This paper evaluates the potential of building envelope to save energy associated with the total electricity consumed. It summarizes the simulation analysis to determine the effectiveness of envelope construction in r...This paper evaluates the potential of building envelope to save energy associated with the total electricity consumed. It summarizes the simulation analysis to determine the effectiveness of envelope construction in reducing total electrical consumption for residential buildings in Egypt. This paper studied the effect of the building envelope construction, orientation, window opening area as a ratio of wall area, and the glazing type for Cairo and Alexandria. It was determined that for most residential buildings in Egypt with SHGC values above 0.61, increases the total electrical consumption by 25%. Roof and wall insulation provides significant energy savings, 40% for the roofs and 12% for walls.展开更多
Study of CTD data collected by the R/V DONG FANG HONG 2 in a 1997 summercruise in the ocean region around the Ryukyu Islands showed: 1) the existence, in the upper layer, of ahigh salinity water (HSW) core at about 20...Study of CTD data collected by the R/V DONG FANG HONG 2 in a 1997 summercruise in the ocean region around the Ryukyu Islands showed: 1) the existence, in the upper layer, of ahigh salinity water (HSW) core at about 200 dbar, and a low salinity water (LSW) core, centered atabout 700 dbar on the Pacific Ocean side of the Ryukyu Ridge, and located shallower on the East Chinafor (ECS) side; 2) the existence, in the upper layer, of warm water regions (WWR) west of Amami Is-land and Ishigaki Island, and a cold water region (CWR) east of Okinawa Ieland; in the lower layer, ofa CWR (WWR) southwest (southeast) of Okinawa Island; 3) the intrusion of North Pacific IntermediateWater into the ECS through the Kerama Trench located south of Okinawa Island and the strait east of Tai-wan Island.展开更多
This paper summarizes the results of energy simulation analysis to determine the effectiveness of building characteristics in reducing electrical energy consumption in residential buildings （conditioned and unconditi...This paper summarizes the results of energy simulation analysis to determine the effectiveness of building characteristics in reducing electrical energy consumption in residential buildings （conditioned and unconditioned） and commercial buildings （office ＆ hotel） in Egypt. Specifically, the impact on building envelope performance is investigated for different strategies such as window size, glazing type and building construction for two geographical locations in Egypt. This paper also studies the energy savings in residential and nonresidential buildings for different lighting power densities （LPD）, energy input ratios （EIR）, set point temperatures （SPT） and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning （I-WAC） systems. The study shows certain findings of practical significance, e.g. that a window-to-wall ratio of 0.20 and reasonably shaded windows lower the total annual electricity use for nonresidential buildings by more than 20% in the two Egyptian locations.展开更多
Machine learning techniques can fill data gaps for urban-scale building simulations,particularly gaps around window-to-wall ratio(WWR).This study presents a comprehensive workflow to(1)automatically extract and stitch...Machine learning techniques can fill data gaps for urban-scale building simulations,particularly gaps around window-to-wall ratio(WWR).This study presents a comprehensive workflow to(1)automatically extract and stitch images from Google Street View(GSV);(2)label images with a custom Rhino-based tool to aid annotation of occluded glazing;(3)detect wall,garage,and glazing objects by training and validating a YOLOv9 deep learning model with three added post-scripts;(4)calculate WWR at façade,building,and district scales;and(5)simulate district energy consumption in an urban building energy model(UBEM).Results include a 96%image-capture rate from GSV,indicating a robust extraction and stitching algorithm.Converting model detections into WWR,94%and 100%of façades have detected WWRs within±5%and±10%of ground truth WWRs,respectively.A novel automatic algorithm upscales façade detection to estimate WWR at non-street-facing sides and rears,resulting in distinct WWRs for each face of each building.For a case study in Turin,Italy,WWR detections are+5.2%and+6.9%greater when upscaling based on OpenStreetMap and municipal GIS data,respectively,compared to TABULA,leading to 1.5%and 35.5%increases in heating and cooling energy need in the UBEM.The workflow is made openly available to support future research in other contexts.展开更多
It has been a focus to reduce the energy consumption and improve the space heating performance of high-altitude buildings in winter seasons. In view of the abundant solar energy resources of the high-altitude region, ...It has been a focus to reduce the energy consumption and improve the space heating performance of high-altitude buildings in winter seasons. In view of the abundant solar energy resources of the high-altitude region, the establishment of passive solar houses should be an effective strategy to deal with the problem of thermal comfort. Both window to wall ratio(WWR) and sunspace depth are of vital importance to determine the thermal comfort level of passive solar houses, while there are limited studies on analyzing their impacts on passive solar houses in high-altitude regions. Therefore, this study is designed to examine how WWR and sunspace depth affect space heating of passive solar houses in the Qinghai-Tibetan region. To be specific, the hourly radiation temperature variations and percentages of dissatisfaction of the residential building with different sunspace depth/WWR(including 0.9 m/33%, 0.9 m/45%, 0.9 m/60%, 1.2 m/33% and 1.5 m/33%) were quantitatively examined. Results indicated that under the condition of 0.9 m/45%, the overall average radiation temperature of the building was approximately 16°C during the entire heating season, which could better satisfy the heating requirements. Meanwhile, the average temperature was higher, and the thermal comfort level was better under the ratio of 45% or the depth of 1.5 m, when only an individual factor in either ratio or depth was considered. These findings can provide references for the determination of dimensions of passive solar houses in high-altitude regions.展开更多
