A machine learning based speech enhancement method is proposed to improve the intelligibility of whispered speech. A binary mask estimated by a two-class support vector machine （SVM） classifier is used to synthesize...A machine learning based speech enhancement method is proposed to improve the intelligibility of whispered speech. A binary mask estimated by a two-class support vector machine （SVM） classifier is used to synthesize the enhanced whisper. A novel noise robust feature called Gammatone feature cosine coefficients （GFCCs） extracted by an auditory periphery model is derived and used for the binary mask estimation. The intelligibility performance of the proposed method is evaluated and compared with the traditional speech enhancement methods. Objective and subjective evaluation results indicate that the proposed method can effectively improve the intelligibility of whispered speech which is contaminated by noise. Compared with the power subtract algorithm and the log-MMSE algorithm, both of which do not improve the intelligibility in lower signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） environments, the proposed method has good performance in improving the intelligibility of noisy whisper. Additionally, the intelligibility of the enhanced whispered speech using the proposed method also outperforms that of the corresponding unprocessed noisy whispered speech.展开更多
Some factors influencing the intelligibility of the enhanced whisper in the joint time-frequency domain are evaluated. Specifically, both the spectrum density and different regions of the enhanced spectrum are analyze...Some factors influencing the intelligibility of the enhanced whisper in the joint time-frequency domain are evaluated. Specifically, both the spectrum density and different regions of the enhanced spectrum are analyzed. Experimental results show that for a spectrum of some density, the joint time-frequency gain-modification based speech enhancement algorithm achieves significant improvement in intelligibility. Additionally, the spectrum region where the estimated spectrum is smaller than the clean spectrum, is the most important region contributing to intelligibility improvement for the enhanced whisper. The spectrum region where the estimated spectrum is larger than twice the size of the clean spectrum is detrimental to speech intelligibility perception within the whisper context.展开更多
The cognitive performance-based dimensional emotion recognition in whispered speech is studied.First,the whispered speech emotion databases and data collection methods are compared, and the character of emotion expres...The cognitive performance-based dimensional emotion recognition in whispered speech is studied.First,the whispered speech emotion databases and data collection methods are compared, and the character of emotion expression in whispered speech is studied,especially the basic types of emotions.Secondly,the emotion features for whispered speech is analyzed,and by reviewing the latest references,the related valence features and the arousal features are provided. The effectiveness of valence and arousal features in whispered speech emotion classification is studied.Finally,the Gaussian mixture model is studied and applied to whispered speech emotion recognition. The cognitive performance is also considered in emotion recognition so that the recognition errors of whispered speech emotion can be corrected.Based on the cognitive scores,the emotion recognition results can be improved.The results show that the formant features are not significantly related to arousal dimension,while the short-term energy features are related to the emotion changes in arousal dimension.Using the cognitive scores,the recognition results can be improved.展开更多
We show that electric field on the plane surface of truncated sphere or cylinders(so called Janus particles)have sharp resonances versus the depth of removed segment of a sphere or cylinder.These resonances are relate...We show that electric field on the plane surface of truncated sphere or cylinders(so called Janus particles)have sharp resonances versus the depth of removed segment of a sphere or cylinder.These resonances are related to the excited whispering gallery waves caused by truncation.It is a new mechanism of the field localization.Optimization of this effect for cylinders permits to reach a super resolution in the line thickness,which can be used for contact optical lithography.展开更多
