The equation of Patwardhan and Kumar for water activities of mixed electrolyte solutions is extended to aqueous solutions containing non-electrolytes. This equation and the linear isopiestic relation are used to predi...The equation of Patwardhan and Kumar for water activities of mixed electrolyte solutions is extended to aqueous solutions containing non-electrolytes. This equation and the linear isopiestic relation are used to predict water activities of 56 ternary aqueous solutions in terms of the data of their binary subsystems. Both equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation can provide good predictions for water activities of the present 40 electrolyte solutions, and the linear isopiestic relation generally yields better predictions. The predictions of the extended equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation are in general quite reasonable for the present 8 ternary solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and the results of the linear isopiestic relation are usually better. The predictions of these two methods generally agree well with the experimental data for the 8 non-electrolyte mixtures being studied, and the linear isopiestic relation is better.展开更多
Mineralogical evidence of water–rock interactions is a strong indicator of the presence of liquid water on ancient Mars.Previous observations have found widely distributed hydrated minerals in the southern highlands,...Mineralogical evidence of water–rock interactions is a strong indicator of the presence of liquid water on ancient Mars.Previous observations have found widely distributed hydrated minerals in the southern highlands,whereas such discoveries have been rare in the younger northern lowlands.China’s first Mars exploration mission successfully landed a rover(Zhurong)in southern Utopia Planitia,providing an opportunity to analyze the exposed rocks in the northern lowlands.Using data from the short-wave infrared(SWIR)spectrometer and the laser-induced breakdown spectrometer(LIBS)onboard the Zhurong rover,we found evidence for the widespread presence of hydrated minerals(probably sulfates or silica)around the landing site.The basaltic-like elemental compositions of the targeted samples further indicated that hydrated minerals are likely minor components.The results from Zhurong suggest that active aqueous activities occurred during the overall cold and dry Amazonian era on Mars.However,further evaluations are needed on the duration and scale of these activities.展开更多
The investigated area around Sarvapuram represents a part of the Karimnagar granulite terrane of the Eastern Dharwar Craton, India. Garnet–bearing gneiss is hosted as enclaves, pods within granite gneiss and charnock...The investigated area around Sarvapuram represents a part of the Karimnagar granulite terrane of the Eastern Dharwar Craton, India. Garnet–bearing gneiss is hosted as enclaves, pods within granite gneiss and charnockite. It is largely made up of garnet, orthopyroxene, cordierite, biotite, plagioclase, K–feldspar, sillimanite and quartz. The peak metamorphic stage is represented by the equilibrium mineral assemblage i.e. garnet, orthopyroxene, cordierite, biotite, plagioclase, sillimanite and quartz. Breakdown of the garnet as well as preservation of the orthopyroxene–cordierite symplectite, formation of cordierite with the consumption of the garnet + sillimanite + quartz represents the decompressional event. The thermobarometric calculations suggest a retrograde P–T path with a substantial decompression of c. 3.0 kbar. The water activity(XH2 O) conditions obtained with the win TWQ program for core and symplectite compositions from garnet–bearing gneiss are 0.07–0.14 and 0.11–0.16 respectively. The quantitative estimation of oxygen fugacity in garnet–bearing gneiss reveal log f O2 values ranging from-11.38 to-14.05. This high oxidation state could be one of the reasons that account for the absence of graphite in these rocks.展开更多
Hydrated minerals provide direct indications of the early Martian water environment. The various clay minerals and evaporite salts found to date are mainly exposed in the ancient southern highlands of Mars. While it i...Hydrated minerals provide direct indications of the early Martian water environment. The various clay minerals and evaporite salts found to date are mainly exposed in the ancient southern highlands of Mars. While it is believed that the area of the northern lowlands could have hosted a global ocean in the past, its surface is covered with a layer of spectrally nonabsorbing materials, and orbital hyperspectral remote sensing has found only sparse evidence for the presence of water. China's first Mars exploration mission, Tianwen-1, landed in the putative ancient shoreline zone of the northern lowlands of Mars. Its rover,Zhurong, conducted high-spatial-resolution reconnaissance to reveal the geological and environmental evolution of this region.Owing to frequent dust storms, not only is the Martian surface covered with dust, but also the spectral calibration panels on the rover are affected by dust coverage. Data from the shortwave infrared(SWIR) spectrometer onboard the rover are also affected by other environmental factors such as instrumental temperature changes and atmospheric carbon dioxide absorption. This study recalibrated the in situ SWIR data to minimize the impact of the above factors. The recalibrated spectral data show that the reflectance of the landing area falls within the normal range of Martian soil, and confirm the presence of several important absorption peaks. The absorption characteristics indicate the presence of polyhydrated sulfates, gypsum, and hydrated silicates in the surface materials along the rover track, with sulfate content of <27–39 wt.%. Our results further confirm past activity of liquid water in the Zhurong rover landing area, providing mineralogical evidence supporting hypotheses related to underground water or an ancient shoreline.展开更多
Carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)was formed by carboxymethylation of β-pachyman.The antitumour activity of carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)against S_(180)、EAC、 MA、U_(14)was measured.The structure of carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)was ...Carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)was formed by carboxymethylation of β-pachyman.The antitumour activity of carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)against S_(180)、EAC、 MA、U_(14)was measured.The structure of carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)was proved by IR ^(13)CNMR spectroscopy.展开更多
