Walnuts are rich in a variety of nutritional components.However,due to their high content of unsaturated fatty acids(UFAs),the quality of walnuts tends to decline during storage,which adversely affects the development...Walnuts are rich in a variety of nutritional components.However,due to their high content of unsaturated fatty acids(UFAs),the quality of walnuts tends to decline during storage,which adversely affects the development of the walnut industry.This study was aimed to investigate the impacts of temperature and packaging methods on the storage quality and oxidative stability of walnuts.The Wen 185 walnut variety was selected,and the physical-chemical and nutritional indexes of walnuts stored for 42 weeks under different temperatures(18℃,4℃,and room temperature)and packaging methods(vacuum light-exposed,vacuum light-proof,vacuum-ra-diation light-exposed,vacuum-radiation light-proof,nitrogen-filled light-exposed,nitrogen-filled light-proof)were measured.The results showed that low temperatures,especially18℃,in combination with vacuum lightproof packaging,could effectively suppress the increase in oxidative stability indicators such as acid value(AV)and peroxide value(PV),and maintain high retention rates of nutritional indicators like tocopherol and phytosterol.This study has elucidated that low temperatures and appropriate packaging methods play the crucial roles in maintaining the quality and oxidative stability of walnuts during storage.It has provided comprehensive and valuable data support and theoretical basis for the scientific storage of walnuts,contributing to the devel-opment of the walnut industry and the guarantee of product quality.展开更多
To reveal the characteristic chemicals of walnuts from different origins, we analyzed fatty acid composition,tocopherols, phytosterols and total phenolic content (TPC) of walnuts from three main producing regions inCh...To reveal the characteristic chemicals of walnuts from different origins, we analyzed fatty acid composition,tocopherols, phytosterols and total phenolic content (TPC) of walnuts from three main producing regions inChina. The results showed that walnuts were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 fattyacids was close to the recommendation of Chinese Nutrition Society. Moreover, walnuts contain high contents oftocopherols (331.20–414.71 mg/kg), phytosterols (97.17–110.35 mg/100 g) and phenols (38.51–48.08 mg GAE/kg). Significant chemical differences exist among walnuts from three production regions. The highest content ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids was found in walnuts from the northern China, the highest content of tocopherols inwalnuts from southwest China, and the highest contents of phytosterol and TPC in walnuts from northwest China.However, there was no significant difference in the tocopherol, phytosterol and TPC content of walnuts betweenthe Northern China and Northwest China. The above results provide important references for manufacturers andconsumers to select suitable walnut scientifically and reasonably.展开更多
[Objectives] This study was conducted to establish an analytical method for the determination of ethephon residue in walnuts by UPLC-MS/MS. [Methods] This study was conducted to establish an analytical method for the ...[Objectives] This study was conducted to establish an analytical method for the determination of ethephon residue in walnuts by UPLC-MS/MS. [Methods] This study was conducted to establish an analytical method for the determination of ethephon residue in walnuts by UPLC-MS/MS. [Results] The limit of quantification was 0.1 mg/kg and the recoveries were 94%-105% with the relative standard deviations of 0.82%-2.64% at the spiked levels of 0.1-5.0 mg/kg. [Conclusions] The accuracy and sensitivity of the method meet the requirements of pesticide residue analysis, and the experimental method is simple to operate.展开更多
Some physical and chemical properties, mineral content and fatty acid compositions of kernel and oils of several walnut types (Büyük Oba, Kaman2, Kaman5) were determined. The oil yields from these kernels ch...Some physical and chemical properties, mineral content and fatty acid compositions of kernel and oils of several walnut types (Büyük Oba, Kaman2, Kaman5) were determined. The oil yields from these kernels changed between 61.4% to 72.8%. The crude fibre contents of ker nels ranged between 3.77% and 3.80%. In add ition, crude protein contents of kernels ranged between 7.05% and 8.10%. While the peroxide values of kernel oils change between 3.18 meq/ Kg and 3.53 meq/Kg, acidity values ranged be tween 0.35% and 0.56%. The main fatty acids of walnut kernel oils were oleic, linoleic, linolenic and palmitic acids. Linoleic acid contents of ker nel oils varied between 49.7% and 55.5%. On the other hand, oleic acid contents ranged between 20.5% and 26.4%. As a result, the present study showed the walnut kernels of the researched species of walnut kernels from Turkey are a potential source of valuable oil which might be used for edible and other industrial applica tions.展开更多
At the end of Oct.2024,Gyacha County basked under the warm sunlight.Standing within the nearly thousand-year-old renowned walnut forest,the azure sky,accompanied by drifting white clouds,appeared particularly captivat...At the end of Oct.2024,Gyacha County basked under the warm sunlight.Standing within the nearly thousand-year-old renowned walnut forest,the azure sky,accompanied by drifting white clouds,appeared particularly captivating.The occasional thud of walnuts striking the earth heralded the continuation of life into a new generation,while the golden leaves whispered of the gradual departure of the old.展开更多
Highly flame-retardant bio-based composites were prepared in this study.Firstly,glucose-citric acid(GC)resin was synthesized through the interaction of glucose and citric acid derived from agricultural and forestry so...Highly flame-retardant bio-based composites were prepared in this study.Firstly,glucose-citric acid(GC)resin was synthesized through the interaction of glucose and citric acid derived from agricultural and forestry sources.Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)served as a toughening agent,whereas walnut shell powder(WSP)functioned as a filler in the formulation of a thermosetting bio-based GC-PVA-WSP(GCPW)composite with GC resin.The findings demonstrated that boric acid increased the limited oxygen index(LOI)value of GCPW to 33%,while simultaneously diminishing its total smoke production(TSP)by 99.9%,and achieving a flame retardant index(FRI)of 5.04.In addition,the incorporation of WSP enhanced the compressive strength of the GCPW composite to 9.15 MPa.Concurrently,the GCPW composite demonstrates excellent hydrophobic properties,with a thermal conductivity as low as 0.086 W/m·K.展开更多
