori information for the zero-level set curve,which only needs to describe the general outline of the water body,rather than the accurate edges.Compared with the traditional circular and rectangular zero-level set initialization method,this method can converge to the edge of the water body faster and more precisely;it will not fall into the local minimum value and be able to obtain accurate segmentation results.The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the experimental results of flood disaster monitoring in South China in 2020.
基金The State Grid Independent Research and Development Project(Project No.:CY1124SHF02)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.:52320105003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Project No.:E3ET1803)。
文摘This work uses advanced remote sensing to precisely extract hydrological information,supporting transmission network planning.High-resolution water body mapping lets designers optimize routes to avoid ecologically sensitive areas,achieving environmental protection,cost efficiency,and enhanced operational safety.The methodology provides a scalable,replicable framework for intelligent obstacle avoidance in power grid development,applicable to other regions and sectors with similar planning needs.
基金financial support provided by the University of New England,Australia for conducting this research。
文摘Water-soluble organic matter(WSOM)significantly influences the transport of metals and organic contaminants in soils,yet the interaction specifics with antimony(Sb)remain largely unexplored.Antimony is of particular environmental concern due to its toxic properties and harmful effects on ecosystems and human health.Employing a three-step fractionation method with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),this study aimed to isolate and analyze humic acids(HA),PVP-non adsorbed fulvic acids(FAA),and PVP-adsorbed fulvic acids(FAB)from WSOM in soil spiked with Sb and incubated for 18 months.These fractions underwent chemical analysis for carbon(C),nitrogen(N),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb,complemented by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization.The study revealed that HA wasmore aliphatic,with Sb predominantly associating with the fulvic acid(FA)fraction,accounting for 97%of Sb in extracts.Specifically,the FAA subfraction held substantial portions of total carbon(TC),total nitrogen(TN),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb.Correlations between Sb concentrations and TN,TC,and TOC were significant.Extraction methods showed NaOH and Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) outperformed HCl and deionised water in extracting TC,TN,and TOC,with higher Sb concentrations found in Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) and NaOH extracts.This underscores the role of Fe/Al-SOM complexes in Sb soil availability.The results revealed that FAA subfraction accounted for 76%,64%and 94%of TN,TOC and Sb,respectively.Therefore,this research highlights the FAA fraction’s central role,predominantly comprising non-humic substances like amines,in the availability of C,N,and Sb in Sb-impacted soils.The findings offer insights for environmental management and remediation strategies.
基金Supported by Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202410599042).
文摘[Objectives]To explore the effects of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae water extract and Semen Ziziphi Spinosae compound on theβ-secretase activity in mice exposed to aluminum maltolate.[Methods]A total of 60 healthy,clean-grade SPF mice were randomly assigned to four groups based on their body weight,with each group consisting of 15 mice.The groups included a control group,a model group,treatment group 1,and treatment group 2.The control group received an equivalent dose of normal saline,while the model group and treatment groups 1 and 2 were intraperitoneally injected with 0.3 mg/kg of aluminum maltolate solution for 60 d.Additionally,treatment groups 1 and 2 were injected with 0.3 mg/kg of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae water extract and 0.3 mg/kg of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae compound,respectively,starting from the 31 st day for a total of 30 d.The cognitive functions of mice,specifically their learning and memory capabilities,were assessed using the Y-shaped water maze test at three distinct time points:prior to,during,and following the experimental procedure.Serum samples were collected for the analysis of various biochemical markers,including hemoglobin(Hb),total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),total protein(TP),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and blood urea nitrogen(BUN).Additionally,brain tissues were harvested to evaluate the levels of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)and acetylcholinesterase(AChE)in both serum and brain samples.The expression levels ofα-secretase,β-secretase,andγ-secretase in mouse serum were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).[Results]According to the final results of the Y-shaped water maze test,the administration of therapeutic drugs to mice resulted in a gradual reduction in both the swimming time and the distance traveled to reach the platform in treatment groups 1 and 2.Additionally,the number of errors made by these treatment groups was significantly greater than that observed in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.01).Among the three groups subjected to subchronic aluminum exposure,statistically significant differences were observed in the levels of Hb,TC,TG,TP,ALT,BUN,brain GSH-PX,and brain AChE(P<0.05).Furthermore,with the increasing duration of therapeutic drug administration,the levels ofβ-secretase in the brains of mice in both the treatment groups and the model group exhibited a significant decrease,while the levels ofα-secretase showed a significant increase.Additionally,the differences were statistically significant when compared to the control group(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae water extract and Semen Ziziphi Spinosae compound will decrease the expression level ofβ-secretase activity in mice exposed to aluminum maltolate.
