Writhe多项式在虚拟纽结理论中占据一定地位。Writhe多项式与虚拟纽结的虚拟交叉点数下界存在一定联系,并可以找到与利用奇writhe多项式和Henrich的多项式中任何一个判断出来的forbidden数下界相比一样强或更强的下界。本文针对给出的...Writhe多项式在虚拟纽结理论中占据一定地位。Writhe多项式与虚拟纽结的虚拟交叉点数下界存在一定联系,并可以找到与利用奇writhe多项式和Henrich的多项式中任何一个判断出来的forbidden数下界相比一样强或更强的下界。本文针对给出的一类虚拟纽结,计算出其writhe多项式并利用writhe多项式和二阶writhe多项式研究其虚拟交叉点数的下界和forbidden数的下界,同时还讨论了writhe多项式和二阶writhe多项式对该类虚拟纽结和其突变体的影响。The writhe polynomial occupies a certain position in virtual knot theory. The writhe polynomial has some relationship with the virtual crossing number lower bound of the virtual knot, and can find a lower bound as strong or stronger than the forbidden number lower bound judged using either of the odd writhe polynomial and Henrich’s polynomial. In this paper, writhe polynomials are calculated for a class of virtual knots, the writhe polynomial and the second-order writhe polynomial are used to study a lower bound of virtual crossing number and a lower bound of the forbidden number for a class of virtual knots, and the effects of the writhe polynomial and the second-order writhe polynomial on the virtual knots and their mutants are also discussed.展开更多
虚拟纽结理论中主要研究对象为纽结和链环。虚拟纽结多项式是一类以多项式表达的虚拟纽结不变量,例如零多项式和Writhe多项式。文章通过研究零多项式和虚拟链环的writhe多项式给出了一个新的多项式。这个多项式通过对虚拟链环的计算得...虚拟纽结理论中主要研究对象为纽结和链环。虚拟纽结多项式是一类以多项式表达的虚拟纽结不变量,例如零多项式和Writhe多项式。文章通过研究零多项式和虚拟链环的writhe多项式给出了一个新的多项式。这个多项式通过对虚拟链环的计算得出原始虚拟纽结的多项式,证明了这个多项式是一虚拟纽结不变量,给出了其性质及一实例计算。The main research objects of virtual knot theory are knot and link. Virtual knot polynomials are a class of virtual knot invariants expressed as polynomials, such as the zero polynomial and the writhe polynomial. In this paper, a new polynomial is given by studying zero polynomials and writhe polynomials of virtual links. The polynomial of the original virtual knot is obtained by computing the virtual link. It proves that the polynomial is a virtual knot invariant, and properties and computational examples are given.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the methanol extract of Ricinus communis leaves(MRCL).Methods:Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test,formalin induced paw l...Objective:To evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the methanol extract of Ricinus communis leaves(MRCL).Methods:Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test,formalin induced paw licking and tail immersion method in mice at doses of 100,125 and 130 mg/kg bw.Results:The results indicated that MRCL exhibited considerable antinociceptive activity against three classical models of pain in mice.Preliminary phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of saponin,steroids and alkaloids.Conclusions:It can be concluded that MRCL possesses antinociceptive potential that may be due to saponin,steroids and alkaloids in it.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the analgesic activity of the ethyl acetate,methanol and aqueous extracts of Plewotus eous(P.eous) mushroom.Methods:The dried fruiting bodies were extracted with ethyl acetate,methanol and water....Objective:To evaluate the analgesic activity of the ethyl acetate,methanol and aqueous extracts of Plewotus eous(P.eous) mushroom.Methods:The dried fruiting bodies were extracted with ethyl acetate,methanol and water.The analgesic effect of extracts of P.eous were investigated at doses 250 500 and 1 000 mg/kg body weight,using acetic-acid induced writhing,hot-plate,tail immersion and tail-clip tests.Results:P.eous extracts produced significant reduction in number of writhes induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic-acid(P【0.05).Moreover,in hot-plate and tail immersion test,all the three extracts significantly raised the pain threshold at different time of observation(0-60 min) in comparison with control(P【0.05).In tail-clip test the extracts also caused a significant inhibition of pain at both the doses used(P【0.05).Conclusions:The results of present study suggest that extracts of P.eous possess potent analgesic property and could serve as a base for future drugs.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis(A. viridis),Amaranthus caudatus(A.caudatus) and Amaranthus spinosus(A.spinosus).Methods:In this study,the analgesic activity ...Objective:To investigate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis(A. viridis),Amaranthus caudatus(A.caudatus) and Amaranthus spinosus(A.spinosus).Methods:In this study,the analgesic activity of methanol extracts of all three plants at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg were investigated by acetic acid-induced writhings test,hot plate test and tail immersion test for mice.Results:It was found that all the three plants showed significant pain management effect(P【0.01) at a dose of 400 mg/kg,but showed a less significant effect at a dose of 20 mg/kg in the entire tests used for evaluation of analgesic activities(P【0.05).Conclusions:Methanol extracts of A.viridis,A.caudatus and A.spinosus show potent analgesic activities,and this study provides the scientific proof for their traditional claims.