The toxic effect of fertilizer Diammonium phosphate resulted in alterations of 5'-Nucleotidase activity of tissues liver, kidney and muscles offish C. batrachus at varying intervals and exposures. Alterations in 5...The toxic effect of fertilizer Diammonium phosphate resulted in alterations of 5'-Nucleotidase activity of tissues liver, kidney and muscles offish C. batrachus at varying intervals and exposures. Alterations in 5'-Nuclcotidase activity of body organs gave an idea of the toxicity caused by the fertilizer. Thus the enzyme 5'-Nucleotidase can be used to monitor the pollution in aquatic ecosystem.展开更多
Beyond conventional electrocatalyst engineering,recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of manipulating the local reaction environment to enhance the performance of electrocatalytic reactions.The general pr...Beyond conventional electrocatalyst engineering,recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of manipulating the local reaction environment to enhance the performance of electrocatalytic reactions.The general principles and strategies of local environmental engineering for different electrocatalytic processes have been extensively investigated.This perspective critically appraises the recent advancements in local reaction environment engineering for water activation,aiming to provide a comprehensive assessment of this emerging field.展开更多
Electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)to ethylene(C_(2)H_(4))represents a promising approach to reducing CO_(2)emissions and producing high-value chemicals.The ethylene productivity is always limited by t...Electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)to ethylene(C_(2)H_(4))represents a promising approach to reducing CO_(2)emissions and producing high-value chemicals.The ethylene productivity is always limited by the slow reaction kinetics and the high-performance catalysts are significantly desired.Many efforts have been made to develop a catalyst to activate CO_(2)molecules.However,as another reactant,H2O activation does not receive the attention it deserves.In particular,slow H2O dissociation kinetics limit the rate of proton supply,severely impairing the production of C_(2)H_(4).Here,we designed a MgO-modified CuO catalyst(MgO/CuO),which can promote H2O dissociation and enhance CO_(2)adsorption at the same time to realize the efficient ethylene production.The optimal catalyst exhibits a Faraday efficiency for C_(2)H_(4)reached 54.4%at−1.4 V vs.RHE in an H-cell,which is 1.4 times that of pure CuO(37.9%),and it was further enhanced to a 56.7%in a flow cell,with a high current density of up to 535.9 mA cm−2 at−1.0 V vs.RHE.Experimental and theoretical calculations show that MgO/CuO plays a bifunctional role in the CO_(2)RR,which facilitates the adsorption and activation of CO_(2)by CuO and simultaneously accelerates H2O dissociation by MgO doping.The in situ XRD experiments demonstrate that the introduction of MgO protects CuO active phase to avoid overreduction and preserves the active centers for CO_(2)RR.In combination with in situ FTIR and DFT calculations,the protonation process from*CO to*COH and asymmetric C–C coupling step are promoted by the enhanced water activation and proton coupling on MgO/CuO.This work provides new insights into the CO_(2)and H_(2)O coactivation mechanism in CO_(2)RR and a potential universal strategy to design ethylene production electrocatalysts.展开更多
Plasma-activated water(PAW) indicated promising potential in controlling the biological contamination of Bacillus cereus,which eliminated its evolutionary endospore that improves its survival ability.However,the spore...Plasma-activated water(PAW) indicated promising potential in controlling the biological contamination of Bacillus cereus,which eliminated its evolutionary endospore that improves its survival ability.However,the spore inactivation mechanism by PAW at molecular level was not well understood.The mechanism of the B.cereus endospore against PAW at proteomic levels was demonstrated.The Tandem Mass Tag(TMT) labeling was performed.By comparing the treatment groups with control(including PAW and PAW added superoxide dismutase(SOD)),the expression of 251 proteins(with the number of 207 up-and 44 down-regulated) and 379 proteins(with the corresponding number of 238 and 141) were drastically affected,separately.The 6 categories based on the protein-protein interaction(PPI) networks included oxidation-reduction,transport,sporulation and DNA topological change,gene expression,metabolism,and others.The 3 dehydrogenases(genes hisD,BC_2176,and asd) in PAW while oxidoreductase(genes BC_0399 and BC_2529) in SOD were activated to maintain the antioxidation of spores.The proteins(BC_4271 and BC_2655) in SOD were dramatically activated,which were involved in the carbohydrate,amino acid,and energy-coupling transport.All the small,acid-soluble spore proteins were activated in both groups to protect the spores' DNA.In SOD,genes metG2 and rpmC also were considered important factors in translation while this role was played in gene groES but not rpmF in PAW.The PAW activated the biogenesis of cell wall/membrane/envelope and phosphorelay signal transduction system to contribute to the survival of spores whereas the SOD damaged these 2 processes as well as cell division,chromosome separation,organic acid phosphorylation,base-and nucleotide-excision repairs to lead to the death of spores.This would promise to lay the foundation for advancing the study of the intrinsic mechanism of spore killing against PAW and can also provide a reference for future verification.展开更多
