As time and space constraints decrease due to the development of wireless communication network technology,the scale and scope of cyber-attacks targeting the Internet of Things(IoT)are increasing.However,it is difficu...As time and space constraints decrease due to the development of wireless communication network technology,the scale and scope of cyber-attacks targeting the Internet of Things(IoT)are increasing.However,it is difficult to apply high-performance security modules to the IoT owing to the limited battery,memory capacity,and data transmission performance depend-ing on the size of the device.Conventional research has mainly reduced power consumption by lightening encryption algorithms.However,it is difficult to defend large-scale information systems and networks against advanced and intelligent attacks because of the problem of deteriorating security perfor-mance.In this study,we propose wake-up security(WuS),a low-power security architecture that can utilize high-performance security algorithms in an IoT environment.By introducing a small logic that performs anomaly detection on the IoT platform and executes the security module only when necessary according to the anomaly detection result,WuS improves security and power efficiency while using a relatively high-complexity security module in a low-power environment compared to the conventional method of periodically exe-cuting a high-performance security module.In this study,a Python simulator based on the UNSW-NB15 dataset is used to evaluate the power consumption,latency,and security of the proposed method.The evaluation results reveal that the power consumption of the proposed WuS mechanism is approxi-mately 51.8%and 27.2%lower than those of conventional high-performance security and lightweight security modules,respectively.Additionally,the laten-cies are approximately 74.8%and 65.9%lower,respectively.Furthermore,the WuS mechanism achieved a high detection accuracy of approximately 96.5%or greater,proving that the detection efficiency performance improved by approximately 33.5%compared to the conventional model.The performance evaluation results for the proposed model varied depending on the applied anomaly-detection model.Therefore,they can be used in various ways by selecting suitable models based on the performance levels required in each industry.展开更多
Multi-Threshold CMOS(MTCMOS) is an effective technique for controlling leakage power with low delay overhead.However the large magnitude of ground bouncing noise induced by the sleep to active mode transition may caus...Multi-Threshold CMOS(MTCMOS) is an effective technique for controlling leakage power with low delay overhead.However the large magnitude of ground bouncing noise induced by the sleep to active mode transition may cause signal integrity problem in MTCMOS circuits.We propose a methodology for reducing ground bouncing noise under the wake-up delay constraint.An improved two-stage parallel power gating structure that can suppress the ground bouncing noise through turn on sets of sleep transistors consecutively is proposed.The size of each sleep transistor is optimized by a novel sizing algorithm based on a simple discharging model.Simulation results show that the proposed techniques achieve at least 23% improvement in the product of the peak amplitude of ground bouncing noise and the wake-up time when compared with other existing techniques.展开更多
This paper proposes a low power wake-up baseband circuit used in Chinese Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system. To reduce the static power consumption, a low power biasing strategy is proposed. The proposed circuit ...This paper proposes a low power wake-up baseband circuit used in Chinese Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system. To reduce the static power consumption, a low power biasing strategy is proposed. The proposed circuit is fabricated in TSMC 0.18 μm technology with an area of 0.09 mm 2 . Its current consumption is only 2.1 μA under 1.8 V power supply. It achieves a sensitivity of 0.95 mV at room temperature with a variation of only ±28% over -35℃ to 105℃.展开更多