In study,we investigated the effect of treatment with combination of walnut peptides with molecular weight<3 kDa and ginsenoside Rg1(<3 kDa+Rg1)on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice and the mechani...In study,we investigated the effect of treatment with combination of walnut peptides with molecular weight<3 kDa and ginsenoside Rg1(<3 kDa+Rg1)on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice and the mechanism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)/tyrosine kinase B(TrKB)/cAMP response element-binding protein(CREB)signaling pathway in PC12 cells.In behavioral experiments,<3 kDa+Rg1 treatment improved the memorizing ability of mice.Treatment with<3 kDa+Rg1 significantly regulated the function of neurotransmitters and effectively improved the morphology of the neurons determined by hematoxylin and eosin(H&E),Nissl,and Golgi staining.Additionally,immunohistochemistry showed that the<3 kDa+Rg1 treatment significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase(AChE)activity and increased choline acetyl transferase(ChAT)content in the hippocampus.The treatment upregulated vesicular acetylcholine transporter(VAChT),activated the BDNF/TrKB/CREB signaling pathway,improved the remodeling of dendritic spines,and enhanced cholinergic functions.In the scopolamine-induced PC12 cells,combination treatment increased thioredoxin-1(Trx-1)expression after administering TrKB and activated signaling pathway.The results showed combination of<3 kDa+Rg1 activated the BDNF/TrKB/CREB signaling pathway by regulating function of neurotransmitters and enhanced cholinergic function to decrease cognitive impairment.展开更多
An intelligent walnut recognition system combining acoustic emissions analysis,decision tree and fuzzy inference system(FIS)was developed and tested.In data acquisition part,Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)of impact signal...An intelligent walnut recognition system combining acoustic emissions analysis,decision tree and fuzzy inference system(FIS)was developed and tested.In data acquisition part,Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)of impact signals was measured.Feature was extracted in two ways:using time domain and FFT of impact signal.The 66%of samples were used for training and the remains were used for testing.In selection feature part,the most important feature selected was:average and the second frequency amplitude of FFT.The method is based on the feature generation by FFT and time domain,produce decision tree with J48 algorithm and classification by fuzzy rules.The output of J48 algorithm was employed to produce the crisp if-then rule and membership function(MF)sets.The structure of FIS classifier was then defined based on the crisp sets.The results showed that the total classification accuracy was 94.7%,and the proposed FFT-J48-FIS model can be used in separation of filled walnuts from empty walnuts.展开更多
Place of origin has an important influence on walnut quality and commercial value,which results in the requirement of rapid geographical traceability method.Thus,a method for geographical origin identification of waln...Place of origin has an important influence on walnut quality and commercial value,which results in the requirement of rapid geographical traceability method.Thus,a method for geographical origin identification of walnuts on the basis of nutritional quality of walnuts from China was conducted.The concentrations of 43 phytochemical components were analyzed in walnut samples from five different walnut-producing regions of China.Based on 14 chemical markers selected by the Random Forest method from these phytochemical components,a new discriminant model for geographical origin was built,with the corresponding correct classification rate of 99.3%.In addition,the quantitative quality differences of walnuts from five regions were analyzed,with values of 0.17–1.43.Moreover,the top three chemical markers for the geographical origin discriminant analysis were Mo,V,and stearic acid,with contribution rates of 26.8%,18.9%,and 10.9%,respectively.This study provides a potentially viable method for application in food authentication.展开更多
Red walnut has broad market prospects because it is richer in anthocyanins than ordinary walnut.However,the mechanism driving anthocyanin biosynthesis in red walnut is still unknown.We studied two types of red walnut,...Red walnut has broad market prospects because it is richer in anthocyanins than ordinary walnut.However,the mechanism driving anthocyanin biosynthesis in red walnut is still unknown.We studied two types of red walnut,called red walnut 1(R1),with a red pericarp and seed coat,and red walnut 2(R2),with a red seed coat only.R1 mostly contained cyanidin-3-O-galactoside,while R2 contained a various amounts of cyanidin-3-Ogalactoside,cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside,and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside.The LDOX-2(LOC109007163)and LDOX-3(LOC109010746)genes,which encode leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase/anthocyanidin synthase(LDOX/ANS),were preliminarily indicated as the crucial genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in R1 and R2,respectively.The MYB differential genes analysis showed that MYB27 and MYB113 are specifically expressed in the red parts of R1 and R2,respectively,and they are regarded as candidate regulatory genes.Ectopic expression in Arabidopsis and transient injection in walnut showed that both MYB27 and MYB113 were located in the nucleus and promoted anthocyanin accumulation,while MYB27 promoted the expression of LDOX-2,and MYB113 promoted the expression of LDOX-3and UAGT-3.Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that MYB27 could only bind to the LDOX-2 promoter,while MYB113 could bind to the promoters of both LDOX-3 and UAGT-3.In addition,we also identified an HD-Zip transcription factor,ATHB-12,which is specifically expressed in the pericarp.After silencing the expression of ATHB-12,the R2 pericarp turned red,and MYB113 expression increased.Further experiments showed that ATHB-12 could specifically interact with MYB113 and bind to its promoter.This suggests that MYB27controls R1 coloration by regulating LDOX-2,while MYB113 controls R2 coloration by regulating LDOX-3 and UAGT-3,but ATHB-12 can specifically bind to and inhibit the MYB113 of the R2 pericarp so that it becomes unpigmented.This study reveals the anthocyanin biosynthetic mechanisms in two different types of red walnut and provides a scientific basis for the selection and breeding of red walnut varieties.展开更多
