Rapid growth in nature-based and super-premium tourism has increased environmental pressures on protected destinations such as Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park(KNP)in Indonesia,raising concerns about biodiversity ...Rapid growth in nature-based and super-premium tourism has increased environmental pressures on protected destinations such as Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park(KNP)in Indonesia,raising concerns about biodiversity conservation and responsible visitor behavior.Understanding how visitors value and support green tourism initiatives is therefore essential for designing effective and acceptable sustainability policies.This study explores visitor preferences and willingness to pay(WTP)for green tourism initiatives in Labuan Bajo and KNP,a renowned super-premium tourism destination in Indonesia.A choice experiment was employed to ascertain which green tourism options visitors prioritize.A total of 600 visitors completed surveys presenting different tourism scenarios.The data were then analyzed using statistical models to estimate to what extent visitors are willing to pay for each option.The study's primary focus was on five key aspects:green hotels,sustainable transportation,locally sourced products,environmental footprint reduction,and communication with locals.Three hypothetical scenarios were developed:Scenario 1 with a focus on eco-friendly accommodations;Scenario 2 with an emphasis on sustainable transportation and local engagement;and Scenario 3 with comprehensive green tourism initiatives.The findings showed robust support from visitors and clear WTP for programs such as green hotels,public transport,local food,and improved waste management.The findings also highlighted the significance of enhancing awareness regarding the protection of Komodo dragons and marine ecosystems as part of sustainable tourism.This study significantly contributes to the literature by quantifying visitor preferences within a United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)world heritage site and shows the potential for policies that support environmentally and socially responsible tourism in biodiversity-rich areas.展开更多
Mangrove ecosystems support biodiversity,protect coastal areas,and provide sustainable livelihoods.However,they face significant threats from deforestation and unsustainable land use practices.This study examines the ...Mangrove ecosystems support biodiversity,protect coastal areas,and provide sustainable livelihoods.However,they face significant threats from deforestation and unsustainable land use practices.This study examines the viability of the payments for ecosystem services(PES)programs in promoting sustainable mangrove tourism in Tongke-Tongke Village,Sinjai District,South SulawesiProvince,Indonesia.We collected data through household surveys,semi-structured stakeholder interviews,and tourist questionnaires to evaluate the economic value of mangrove tourism and tourists’willingness to pay(WTP)for conservation.Analytical methods included quantitative descriptive analysis,thematic analysis,travel cost analysis,and contingent valuationmethod.The results indicatedstrong community support,with 70.00% of respondents acknowledging sustainable mangrove tourism’s economic,environmental,and cultural benefits.Economic estimates revealedthat mangrove tourism generated 943.00 USD/(hm^(2)·a),while tourists’WTP for conservation rangedfrom 0.21 to 0.56 USD/(person×month),contributing approximately 11.39 USD/(hm^(2)·a).Despite challenges such as inadequate infrastructure,socioeconomic disparities,and land privatization,this study advocates for integrating the PES programs,enhancing governance frameworks,and fostering local community engagement to ensure equitable benefit distribution and maximize the potential of mangrove tourism.These strategies aim to bolster conservation efforts,improve local livelihoods,and strengthen the resilience of mangroveecosystems.展开更多
In 1970s the city of Baghdad had a good infrastructure. Education and healthcare systems were widely regarded as the best in the Middle East. Income per capita rose to over US$3600 in the early 1980s. Since that time,...In 1970s the city of Baghdad had a good infrastructure. Education and healthcare systems were widely regarded as the best in the Middle East. Income per capita rose to over US$3600 in the early 1980s. Since that time, successive wars and a repressive, state-dominated economic system have stifled economic growth and development and debilitated basic infrastructure and social services. At the end of the 2003 war, Baghdad’s infrastructure was seriously degraded. The majority of the population had limited or inadequate access to essential basic services. Currently, there is an ongoing effort by donor countries, such as the United States (US) (through the US Agency for International Development (USAID)), Japan, the European Union (EU), etc., as well as efforts by multilateral agencies such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), to restore the sector to standards that existed prior to the latest conflict. The present study deals with the evaluation of four projects proposed to improve the deteriorating status of water and wastewater treatment plants. Three methods viz. checklist, strategic environment assessment and cost and benefit analysis are used to evaluate the efficiency of the projects.展开更多