Tags of micro-power active RFID system are usually supllied by cells battery, the power consumption is a crucial factor. The currently applied operating mode is of timing wake-up. In this paper, presented the method o...Tags of micro-power active RFID system are usually supllied by cells battery, the power consumption is a crucial factor. The currently applied operating mode is of timing wake-up. In this paper, presented the method of LF wake-up technology , discussed how to use it to solve the low-power problem of active RFID tag. Put forward the crucial electrocircuit and working program flow. Practices show that this solution is capable of solving the problem of low-power of active RFID.展开更多
The paper proposes a low power non-volatile baseband processor with wake-up identification(WUI) receiver for LR-WPAN transceiver.It consists of WUI receiver,main receiver,transmitter,non-volatile memory(NVM) and power...The paper proposes a low power non-volatile baseband processor with wake-up identification(WUI) receiver for LR-WPAN transceiver.It consists of WUI receiver,main receiver,transmitter,non-volatile memory(NVM) and power management module.The main receiver adopts a unified simplified synchronization method and channel codec with proactive Reed-Solomon Bypass technique,which increases the robustness and energy efficiency of receiver.The WUI receiver specifies the communication node and wakes up the transceiver to reduce average power consumption of the transceiver.The embedded NVM can backup/restore the states information of processor that avoids the loss of the state information caused by power failure and reduces the unnecessary power of repetitive computation when the processor is waked up from power down mode.The baseband processor is designed and verified on a FPGA board.The simulated power consumption of processor is 5.1uW for transmitting and 28.2μW for receiving.The WUI receiver technique reduces the average power consumption of transceiver remarkably.If the transceiver operates 30 seconds in every 15 minutes,the average power consumption of the transceiver can be reduced by two orders of magnitude.The NVM avoids the loss of the state information caused by power failure and energy waste caused by repetitive computation.展开更多
Wake-up radio (WuR) system is often presented as the best candidate for replacing traditional duty cycled Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The Double Radio (DoRa) protocol is a...Wake-up radio (WuR) system is often presented as the best candidate for replacing traditional duty cycled Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The Double Radio (DoRa) protocol is a new MAC protocol for in-band WuR system with addressing capabilities. While the DoRa protocol improves the WSNs energy efficiency, it still suffers from an overhearing problem when the WuR system is very often requested. The WuR wastes a noticeable amount of energy when overhearing to wake-up demand intended to other nodes, but it is neither measured nor solved in other works. In this paper, an adaptive duty-cycled DoRa (DC-DoRa) is then proposed to solve the overhearing problem. The primary concept of the work is to enable the WuR functionality before the node is addressed and to disable the WuR after the node sent data. Extensive simulations under OMNeT++ using real input parameters are then performed to show the significant energy-savings through the two protocols and the nearly suppression of overhearing with DC-DoRa. In fact, the mean power consumption is three-order below using the DoRa protocol compared to traditional MAC protocols. While overhearing can represent up to 93% of the WuR energy consumption with the DoRa protocol, it is reduced to only 1% with the DC-DoRa protocol.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the self developed sound outside the ventilation device-esophageal nasopharynx catheter in brain functional areas surgery applications. Methods 13 patients involved ...Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the self developed sound outside the ventilation device-esophageal nasopharynx catheter in brain functional areas surgery applications. Methods 13 patients involved functional areas of brain surgery were chosed. After induction of general anesthesia,the catheters were placed in the esophagus,then connected to anesthesia machines to an external展开更多