This paper attempts to resolve the reported contradiction in the literature about the characteristics of high-performance/cost-effective fenestration of residential buildings,particularly in hot climates.The considere...This paper attempts to resolve the reported contradiction in the literature about the characteristics of high-performance/cost-effective fenestration of residential buildings,particularly in hot climates.The considered issues are the window glazing property(ten commercial glazing types),facade orientation(four main orientations),window-to-wall ratio(WWR)(0.2–0.8),and solar shading overhangs and side-fins(nine shading conditions).The results of the simulated runs reveal that the glazing quality has a superior effect over the other fenestration parameters and controls their effect on the energy consumption of residential buildings.Thus,using low-performance windows on buildings yields larger effects of WWR,facade orientation,and solar shading than high-performance windows.As the WWR increases from 0.2 to 0.8,the building energy consumption using the low-performance window increases 6.46 times than that using the highperformance window.The best facade orientation is changed from north to south according to the glazing properties.In addition,the solar shading need is correlated as a function of a window-glazing property and WWR.The cost analysis shows that the high-performance windows without solar shading are cost-effective as they have the largest net present cost compared to lowperformance windows with or without solar shading.Accordingly,replacing low-performance windows with high-performance ones,in an existing residential building,saves about 12.7 MWh of electricity and 11.05 tons of CO_(2) annually.展开更多
The construction of fully glazed commercial building facades responsible for high energy consumption has become a common architectural practice worldwide irrespective of the climate.This paper presents the methodology...The construction of fully glazed commercial building facades responsible for high energy consumption has become a common architectural practice worldwide irrespective of the climate.This paper presents the methodology to optimize the Window to Wall Ratio(WWR)with and without daylight utilization to reduce energy consumption in office buildings for the climate of Lahore,Pakistan,using a simulation tool COMFEN.The impacts of solar heat and daylight entering through the building façade with reference to different WWR and orientation were explored for the selection of optimum WWR.The optimum WWR was selected on the basis of least energy consumption whilst achieving a threshold lighting level.When daylight is not utilized,the energy demand is minimized by the lowest possible WWR.With daylight utilization,energy demand is optimized by use of WWRs of 13%to 30%according to orientation.Optimum WWR with daylight utilization offered a more balanced solution.The methodology used in this study can be applied to any location around the world to find optimum WWR for any glazing type.展开更多
文摘This paper evaluates the potential of building envelope to save energy associated with the total electricity consumed. It summarizes the simulation analysis to determine the effectiveness of envelope construction in reducing total electrical consumption for residential buildings in Egypt. This paper studied the effect of the building envelope construction, orientation, window opening area as a ratio of wall area, and the glazing type for Cairo and Alexandria. It was determined that for most residential buildings in Egypt with SHGC values above 0.61, increases the total electrical consumption by 25%. Roof and wall insulation provides significant energy savings, 40% for the roofs and 12% for walls.
文摘Study of CTD data collected by the R/V DONG FANG HONG 2 in a 1997 summercruise in the ocean region around the Ryukyu Islands showed: 1) the existence, in the upper layer, of ahigh salinity water (HSW) core at about 200 dbar, and a low salinity water (LSW) core, centered atabout 700 dbar on the Pacific Ocean side of the Ryukyu Ridge, and located shallower on the East Chinafor (ECS) side; 2) the existence, in the upper layer, of warm water regions (WWR) west of Amami Is-land and Ishigaki Island, and a cold water region (CWR) east of Okinawa Ieland; in the lower layer, ofa CWR (WWR) southwest (southeast) of Okinawa Island; 3) the intrusion of North Pacific IntermediateWater into the ECS through the Kerama Trench located south of Okinawa Island and the strait east of Tai-wan Island.
文摘This paper summarizes the results of energy simulation analysis to determine the effectiveness of building characteristics in reducing electrical energy consumption in residential buildings （conditioned and unconditioned） and commercial buildings （office ＆ hotel） in Egypt. Specifically, the impact on building envelope performance is investigated for different strategies such as window size, glazing type and building construction for two geographical locations in Egypt. This paper also studies the energy savings in residential and nonresidential buildings for different lighting power densities （LPD）, energy input ratios （EIR）, set point temperatures （SPT） and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning （I-WAC） systems. The study shows certain findings of practical significance, e.g. that a window-to-wall ratio of 0.20 and reasonably shaded windows lower the total annual electricity use for nonresidential buildings by more than 20% in the two Egyptian locations.