Inducing adventitious root(AR)formation in mature walnut species(Juglans L.)is challenging.However,the AR formation of mature trees can be improved by rejuvenation.In rejuvenated cuttings,exogenous indole-3-butyric ac...Inducing adventitious root(AR)formation in mature walnut species(Juglans L.)is challenging.However,the AR formation of mature trees can be improved by rejuvenation.In rejuvenated cuttings,exogenous indole-3-butyric acid(IBA)is essential for AR formation,and the underlying mechanism is still not well understood.Therefore,we utilized transcriptome sequencing to investigate the mechanism of IBA-induced AR formation.Our results revealed that,in comparison to the control group,IBA treatment(9 mmol·L^(-1))significantly increased the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)content,leading to an enhanced rooting rate.We performed RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between the IBA-treated and control(CK)groups at 1,2,3,and 5 days after cutting(DAC).The results showed that,compared to the control cuttings,there were 1539,889,785,and 984 up-regulated genes and 2791,2936,3017,and 1752 down-regulated genes,at 1,2,3,and 5 DAC,respectively.Analysis of RNA-seq data revealed that G-type ATP-binding cassette 36/37(ABCG36/37)and ATP-binding cassette subfamily D 1(ABCD1),associated with IBA transport,were down-regulated in the rejuvenation cuttings.In contrast,PIN-FORMED(PIN)and PINOID(PID),associated with auxin efflux,were up-regulated.We identified 49 auxin/indole-3-acetic acid(AUX/IAA)-encoding genes,including IAA1,IAA3,IAA5,IAA6,IAA8,IAA11,IAA12,IAA19,and IAA20,which were up-regulated at 1-5 DAC in the rejuvenated cuttings.This study highlights that the overexpression of JrWOX5/11 in poplar significantly enhance AR growth,as evidenced by increased root length,surface area,volume,and quantity.Moreover,the co-expression network analysis involving JrWOX11 and JrWOX5 in walnut cuttings elucidates complex genetic interactions,underscoring their pivotal role in the formation of AR.Our data supported the following molecular mechanism of IBA-induced adventitious root formation.Firstly,IBA is converted to free IAA in peroxisomes.Then,the highly concentrated IAA in the procambium and parenchyma cells induces WUSCHEL-related homeobox 11(WOX11)expression at two days.Finally,WOX11 acts redundantly to up-regulate WOX5,initiating the development of root primordia cells.展开更多
The common walnut(Juglans regia)is one of the most economically important nut trees cultivated worldwide.Despite its importance,no comprehensive evaluation of walnut tree population genetics has been undertaken across...The common walnut(Juglans regia)is one of the most economically important nut trees cultivated worldwide.Despite its importance,no comprehensive evaluation of walnut tree population genetics has been undertaken across the range where it originated,Central Asia.In this study,we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of 1082 individuals from 46 populations across Central Asia.We found moderate genetic diversity of J.regia across Central Asia,with 46 populations clustered into three groups with a weak relationship between genetic and geographic distance.Our findings reveal that the western Himalaya might be the core region of common walnut genetic diversity in Central Asia and that,except for two populations in Gongliu Wild Walnut Valley,humans might have introduced walnut populations to Xinjiang,China.The observed distribution of the genetic landscape has probably been affected by historical climate fluctuation,breeding system,and prolonged anthropogenic activity.We propose the conservation of the core genetic diversity resources in the western Himalaya and pay special attention to populations from Gongliu in Xinjiang.These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic variation throughout the distribution range of J.regia in Central Asia,which will provide a key prerequisite for evidence-based conservation and management.展开更多
Walnut dreg protein hydrolysates(WDPHs)exhibit a variety of biological activities,however,the cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)inhibitory peptide of WDPHs remain unclear.The aim of this study was to rapidly screen for such pept...Walnut dreg protein hydrolysates(WDPHs)exhibit a variety of biological activities,however,the cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)inhibitory peptide of WDPHs remain unclear.The aim of this study was to rapidly screen for such peptides in WDPHs through a combination of in silico and in vitro analysis.In total,1262 peptide sequences were observed by nano liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry(nano LC-MS/MS)and 4 novel COX-2 inhibitory peptides(AGFP,FPGA,LFPD,and VGFP)were identified.Enzyme kinetic data indicated that AGFP,FPGA,and LFPD displayed mixed-type COX-2 inhibition,whereas VGFP was a non-competitive inhibitor.This is mainly because the peptides form hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with residues in the COX-2 active site.These results demonstrate that computer analysis combined with in vitro evaluation allows for rapid screening of COX-2 inhibitory peptides in walnut protein dregs.展开更多
In order to select an appropriate deacidification process and improve the quality of walnut oil,low-temperature cold-pressed crude walnut oil was used as raw material.Deacidified walnut oil was prepared using three de...In order to select an appropriate deacidification process and improve the quality of walnut oil,low-temperature cold-pressed crude walnut oil was used as raw material.Deacidified walnut oil was prepared using three deacidification processes:chemical deacidification(CD),adsorption deacidification(AD),and molecular distillation deacidification(MDD).The physicochemical properties,nutritional components,and in vitro antioxidant activities of the resulting deacidified walnut oils were comparatively analyzed.The results indicate that the fatty acid content in walnut oil exhibits fluctuating changes during the three different deacidification processes.The MDD shows a higher deacidification rate,reaching 94.06%,which is superior to the other two methods.Additionally,the AD retains more total phenols and tocopherols,with retention rates of 95.79%and 74.62%,respectively;whereas MDD is more effective at retaining phytosterols,achieving a retention rate of 98.09%.All these methods displayed positive impacts on the in vitro antioxidant capacity and oil stability of walnut oil,with ferric-reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)content and oxidative stability time were significantly reduced.-whencompared to the untreated crude oil Among them,AD had the greatest impact on oxidative stability index(OSI),with its decreasing from 2.06 h to 0.82 h.Overall,compared to CD or MDD,the AD has best application prospects in preserving nutritional components.展开更多
LONELY GUY(LOG)is a pivotal cytokinin-activating enzyme that plays an important role in plant growth,development,and stress responses.Walnut(Juglans regia),an important woody oilseed species,has not yet undergone syst...LONELY GUY(LOG)is a pivotal cytokinin-activating enzyme that plays an important role in plant growth,development,and stress responses.Walnut(Juglans regia),an important woody oilseed species,has not yet undergone systematic identification of its LOG gene family.In this study,we identified 17 JrLOG genes in the walnut genome,which are unevenly distributed across 11 chromosomes.JrLOG gene expansion was primarily driven by gene duplication,along with purifying selection.Members of the JrLOG family were categorized into five groups,each exhibiting analogous gene structures,featured motifs,and conserved domains.Transcriptome and quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that JrLOG gene expression was tissue-specific,developmentally regulated,and responsive to stress situations.Notably,JrLOG3,which localizes to the cell membrane,exhibited high expression levels in leaves and responded to both cold and pathogen infection treatments.This study represents the first comprehensive identification of the LOG gene family in walnut,offering essential data for further functional studies of this gene family.展开更多