文摘With rutin standard sample as the comparison, flavonoid extraction rate as an indicator, UV-2450 ultraviolet visible light spectrophotometer to measure flavonoid content in planted Trollius chinensis through orthogonal experiment, this experiment optimizes process condition of flavonoid in Trollius chinensis through water extraction and ethanol extraction. The result shows that flavonoid extraction rate of Trollius chinensis through ethanol extraction method is obviously higher than water extraction, and the optimal extraction process condition is： ethanol concentration is 75%, extraction time is 90min, extraction times are 3, and fluid material ratio is 20：1.
文摘This paper reported a gradual disassembly of the chemical components of hardwood,starting with hot-water extraction(HWE)for the removal of hemicelluloses,followed by organosolv delignification to remove the lignin.Under mild acid conditions,in addition to hemicelluloses,lower molecular weight lignin fractions were removed(~15%of the total lignin)in the HWE pre-treatment;also,the cleavage of the acid-labile lignin-carbohydrate bond took place to some extent.As a result,the HWE pretreatment promoted the subsequent delignification process and facilitated the lignin recovery from the spent liquor,in terms of higher delignification efficiency and higher purity of the lignin recovered from the spent liquor.The effects of the HWE pre-treatment prior to the delignification process were investigated in this study for both the oxygen-pressurized acetone-water(AWO)and the ALCELL processes,with focuses on the delignification efficiency and the properties of the lignin recovered from the process spent liquor.
文摘Aiming at the problems of high time-consuming, low accuracy and weak versatility of the existing methods of wa- ter extraction based on TM image, this paper combines principal component analysis （PCA） with the modified normalized difference water index （MNDWI） which was improved by XU Han-qiu to construct a false color composite image that could separate water from others easily. This method can realize the water extraction based on TM image by analyzing the spectral characteristics of water in this false color image and establishing a water extraction model. This paper also compares the effi- ciency of this method with MNDWI, （TM2 ＋ TM3） - （TM4 ＋ TM5） and new water index （NWI）, which were applied in the city and mountain of Taiyuan, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can extract water body from TM im- age more rapidly and efficiently and its accuracy is up to 94.03 %. In addition, this method does not require a manual selec- tion threshold, which meets the research reuuirement of high automaticm.
文摘Water scarcity in arid regions poses significant challenges to sustainable development and human well-being. This article explores both existing and innovative technologies and methods to produce large amounts of water to address these challenges effectively. Key approaches include atmospheric water generation, advanced desalination techniques, innovative water collection methods such as fog nets and dew harvesting, geothermal water extraction, and water recycling and reuse. Each method is evaluated for its feasibility with existing technology, potential time of implementation, required investments, and specific challenges. By leveraging these technologies and combining them into a multifaceted water management strategy, it is possible to enhance water security, support agricultural and industrial activities, and improve living conditions in arid regions. Collaborative efforts between governments, private sector entities, and research institutions are crucial to advancing these technologies and ensuring their sustainable implementation. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of these technologies, their potential for large-scale application, and recommendations for future research and development.
基金Auhui Provincial Key Research and Development Project(No.202004a07020050)National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Program(No.61901006)。
文摘The extraction of water bodies is essential for monitoring water resources,ecosystem services and the hydrological cycle,so analyzing water bodies from remote sensing images is necessary.The water index is designed to highlight water bodies in remote sensing images.We employ a new water index and digital image processing technology to extract water bodies automatically and accurately from Landsat 8 OLI images.Firstly,we preprocess Landsat 8 OLI images with radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction.Subsequently,we apply KT transformation,LBV transformation,AWEI nsh,and HIS transformation to the preprocessed image to calculate a new water index.Then,we perform linear feature enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract small water bodies accurately.Meanwhile,we employ morphological enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract large water bodies.Finally,we combine small and large water bodies to get complete water bodies.Compared with other traditional methods,our method has apparent advantages in water extraction,particularly in the extraction of small water bodies.
基金supported by the Preventive medicine and public health research project of Anhui,China(No.2011Y0103)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui,China(No.11040606M216)
文摘To establish an analytical method for determination of four bisphenols （BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS） and two alkylphenols （4-n-OP, 4-n-NP） in water by ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC/MS/MS）. The water samples were extracted and condensed with solid-phase extraction （SPE） using C18 cartridges and eluted by acetonitrile. Separation was carried out with Acquity BEH C8 column and detection were performed by UPLC/MS/MS. Quantification was calculated by using the internal standard BPA-d16 and 4-n-NP-d8. The linear correlation coefficients of these compounds in the range of 1.0-100.0μg/L were all over 0.999. The minimum detectable concentrations were 0.75-1.0 ng/L, and the recoveries ranged from 87.0% to 106.9%.