One third of the artichoke production is used in industrial processes, where up to 70% - 85% of the initial raw material is transformed into solid wastes. For an adequate management of these wastes, it is necessary to...One third of the artichoke production is used in industrial processes, where up to 70% - 85% of the initial raw material is transformed into solid wastes. For an adequate management of these wastes, it is necessary to know their water sorption properties, because physical, chemical andbiological changes which occur during theirstorage depend on water-solid interactions. The objectives of this work are to experimentally determine equilibrium sorption (adsorption anddesorption) data of artichoke wastes at different temperatures (25°C - 55°C), as well as correlate and predict water sorption isotherms using bibliographic models. Equilibrium moisture content ranged 0 - 0.6 kg water/kg dry solid (water activity 0.05 - 0.9). Water sorption isotherms were classified between Types II and III. Hysteresis phenomenon was not observed, neither was the dependence of the equilibrium data with temperature. BET, GAB, Oswin and Peleg correlation models were satisfactorily fitted to experimental data. A predictive model based on composition and physical state of artichoke waste components was also successfully used to reproduce experimental data.展开更多
Antibacterial ceramic was prepared by doping enamel slurry with composite phosphate inorganic antibacterial materials containing rare earth (inorganic antibacterial additives), and then the mechanisms for activating w...Antibacterial ceramic was prepared by doping enamel slurry with composite phosphate inorganic antibacterial materials containing rare earth (inorganic antibacterial additives), and then the mechanisms for activating water and improving seed germinative property were tested by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and the method of testing oxygen dissolved in activated water. Results show that the half peak width of (()^(17)O-NMR) for tap water activated by the antibacterial ceramic drops from 115.36 to 99.15 Hz, and oxygen concentrations of activated water increase by 20%, germinate rate of horsebean and earthnut seeds increases by 12.5% and 7.5%, respectively. Therefore antibacterial ceramic doped enamel slurry with inorganic antibacterial additives containing rare earth can reduce the volume of clusters of water molecules, improve activation of tap water, and promote plant seeds germinate.展开更多
A kind of far infrared radiation ceramics was prepared by using silicate minerals, calcium carbonate and silicon dioxide as main raw materials, and cerium nitrate as additive. The structure of the ceramics and far inf...A kind of far infrared radiation ceramics was prepared by using silicate minerals, calcium carbonate and silicon dioxide as main raw materials, and cerium nitrate as additive. The structure of the ceramics and far infrared radiation properties on the surface tension of water were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a tensiometer, respectively. It was showed that, after being sintered at 1160 ℃, the solid solution was formed by CeO2 and Fe2O3, thus the crystal parameters （c/a axis ratio） and interplanar spacing of Fe2O3 increased. The addition of cerium was regarded to improve the far infrared radiation of ceramics, and the maximum emissivity value in the range of 5-20 μm was 0.94. The surface tension of water gradually decreased with increasing radiation time.展开更多
The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health.The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify mic...The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health.The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify microbial risks.To assess the levels of bacterial pathogens and health risks in urban recreational water,we analyzed pathogen diversity and quantified four pathogens in 46 water samples collected from waterbodies in Beijing Olympic Forest Park in one year.The pathogen diversity revealed by 16 S r RNA gene targeted next-generation sequencing（NGS） showed that 16 of 40 genera and 13 of 76 reference species were present.The most abundant species were Acinetobacter johnsonii,Mycobacterium avium and Aeromonas spp.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction（q PCR） of Escherichia coli（uid A）,Aeromonas（aer A）,M.avium（16S r RNA）,Pseudomonas aeruginosa（oaa） and Salmonella（inv A） showed that the aer A genes were the most abundant,occurring in all samples with concentrations of 10^（4–6） genome copies/100 m L,followed by oaa,inv A and M.avium.In total,34.8% of the samples harbored all genes,indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in this recreational waterbody.Based on the q PCR results,a quantitative microbial risk assessment（QMRA） showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella,M.avium and P.aeruginosa in five activities were mostly greater than the U.S.EPA risk limit for recreational contacts,and children playing with water may be exposed to the greatest infection risk.Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of bacterial pathogen diversity and pathogen abundance in urban recreational water by applying both NGS and q PCR.展开更多
Based on the stress field distribution rule of the mining floor under abutment pressure, we have established a simplified mechanical model, which contains multiple factors relating to activation and evolution of insid...Based on the stress field distribution rule of the mining floor under abutment pressure, we have established a simplified mechanical model, which contains multiple factors relating to activation and evolution of insidious water-conductive faults. The influence of normal and shear stresses on fault activation and effective shear stress distribution in the fault plane was acquired under mining conditions.Using fracture mechanics theory to calculate the stress intensity factor of an insidious fault front, we have derived the criterion for main fault activation. Results indicate that during the whole working face advance, transpressions are exerted on fault planes twice successively in opposite directions. In most cases, the second transpression is more likely to lead to fault activation. Activation is influenced by many factors, predominant among which are: burial depth of the insidious fault, friction angle of the fault plane, face advance direction and pore water pressure. Steep fault planes are more easily activated to induce a sustained water inrush in the face.展开更多