Paraplegia is a rare but terrible complication following major spinal operation. Intraoperative monitoring should be used to detect the neurological compucauons early so that they can be surgically revised.1 The commo...Paraplegia is a rare but terrible complication following major spinal operation. Intraoperative monitoring should be used to detect the neurological compucauons early so that they can be surgically revised.1 The common procedures for spinal cord monitoring are intraoperative wake-up test and neurophysiological methods. The latter includes somatosensory evoked potentials （SSEP） and motor evoked potentials （MEP）. The wake-up test has been routinely used to monitor voluntary motor function of the lower limbs during corrective spinal surgery.展开更多
A fully integrated super-regenerative wake-up receiver for wireless body area network applications is presented. The super-regeneration receiver is designed to receive OOK-modulated data from the base station. A low p...A fully integrated super-regenerative wake-up receiver for wireless body area network applications is presented. The super-regeneration receiver is designed to receive OOK-modulated data from the base station. A low power waveform generator is adopted both to provide a quench signal for VCO and to provide a clock signal for the digital module. The receiver is manufactured in 0.18 μm CMOS process and the active area is 0.67 mm^2.It achieves a sensitivity of -80 d Bm for 10^（-3）BER with a data rate of 200 kbps. The power consumption of the super-regenerative wake-up receiver is about 2.16 m W.展开更多
This paper proposes a baseband circuit for wake-up receivers with double-mode detection and enhanced sensitivity robustness for use in the electronic toll collection system.A double-mode detection method,including amp...This paper proposes a baseband circuit for wake-up receivers with double-mode detection and enhanced sensitivity robustness for use in the electronic toll collection system.A double-mode detection method,including amplitude detection and frequency detection,is proposed to reject interference and reduce false wake-ups.An improved closed-loop band-pass filter and a DC offset cancellation technique are also newly introduced to enhance the sensitivity robustness.The circuit is fabricated in TSMC 0.18μm 3.3 V CMOS technology with an area of 0.12 mm2.Measurement results show that the sensitivity is -54.5 dBm with only a±0.95 dBm variation from the 1.8 to 3.3 V power supply,and that the temperature variation of the sensitivity is±1.4 dBm from -50 to 100℃. The current consumption is 1.4 to 1.7μA under a 1.8 to 3.3 V power supply.展开更多
目的观察全面性发育迟缓患儿实施醒脑开窍、补肾健脾养心针法治疗的效果。方法选取GDD住院患儿82例,随机分为对照组和试验组,各41例,2组各脱落3例,最终2组各纳入38例。对照组行常规康复治疗,试验组在此基础上增加实施醒脑开窍、补肾健...目的观察全面性发育迟缓患儿实施醒脑开窍、补肾健脾养心针法治疗的效果。方法选取GDD住院患儿82例,随机分为对照组和试验组,各41例,2组各脱落3例,最终2组各纳入38例。对照组行常规康复治疗,试验组在此基础上增加实施醒脑开窍、补肾健脾养心针法。对2组患儿治疗前后应用Gesell发育量表、Peabody 2运动发育评估量表、婴儿-初中生社会生活能力量表进行疗效评估。结果治疗后2组精细运动、大运动、语言、适应性、个人-社交发育商(developmental quotient,DQ)及精细运动商(fine motor quotient,FMQ)、粗大运动商(gross motor quotient,GMQ)、总体运动商(total motor quotient,TMQ)和自我管理、独立生活、作业操作、参加集体活动、运动、交往评分均较治疗前提高(P<0.05),试验组大运动、语言、适应性、个人-社交DQ及FMQ、GMQ、TMQ和自我管理、独立生活、作业操作、运动评分较对照组更高(P<0.05),而2组精细运动DQ和参加集体活动、交往评分比较不存在统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论醒脑开窍、补肾健脾养心针法可改善GDD患儿智力发育、运动功能及社会生活能力。展开更多
目的探讨高压氧治疗(HBOT)对未行静脉溶栓治疗的醒后卒中(WUS)患者血清炎性因子、氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)水平的影响。方法选取2022年11月至2023年12月收治的WUS患者94例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组各47例,观察组予常规药物...目的探讨高压氧治疗(HBOT)对未行静脉溶栓治疗的醒后卒中(WUS)患者血清炎性因子、氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)水平的影响。方法选取2022年11月至2023年12月收治的WUS患者94例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组各47例,观察组予常规药物联合HBOT,对照组予常规药物治疗,均治疗1个月。对比两组治疗前后血清炎性因子[超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]和ox-LDL水平;评估发病7、14、30 d后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)与改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分变化,并评估治疗安全性。结果治疗后两组血清hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、ox-LDL水平均降低,且观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。两组治疗7、14及30 d NIHSS与mRS评分均较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05);治疗14、30 d观察组NIHSS与mRS评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组不良反应总发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论HBOT辅助治疗可降低未行静脉溶栓治疗的WUS患者血清炎性因子和ox-LDL水平,改善神经功能缺损程度及预后,且安全性良好。展开更多
基金supplemented by a paper presented at the 6th International Symposium on Mobile Internet Security(MobiSec 2022).