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of prop roots of Pandanus fascicularis(P.fascicularis) Lam(pandanaceae).And provide experimental evidence for it...Objective:To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of prop roots of Pandanus fascicularis(P.fascicularis) Lam(pandanaceae).And provide experimental evidence for its traditional use such as rheumatoid arthritis and spasmodic. Methods:The anti-inflammatory activity was observed by carrageenan-induced edema of the hind paw of rats.Analgesic activities of prop roots of P.fascicularis were determined using acetic acid induced writhing model and tail clip method in mice and rat,respectively.The ethanol fraction was then subjected to chromatographic analysis and a compound has been isolated and characterized by IR,~1H-NMR and mass spectroscopy.Results:Edema suppressant effect of ethanol extract was found to be 37.03%inhibition whereas aqueous extract was found to be 63.22%inhibition after 3 h which was nearly equivalent to that of 10 mg/kg of indomethacin (67.81%).Percentage inhibition of writhing compared to control were 63.15%,54.38%,14.90%for aspirin,aqueous extract and ethanolic extract,respectively.Both ethanol and aqueous extracts show significant activity against appropriate controls after 60 min of treatment on tail clip method. The structure of the isolated compound is may be characterized as Hepta deca-5-ene-l-ol by analysis it’s IR,H-NMR and mass spectroscopy data.Conclusions:The extracts of prop roots of P.fascicularis produce significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities,supporting the traditional application of this herb in treating various diseases associated with inflammation and pain.展开更多
Pain is a sensation which in many cases represents the only symptom for the diagnosis of several disorders. Throughout ages man has used many different remedies for pain relief, among which medicinal herbs are most co...Pain is a sensation which in many cases represents the only symptom for the diagnosis of several disorders. Throughout ages man has used many different remedies for pain relief, among which medicinal herbs are most common due to their efficacy and relative safety due to their natural origin. In present study methanol extract of Terminalia chebula fruit was evaluated for its analgesic effects in albino mice. The extract was prepared using whole dried powdered fruit with seeds in absolute methanol. It was then subjected to rotary evaporator under reduced pressure to get concentrated extract;different doses (300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) were assessed for analgesic activity by tail immersion technique and acetic acid induced writhing test. Similar doses of Aspirin were used as standard drug (positive control) for comparison. Results of both tail flick method and acetic acid induced writhing test revealed that T. chebula fruit extract possessed varying degree of analgesic activity significant at 300 mg/kg and highly significant at 500 and 1000 mg/kg in comparison to control. The results were almost similar to standard drug. In acetic acid induced writhing test, maximum inhibition of writhing was observed at 1000 mg/kg where the number of writhes decreased from 14.1 to 5.2 indicating 63.1% inhibition. Above findings suggest that T. chebula fruit extract possesses significant analgesic activity in albino mice with reference to positive and negative control groups;however further studies on a large number of animals with clinical trials are required to confirm safe and effective use of this fruit extract in humans for analgesic purpose.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the ann-nociceptive activity of Tecomaria capensls(T.capensis) leaves extract(TCLE) using different models in rats by acetic acid induced writhing test,(b) tail-flick test(c) tail-clip test.Metho...Objective:To evaluate the ann-nociceptive activity of Tecomaria capensls(T.capensis) leaves extract(TCLE) using different models in rats by acetic acid induced writhing test,(b) tail-flick test(c) tail-clip test.Methods:TCLE(100,300,1000 and 2000 mg/kg body wt.) was given to rats orally to observe acute toxicity for 14 d.Then test drug TCLE were given at dose of 100,200 and 500 mg/kg p.o.and standard drug aspirin were given at a dose of 100 mg/kg p.o.Results:No mortality was reported even after 14 d.This indicates that the methanol extract is safe up to a single dose of 2 000 mg/kg body weight TCLE(100,200 and 500 mg/kg p.o.) significandy inhibited abdominal constrictions(writhing) induced by acetic acid and increased the latency period in the tail flick and tail clip test.TCLE at the dose of 500 mg/kg showed significant anti-nociceptive activity compared to standard aspirin.Discussions:The results of this study show that methanol extract of T.capensis possesses anti-nociceptive activity which may be mediated by the central and peripheral mechanisms.展开更多