The physicochemical properties of plasma-activated water(PAW)generated under different process conditions were investigated,and their changes under different storage conditions were also studied.The results showed tha...The physicochemical properties of plasma-activated water(PAW)generated under different process conditions were investigated,and their changes under different storage conditions were also studied.The results showed that increasing the processing time and power,and decreasing generated water volume,could cause an increase in the redox potential,conductivity,and temperature of PAW,and a decrease in its pH.A slower dissipation of the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in PAW was found on storage at 4℃in a sealed conical flask than on storage at room temperature.The inactivation ability of plasma-activated lactic acid(LA)to Listeria monocytogenes(L.monocytogenes)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)was higher than that of PAW or LA alone under the same experimental conditions.The results of this study may provide theoretical information for the application of PAW as a potential antimicrobial agent in the future.展开更多
Plasma activated water(PAW)was prepared for 10 min to be applied one tofive times as a foliar spray to rice plants,to investigate plant growth,yield and the concentrations of total soluble protein and sugar in the rice...Plasma activated water(PAW)was prepared for 10 min to be applied one tofive times as a foliar spray to rice plants,to investigate plant growth,yield and the concentrations of total soluble protein and sugar in the rice grains produced.The results reveal that(1)the plant height,stem diameter,dry weight,chlorophyll and total carotene concentrations were improved by∼15%,∼25%,∼24%,∼47%and∼45%,respectively,with respect to control,(2)defense mechanisms of the plants treated with PAW were improved,(3)concentrations of total soluble protein and sugar were enhanced in the rice grains of PAW treated plants and(4)yield was increased by∼14%.展开更多
In order to calculate the activity coefficients of water in aqueous solution of metal electrolytes, a simplified model predicting them in ternary or multicomponent solutions with common anions from the activity data o...In order to calculate the activity coefficients of water in aqueous solution of metal electrolytes, a simplified model predicting them in ternary or multicomponent solutions with common anions from the activity data of water of the corresponding binary systems has been developed based on an assumption that the electrolytes in the solution are treated as independent particles instead of their ion forms, and the interaction of the salt( i ) salt( j ) pair in the solution is assumed to be much weaker than that of water salt pair due to the common anions of both of salts. The model was applied to the systems such as KCl H 2O NaCl, MCl H 2O M′Cl 2 (M represents Na and K, M′ represents Ca and Ba) and KCl H 2O NaCl BaCl 2 with satisfying results. The interchange energies of the studied component pairs between water and salts have also been determined by the corresponding binary aqueous solutions.展开更多
Natural organic matter（NOM）, present in natural waters and wastewater, decreases adsorption of micropollutants, increasing treatment costs. This research investigated mechanisms of competition for non-imprinted poly...Natural organic matter（NOM）, present in natural waters and wastewater, decreases adsorption of micropollutants, increasing treatment costs. This research investigated mechanisms of competition for non-imprinted polymers（NIPs） and activated carbon with humic acid and wastewater. Three different types of activated carbons（Norit PAC 200,Darco KB-M, and Darco S-51） were used for comparison with the NIP. The lower surface area and micropore to mesopore ratio of the NIP led to decreased adsorption capacity in comparison to the activated carbons. In addition, experiments were conducted for single-solute adsorption of Methylene Blue（MB） dye, simultaneous adsorption with humic acid and wastewater, and pre-loading with humic acid and wastewater followed by adsorption of MB dye using NIP and Norit PAC 200. Both the NIP and PAC 200 showed significant decreases of 27% for NIP（p = 0.087） and 29% for PAC 200（p = 0.096） during simultaneous exposure to humic acid and MB dye. There was no corresponding decrease for NIP or PAC 200 pre-loaded with humic acid and then exposed to MB. In fact, for PAC 200, the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon increased when it was pre-loaded with humic acid by 39%（p = 0.0005）. For wastewater, the NIP showed no significant increase or decrease in adsorption capacity during either simultaneous exposure or pre-loading. The adsorption capacity of PAC 200 increased by 40%（p = 0.001） for simultaneous exposure to wastewater and MB. Pre-loading with wastewater had no effect on MB adsorption by PAC 200.展开更多
A simplified model was developed to describe the water vapor adsorption on activated carbon. The development of the simplified model was started from the original model proposed by DO and his co-workers. Two different...A simplified model was developed to describe the water vapor adsorption on activated carbon. The development of the simplified model was started from the original model proposed by DO and his co-workers. Two different kinds of carbon materials were prepared for water vapor adsorption, and the adsorption experiments were conducted at different temperatures(20-50 °C) and relative humidities(5%-99%) to test the model. It is shown that the amount of adsorbed water vapor in micropore decreases with the temperature increasing, and the water molecules form larger water clusters around the functional group as the temperature is up to a higher value. The simplified model describes reasonably well for all the experimental data. According to the fitted values, the parameters of simplified model were represented by the temperature and then the model was used to calculate the water vapor adsorption amount at 25 °C and 35 °C. The results show that the model can get relatively accurate values to calculate the water vapor adsorption on activated carbon.展开更多
The triple-to-double coincidence ratio （TDCR） method of liquid scintillation count- ing is an absolute measurement method of radioactivity. The formulation of the TDCR method and the established TDCR liquid scintill...The triple-to-double coincidence ratio （TDCR） method of liquid scintillation count- ing is an absolute measurement method of radioactivity. The formulation of the TDCR method and the established TDCR liquid scintillation counter are presented in this paper. The NIST standard reference material （SRM） of tritium water was measured to verify the performance of the TDCR liquid scintillation counter.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20276037, No. 20006010).