During the last decades the whispering gallery mode based sensors have become a prominent solution for label-free sensing of various physical and chemical parameters.At the same time,the widespread utilization of the ...During the last decades the whispering gallery mode based sensors have become a prominent solution for label-free sensing of various physical and chemical parameters.At the same time,the widespread utilization of the approach is hindered by the restricted applicability of the known configurations for ambient variations quantification outside the laboratory conditions and their low affordability,where necessity on the spectrally-resolved data collection is among the main limiting factors.In this paper we demonstrate the first realization of an affordable whispering gallery mode sensor powered by deep learning and multi-resonator imaging at a fixed frequency.It has been shown that the approach enables refractive index unit(RIU)prediction with an absolute error at 3×10^(-6) level for dynamic range of the RIU variations from 0 to 2×10^(-3) with temporal resolution of several milliseconds and instrument-driven detection limit of 3×10−5.High sensing accuracy together with instrumental affordability and production simplicity places the reported detector among the most cost-effective realizations of the whispering gallery mode approach.The proposed solution is expected to have a great impact on the shift of the whole sensing paradigm away from the model-based and to the flexible self-learning solutions.展开更多
An improved method based on minimum mean square error-short time spectral amplitude （MMSE-STSA） is proposed to cancel background noise in whispered speech. Using the acoustic character of whispered speech, the algor...An improved method based on minimum mean square error-short time spectral amplitude （MMSE-STSA） is proposed to cancel background noise in whispered speech. Using the acoustic character of whispered speech, the algorithm can track the change of non-stationary background noise effectively. Compared with original MMSE-STSA algorithm and method in selectable mode Vo-coder （SMV）, the improved algorithm can further suppress the residual noise for low signal-to-noise radio （SNR） and avoid the excessive suppression. Simulations show that under the non-stationary noisy environment, the proposed algorithm can not only get a better performance in enhancement, but also reduce the speech distortion.展开更多
A simple fiber sensor to measure angular displacement with high resolution, which is based on whispering gallery mode （WGM） resonance in bent optical fibers,is proposed. The sensor is composed of a single loop forme...A simple fiber sensor to measure angular displacement with high resolution, which is based on whispering gallery mode （WGM） resonance in bent optical fibers,is proposed. The sensor is composed of a single loop formed by loosely tying a knot using single mode fiber. To measure the transmission spectra, a tunable laser and an optic power meter are connected to the two ends of fi- ber loop, respectively. Significant WGM resonances occur over the investigated wavelength range for all the sensors with different bend radius. The angular-displacement sensitivity is studied in the range from -0. 1°to 0. 1°. The detection limit of 1.49 × 10 ^-7 rad can be achieved for the detecting system with the resolution of lpm. The simple loop-structure fiber sensor has potential application prospect in the field of architecture or bridge building with low detection limit and low cost.展开更多
We investigate theoretically the single-photon scattering by a A-type three-level system interacting with a whispering-gallery-type resonator which is coupled to a one-dimensional waveguide by full quantum-mechanical ...We investigate theoretically the single-photon scattering by a A-type three-level system interacting with a whispering-gallery-type resonator which is coupled to a one-dimensional waveguide by full quantum-mechanical approach. The single-photon transmission amplitude and reflection amplitude are obtained exactly via real-space approach. The single-photon transport properties controlling by classic optical field are discussed. The critical coupling condition in the coupled waveguide-whispering-gallery resonator-atom with three-level system is also analyzed.展开更多
The III-nitride semiconductor microdisk laser exhibits high quality factor and low excitation threshold with broad development potential in the field of nanophotonics such as nanoscale light-emitting devices and on-ch...The III-nitride semiconductor microdisk laser exhibits high quality factor and low excitation threshold with broad development potential in the field of nanophotonics such as nanoscale light-emitting devices and on-chip optical integration.So far,many works have been focused on process synthesis and nanostructural design of microdisk lasers.Nevertheless,there are still some limitations in the existing optical resonance mode which is an important internal influence factor for lasing characteristics.In this work,a new double-triangular whispering-gallery mode(D3-WGM)lasing from a hexagonal GaN microdisk with a high quality(Q)factor of 3049 and an excitation threshold of around 11.5μW has been experimentally demonstrated.In addition,the optical properties of hexagonal-WGM(6-WGM),triangular-WGM(3-WGM)and D3-WGM lasing from microdisk are explored by numerical calculation and Comsol simulation.These results confirm that the D3-WGM lasing has its own significant performance advantages,namely high Q factor and easy light emission.Based on this novel laser mode characteristic,microcavity lasers are expected to be further developed and applied in the field of nanophotonics.展开更多