Walnut oil(WO),known for abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids and an array of bioactive substances such as tocopherols,phytosterols,squalene,melatonin,and polyphenols,which is endowed with numerous health advantages.T...Walnut oil(WO),known for abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids and an array of bioactive substances such as tocopherols,phytosterols,squalene,melatonin,and polyphenols,which is endowed with numerous health advantages.The primary objective of this research was to ascertain the impact of WO on cognitive deficits in learning and memory impairment mice caused by scopolamine(SCOP).The Morris water maze and the step-down avoidance test were utilized to assess the memory and learning capabilities.WO notably counteracted the detrimental effects of SCOP on learning and memory in the Morris water maze,as indicated by a reduction in escape latency and swimming distance.Likewise,WO administration led to a notably reduced number of errors in training trial and an increased latency in testing trial when compared to the SCOP group in the step-down avoidance test.Moreover,WO activated the cholinergic system of the brain by upregulating choline acetyltransferase activity and reducing acetylcholinesterase activity.These results suggest that WO has the potential to protect against memory decline in mice,offering a promising strategy for the prevention of memory-related disorders.展开更多
The objective of this work is to extract walnut oil using various processes in order to compare the influence on the nature of the components extracted, and thus identify the areas of potential use. We carried out the...The objective of this work is to extract walnut oil using various processes in order to compare the influence on the nature of the components extracted, and thus identify the areas of potential use. We carried out the extractions by mechanical process, thanks to a press in reduced model provided with a worm. We obtained cold extracted oil whose characteristics slightly diverge from extra virgin oil found in shops in Romania, but its composition is similar. We were also able to extract by chemical process using two methods, Folch and Soxhlet. Commercially available table walnut oils are only cold extracted to avoid the presence of solvents. Those are difficult to remove and strongly oxidize the oil. Currently, consumers appreciate walnut oil for its taste and nutritional qualities. In nutrition, this oil is put forward for its composition rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are needed for human body. Food supplements made from walnut oil are available today. For the moment, this is the only use of walnut oil. Indeed, there are some studies on other fields of application, but they remain in the field of research and nothing has yet been commercialized. In this present study, we compared the chemical and physical properties of cold-extracted oil with the solvent extraction of walnut kernel originating from the mountain region of Rumania. The cold extracted oil has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (63%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (30%), a very low level of saturated fatty acid (7%) and no content of linolenic acid. The Soxhlet and Folch methods produced slightly different oils with increased amounts of minor components, which changes their characteristic. Even when solvent-extracted oils do not meet the standard criteria imposed by the Codex Alimentarius, they offer a possible use in the fields of food, cosmetics industries and biomedicine.展开更多
The multifaceted roles of MYB transcriptional regulators are pivotal in orchestrating the complex processes of secondary metabolism,stress tolerance mechanisms,and life cycle progression and development.This study ext...The multifaceted roles of MYB transcriptional regulators are pivotal in orchestrating the complex processes of secondary metabolism,stress tolerance mechanisms,and life cycle progression and development.This study extensively examined the JrMYB genes using whole genome and transcriptomic data,focusing on identifying putative MYB genes associated with fatty acid metabolism.126 MYB genes were identified within the walnut genome,characterized by hydrophilic proteins spanning lengths ranging from 78 to 1890 base pairs.Analysis of cis-acting elements within the promoter regions of MYB genes revealed many elements linked to cell development,environmental stress,and phytohormones.Transcriptomic data was utilized to examine the role of JrMYB genes in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in walnuts.The results revealed diverse expression of these genes across various tissue sites,displaying varying levels and distinct expression patterns.Furthermore,by integrating the results of the phylogenetic tree with the correlation of expression levels,a total of 10 genes potentially involved in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis were screened.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)analysis was conducted on these 10 genes and further identified 4 candidate genes,and a transcription regulatory network involved in fatty acids metabolism was constructed.This study presents a systematic analysis of JrMYB genes,laying the groundwork for an in-depth exploration of the JrMYB genes family’s function in regulating fatty acid synthesis.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of the study was to make research on adsorption of Chinese walnut（Juglans mandshurica Maxim.） Shell（CWS） to Hg（Ⅱ） in water.[Method] Shells of Juglans mandshurica Maxim were used as biosorpti...[Objective] The aim of the study was to make research on adsorption of Chinese walnut（Juglans mandshurica Maxim.） Shell（CWS） to Hg（Ⅱ） in water.[Method] Shells of Juglans mandshurica Maxim were used as biosorption to remove Hg（Ⅱ） in water solution to explore the influence to adsorption of Hg（Ⅱ） under different conditions,like pH solution,adsorption time,and Hg（Ⅱ）.[Result] The experimental results show that when absorptivity of Hg（Ⅱ） by CWS reached the highest,pH ranged within 5.0-6.0.The adsorptivity decreased as initial Hg（Ⅱ） concentrations increased.Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy（FTIR） spectrum revealed some chemical groups of CWS may affect the adsorption of Hg（Ⅱ）,such as hydroxyl groups,methyl groups,aromatic methoxyl groups,unconjugated carbonyl,and typical aromatic ring,etc.Adsorption equation can be concluded considering the biosorption process relationship with Langmuir and Frendrich isotherm.[Conclusion] The study found that CW could be employed as a promising biosorption to remove Hg（Ⅱ） from aqueous environments.展开更多
基金Key Technology Research and Development Program in Autonomous Region(2022A02009)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI).