文摘Rapid growth in nature-based and super-premium tourism has increased environmental pressures on protected destinations such as Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park(KNP)in Indonesia,raising concerns about biodiversity conservation and responsible visitor behavior.Understanding how visitors value and support green tourism initiatives is therefore essential for designing effective and acceptable sustainability policies.This study explores visitor preferences and willingness to pay(WTP)for green tourism initiatives in Labuan Bajo and KNP,a renowned super-premium tourism destination in Indonesia.A choice experiment was employed to ascertain which green tourism options visitors prioritize.A total of 600 visitors completed surveys presenting different tourism scenarios.The data were then analyzed using statistical models to estimate to what extent visitors are willing to pay for each option.The study's primary focus was on five key aspects:green hotels,sustainable transportation,locally sourced products,environmental footprint reduction,and communication with locals.Three hypothetical scenarios were developed:Scenario 1 with a focus on eco-friendly accommodations;Scenario 2 with an emphasis on sustainable transportation and local engagement;and Scenario 3 with comprehensive green tourism initiatives.The findings showed robust support from visitors and clear WTP for programs such as green hotels,public transport,local food,and improved waste management.The findings also highlighted the significance of enhancing awareness regarding the protection of Komodo dragons and marine ecosystems as part of sustainable tourism.This study significantly contributes to the literature by quantifying visitor preferences within a United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)world heritage site and shows the potential for policies that support environmentally and socially responsible tourism in biodiversity-rich areas.
基金the State University of Makassar for their financial backing of this study(SP DIPA-023.17.2.677523/2021 Revision 01).
文摘Mangrove ecosystems support biodiversity,protect coastal areas,and provide sustainable livelihoods.However,they face significant threats from deforestation and unsustainable land use practices.This study examines the viability of the payments for ecosystem services(PES)programs in promoting sustainable mangrove tourism in Tongke-Tongke Village,Sinjai District,South SulawesiProvince,Indonesia.We collected data through household surveys,semi-structured stakeholder interviews,and tourist questionnaires to evaluate the economic value of mangrove tourism and tourists’willingness to pay(WTP)for conservation.Analytical methods included quantitative descriptive analysis,thematic analysis,travel cost analysis,and contingent valuationmethod.The results indicatedstrong community support,with 70.00% of respondents acknowledging sustainable mangrove tourism’s economic,environmental,and cultural benefits.Economic estimates revealedthat mangrove tourism generated 943.00 USD/(hm^(2)·a),while tourists’WTP for conservation rangedfrom 0.21 to 0.56 USD/(person×month),contributing approximately 11.39 USD/(hm^(2)·a).Despite challenges such as inadequate infrastructure,socioeconomic disparities,and land privatization,this study advocates for integrating the PES programs,enhancing governance frameworks,and fostering local community engagement to ensure equitable benefit distribution and maximize the potential of mangrove tourism.These strategies aim to bolster conservation efforts,improve local livelihoods,and strengthen the resilience of mangroveecosystems.
文摘In 1970s the city of Baghdad had a good infrastructure. Education and healthcare systems were widely regarded as the best in the Middle East. Income per capita rose to over US$3600 in the early 1980s. Since that time, successive wars and a repressive, state-dominated economic system have stifled economic growth and development and debilitated basic infrastructure and social services. At the end of the 2003 war, Baghdad’s infrastructure was seriously degraded. The majority of the population had limited or inadequate access to essential basic services. Currently, there is an ongoing effort by donor countries, such as the United States (US) (through the US Agency for International Development (USAID)), Japan, the European Union (EU), etc., as well as efforts by multilateral agencies such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), to restore the sector to standards that existed prior to the latest conflict. The present study deals with the evaluation of four projects proposed to improve the deteriorating status of water and wastewater treatment plants. Three methods viz. checklist, strategic environment assessment and cost and benefit analysis are used to evaluate the efficiency of the projects.