基金Department of Chemistry at Mississippi State University for financial support for this project
文摘An improved method for trace level quantification of dicyandiamide in stream water has been developed. This method includes sample pretreatment using solid phase extraction.The extraction procedure（including loading, washing, and eluting） used a flow rate of1.0 m L/min, and dicyandiamide was eluted with 20 m L of a methanol/acetonitrile mixture（V/V = 2：3）, followed by pre-concentration using nitrogen evaporation and analysis with high performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet spectroscopy（HPLC–UV）. Sample extraction was carried out using a Waters Sep-Pak AC-2 Cartridge（with activated carbon）.Separation was achieved on a ZIC-Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography（ZIC-HILIC）（50 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm） chromatography column and quantification was accomplished based on UV absorbance. A reliable linear relationship was obtained for the calibration curve using standard solutions（R^2〉 0.999）. Recoveries for dicyandiamide ranged from 84.6% to 96.8%, and the relative standard deviations（RSDs, n = 3） were below 6.1% with a detection limit of 5.0 ng/m L for stream water samples.
文摘Four peptides PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3 and PSPP4 were purified from the water-extract of Papaver somniferum pollen.Their sequences,with 21,17,13 and 16 amino acid residues respectively,have been determined by Edman degradation-N-terminal dansylation.PSPP2, PSPP3 and PSPP4 were synthesized using solid phase method.The immunopromotive activities of PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3,PSPP4 and the initially separated sample PSPP have been also observed by the methods of counting erythrocyte rosette forming cells(ERFC) and T-lymphocyte transformation test in vitro.
文摘Bai-Hua-She-She-Cao Hedyotis diffusa Willd. (Ru-biaceae) is a medicinal herbwidely distributed in northeast Asian countries. In traditional Chinese medicine, it has the effectof 'clearing away heat and toxic material, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis'.It is a well known Chinese folk-medicine used for the treatment of appendicitis, sore throat, mumps,acne, sebo-rheic dermatitis and various kinds of tumors, such as tumors of digestive tract,carcinoma of liver. It was reported that the MeOH extract of H. diffusa demonstrated a significantantitumor activity and ursolic acid succeeded in being isolated from the MeOH extract as an activecomponent . Shan BN, et al suggested that the direct aqueous extract of H. diffusa hadimmuno-modulating activity and antitumor activity in vitro through stimulating the immune system tokill or engulf tumor cells. But regarding anti-tumor activity in vivo of water soluble extracts fromH. diffusa, no detail was reported. Therefore, we prepared water soluble extracts (H_1 and H_2)from H. diffusa and evaluated their anti-tumor property in vivo experiments as well as protectiveeffect on chemo-therapeutic damage.
基金Supported by the University of Malaya under Equitable Society Research Cluster(ESRC)(No.GC002A-15SBS)
文摘The effect of sonication pretreatment condition on Eucheuma cottonii and Gelidium amansii seaweed towards agar extraction wae studied.Four parameters were changed during sonication to investigate the effects on agar yield and quality.These parameters include the time interval,concentration ratio,frequency,and intensity.The highest amount of agar extracted from Eucheuma cottonii species could be obtained from the time interval of 30min,seaweed weight to solvent volume ratio of 1:20,the frequency of 35Hz,and the sonication power intensity of 30%.For Gelidium amansii species,the best agar yield also could be obtained from the time interval of 30 min,1:20 of seaweed weight to water volume ratio,the frequency of 35Hz,and power intensity of 30%.From the experiment,sonication pretreatment signifi cantly influenced the yield and properties of extracted agar.The sonication with autoclaved seaweed produced agar containing less sulfate content,which is an excellent chemical property for gel electrophoresis applications.The gelstrength of sonication with autoclaving for both seaweeds,Eucheuma and Gelidium species was the highest among those by sonication with direct heating,which proved that sonication pretreatment with autoclaving could enhance the physical properties of the agar.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2014CQ012)
文摘[ Objective] The differences in effective components contents of Lysimachia clethroides Duby were compared using three extraction methods. [ Method] L. clethroides was extracted by three methods, including water extraction, water extraction-alcohol precipitation and 75% ethanol extraction, to determine the effec- tive components of extracts, and contents of calcium, phosphorus and Vc were calculated. [ Result] L. clezhreides contained calcium salt, chlorine, VB1, VB2, Vc and phosphate, but did not contain citrate, sulfate, carbonate or bicarbonate, acetate, lactate, VA , VD and Vs ; the contents of calcium and phosphorus in water extract were 150 and 3.34 mg/g, respectively, greatly exceeding their contents in water extraction-alcohol precipitation and ethanol extraction, while the difference in Vc content was not significant. [ CondusionJ The paper provides a reference for practical application of L. clethroides as an additive.