文摘Walnuts are rich in a variety of nutritional components.However,due to their high content of unsaturated fatty acids(UFAs),the quality of walnuts tends to decline during storage,which adversely affects the development of the walnut industry.This study was aimed to investigate the impacts of temperature and packaging methods on the storage quality and oxidative stability of walnuts.The Wen 185 walnut variety was selected,and the physical-chemical and nutritional indexes of walnuts stored for 42 weeks under different temperatures(18℃,4℃,and room temperature)and packaging methods(vacuum light-exposed,vacuum light-proof,vacuum-ra-diation light-exposed,vacuum-radiation light-proof,nitrogen-filled light-exposed,nitrogen-filled light-proof)were measured.The results showed that low temperatures,especially18℃,in combination with vacuum lightproof packaging,could effectively suppress the increase in oxidative stability indicators such as acid value(AV)and peroxide value(PV),and maintain high retention rates of nutritional indicators like tocopherol and phytosterol.This study has elucidated that low temperatures and appropriate packaging methods play the crucial roles in maintaining the quality and oxidative stability of walnuts during storage.It has provided comprehensive and valuable data support and theoretical basis for the scientific storage of walnuts,contributing to the devel-opment of the walnut industry and the guarantee of product quality.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2021YFD1600101)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture research system(CARS-12 and CARS-13)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI).
文摘To reveal the characteristic chemicals of walnuts from different origins, we analyzed fatty acid composition,tocopherols, phytosterols and total phenolic content (TPC) of walnuts from three main producing regions inChina. The results showed that walnuts were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 fattyacids was close to the recommendation of Chinese Nutrition Society. Moreover, walnuts contain high contents oftocopherols (331.20–414.71 mg/kg), phytosterols (97.17–110.35 mg/100 g) and phenols (38.51–48.08 mg GAE/kg). Significant chemical differences exist among walnuts from three production regions. The highest content ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids was found in walnuts from the northern China, the highest content of tocopherols inwalnuts from southwest China, and the highest contents of phytosterol and TPC in walnuts from northwest China.However, there was no significant difference in the tocopherol, phytosterol and TPC content of walnuts betweenthe Northern China and Northwest China. The above results provide important references for manufacturers andconsumers to select suitable walnut scientifically and reasonably.
文摘[Objectives] This study was conducted to establish an analytical method for the determination of ethephon residue in walnuts by UPLC-MS/MS. [Methods] This study was conducted to establish an analytical method for the determination of ethephon residue in walnuts by UPLC-MS/MS. [Results] The limit of quantification was 0.1 mg/kg and the recoveries were 94%-105% with the relative standard deviations of 0.82%-2.64% at the spiked levels of 0.1-5.0 mg/kg. [Conclusions] The accuracy and sensitivity of the method meet the requirements of pesticide residue analysis, and the experimental method is simple to operate.
基金This work was supported by Selçuk University Scientific Research Project(S.U.-BAP.Konya-Turkey).
文摘Some physical and chemical properties, mineral content and fatty acid compositions of kernel and oils of several walnut types (Büyük Oba, Kaman2, Kaman5) were determined. The oil yields from these kernels changed between 61.4% to 72.8%. The crude fibre contents of ker nels ranged between 3.77% and 3.80%. In add ition, crude protein contents of kernels ranged between 7.05% and 8.10%. While the peroxide values of kernel oils change between 3.18 meq/ Kg and 3.53 meq/Kg, acidity values ranged be tween 0.35% and 0.56%. The main fatty acids of walnut kernel oils were oleic, linoleic, linolenic and palmitic acids. Linoleic acid contents of ker nel oils varied between 49.7% and 55.5%. On the other hand, oleic acid contents ranged between 20.5% and 26.4%. As a result, the present study showed the walnut kernels of the researched species of walnut kernels from Turkey are a potential source of valuable oil which might be used for edible and other industrial applica tions.
文摘At the end of Oct.2024,Gyacha County basked under the warm sunlight.Standing within the nearly thousand-year-old renowned walnut forest,the azure sky,accompanied by drifting white clouds,appeared particularly captivating.The occasional thud of walnuts striking the earth heralded the continuation of life into a new generation,while the golden leaves whispered of the gradual departure of the old.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(32460363)Yunnan Province Agricultural Joint Key Foundation(No.202401BD070001-029)+3 种基金Yunnan Agricultural Joint General Foundation(202101BD070001-105)the Yunnan Provincial Youth Top Talent Project(Grant No.YNWR-QNBJ-2020-166)the Foreign ExpertWorkstation(202305AF150006)the 111 Project(D21027).
文摘Highly flame-retardant bio-based composites were prepared in this study.Firstly,glucose-citric acid(GC)resin was synthesized through the interaction of glucose and citric acid derived from agricultural and forestry sources.Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)served as a toughening agent,whereas walnut shell powder(WSP)functioned as a filler in the formulation of a thermosetting bio-based GC-PVA-WSP(GCPW)composite with GC resin.The findings demonstrated that boric acid increased the limited oxygen index(LOI)value of GCPW to 33%,while simultaneously diminishing its total smoke production(TSP)by 99.9%,and achieving a flame retardant index(FRI)of 5.04.In addition,the incorporation of WSP enhanced the compressive strength of the GCPW composite to 9.15 MPa.Concurrently,the GCPW composite demonstrates excellent hydrophobic properties,with a thermal conductivity as low as 0.086 W/m·K.