The Autoregressive Moving Average （ARMA） model for whispered speech is proposed. with normal speech, whispered speech has no fundamental frequency because of the glottis being semi-opened and turbulent flow being cr...The Autoregressive Moving Average （ARMA） model for whispered speech is proposed. with normal speech, whispered speech has no fundamental frequency because of the glottis being semi-opened and turbulent flow being created, and formant shifting exists in the lower frequency region due to the narrowing of the tract in the false vocal fold regions and weak acoustic coupling with the aubglottal system. Analysis shows that the effect of the subglottal system is to introduce additional pole-zero pairs into the vocal tract transfer function. Theoretically, the method based on an ARMA process is superior to that based on an AR process in the spectral analysis of the whispered speech. Two methods, the least squared modified Yule-Walker likelihood estimate （LSMY） algorithm and the Frequency-Domain Steiglitz-Mcbide （FDSM） algorithm, are applied to the ARMA mfldel for the whispered speech. The performance evaluation shows that the ARMA model is much more appropriate for representing the whispered speech than the AR model, and the FDSM algorithm provides a name acorate estimation of the whispered speech spectral envelope than the LSMY algorithm with higher conputational complexity.展开更多
In this letter,a humidity sensor is demonstrated by applying a whispering gallery mode(WGM)from a microsphere resonator onto the ZnO nanorods coated glass surface.The diameter of the microsphere was 234μm and the gla...In this letter,a humidity sensor is demonstrated by applying a whispering gallery mode(WGM)from a microsphere resonator onto the ZnO nanorods coated glass surface.The diameter of the microsphere was 234μm and the glass surface was coated with ZnO nanorods using the hydrothermal method at growth duration of 12 h.A significant response to humidity level ranging from 35%RH to 85%RH has been observed with the sensitivity of 0.0142 nm/%RH.The proposed humidity sensor has successfully employed to enhance interaction between the whispering gallery mode evanescent and surrounds analyte with the assistance of ZnO nanorods coated glass.展开更多
The dynamics of the optomechanical entanglement between optical cavity field modes and a macroscopic me- chanical breathing mode in a whispering-gallery cavity as well as the continuous variable entanglement between t...The dynamics of the optomechanical entanglement between optical cavity field modes and a macroscopic me- chanical breathing mode in a whispering-gallery cavity as well as the continuous variable entanglement between the phase-quadrature amplitudes of the two whispering-gallery modes have been analysed. Simulated results indicate that under state-of-the^art experimental conditions, optomechanical entanglement is obvious and can occur even at temper- atures of above 40 K. Compared with the entanglement of the mechanical oscillator at the ground state temperature, optomechanical entanglement is more intense by several orders of magnitude.展开更多
Nigeria is an agglomeration of different ethnic nationalities with multiplicity of religious inclination where Christianity and Islam are the dominant.The high level of intra and inter-ethnic rivalry between ethnic na...Nigeria is an agglomeration of different ethnic nationalities with multiplicity of religious inclination where Christianity and Islam are the dominant.The high level of intra and inter-ethnic rivalry between ethnic nationalities and extreme religious intolerance has resulted in many catastrophic clashes.These clashes have unquantifiable debilitating effects on the equilibrium of housing supply and delivery.The paper through deductive approach from literature review,and descriptive analysis,examined the various ethno-religious violence from post-independence Nigeria and its implications on the housing sector.Findings revealed that the importance of houses in African settings is beyond mere shelter,but are sacred and generational assets worth bequeathing.This underscores the reason it becomes target for attacks during ethno-religious violence.Deductive inferences made,indicated that the greater the severity of the violence on houses the more the number of IDPs(internally-displaced-persons),and this not healthy for a sustainable urban housing growth.展开更多
A linear and nonlinear analysis of crossed-field gyrotron operating on whispering-gallery mode TE<sub>m11</sub> is presented. The detailed discussions are given for the starting oscillationcondition, the e...A linear and nonlinear analysis of crossed-field gyrotron operating on whispering-gallery mode TE<sub>m11</sub> is presented. The detailed discussions are given for the starting oscillationcondition, the effect of the internal conductor in coaxial cavity on the cut-off frequency of modeand the spacing between adjacent modes as well as the effect of the applied voltage on thecyclotron frequency of electron, the starting oscillation beam power and the electron efficiency.It is shown that the efficiency of 41% can be attained for m=2. A comparison of these resultswith those in cylindrical cavity is made. The analyses are helpful for the engineering design.展开更多