文摘The equation of Patwardhan and Kumar for water activities of mixed electrolyte solutions is extended to aqueous solutions containing non-electrolytes. This equation and the linear isopiestic relation are used to predict water activities of 56 ternary aqueous solutions in terms of the data of their binary subsystems. Both equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation can provide good predictions for water activities of the present 40 electrolyte solutions, and the linear isopiestic relation generally yields better predictions. The predictions of the extended equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation are in general quite reasonable for the present 8 ternary solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and the results of the linear isopiestic relation are usually better. The predictions of these two methods generally agree well with the experimental data for the 8 non-electrolyte mixtures being studied, and the linear isopiestic relation is better.
基金funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB41000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41930216)+1 种基金the Pre-research Project on Civil Aerospace Technologies (Grant No. D020202) of the Chinese National Space Administrationthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. WK3410000019)。
文摘Mineralogical evidence of water–rock interactions is a strong indicator of the presence of liquid water on ancient Mars.Previous observations have found widely distributed hydrated minerals in the southern highlands,whereas such discoveries have been rare in the younger northern lowlands.China’s first Mars exploration mission successfully landed a rover(Zhurong)in southern Utopia Planitia,providing an opportunity to analyze the exposed rocks in the northern lowlands.Using data from the short-wave infrared(SWIR)spectrometer and the laser-induced breakdown spectrometer(LIBS)onboard the Zhurong rover,we found evidence for the widespread presence of hydrated minerals(probably sulfates or silica)around the landing site.The basaltic-like elemental compositions of the targeted samples further indicated that hydrated minerals are likely minor components.The results from Zhurong suggest that active aqueous activities occurred during the overall cold and dry Amazonian era on Mars.However,further evaluations are needed on the duration and scale of these activities.
文摘The investigated area around Sarvapuram represents a part of the Karimnagar granulite terrane of the Eastern Dharwar Craton, India. Garnet–bearing gneiss is hosted as enclaves, pods within granite gneiss and charnockite. It is largely made up of garnet, orthopyroxene, cordierite, biotite, plagioclase, K–feldspar, sillimanite and quartz. The peak metamorphic stage is represented by the equilibrium mineral assemblage i.e. garnet, orthopyroxene, cordierite, biotite, plagioclase, sillimanite and quartz. Breakdown of the garnet as well as preservation of the orthopyroxene–cordierite symplectite, formation of cordierite with the consumption of the garnet + sillimanite + quartz represents the decompressional event. The thermobarometric calculations suggest a retrograde P–T path with a substantial decompression of c. 3.0 kbar. The water activity(XH2 O) conditions obtained with the win TWQ program for core and symplectite compositions from garnet–bearing gneiss are 0.07–0.14 and 0.11–0.16 respectively. The quantitative estimation of oxygen fugacity in garnet–bearing gneiss reveal log f O2 values ranging from-11.38 to-14.05. This high oxidation state could be one of the reasons that account for the absence of graphite in these rocks.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFF0504000)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. ZDBS-SSW-TLC00106)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. IGGCAS-202102)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 2023071),the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (Grant No. 2021QNRC001)。
文摘Hydrated minerals provide direct indications of the early Martian water environment. The various clay minerals and evaporite salts found to date are mainly exposed in the ancient southern highlands of Mars. While it is believed that the area of the northern lowlands could have hosted a global ocean in the past, its surface is covered with a layer of spectrally nonabsorbing materials, and orbital hyperspectral remote sensing has found only sparse evidence for the presence of water. China's first Mars exploration mission, Tianwen-1, landed in the putative ancient shoreline zone of the northern lowlands of Mars. Its rover,Zhurong, conducted high-spatial-resolution reconnaissance to reveal the geological and environmental evolution of this region.Owing to frequent dust storms, not only is the Martian surface covered with dust, but also the spectral calibration panels on the rover are affected by dust coverage. Data from the shortwave infrared(SWIR) spectrometer onboard the rover are also affected by other environmental factors such as instrumental temperature changes and atmospheric carbon dioxide absorption. This study recalibrated the in situ SWIR data to minimize the impact of the above factors. The recalibrated spectral data show that the reflectance of the landing area falls within the normal range of Martian soil, and confirm the presence of several important absorption peaks. The absorption characteristics indicate the presence of polyhydrated sulfates, gypsum, and hydrated silicates in the surface materials along the rover track, with sulfate content of <27–39 wt.%. Our results further confirm past activity of liquid water in the Zhurong rover landing area, providing mineralogical evidence supporting hypotheses related to underground water or an ancient shoreline.