文摘As time and space constraints decrease due to the development of wireless communication network technology,the scale and scope of cyber-attacks targeting the Internet of Things(IoT)are increasing.However,it is difficult to apply high-performance security modules to the IoT owing to the limited battery,memory capacity,and data transmission performance depend-ing on the size of the device.Conventional research has mainly reduced power consumption by lightening encryption algorithms.However,it is difficult to defend large-scale information systems and networks against advanced and intelligent attacks because of the problem of deteriorating security perfor-mance.In this study,we propose wake-up security(WuS),a low-power security architecture that can utilize high-performance security algorithms in an IoT environment.By introducing a small logic that performs anomaly detection on the IoT platform and executes the security module only when necessary according to the anomaly detection result,WuS improves security and power efficiency while using a relatively high-complexity security module in a low-power environment compared to the conventional method of periodically exe-cuting a high-performance security module.In this study,a Python simulator based on the UNSW-NB15 dataset is used to evaluate the power consumption,latency,and security of the proposed method.The evaluation results reveal that the power consumption of the proposed WuS mechanism is approxi-mately 51.8%and 27.2%lower than those of conventional high-performance security and lightweight security modules,respectively.Additionally,the laten-cies are approximately 74.8%and 65.9%lower,respectively.Furthermore,the WuS mechanism achieved a high detection accuracy of approximately 96.5%or greater,proving that the detection efficiency performance improved by approximately 33.5%compared to the conventional model.The performance evaluation results for the proposed model varied depending on the applied anomaly-detection model.Therefore,they can be used in various ways by selecting suitable models based on the performance levels required in each industry.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 6087001)
文摘Multi-Threshold CMOS(MTCMOS) is an effective technique for controlling leakage power with low delay overhead.However the large magnitude of ground bouncing noise induced by the sleep to active mode transition may cause signal integrity problem in MTCMOS circuits.We propose a methodology for reducing ground bouncing noise under the wake-up delay constraint.An improved two-stage parallel power gating structure that can suppress the ground bouncing noise through turn on sets of sleep transistors consecutively is proposed.The size of each sleep transistor is optimized by a novel sizing algorithm based on a simple discharging model.Simulation results show that the proposed techniques achieve at least 23% improvement in the product of the peak amplitude of ground bouncing noise and the wake-up time when compared with other existing techniques.
基金Supported by the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research TeamsNational Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61106025)
文摘This paper proposes a low power wake-up baseband circuit used in Chinese Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system. To reduce the static power consumption, a low power biasing strategy is proposed. The proposed circuit is fabricated in TSMC 0.18 μm technology with an area of 0.09 mm 2 . Its current consumption is only 2.1 μA under 1.8 V power supply. It achieves a sensitivity of 0.95 mV at room temperature with a variation of only ±28% over -35℃ to 105℃.
文摘Tags of micro-power active RFID system are usually supllied by cells battery, the power consumption is a crucial factor. The currently applied operating mode is of timing wake-up. In this paper, presented the method of LF wake-up technology , discussed how to use it to solve the low-power problem of active RFID tag. Put forward the crucial electrocircuit and working program flow. Practices show that this solution is capable of solving the problem of low-power of active RFID.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61306027)
文摘The paper proposes a low power non-volatile baseband processor with wake-up identification(WUI) receiver for LR-WPAN transceiver.It consists of WUI receiver,main receiver,transmitter,non-volatile memory(NVM) and power management module.The main receiver adopts a unified simplified synchronization method and channel codec with proactive Reed-Solomon Bypass technique,which increases the robustness and energy efficiency of receiver.The WUI receiver specifies the communication node and wakes up the transceiver to reduce average power consumption of the transceiver.The embedded NVM can backup/restore the states information of processor that avoids the loss of the state information caused by power failure and reduces the unnecessary power of repetitive computation when the processor is waked up from power down mode.The baseband processor is designed and verified on a FPGA board.The simulated power consumption of processor is 5.1uW for transmitting and 28.2μW for receiving.The WUI receiver technique reduces the average power consumption of transceiver remarkably.If the transceiver operates 30 seconds in every 15 minutes,the average power consumption of the transceiver can be reduced by two orders of magnitude.The NVM avoids the loss of the state information caused by power failure and energy waste caused by repetitive computation.
文摘Wake-up radio (WuR) system is often presented as the best candidate for replacing traditional duty cycled Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The Double Radio (DoRa) protocol is a new MAC protocol for in-band WuR system with addressing capabilities. While the DoRa protocol improves the WSNs energy efficiency, it still suffers from an overhearing problem when the WuR system is very often requested. The WuR wastes a noticeable amount of energy when overhearing to wake-up demand intended to other nodes, but it is neither measured nor solved in other works. In this paper, an adaptive duty-cycled DoRa (DC-DoRa) is then proposed to solve the overhearing problem. The primary concept of the work is to enable the WuR functionality before the node is addressed and to disable the WuR after the node sent data. Extensive simulations under OMNeT++ using real input parameters are then performed to show the significant energy-savings through the two protocols and the nearly suppression of overhearing with DC-DoRa. In fact, the mean power consumption is three-order below using the DoRa protocol compared to traditional MAC protocols. While overhearing can represent up to 93% of the WuR energy consumption with the DoRa protocol, it is reduced to only 1% with the DC-DoRa protocol.