Human Consciousness is one of most elusive issues in the scientific history. Its nature created major historical debate started thousands of years ago and still ongoing. Despite the explosive developments in the last ...Human Consciousness is one of most elusive issues in the scientific history. Its nature created major historical debate started thousands of years ago and still ongoing. Despite the explosive developments in the last century to explore its nature, the knowledge about it is still deficient. The important advances in the twentieth and 21st centuries in understanding cerebral cortex dynamics fortified by the dominant materialistic approach of the era dictated its impact on consciousness science, which is perceived as sole human brain function. This original review is a call for holistic perception of human consciousness incorporating the ancient wisdom of the human civilizations with the massive current era advances in different disciplines of applied sciences. The description of René Descartes in the 17th century of the Cartesian dualism is timely to revisit with new holistic perspective, in view of the major advances of our understanding of heart brain communications, astrophysical resonances with human heart ascending afferents to central nervous system, and signaling between humans and the space. Universal vibrations, frequencies and resonances as perceived by Nikola Tesla constitute the core of our new conceptual and experimental perspective on human consciousness. Neural and psychological correlates of human consciousness which dominate the consciousness research nowadays should undergo revolutionary conceptual understanding to perceive consciousness as a massive universal event expanding from human genes to galaxies. In the next discussion, we are going to navigate in the nature and fate of human consciousness with new innovative universal perspective based on heart rate variability of human heart and its cosmic resonances as represented by Schumann Resonances, Solar Wind Indices and Galactic Cosmic Rays. The interpretation of our existential secrets and biology without the space around us is a major gap in our scientific perception of life. The delicate orchestration between human heart and the space frequencies create the great whisper which in our perspective, encodes the secrets of human consciousness.展开更多
The Elephant Whisperer By Lawrence Anthony & Graham Spence Thomas Dunne Books when South African conservationist Lawrence Anthony was asked to accept a herd of "rogue" wild elephants on his Thula Thula g...The Elephant Whisperer By Lawrence Anthony & Graham Spence Thomas Dunne Books when South African conservationist Lawrence Anthony was asked to accept a herd of "rogue" wild elephants on his Thula Thula game reserve in Zululand.展开更多
Lithium tetraborate(LB4)is a lithium borate compound known for its exceptional linear and nonlinear optical properties,including a wide transparency range(0.16–3.5μm)and high Raman gain.Here,a millimeter-sized LB4 w...Lithium tetraborate(LB4)is a lithium borate compound known for its exceptional linear and nonlinear optical properties,including a wide transparency range(0.16–3.5μm)and high Raman gain.Here,a millimeter-sized LB4 whispering gallery mode(WGM)resonator with a record quality factor of 2.0×10^(9) at 517 nm was fabricated using single-point diamond cutting.Pumped with about 10 m W at 517 nm,it demonstrated four cascaded stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)peaks(537–608 nm),with the first-order SRS achieving a threshold of 0.71 m W and 7.2% slope efficiency.To our knowledge,this marks the first LB4 WGM resonator Raman laser.展开更多
This paper investigates the use of artificial neural networks(ANNs)as a viable digital twin or alternative to the typical whispering gallery mode(WGM)optical sensors in engineering systems,especially in dynamic enviro...This paper investigates the use of artificial neural networks(ANNs)as a viable digital twin or alternative to the typical whispering gallery mode(WGM)optical sensors in engineering systems,especially in dynamic environments like robotics.Because of its fragility and limited endurance,the WGM sensor which is based on micro-optical resonators is inappropriate in these kinds of situations.In order to address these issues,the paper suggests an ANN that is specifically designed for the system and makes use of the WGM sensor’s high-quality factor(Q-factor).By extending the applicability and endurance to dynamic contexts and reducing fragility problems,the ANN seeks to give high-resolution measurement.In order to minimize post-processing requirements and maintain system robustness,the study goal is for the ANN to function as a representative predictor of the WGM sensor output.The GUCnoid 1.0 humanoid robot is used in the paper as an example to show how the WGM optical sensors may improve humanoid robot performance for a variety of applications.The results of the experiments demonstrate that the sensitivity,precision,and resolution of ANN outputs and actual WGM shifts are equivalent.As a consequence,current obstacles to the widespread use of high-precision sensing in the robotics industry are removed,and the potential of ANNs as virtual substitutes or the digital twin for genuine WGM sensors in robotics systems is validated.So,this paper can be very beneficial not only to the sensing technologies that are used in robotics,which are subjected to the dynamic environments,but also to the industrial automation and human-machine interface.