文摘Carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)was formed by carboxymethylation of β-pachyman.The antitumour activity of carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)against S_(180)、EAC、 MA、U_(14)was measured.The structure of carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)was proved by IR ^(13)CNMR spectroscopy.
文摘The toxic effect of fertilizer Diammonium phosphate resulted in alterations of 5'-Nucleotidase activity of tissues liver, kidney and muscles offish C. batrachus at varying intervals and exposures. Alterations in 5'-Nuclcotidase activity of body organs gave an idea of the toxicity caused by the fertilizer. Thus the enzyme 5'-Nucleotidase can be used to monitor the pollution in aquatic ecosystem.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22208331)the Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Wuhan Textile University(243001)+3 种基金Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province(2021CSA076)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0138900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21972017)the"Scientific and Technical Innovation Action Plan"Basic Research Field of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(19JC1410500).
文摘Beyond conventional electrocatalyst engineering,recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of manipulating the local reaction environment to enhance the performance of electrocatalytic reactions.The general principles and strategies of local environmental engineering for different electrocatalytic processes have been extensively investigated.This perspective critically appraises the recent advancements in local reaction environment engineering for water activation,aiming to provide a comprehensive assessment of this emerging field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21B2099,U22A20425,and 22208377)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021QE062)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Ocean University of China(grant number 202364004)。
文摘Electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)to ethylene(C_(2)H_(4))represents a promising approach to reducing CO_(2)emissions and producing high-value chemicals.The ethylene productivity is always limited by the slow reaction kinetics and the high-performance catalysts are significantly desired.Many efforts have been made to develop a catalyst to activate CO_(2)molecules.However,as another reactant,H2O activation does not receive the attention it deserves.In particular,slow H2O dissociation kinetics limit the rate of proton supply,severely impairing the production of C_(2)H_(4).Here,we designed a MgO-modified CuO catalyst(MgO/CuO),which can promote H2O dissociation and enhance CO_(2)adsorption at the same time to realize the efficient ethylene production.The optimal catalyst exhibits a Faraday efficiency for C_(2)H_(4)reached 54.4%at−1.4 V vs.RHE in an H-cell,which is 1.4 times that of pure CuO(37.9%),and it was further enhanced to a 56.7%in a flow cell,with a high current density of up to 535.9 mA cm−2 at−1.0 V vs.RHE.Experimental and theoretical calculations show that MgO/CuO plays a bifunctional role in the CO_(2)RR,which facilitates the adsorption and activation of CO_(2)by CuO and simultaneously accelerates H2O dissociation by MgO doping.The in situ XRD experiments demonstrate that the introduction of MgO protects CuO active phase to avoid overreduction and preserves the active centers for CO_(2)RR.In combination with in situ FTIR and DFT calculations,the protonation process from*CO to*COH and asymmetric C–C coupling step are promoted by the enhanced water activation and proton coupling on MgO/CuO.This work provides new insights into the CO_(2)and H_(2)O coactivation mechanism in CO_(2)RR and a potential universal strategy to design ethylene production electrocatalysts.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LR21C200002)。
文摘Plasma-activated water(PAW) indicated promising potential in controlling the biological contamination of Bacillus cereus,which eliminated its evolutionary endospore that improves its survival ability.However,the spore inactivation mechanism by PAW at molecular level was not well understood.The mechanism of the B.cereus endospore against PAW at proteomic levels was demonstrated.The Tandem Mass Tag(TMT) labeling was performed.By comparing the treatment groups with control(including PAW and PAW added superoxide dismutase(SOD)),the expression of 251 proteins(with the number of 207 up-and 44 down-regulated) and 379 proteins(with the corresponding number of 238 and 141) were drastically affected,separately.The 6 categories based on the protein-protein interaction(PPI) networks included oxidation-reduction,transport,sporulation and DNA topological change,gene expression,metabolism,and others.The 3 dehydrogenases(genes hisD,BC_2176,and asd) in PAW while oxidoreductase(genes BC_0399 and BC_2529) in SOD were activated to maintain the antioxidation of spores.The proteins(BC_4271 and BC_2655) in SOD were dramatically activated,which were involved in the carbohydrate,amino acid,and energy-coupling transport.All the small,acid-soluble spore proteins were activated in both groups to protect the spores' DNA.In SOD,genes metG2 and rpmC also were considered important factors in translation while this role was played in gene groES but not rpmF in PAW.The PAW activated the biogenesis of cell wall/membrane/envelope and phosphorelay signal transduction system to contribute to the survival of spores whereas the SOD damaged these 2 processes as well as cell division,chromosome separation,organic acid phosphorylation,base-and nucleotide-excision repairs to lead to the death of spores.This would promise to lay the foundation for advancing the study of the intrinsic mechanism of spore killing against PAW and can also provide a reference for future verification.