基金funded by the Research and Product Development of Key Technologies for Efficient Utilization of Walnut Meal(20210203125SF)Changchun 2021 Local Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements Guide Special(21KY05).
文摘In study,we investigated the effect of treatment with combination of walnut peptides with molecular weight<3 kDa and ginsenoside Rg1(<3 kDa+Rg1)on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice and the mechanism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)/tyrosine kinase B(TrKB)/cAMP response element-binding protein(CREB)signaling pathway in PC12 cells.In behavioral experiments,<3 kDa+Rg1 treatment improved the memorizing ability of mice.Treatment with<3 kDa+Rg1 significantly regulated the function of neurotransmitters and effectively improved the morphology of the neurons determined by hematoxylin and eosin(H&E),Nissl,and Golgi staining.Additionally,immunohistochemistry showed that the<3 kDa+Rg1 treatment significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase(AChE)activity and increased choline acetyl transferase(ChAT)content in the hippocampus.The treatment upregulated vesicular acetylcholine transporter(VAChT),activated the BDNF/TrKB/CREB signaling pathway,improved the remodeling of dendritic spines,and enhanced cholinergic functions.In the scopolamine-induced PC12 cells,combination treatment increased thioredoxin-1(Trx-1)expression after administering TrKB and activated signaling pathway.The results showed combination of<3 kDa+Rg1 activated the BDNF/TrKB/CREB signaling pathway by regulating function of neurotransmitters and enhanced cholinergic function to decrease cognitive impairment.
文摘An intelligent walnut recognition system combining acoustic emissions analysis,decision tree and fuzzy inference system(FIS)was developed and tested.In data acquisition part,Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)of impact signals was measured.Feature was extracted in two ways:using time domain and FFT of impact signal.The 66%of samples were used for training and the remains were used for testing.In selection feature part,the most important feature selected was:average and the second frequency amplitude of FFT.The method is based on the feature generation by FFT and time domain,produce decision tree with J48 algorithm and classification by fuzzy rules.The output of J48 algorithm was employed to produce the crisp if-then rule and membership function(MF)sets.The structure of FIS classifier was then defined based on the crisp sets.The results showed that the total classification accuracy was 94.7%,and the proposed FFT-J48-FIS model can be used in separation of filled walnuts from empty walnuts.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry(CAF)(CAFYBB2017QC002,CAFYBB2019QD002)。
文摘Place of origin has an important influence on walnut quality and commercial value,which results in the requirement of rapid geographical traceability method.Thus,a method for geographical origin identification of walnuts on the basis of nutritional quality of walnuts from China was conducted.The concentrations of 43 phytochemical components were analyzed in walnut samples from five different walnut-producing regions of China.Based on 14 chemical markers selected by the Random Forest method from these phytochemical components,a new discriminant model for geographical origin was built,with the corresponding correct classification rate of 99.3%.In addition,the quantitative quality differences of walnuts from five regions were analyzed,with values of 0.17–1.43.Moreover,the top three chemical markers for the geographical origin discriminant analysis were Mo,V,and stearic acid,with contribution rates of 26.8%,18.9%,and 10.9%,respectively.This study provides a potentially viable method for application in food authentication.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program,China(2022YFD2200402)the Improved Variety Program of Shandong Province,China(2020LZGC0902)+1 种基金the Special Fund for Innovation Teams of Fruit Trees in Agricultural Technology System of Shandong Province,China(SDAIT-06-01)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(CXGC2021B34)。
文摘Red walnut has broad market prospects because it is richer in anthocyanins than ordinary walnut.However,the mechanism driving anthocyanin biosynthesis in red walnut is still unknown.We studied two types of red walnut,called red walnut 1(R1),with a red pericarp and seed coat,and red walnut 2(R2),with a red seed coat only.R1 mostly contained cyanidin-3-O-galactoside,while R2 contained a various amounts of cyanidin-3-Ogalactoside,cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside,and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside.The LDOX-2(LOC109007163)and LDOX-3(LOC109010746)genes,which encode leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase/anthocyanidin synthase(LDOX/ANS),were preliminarily indicated as the crucial genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in R1 and R2,respectively.The MYB differential genes analysis showed that MYB27 and MYB113 are specifically expressed in the red parts of R1 and R2,respectively,and they are regarded as candidate regulatory genes.Ectopic expression in Arabidopsis and transient injection in walnut showed that both MYB27 and MYB113 were located in the nucleus and promoted anthocyanin accumulation,while MYB27 promoted the expression of LDOX-2,and MYB113 promoted the expression of LDOX-3and UAGT-3.Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that MYB27 could only bind to the LDOX-2 promoter,while MYB113 could bind to the promoters of both LDOX-3 and UAGT-3.In addition,we also identified an HD-Zip transcription factor,ATHB-12,which is specifically expressed in the pericarp.After silencing the expression of ATHB-12,the R2 pericarp turned red,and MYB113 expression increased.Further experiments showed that ATHB-12 could specifically interact with MYB113 and bind to its promoter.This suggests that MYB27controls R1 coloration by regulating LDOX-2,while MYB113 controls R2 coloration by regulating LDOX-3 and UAGT-3,but ATHB-12 can specifically bind to and inhibit the MYB113 of the R2 pericarp so that it becomes unpigmented.This study reveals the anthocyanin biosynthetic mechanisms in two different types of red walnut and provides a scientific basis for the selection and breeding of red walnut varieties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32101479)。