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61231002,61273266,51075068,60872073,60975017, 61003131)the Ph.D.Programs Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China(No.20110092130004)+1 种基金the Science Foundation for Young Talents in the Educational Committee of Anhui Province(No. 2010SQRL018)the 211 Project of Anhui University(No.2009QN027B)
文摘A machine learning based speech enhancement method is proposed to improve the intelligibility of whispered speech. A binary mask estimated by a two-class support vector machine （SVM） classifier is used to synthesize the enhanced whisper. A novel noise robust feature called Gammatone feature cosine coefficients （GFCCs） extracted by an auditory periphery model is derived and used for the binary mask estimation. The intelligibility performance of the proposed method is evaluated and compared with the traditional speech enhancement methods. Objective and subjective evaluation results indicate that the proposed method can effectively improve the intelligibility of whispered speech which is contaminated by noise. Compared with the power subtract algorithm and the log-MMSE algorithm, both of which do not improve the intelligibility in lower signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） environments, the proposed method has good performance in improving the intelligibility of noisy whisper. Additionally, the intelligibility of the enhanced whispered speech using the proposed method also outperforms that of the corresponding unprocessed noisy whispered speech.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61301295,61273266,61301219,61201326,61003131)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(No.1308085QF100,1408085MF113)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20130241)the Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province(No.12KJB510021)the Doctoral Fund of Anhui University
文摘Some factors influencing the intelligibility of the enhanced whisper in the joint time-frequency domain are evaluated. Specifically, both the spectrum density and different regions of the enhanced spectrum are analyzed. Experimental results show that for a spectrum of some density, the joint time-frequency gain-modification based speech enhancement algorithm achieves significant improvement in intelligibility. Additionally, the spectrum region where the estimated spectrum is smaller than the clean spectrum, is the most important region contributing to intelligibility improvement for the enhanced whisper. The spectrum region where the estimated spectrum is larger than twice the size of the clean spectrum is detrimental to speech intelligibility perception within the whisper context.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11401412)
文摘The cognitive performance-based dimensional emotion recognition in whispered speech is studied.First,the whispered speech emotion databases and data collection methods are compared, and the character of emotion expression in whispered speech is studied,especially the basic types of emotions.Secondly,the emotion features for whispered speech is analyzed,and by reviewing the latest references,the related valence features and the arousal features are provided. The effectiveness of valence and arousal features in whispered speech emotion classification is studied.Finally,the Gaussian mixture model is studied and applied to whispered speech emotion recognition. The cognitive performance is also considered in emotion recognition so that the recognition errors of whispered speech emotion can be corrected.Based on the cognitive scores,the emotion recognition results can be improved.The results show that the formant features are not significantly related to arousal dimension,while the short-term energy features are related to the emotion changes in arousal dimension.Using the cognitive scores,the recognition results can be improved.
基金This work was also supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(project no.14.W03.31.0008)in part by the Russian Science Foundation(project no.20-12-00389)+1 种基金in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research(projects no.20-02-00715,no.21-58-10005,no.21-57-10001).Z.B.Wang acknowledges European ERDF grants(CPE 81400 and SPARCII c81133)through WEFO,and Royal society grants(IEC\NSFC\181378 and IEC\R2\202178).