文摘Machine learning techniques can fill data gaps for urban-scale building simulations,particularly gaps around window-to-wall ratio(WWR).This study presents a comprehensive workflow to(1)automatically extract and stitch images from Google Street View(GSV);(2)label images with a custom Rhino-based tool to aid annotation of occluded glazing;(3)detect wall,garage,and glazing objects by training and validating a YOLOv9 deep learning model with three added post-scripts;(4)calculate WWR at façade,building,and district scales;and(5)simulate district energy consumption in an urban building energy model(UBEM).Results include a 96%image-capture rate from GSV,indicating a robust extraction and stitching algorithm.Converting model detections into WWR,94%and 100%of façades have detected WWRs within±5%and±10%of ground truth WWRs,respectively.A novel automatic algorithm upscales façade detection to estimate WWR at non-street-facing sides and rears,resulting in distinct WWRs for each face of each building.For a case study in Turin,Italy,WWR detections are+5.2%and+6.9%greater when upscaling based on OpenStreetMap and municipal GIS data,respectively,compared to TABULA,leading to 1.5%and 35.5%increases in heating and cooling energy need in the UBEM.The workflow is made openly available to support future research in other contexts.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China-Technical System and Key Technology Development of Nearly Zero Energy Building (No. 2017YFC0702600)the opening Funds of State Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Built Environment National Engineering Research Center of Building Technology (BSBE2017-08)+1 种基金the Major Basic Research Development and Transformation Program of Qinghai province (No. 2016-NN-141 )the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2018MS103, 2018MS108 and 2017MS119 )
文摘It has been a focus to reduce the energy consumption and improve the space heating performance of high-altitude buildings in winter seasons. In view of the abundant solar energy resources of the high-altitude region, the establishment of passive solar houses should be an effective strategy to deal with the problem of thermal comfort. Both window to wall ratio(WWR) and sunspace depth are of vital importance to determine the thermal comfort level of passive solar houses, while there are limited studies on analyzing their impacts on passive solar houses in high-altitude regions. Therefore, this study is designed to examine how WWR and sunspace depth affect space heating of passive solar houses in the Qinghai-Tibetan region. To be specific, the hourly radiation temperature variations and percentages of dissatisfaction of the residential building with different sunspace depth/WWR(including 0.9 m/33%, 0.9 m/45%, 0.9 m/60%, 1.2 m/33% and 1.5 m/33%) were quantitatively examined. Results indicated that under the condition of 0.9 m/45%, the overall average radiation temperature of the building was approximately 16°C during the entire heating season, which could better satisfy the heating requirements. Meanwhile, the average temperature was higher, and the thermal comfort level was better under the ratio of 45% or the depth of 1.5 m, when only an individual factor in either ratio or depth was considered. These findings can provide references for the determination of dimensions of passive solar houses in high-altitude regions.
基金funded by the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training(PAAET)under project number TS-08-14.
文摘This paper attempts to resolve the reported contradiction in the literature about the characteristics of high-performance/cost-effective fenestration of residential buildings,particularly in hot climates.The considered issues are the window glazing property(ten commercial glazing types),facade orientation(four main orientations),window-to-wall ratio(WWR)(0.2–0.8),and solar shading overhangs and side-fins(nine shading conditions).The results of the simulated runs reveal that the glazing quality has a superior effect over the other fenestration parameters and controls their effect on the energy consumption of residential buildings.Thus,using low-performance windows on buildings yields larger effects of WWR,facade orientation,and solar shading than high-performance windows.As the WWR increases from 0.2 to 0.8,the building energy consumption using the low-performance window increases 6.46 times than that using the highperformance window.The best facade orientation is changed from north to south according to the glazing properties.In addition,the solar shading need is correlated as a function of a window-glazing property and WWR.The cost analysis shows that the high-performance windows without solar shading are cost-effective as they have the largest net present cost compared to lowperformance windows with or without solar shading.Accordingly,replacing low-performance windows with high-performance ones,in an existing residential building,saves about 12.7 MWh of electricity and 11.05 tons of CO_(2) annually.
文摘The construction of fully glazed commercial building facades responsible for high energy consumption has become a common architectural practice worldwide irrespective of the climate.This paper presents the methodology to optimize the Window to Wall Ratio(WWR)with and without daylight utilization to reduce energy consumption in office buildings for the climate of Lahore,Pakistan,using a simulation tool COMFEN.The impacts of solar heat and daylight entering through the building façade with reference to different WWR and orientation were explored for the selection of optimum WWR.The optimum WWR was selected on the basis of least energy consumption whilst achieving a threshold lighting level.When daylight is not utilized,the energy demand is minimized by the lowest possible WWR.With daylight utilization,energy demand is optimized by use of WWRs of 13%to 30%according to orientation.Optimum WWR with daylight utilization offered a more balanced solution.The methodology used in this study can be applied to any location around the world to find optimum WWR for any glazing type.