文摘Inducing adventitious root(AR)formation in mature walnut species(Juglans L.)is challenging.However,the AR formation of mature trees can be improved by rejuvenation.In rejuvenated cuttings,exogenous indole-3-butyric acid(IBA)is essential for AR formation,and the underlying mechanism is still not well understood.Therefore,we utilized transcriptome sequencing to investigate the mechanism of IBA-induced AR formation.Our results revealed that,in comparison to the control group,IBA treatment(9 mmol·L^(-1))significantly increased the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)content,leading to an enhanced rooting rate.We performed RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between the IBA-treated and control(CK)groups at 1,2,3,and 5 days after cutting(DAC).The results showed that,compared to the control cuttings,there were 1539,889,785,and 984 up-regulated genes and 2791,2936,3017,and 1752 down-regulated genes,at 1,2,3,and 5 DAC,respectively.Analysis of RNA-seq data revealed that G-type ATP-binding cassette 36/37(ABCG36/37)and ATP-binding cassette subfamily D 1(ABCD1),associated with IBA transport,were down-regulated in the rejuvenation cuttings.In contrast,PIN-FORMED(PIN)and PINOID(PID),associated with auxin efflux,were up-regulated.We identified 49 auxin/indole-3-acetic acid(AUX/IAA)-encoding genes,including IAA1,IAA3,IAA5,IAA6,IAA8,IAA11,IAA12,IAA19,and IAA20,which were up-regulated at 1-5 DAC in the rejuvenated cuttings.This study highlights that the overexpression of JrWOX5/11 in poplar significantly enhance AR growth,as evidenced by increased root length,surface area,volume,and quantity.Moreover,the co-expression network analysis involving JrWOX11 and JrWOX5 in walnut cuttings elucidates complex genetic interactions,underscoring their pivotal role in the formation of AR.Our data supported the following molecular mechanism of IBA-induced adventitious root formation.Firstly,IBA is converted to free IAA in peroxisomes.Then,the highly concentrated IAA in the procambium and parenchyma cells induces WUSCHEL-related homeobox 11(WOX11)expression at two days.Finally,WOX11 acts redundantly to up-regulate WOX5,initiating the development of root primordia cells.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170398,42211540718,32260149,41971071)the Top-notch Young Talents Project of Yunnan Provincial“Ten Thousand Talents Program”(YNWR-QNBJ-2018-146)+5 种基金CAS“Light ofWest China”Program,and Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan(202201AT070222)the Fund of Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics(CWR-2024-04)the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20224BAB215012)the Science and Technology Research Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education(GJJ2202401)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(ZDBSLY-7001)Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(202201BC070001).
文摘The common walnut(Juglans regia)is one of the most economically important nut trees cultivated worldwide.Despite its importance,no comprehensive evaluation of walnut tree population genetics has been undertaken across the range where it originated,Central Asia.In this study,we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of 1082 individuals from 46 populations across Central Asia.We found moderate genetic diversity of J.regia across Central Asia,with 46 populations clustered into three groups with a weak relationship between genetic and geographic distance.Our findings reveal that the western Himalaya might be the core region of common walnut genetic diversity in Central Asia and that,except for two populations in Gongliu Wild Walnut Valley,humans might have introduced walnut populations to Xinjiang,China.The observed distribution of the genetic landscape has probably been affected by historical climate fluctuation,breeding system,and prolonged anthropogenic activity.We propose the conservation of the core genetic diversity resources in the western Himalaya and pay special attention to populations from Gongliu in Xinjiang.These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic variation throughout the distribution range of J.regia in Central Asia,which will provide a key prerequisite for evidence-based conservation and management.
基金supported by the Major Project of Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province (202002AA100005 and 202102AE090027-2)the Project of Yunnan Province Food and Drug Homologous Resources Functional Food Innovation Team (A3032023057)+2 种基金the YEFICRC project of Yunnan provincial key programs (2019ZG009)Yunnan Province Ten Thousand Plan Industrial Technology Talents project (YNWR-CYJS-2020-010)the Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Agricultural Joint Special Project (202101BD070001-120)。
文摘Walnut dreg protein hydrolysates(WDPHs)exhibit a variety of biological activities,however,the cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)inhibitory peptide of WDPHs remain unclear.The aim of this study was to rapidly screen for such peptides in WDPHs through a combination of in silico and in vitro analysis.In total,1262 peptide sequences were observed by nano liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry(nano LC-MS/MS)and 4 novel COX-2 inhibitory peptides(AGFP,FPGA,LFPD,and VGFP)were identified.Enzyme kinetic data indicated that AGFP,FPGA,and LFPD displayed mixed-type COX-2 inhibition,whereas VGFP was a non-competitive inhibitor.This is mainly because the peptides form hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with residues in the COX-2 active site.These results demonstrate that computer analysis combined with in vitro evaluation allows for rapid screening of COX-2 inhibitory peptides in walnut protein dregs.
基金Key Technology Research and Development Program in Autonomous Region(2022A02009)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2022-OCRI).
文摘In order to select an appropriate deacidification process and improve the quality of walnut oil,low-temperature cold-pressed crude walnut oil was used as raw material.Deacidified walnut oil was prepared using three deacidification processes:chemical deacidification(CD),adsorption deacidification(AD),and molecular distillation deacidification(MDD).The physicochemical properties,nutritional components,and in vitro antioxidant activities of the resulting deacidified walnut oils were comparatively analyzed.The results indicate that the fatty acid content in walnut oil exhibits fluctuating changes during the three different deacidification processes.The MDD shows a higher deacidification rate,reaching 94.06%,which is superior to the other two methods.Additionally,the AD retains more total phenols and tocopherols,with retention rates of 95.79%and 74.62%,respectively;whereas MDD is more effective at retaining phytosterols,achieving a retention rate of 98.09%.All these methods displayed positive impacts on the in vitro antioxidant capacity and oil stability of walnut oil,with ferric-reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)content and oxidative stability time were significantly reduced.-whencompared to the untreated crude oil Among them,AD had the greatest impact on oxidative stability index(OSI),with its decreasing from 2.06 h to 0.82 h.Overall,compared to CD or MDD,the AD has best application prospects in preserving nutritional components.
基金supported by the Special Scientific Research Project for the Introduction of Talents in Hebei Agricultural University(YJ2021026)the Construction of Innovation Team of Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System in Hebei Province(HBCT2021100211).