文摘We show that electric field on the plane surface of truncated sphere or cylinders(so called Janus particles)have sharp resonances versus the depth of removed segment of a sphere or cylinder.These resonances are related to the excited whispering gallery waves caused by truncation.It is a new mechanism of the field localization.Optimization of this effect for cylinders permits to reach a super resolution in the line thickness,which can be used for contact optical lithography.
文摘During the last decades the whispering gallery mode based sensors have become a prominent solution for label-free sensing of various physical and chemical parameters.At the same time,the widespread utilization of the approach is hindered by the restricted applicability of the known configurations for ambient variations quantification outside the laboratory conditions and their low affordability,where necessity on the spectrally-resolved data collection is among the main limiting factors.In this paper we demonstrate the first realization of an affordable whispering gallery mode sensor powered by deep learning and multi-resonator imaging at a fixed frequency.It has been shown that the approach enables refractive index unit(RIU)prediction with an absolute error at 3×10^(-6) level for dynamic range of the RIU variations from 0 to 2×10^(-3) with temporal resolution of several milliseconds and instrument-driven detection limit of 3×10−5.High sensing accuracy together with instrumental affordability and production simplicity places the reported detector among the most cost-effective realizations of the whispering gallery mode approach.The proposed solution is expected to have a great impact on the shift of the whole sensing paradigm away from the model-based and to the flexible self-learning solutions.
文摘An improved method based on minimum mean square error-short time spectral amplitude （MMSE-STSA） is proposed to cancel background noise in whispered speech. Using the acoustic character of whispered speech, the algorithm can track the change of non-stationary background noise effectively. Compared with original MMSE-STSA algorithm and method in selectable mode Vo-coder （SMV）, the improved algorithm can further suppress the residual noise for low signal-to-noise radio （SNR） and avoid the excessive suppression. Simulations show that under the non-stationary noisy environment, the proposed algorithm can not only get a better performance in enhancement, but also reduce the speech distortion.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （ ＂973＂ Program） （ 2011 CB013000 ） the National Natural Sci- ence Foundation of China （NSFC） （ 90923039 51105038）
文摘A simple fiber sensor to measure angular displacement with high resolution, which is based on whispering gallery mode （WGM） resonance in bent optical fibers,is proposed. The sensor is composed of a single loop formed by loosely tying a knot using single mode fiber. To measure the transmission spectra, a tunable laser and an optic power meter are connected to the two ends of fi- ber loop, respectively. Significant WGM resonances occur over the investigated wavelength range for all the sensors with different bend radius. The angular-displacement sensitivity is studied in the range from -0. 1°to 0. 1°. The detection limit of 1.49 × 10 ^-7 rad can be achieved for the detecting system with the resolution of lpm. The simple loop-structure fiber sensor has potential application prospect in the field of architecture or bridge building with low detection limit and low cost.
基金＊Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 10874134, 11004001, and 10947115 and Anhui Province for Young Teachers Foundation under Crant No. 2010SQRL037ZD
文摘We investigate theoretically the single-photon scattering by a A-type three-level system interacting with a whispering-gallery-type resonator which is coupled to a one-dimensional waveguide by full quantum-mechanical approach. The single-photon transmission amplitude and reflection amplitude are obtained exactly via real-space approach. The single-photon transport properties controlling by classic optical field are discussed. The critical coupling condition in the coupled waveguide-whispering-gallery resonator-atom with three-level system is also analyzed.
基金supported financially by the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61734008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61574097,61604170 and 61604169)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2016YFA0201101 and 2017YFB0404100)the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project(No.11327804)。
文摘The III-nitride semiconductor microdisk laser exhibits high quality factor and low excitation threshold with broad development potential in the field of nanophotonics such as nanoscale light-emitting devices and on-chip optical integration.So far,many works have been focused on process synthesis and nanostructural design of microdisk lasers.Nevertheless,there are still some limitations in the existing optical resonance mode which is an important internal influence factor for lasing characteristics.In this work,a new double-triangular whispering-gallery mode(D3-WGM)lasing from a hexagonal GaN microdisk with a high quality(Q)factor of 3049 and an excitation threshold of around 11.5μW has been experimentally demonstrated.In addition,the optical properties of hexagonal-WGM(6-WGM),triangular-WGM(3-WGM)and D3-WGM lasing from microdisk are explored by numerical calculation and Comsol simulation.These results confirm that the D3-WGM lasing has its own significant performance advantages,namely high Q factor and easy light emission.Based on this novel laser mode characteristic,microcavity lasers are expected to be further developed and applied in the field of nanophotonics.