Background Connexin 43 （Cx43） is one of the major components of human keratinocyte gap junctions. To study whether gap junctional intercellular communication participates in the transfer of acupoint signals and acup...Background Connexin 43 （Cx43） is one of the major components of human keratinocyte gap junctions. To study whether gap junctional intercellular communication participates in the transfer of acupoint signals and acupuncture analgesia, the expression of Cx43 was studied in Zusanli （ST36） acupoints compared with control non-acupoint regions in rats after acupuncture. In addition, Cx43 heterozygous gene knockout mice were used to further explore the relationship between Cx43 and acupuncture analgesia.Methods The expression of Cx43 was detected by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR for the Cx43 protein and mRNA. The influence of the Cx43 gene knockout on acupuncture analgesia was measured by a hot plate and observing the writhing response on Cx43 heterozygous gene knockout mice. Results Immunohistochemistry showed abundant Cx43 expression in some cells in the skin and subcutaneous tissue of rat ST36 acupoints. The mRNA and protein levels of Cx43 in acupoints were significantly higher than those in the control points in the non-acupuncture group, and even more so after acupuncture. The hot plate and writhing response experiments showed that partial knockout of the Cx43 gene decreased acupuncture analgesia. Conclusion Cx43 expression and acupuncture analgesia showed a positive correlation.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the analgesic,neuropharmacological,cytotoxic and thrombolytic potentials of the aqueous,ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves.Methods:At the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight...Objective:To evaluate the analgesic,neuropharmacological,cytotoxic and thrombolytic potentials of the aqueous,ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves.Methods:At the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight,the analgesic activity of the extracts were evaluated by the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced persistent pain tests while neuropharmacological activity was evaluated by the open field,hole cross and elevated plus maze tests.The cytotoxic potential was observed by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the thrombolytic potential was investigated by clot lysis test.Results:The aqueous extract significantly suppressed the number of writhing(96.78%)as well as the formalin-induced persistent pain on the early phase(46.92%)and on the late phase(40.98%).Again in case of hole cross and open field tests,the locomotor activity was decreased significantly(P<0.001)mostly by the ethyl acetate extract.Furthermore,the sedative-anxiolytic activity was supported by the increased percent(P<0.01)of frequency into the open arm on elevated plus maze test.Besides,the extracts showed moderate lethality and thrombolytic activity.Conclusions:The findings showed that activities are comparable to the standards and in some cases are stronger than the standards.Therefore,based on the results,it is evident that it has great analgesic and sedative-anxiolytic activity with moderate cytotoxic and thrombolytic potential.展开更多
文摘Writhe多项式在虚拟纽结理论中占据一定地位。Writhe多项式与虚拟纽结的虚拟交叉点数下界存在一定联系,并可以找到与利用奇writhe多项式和Henrich的多项式中任何一个判断出来的forbidden数下界相比一样强或更强的下界。本文针对给出的一类虚拟纽结,计算出其writhe多项式并利用writhe多项式和二阶writhe多项式研究其虚拟交叉点数的下界和forbidden数的下界,同时还讨论了writhe多项式和二阶writhe多项式对该类虚拟纽结和其突变体的影响。The writhe polynomial occupies a certain position in virtual knot theory. The writhe polynomial has some relationship with the virtual crossing number lower bound of the virtual knot, and can find a lower bound as strong or stronger than the forbidden number lower bound judged using either of the odd writhe polynomial and Henrich’s polynomial. In this paper, writhe polynomials are calculated for a class of virtual knots, the writhe polynomial and the second-order writhe polynomial are used to study a lower bound of virtual crossing number and a lower bound of the forbidden number for a class of virtual knots, and the effects of the writhe polynomial and the second-order writhe polynomial on the virtual knots and their mutants are also discussed.