基金Author Luis Mayor acknowledges JCI2009-04923 grant to MINECO(Spain).
文摘One third of the artichoke production is used in industrial processes, where up to 70% - 85% of the initial raw material is transformed into solid wastes. For an adequate management of these wastes, it is necessary to know their water sorption properties, because physical, chemical andbiological changes which occur during theirstorage depend on water-solid interactions. The objectives of this work are to experimentally determine equilibrium sorption (adsorption anddesorption) data of artichoke wastes at different temperatures (25°C - 55°C), as well as correlate and predict water sorption isotherms using bibliographic models. Equilibrium moisture content ranged 0 - 0.6 kg water/kg dry solid (water activity 0.05 - 0.9). Water sorption isotherms were classified between Types II and III. Hysteresis phenomenon was not observed, neither was the dependence of the equilibrium data with temperature. BET, GAB, Oswin and Peleg correlation models were satisfactorily fitted to experimental data. A predictive model based on composition and physical state of artichoke waste components was also successfully used to reproduce experimental data.
文摘Antibacterial ceramic was prepared by doping enamel slurry with composite phosphate inorganic antibacterial materials containing rare earth (inorganic antibacterial additives), and then the mechanisms for activating water and improving seed germinative property were tested by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and the method of testing oxygen dissolved in activated water. Results show that the half peak width of (()^(17)O-NMR) for tap water activated by the antibacterial ceramic drops from 115.36 to 99.15 Hz, and oxygen concentrations of activated water increase by 20%, germinate rate of horsebean and earthnut seeds increases by 12.5% and 7.5%, respectively. Therefore antibacterial ceramic doped enamel slurry with inorganic antibacterial additives containing rare earth can reduce the volume of clusters of water molecules, improve activation of tap water, and promote plant seeds germinate.
基金Project supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program(2011BAE30B04)University Innovation Team Leader Training Program in Hebei Province(LJRC020)
文摘A kind of far infrared radiation ceramics was prepared by using silicate minerals, calcium carbonate and silicon dioxide as main raw materials, and cerium nitrate as additive. The structure of the ceramics and far infrared radiation properties on the surface tension of water were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a tensiometer, respectively. It was showed that, after being sintered at 1160 ℃, the solid solution was formed by CeO2 and Fe2O3, thus the crystal parameters （c/a axis ratio） and interplanar spacing of Fe2O3 increased. The addition of cerium was regarded to improve the far infrared radiation of ceramics, and the maximum emissivity value in the range of 5-20 μm was 0.94. The surface tension of water gradually decreased with increasing radiation time.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51138006)the National Key Research on Water Environment Pollution Control in China(No.2012ZX07301-001)
文摘The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health.The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify microbial risks.To assess the levels of bacterial pathogens and health risks in urban recreational water,we analyzed pathogen diversity and quantified four pathogens in 46 water samples collected from waterbodies in Beijing Olympic Forest Park in one year.The pathogen diversity revealed by 16 S r RNA gene targeted next-generation sequencing（NGS） showed that 16 of 40 genera and 13 of 76 reference species were present.The most abundant species were Acinetobacter johnsonii,Mycobacterium avium and Aeromonas spp.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction（q PCR） of Escherichia coli（uid A）,Aeromonas（aer A）,M.avium（16S r RNA）,Pseudomonas aeruginosa（oaa） and Salmonella（inv A） showed that the aer A genes were the most abundant,occurring in all samples with concentrations of 10^（4–6） genome copies/100 m L,followed by oaa,inv A and M.avium.In total,34.8% of the samples harbored all genes,indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in this recreational waterbody.Based on the q PCR results,a quantitative microbial risk assessment（QMRA） showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella,M.avium and P.aeruginosa in five activities were mostly greater than the U.S.EPA risk limit for recreational contacts,and children playing with water may be exposed to the greatest infection risk.Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of bacterial pathogen diversity and pathogen abundance in urban recreational water by applying both NGS and q PCR.