文摘Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the self developed sound outside the ventilation device-esophageal nasopharynx catheter in brain functional areas surgery applications. Methods 13 patients involved functional areas of brain surgery were chosed. After induction of general anesthesia,the catheters were placed in the esophagus,then connected to anesthesia machines to an external
文摘Paraplegia is a rare but terrible complication following major spinal operation. Intraoperative monitoring should be used to detect the neurological compucauons early so that they can be surgically revised.1 The common procedures for spinal cord monitoring are intraoperative wake-up test and neurophysiological methods. The latter includes somatosensory evoked potentials （SSEP） and motor evoked potentials （MEP）. The wake-up test has been routinely used to monitor voluntary motor function of the lower limbs during corrective spinal surgery.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB744600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61474120)
文摘A fully integrated super-regenerative wake-up receiver for wireless body area network applications is presented. The super-regeneration receiver is designed to receive OOK-modulated data from the base station. A low power waveform generator is adopted both to provide a quench signal for VCO and to provide a clock signal for the digital module. The receiver is manufactured in 0.18 μm CMOS process and the active area is 0.67 mm^2.It achieves a sensitivity of -80 d Bm for 10^（-3）BER with a data rate of 200 kbps. The power consumption of the super-regenerative wake-up receiver is about 2.16 m W.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61106025)the National High Technology Research and Develop Program of China(No.2012AA012301)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2013ZX03006004)
文摘This paper proposes a baseband circuit for wake-up receivers with double-mode detection and enhanced sensitivity robustness for use in the electronic toll collection system.A double-mode detection method,including amplitude detection and frequency detection,is proposed to reject interference and reduce false wake-ups.An improved closed-loop band-pass filter and a DC offset cancellation technique are also newly introduced to enhance the sensitivity robustness.The circuit is fabricated in TSMC 0.18μm 3.3 V CMOS technology with an area of 0.12 mm2.Measurement results show that the sensitivity is -54.5 dBm with only a±0.95 dBm variation from the 1.8 to 3.3 V power supply,and that the temperature variation of the sensitivity is±1.4 dBm from -50 to 100℃. The current consumption is 1.4 to 1.7μA under a 1.8 to 3.3 V power supply.
文摘目的观察全面性发育迟缓患儿实施醒脑开窍、补肾健脾养心针法治疗的效果。方法选取GDD住院患儿82例,随机分为对照组和试验组,各41例,2组各脱落3例,最终2组各纳入38例。对照组行常规康复治疗,试验组在此基础上增加实施醒脑开窍、补肾健脾养心针法。对2组患儿治疗前后应用Gesell发育量表、Peabody 2运动发育评估量表、婴儿-初中生社会生活能力量表进行疗效评估。结果治疗后2组精细运动、大运动、语言、适应性、个人-社交发育商(developmental quotient,DQ)及精细运动商(fine motor quotient,FMQ)、粗大运动商(gross motor quotient,GMQ)、总体运动商(total motor quotient,TMQ)和自我管理、独立生活、作业操作、参加集体活动、运动、交往评分均较治疗前提高(P<0.05),试验组大运动、语言、适应性、个人-社交DQ及FMQ、GMQ、TMQ和自我管理、独立生活、作业操作、运动评分较对照组更高(P<0.05),而2组精细运动DQ和参加集体活动、交往评分比较不存在统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论醒脑开窍、补肾健脾养心针法可改善GDD患儿智力发育、运动功能及社会生活能力。
文摘目的探讨高压氧治疗(HBOT)对未行静脉溶栓治疗的醒后卒中(WUS)患者血清炎性因子、氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)水平的影响。方法选取2022年11月至2023年12月收治的WUS患者94例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组各47例,观察组予常规药物联合HBOT,对照组予常规药物治疗,均治疗1个月。对比两组治疗前后血清炎性因子[超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]和ox-LDL水平;评估发病7、14、30 d后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)与改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分变化,并评估治疗安全性。结果治疗后两组血清hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、ox-LDL水平均降低,且观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。两组治疗7、14及30 d NIHSS与mRS评分均较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05);治疗14、30 d观察组NIHSS与mRS评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组不良反应总发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论HBOT辅助治疗可降低未行静脉溶栓治疗的WUS患者血清炎性因子和ox-LDL水平,改善神经功能缺损程度及预后,且安全性良好。