文摘虚拟纽结理论中主要研究对象为纽结和链环。虚拟纽结多项式是一类以多项式表达的虚拟纽结不变量,例如零多项式和Writhe多项式。文章通过研究零多项式和虚拟链环的writhe多项式给出了一个新的多项式。这个多项式通过对虚拟链环的计算得出原始虚拟纽结的多项式,证明了这个多项式是一虚拟纽结不变量,给出了其性质及一实例计算。The main research objects of virtual knot theory are knot and link. Virtual knot polynomials are a class of virtual knot invariants expressed as polynomials, such as the zero polynomial and the writhe polynomial. In this paper, a new polynomial is given by studying zero polynomials and writhe polynomials of virtual links. The polynomial of the original virtual knot is obtained by computing the virtual link. It proves that the polynomial is a virtual knot invariant, and properties and computational examples are given.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the methanol extract of Ricinus communis leaves(MRCL).Methods:Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test,formalin induced paw licking and tail immersion method in mice at doses of 100,125 and 130 mg/kg bw.Results:The results indicated that MRCL exhibited considerable antinociceptive activity against three classical models of pain in mice.Preliminary phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of saponin,steroids and alkaloids.Conclusions:It can be concluded that MRCL possesses antinociceptive potential that may be due to saponin,steroids and alkaloids in it.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the analgesic activity of the ethyl acetate,methanol and aqueous extracts of Plewotus eous(P.eous) mushroom.Methods:The dried fruiting bodies were extracted with ethyl acetate,methanol and water.The analgesic effect of extracts of P.eous were investigated at doses 250 500 and 1 000 mg/kg body weight,using acetic-acid induced writhing,hot-plate,tail immersion and tail-clip tests.Results:P.eous extracts produced significant reduction in number of writhes induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic-acid(P【0.05).Moreover,in hot-plate and tail immersion test,all the three extracts significantly raised the pain threshold at different time of observation(0-60 min) in comparison with control(P【0.05).In tail-clip test the extracts also caused a significant inhibition of pain at both the doses used(P【0.05).Conclusions:The results of present study suggest that extracts of P.eous possess potent analgesic property and could serve as a base for future drugs.
文摘Objective:To investigate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis(A. viridis),Amaranthus caudatus(A.caudatus) and Amaranthus spinosus(A.spinosus).Methods:In this study,the analgesic activity of methanol extracts of all three plants at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg were investigated by acetic acid-induced writhings test,hot plate test and tail immersion test for mice.Results:It was found that all the three plants showed significant pain management effect(P【0.01) at a dose of 400 mg/kg,but showed a less significant effect at a dose of 20 mg/kg in the entire tests used for evaluation of analgesic activities(P【0.05).Conclusions:Methanol extracts of A.viridis,A.caudatus and A.spinosus show potent analgesic activities,and this study provides the scientific proof for their traditional claims.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of prop roots of Pandanus fascicularis(P.fascicularis) Lam(pandanaceae).And provide experimental evidence for its traditional use such as rheumatoid arthritis and spasmodic. Methods:The anti-inflammatory activity was observed by carrageenan-induced edema of the hind paw of rats.Analgesic activities of prop roots of P.fascicularis were determined using acetic acid induced writhing model and tail clip method in mice and rat,respectively.The ethanol fraction was then subjected to chromatographic analysis and a compound has been isolated and characterized by IR,~1H-NMR and mass spectroscopy.Results:Edema suppressant effect of ethanol extract was found to be 37.03%inhibition whereas aqueous extract was found to be 63.22%inhibition after 3 h which was nearly equivalent to that of 10 mg/kg of indomethacin (67.81%).Percentage inhibition of writhing compared to control were 63.15%,54.38%,14.90%for aspirin,aqueous extract and ethanolic extract,respectively.Both ethanol and aqueous extracts show significant activity against appropriate controls after 60 min of treatment on tail clip method. The structure of the isolated compound is may be characterized as Hepta deca-5-ene-l-ol by analysis it’s IR,H-NMR and mass spectroscopy data.Conclusions:The extracts of prop roots of P.fascicularis produce significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities,supporting the traditional application of this herb in treating various diseases associated with inflammation and pain.