基金funded by the Major Basic Research and Development Program of China(No.2014CB046905)the Ph.D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(No.20130095110018)
文摘Based on the stress field distribution rule of the mining floor under abutment pressure, we have established a simplified mechanical model, which contains multiple factors relating to activation and evolution of insidious water-conductive faults. The influence of normal and shear stresses on fault activation and effective shear stress distribution in the fault plane was acquired under mining conditions.Using fracture mechanics theory to calculate the stress intensity factor of an insidious fault front, we have derived the criterion for main fault activation. Results indicate that during the whole working face advance, transpressions are exerted on fault planes twice successively in opposite directions. In most cases, the second transpression is more likely to lead to fault activation. Activation is influenced by many factors, predominant among which are: burial depth of the insidious fault, friction angle of the fault plane, face advance direction and pore water pressure. Steep fault planes are more easily activated to induce a sustained water inrush in the face.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32260643)for financial support of this study。
文摘The physicochemical properties of plasma-activated water(PAW)generated under different process conditions were investigated,and their changes under different storage conditions were also studied.The results showed that increasing the processing time and power,and decreasing generated water volume,could cause an increase in the redox potential,conductivity,and temperature of PAW,and a decrease in its pH.A slower dissipation of the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in PAW was found on storage at 4℃in a sealed conical flask than on storage at room temperature.The inactivation ability of plasma-activated lactic acid(LA)to Listeria monocytogenes(L.monocytogenes)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)was higher than that of PAW or LA alone under the same experimental conditions.The results of this study may provide theoretical information for the application of PAW as a potential antimicrobial agent in the future.
基金the Ministry of Education(no.LS2017544)the People’s Republic of Bangladesh,and the University of Rajshahi(No.62/5/52/RU/Engg-05/2020-2021)for their partialfinancial support to carry out this work。
文摘Plasma activated water(PAW)was prepared for 10 min to be applied one tofive times as a foliar spray to rice plants,to investigate plant growth,yield and the concentrations of total soluble protein and sugar in the rice grains produced.The results reveal that(1)the plant height,stem diameter,dry weight,chlorophyll and total carotene concentrations were improved by∼15%,∼25%,∼24%,∼47%and∼45%,respectively,with respect to control,(2)defense mechanisms of the plants treated with PAW were improved,(3)concentrations of total soluble protein and sugar were enhanced in the rice grains of PAW treated plants and(4)yield was increased by∼14%.
文摘In order to calculate the activity coefficients of water in aqueous solution of metal electrolytes, a simplified model predicting them in ternary or multicomponent solutions with common anions from the activity data of water of the corresponding binary systems has been developed based on an assumption that the electrolytes in the solution are treated as independent particles instead of their ion forms, and the interaction of the salt( i ) salt( j ) pair in the solution is assumed to be much weaker than that of water salt pair due to the common anions of both of salts. The model was applied to the systems such as KCl H 2O NaCl, MCl H 2O M′Cl 2 (M represents Na and K, M′ represents Ca and Ba) and KCl H 2O NaCl BaCl 2 with satisfying results. The interchange energies of the studied component pairs between water and salts have also been determined by the corresponding binary aqueous solutions.
基金funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC RGPIN 06246-2016) under the Discovery Grant program
文摘Natural organic matter（NOM）, present in natural waters and wastewater, decreases adsorption of micropollutants, increasing treatment costs. This research investigated mechanisms of competition for non-imprinted polymers（NIPs） and activated carbon with humic acid and wastewater. Three different types of activated carbons（Norit PAC 200,Darco KB-M, and Darco S-51） were used for comparison with the NIP. The lower surface area and micropore to mesopore ratio of the NIP led to decreased adsorption capacity in comparison to the activated carbons. In addition, experiments were conducted for single-solute adsorption of Methylene Blue（MB） dye, simultaneous adsorption with humic acid and wastewater, and pre-loading with humic acid and wastewater followed by adsorption of MB dye using NIP and Norit PAC 200. Both the NIP and PAC 200 showed significant decreases of 27% for NIP（p = 0.087） and 29% for PAC 200（p = 0.096） during simultaneous exposure to humic acid and MB dye. There was no corresponding decrease for NIP or PAC 200 pre-loaded with humic acid and then exposed to MB. In fact, for PAC 200, the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon increased when it was pre-loaded with humic acid by 39%（p = 0.0005）. For wastewater, the NIP showed no significant increase or decrease in adsorption capacity during either simultaneous exposure or pre-loading. The adsorption capacity of PAC 200 increased by 40%（p = 0.001） for simultaneous exposure to wastewater and MB. Pre-loading with wastewater had no effect on MB adsorption by PAC 200.
基金Projects(21376274,51206192)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A simplified model was developed to describe the water vapor adsorption on activated carbon. The development of the simplified model was started from the original model proposed by DO and his co-workers. Two different kinds of carbon materials were prepared for water vapor adsorption, and the adsorption experiments were conducted at different temperatures(20-50 °C) and relative humidities(5%-99%) to test the model. It is shown that the amount of adsorbed water vapor in micropore decreases with the temperature increasing, and the water molecules form larger water clusters around the functional group as the temperature is up to a higher value. The simplified model describes reasonably well for all the experimental data. According to the fitted values, the parameters of simplified model were represented by the temperature and then the model was used to calculate the water vapor adsorption amount at 25 °C and 35 °C. The results show that the model can get relatively accurate values to calculate the water vapor adsorption on activated carbon.
文摘The triple-to-double coincidence ratio （TDCR） method of liquid scintillation count- ing is an absolute measurement method of radioactivity. The formulation of the TDCR method and the established TDCR liquid scintillation counter are presented in this paper. The NIST standard reference material （SRM） of tritium water was measured to verify the performance of the TDCR liquid scintillation counter.