文摘LONELY GUY(LOG)is a pivotal cytokinin-activating enzyme that plays an important role in plant growth,development,and stress responses.Walnut(Juglans regia),an important woody oilseed species,has not yet undergone systematic identification of its LOG gene family.In this study,we identified 17 JrLOG genes in the walnut genome,which are unevenly distributed across 11 chromosomes.JrLOG gene expansion was primarily driven by gene duplication,along with purifying selection.Members of the JrLOG family were categorized into five groups,each exhibiting analogous gene structures,featured motifs,and conserved domains.Transcriptome and quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that JrLOG gene expression was tissue-specific,developmentally regulated,and responsive to stress situations.Notably,JrLOG3,which localizes to the cell membrane,exhibited high expression levels in leaves and responded to both cold and pathogen infection treatments.This study represents the first comprehensive identification of the LOG gene family in walnut,offering essential data for further functional studies of this gene family.
基金supported by the Key Technology R&D Program of Shandong Province(2023TZXD069)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC-U21A20274)+2 种基金the innovation group project of Hubei Province(2023AFA042)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-14)by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2016-OCRI).
文摘Walnut oil(WO),known for abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids and an array of bioactive substances such as tocopherols,phytosterols,squalene,melatonin,and polyphenols,which is endowed with numerous health advantages.The primary objective of this research was to ascertain the impact of WO on cognitive deficits in learning and memory impairment mice caused by scopolamine(SCOP).The Morris water maze and the step-down avoidance test were utilized to assess the memory and learning capabilities.WO notably counteracted the detrimental effects of SCOP on learning and memory in the Morris water maze,as indicated by a reduction in escape latency and swimming distance.Likewise,WO administration led to a notably reduced number of errors in training trial and an increased latency in testing trial when compared to the SCOP group in the step-down avoidance test.Moreover,WO activated the cholinergic system of the brain by upregulating choline acetyltransferase activity and reducing acetylcholinesterase activity.These results suggest that WO has the potential to protect against memory decline in mice,offering a promising strategy for the prevention of memory-related disorders.
文摘The objective of this work is to extract walnut oil using various processes in order to compare the influence on the nature of the components extracted, and thus identify the areas of potential use. We carried out the extractions by mechanical process, thanks to a press in reduced model provided with a worm. We obtained cold extracted oil whose characteristics slightly diverge from extra virgin oil found in shops in Romania, but its composition is similar. We were also able to extract by chemical process using two methods, Folch and Soxhlet. Commercially available table walnut oils are only cold extracted to avoid the presence of solvents. Those are difficult to remove and strongly oxidize the oil. Currently, consumers appreciate walnut oil for its taste and nutritional qualities. In nutrition, this oil is put forward for its composition rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are needed for human body. Food supplements made from walnut oil are available today. For the moment, this is the only use of walnut oil. Indeed, there are some studies on other fields of application, but they remain in the field of research and nothing has yet been commercialized. In this present study, we compared the chemical and physical properties of cold-extracted oil with the solvent extraction of walnut kernel originating from the mountain region of Rumania. The cold extracted oil has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (63%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (30%), a very low level of saturated fatty acid (7%) and no content of linolenic acid. The Soxhlet and Folch methods produced slightly different oils with increased amounts of minor components, which changes their characteristic. Even when solvent-extracted oils do not meet the standard criteria imposed by the Codex Alimentarius, they offer a possible use in the fields of food, cosmetics industries and biomedicine.
基金funded by the Shannan City Science and Technology Plan Project(2022BJKJJHXM-001)Science and Technology Project of Tibet Autonomous Region(XZ202201YD0005C).
文摘The multifaceted roles of MYB transcriptional regulators are pivotal in orchestrating the complex processes of secondary metabolism,stress tolerance mechanisms,and life cycle progression and development.This study extensively examined the JrMYB genes using whole genome and transcriptomic data,focusing on identifying putative MYB genes associated with fatty acid metabolism.126 MYB genes were identified within the walnut genome,characterized by hydrophilic proteins spanning lengths ranging from 78 to 1890 base pairs.Analysis of cis-acting elements within the promoter regions of MYB genes revealed many elements linked to cell development,environmental stress,and phytohormones.Transcriptomic data was utilized to examine the role of JrMYB genes in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in walnuts.The results revealed diverse expression of these genes across various tissue sites,displaying varying levels and distinct expression patterns.Furthermore,by integrating the results of the phylogenetic tree with the correlation of expression levels,a total of 10 genes potentially involved in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis were screened.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)analysis was conducted on these 10 genes and further identified 4 candidate genes,and a transcription regulatory network involved in fatty acids metabolism was constructed.This study presents a systematic analysis of JrMYB genes,laying the groundwork for an in-depth exploration of the JrMYB genes family’s function in regulating fatty acid synthesis.
基金Supported by National Water Major Project of China (2008ZX07211-007)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of the study was to make research on adsorption of Chinese walnut（Juglans mandshurica Maxim.） Shell（CWS） to Hg（Ⅱ） in water.[Method] Shells of Juglans mandshurica Maxim were used as biosorption to remove Hg（Ⅱ） in water solution to explore the influence to adsorption of Hg（Ⅱ） under different conditions,like pH solution,adsorption time,and Hg（Ⅱ）.[Result] The experimental results show that when absorptivity of Hg（Ⅱ） by CWS reached the highest,pH ranged within 5.0-6.0.The adsorptivity decreased as initial Hg（Ⅱ） concentrations increased.Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy（FTIR） spectrum revealed some chemical groups of CWS may affect the adsorption of Hg（Ⅱ）,such as hydroxyl groups,methyl groups,aromatic methoxyl groups,unconjugated carbonyl,and typical aromatic ring,etc.Adsorption equation can be concluded considering the biosorption process relationship with Langmuir and Frendrich isotherm.[Conclusion] The study found that CW could be employed as a promising biosorption to remove Hg（Ⅱ） from aqueous environments.