文摘Pain is a sensation which in many cases represents the only symptom for the diagnosis of several disorders. Throughout ages man has used many different remedies for pain relief, among which medicinal herbs are most common due to their efficacy and relative safety due to their natural origin. In present study methanol extract of Terminalia chebula fruit was evaluated for its analgesic effects in albino mice. The extract was prepared using whole dried powdered fruit with seeds in absolute methanol. It was then subjected to rotary evaporator under reduced pressure to get concentrated extract;different doses (300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) were assessed for analgesic activity by tail immersion technique and acetic acid induced writhing test. Similar doses of Aspirin were used as standard drug (positive control) for comparison. Results of both tail flick method and acetic acid induced writhing test revealed that T. chebula fruit extract possessed varying degree of analgesic activity significant at 300 mg/kg and highly significant at 500 and 1000 mg/kg in comparison to control. The results were almost similar to standard drug. In acetic acid induced writhing test, maximum inhibition of writhing was observed at 1000 mg/kg where the number of writhes decreased from 14.1 to 5.2 indicating 63.1% inhibition. Above findings suggest that T. chebula fruit extract possesses significant analgesic activity in albino mice with reference to positive and negative control groups;however further studies on a large number of animals with clinical trials are required to confirm safe and effective use of this fruit extract in humans for analgesic purpose.
基金supported by the management and faculty of Jaipur National University,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India
文摘Objective:To evaluate the ann-nociceptive activity of Tecomaria capensls(T.capensis) leaves extract(TCLE) using different models in rats by acetic acid induced writhing test,(b) tail-flick test(c) tail-clip test.Methods:TCLE(100,300,1000 and 2000 mg/kg body wt.) was given to rats orally to observe acute toxicity for 14 d.Then test drug TCLE were given at dose of 100,200 and 500 mg/kg p.o.and standard drug aspirin were given at a dose of 100 mg/kg p.o.Results:No mortality was reported even after 14 d.This indicates that the methanol extract is safe up to a single dose of 2 000 mg/kg body weight TCLE(100,200 and 500 mg/kg p.o.) significandy inhibited abdominal constrictions(writhing) induced by acetic acid and increased the latency period in the tail flick and tail clip test.TCLE at the dose of 500 mg/kg showed significant anti-nociceptive activity compared to standard aspirin.Discussions:The results of this study show that methanol extract of T.capensis possesses anti-nociceptive activity which may be mediated by the central and peripheral mechanisms.
基金This work was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 90209009） and the National Basic Research Program （No. 2006CB504502）.
文摘Background Connexin 43 （Cx43） is one of the major components of human keratinocyte gap junctions. To study whether gap junctional intercellular communication participates in the transfer of acupoint signals and acupuncture analgesia, the expression of Cx43 was studied in Zusanli （ST36） acupoints compared with control non-acupoint regions in rats after acupuncture. In addition, Cx43 heterozygous gene knockout mice were used to further explore the relationship between Cx43 and acupuncture analgesia.Methods The expression of Cx43 was detected by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR for the Cx43 protein and mRNA. The influence of the Cx43 gene knockout on acupuncture analgesia was measured by a hot plate and observing the writhing response on Cx43 heterozygous gene knockout mice. Results Immunohistochemistry showed abundant Cx43 expression in some cells in the skin and subcutaneous tissue of rat ST36 acupoints. The mRNA and protein levels of Cx43 in acupoints were significantly higher than those in the control points in the non-acupuncture group, and even more so after acupuncture. The hot plate and writhing response experiments showed that partial knockout of the Cx43 gene decreased acupuncture analgesia. Conclusion Cx43 expression and acupuncture analgesia showed a positive correlation.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the analgesic,neuropharmacological,cytotoxic and thrombolytic potentials of the aqueous,ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves.Methods:At the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight,the analgesic activity of the extracts were evaluated by the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced persistent pain tests while neuropharmacological activity was evaluated by the open field,hole cross and elevated plus maze tests.The cytotoxic potential was observed by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the thrombolytic potential was investigated by clot lysis test.Results:The aqueous extract significantly suppressed the number of writhing(96.78%)as well as the formalin-induced persistent pain on the early phase(46.92%)and on the late phase(40.98%).Again in case of hole cross and open field tests,the locomotor activity was decreased significantly(P<0.001)mostly by the ethyl acetate extract.Furthermore,the sedative-anxiolytic activity was supported by the increased percent(P<0.01)of frequency into the open arm on elevated plus maze test.Besides,the extracts showed moderate lethality and thrombolytic activity.Conclusions:The findings showed that activities are comparable to the standards and in some cases are stronger than the standards.Therefore,based on the results,it is evident that it has great analgesic and sedative-anxiolytic activity with moderate cytotoxic and thrombolytic potential.