基金supported by the Independent Innovation Foundation of Shandong University(No.2009JC004)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.Y2007G31)
文摘The Autoregressive Moving Average （ARMA） model for whispered speech is proposed. with normal speech, whispered speech has no fundamental frequency because of the glottis being semi-opened and turbulent flow being created, and formant shifting exists in the lower frequency region due to the narrowing of the tract in the false vocal fold regions and weak acoustic coupling with the aubglottal system. Analysis shows that the effect of the subglottal system is to introduce additional pole-zero pairs into the vocal tract transfer function. Theoretically, the method based on an ARMA process is superior to that based on an AR process in the spectral analysis of the whispered speech. Two methods, the least squared modified Yule-Walker likelihood estimate （LSMY） algorithm and the Frequency-Domain Steiglitz-Mcbide （FDSM） algorithm, are applied to the ARMA mfldel for the whispered speech. The performance evaluation shows that the ARMA model is much more appropriate for representing the whispered speech than the AR model, and the FDSM algorithm provides a name acorate estimation of the whispered speech spectral envelope than the LSMY algorithm with higher conputational complexity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1304608 and 61774053)the Project of Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology(No.182102410047)the Program of Henan Polytechnic University(No.B2014-020)。
文摘In this letter,a humidity sensor is demonstrated by applying a whispering gallery mode(WGM)from a microsphere resonator onto the ZnO nanorods coated glass surface.The diameter of the microsphere was 234μm and the glass surface was coated with ZnO nanorods using the hydrothermal method at growth duration of 12 h.A significant response to humidity level ranging from 35%RH to 85%RH has been observed with the sensitivity of 0.0142 nm/%RH.The proposed humidity sensor has successfully employed to enhance interaction between the whispering gallery mode evanescent and surrounds analyte with the assistance of ZnO nanorods coated glass.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10647132 and 11104113)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant Nos. 09JJ6011 and 11JJ6007)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education,China (Grant No.10A100)
文摘The dynamics of the optomechanical entanglement between optical cavity field modes and a macroscopic me- chanical breathing mode in a whispering-gallery cavity as well as the continuous variable entanglement between the phase-quadrature amplitudes of the two whispering-gallery modes have been analysed. Simulated results indicate that under state-of-the^art experimental conditions, optomechanical entanglement is obvious and can occur even at temper- atures of above 40 K. Compared with the entanglement of the mechanical oscillator at the ground state temperature, optomechanical entanglement is more intense by several orders of magnitude.
文摘Nigeria is an agglomeration of different ethnic nationalities with multiplicity of religious inclination where Christianity and Islam are the dominant.The high level of intra and inter-ethnic rivalry between ethnic nationalities and extreme religious intolerance has resulted in many catastrophic clashes.These clashes have unquantifiable debilitating effects on the equilibrium of housing supply and delivery.The paper through deductive approach from literature review,and descriptive analysis,examined the various ethno-religious violence from post-independence Nigeria and its implications on the housing sector.Findings revealed that the importance of houses in African settings is beyond mere shelter,but are sacred and generational assets worth bequeathing.This underscores the reason it becomes target for attacks during ethno-religious violence.Deductive inferences made,indicated that the greater the severity of the violence on houses the more the number of IDPs(internally-displaced-persons),and this not healthy for a sustainable urban housing growth.
文摘A linear and nonlinear analysis of crossed-field gyrotron operating on whispering-gallery mode TE<sub>m11</sub> is presented. The detailed discussions are given for the starting oscillationcondition, the effect of the internal conductor in coaxial cavity on the cut-off frequency of modeand the spacing between adjacent modes as well as the effect of the applied voltage on thecyclotron frequency of electron, the starting oscillation beam power and the electron efficiency.It is shown that the efficiency of 41% can be attained for m=2. A comparison of these resultswith those in cylindrical cavity is made. The analyses are helpful for the engineering design.
文摘Human Consciousness is one of most elusive issues in the scientific history. Its nature created major historical debate started thousands of years ago and still ongoing. Despite the explosive developments in the last century to explore its nature, the knowledge about it is still deficient. The important advances in the twentieth and 21st centuries in understanding cerebral cortex dynamics fortified by the dominant materialistic approach of the era dictated its impact on consciousness science, which is perceived as sole human brain function. This original review is a call for holistic perception of human consciousness incorporating the ancient wisdom of the human civilizations with the massive current era advances in different disciplines of applied sciences. The description of René Descartes in the 17th century of the Cartesian dualism is timely to revisit with new holistic perspective, in view of the major advances of our understanding of heart brain communications, astrophysical resonances with human heart ascending afferents to central nervous system, and signaling between humans and the space. Universal vibrations, frequencies and resonances as perceived by Nikola Tesla constitute the core of our new conceptual and experimental perspective on human consciousness. Neural and psychological correlates of human consciousness which dominate the consciousness research nowadays should undergo revolutionary conceptual understanding to perceive consciousness as a massive universal event expanding from human genes to galaxies. In the next discussion, we are going to navigate in the nature and fate of human consciousness with new innovative universal perspective based on heart rate variability of human heart and its cosmic resonances as represented by Schumann Resonances, Solar Wind Indices and Galactic Cosmic Rays. The interpretation of our existential secrets and biology without the space around us is a major gap in our scientific perception of life. The delicate orchestration between human heart and the space frequencies create the great whisper which in our perspective, encodes the secrets of human consciousness.
文摘The Elephant Whisperer By Lawrence Anthony & Graham Spence Thomas Dunne Books when South African conservationist Lawrence Anthony was asked to accept a herd of "rogue" wild elephants on his Thula Thula game reserve in Zululand.
基金Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Council fund(20UOO-080)。
文摘Lithium tetraborate(LB4)is a lithium borate compound known for its exceptional linear and nonlinear optical properties,including a wide transparency range(0.16–3.5μm)and high Raman gain.Here,a millimeter-sized LB4 whispering gallery mode(WGM)resonator with a record quality factor of 2.0×10^(9) at 517 nm was fabricated using single-point diamond cutting.Pumped with about 10 m W at 517 nm,it demonstrated four cascaded stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)peaks(537–608 nm),with the first-order SRS achieving a threshold of 0.71 m W and 7.2% slope efficiency.To our knowledge,this marks the first LB4 WGM resonator Raman laser.
文摘This paper investigates the use of artificial neural networks(ANNs)as a viable digital twin or alternative to the typical whispering gallery mode(WGM)optical sensors in engineering systems,especially in dynamic environments like robotics.Because of its fragility and limited endurance,the WGM sensor which is based on micro-optical resonators is inappropriate in these kinds of situations.In order to address these issues,the paper suggests an ANN that is specifically designed for the system and makes use of the WGM sensor’s high-quality factor(Q-factor).By extending the applicability and endurance to dynamic contexts and reducing fragility problems,the ANN seeks to give high-resolution measurement.In order to minimize post-processing requirements and maintain system robustness,the study goal is for the ANN to function as a representative predictor of the WGM sensor output.The GUCnoid 1.0 humanoid robot is used in the paper as an example to show how the WGM optical sensors may improve humanoid robot performance for a variety of applications.The results of the experiments demonstrate that the sensitivity,precision,and resolution of ANN outputs and actual WGM shifts are equivalent.As a consequence,current obstacles to the widespread use of high-precision sensing in the robotics industry are removed,and the potential of ANNs as virtual substitutes or the digital twin for genuine WGM sensors in robotics systems is validated.So,this paper can be very beneficial not only to the sensing technologies that are used in robotics,which are subjected to the dynamic environments,but also to the industrial automation and human-machine interface.
