Joining dissimilar materials encounters significant engineering challenges due to the contrast in material properties that makes conventional welding not feasible.Magnetic Pulse Welding(MPW)offers a solidstate joining...Joining dissimilar materials encounters significant engineering challenges due to the contrast in material properties that makes conventional welding not feasible.Magnetic Pulse Welding(MPW)offers a solidstate joining technique that overcomes these issues by using impact to create strong bonds without melting the substrate materials.This study investigates the weldability of aluminum alloy Al-5754 with Al-7075 and MARS 380 steel,used in armouring solutions of defense systems,by the use of MPW.In this work,weldability windows are investigated by varying standoff distances between the coating material and its substrate(0.25-4.5 mm)and discharge energies(5-13 kJ)with both O-shape and U-shape inductors.Mechanical strength of the welded joints were assessed through single lap shear tests,identifying optimal welding parameters.Then,the velocity profiles of the flyer plates were measured using heterodyne velocimetry to understand the dynamics of the impact.Then,substructures assembled with the optimal welding conditions were subjected to ballistic testing using 7.62 mm×51 mm NATO and 9 mm×19 mm Parabellum munitions to evaluate the resilience of the welds under ballistic impact.The outcomes demonstrate that MPW effectively joins Al-5754 with both Al-7075 and MARS 380,producing robust welds capable of withstanding ballistic impacts under certain conditions.This research advances the application of MPW in lightweight ballistic protection of defense systems,contributing to the development of more resilient and lighter protective structures.展开更多
Dissimilar AZ31B magnesium alloy and DC56D steel were welded via AA1060 aluminum alloy by magnetic pulse welding.The effects of primary and secondary welding processes on the welded interface were comparatively invest...Dissimilar AZ31B magnesium alloy and DC56D steel were welded via AA1060 aluminum alloy by magnetic pulse welding.The effects of primary and secondary welding processes on the welded interface were comparatively investigated.Macroscopic morphology,microstructure,and interfacial structure of the joints were analyzed using scanning electron microscope,energy dispersive spectrometer,and X-ray diffractometer(XRD).The results show that magnetic pulse welding of dissimilar Mg/Fe metals is achieved using an Al interlayer,which acts as a bridge for deformation and diffusion.Specifically,the AZ31B/AA1060 interface exhibits a typical wavy morphology,and a transition zone exists at the joint interface,which may result in an extremely complex microstructure.The microstructure of this transition zone differs from that of AZ31B magnesium and 1060 Al alloys,and it is identified as brittle intermetallic compounds(IMCs)Al_(3)Mg_(2) and Al_(12)Mg_(17).The transition zone is mainly distributed on the Al side,with the maximum thickness of Al-side transition layer reaching approximately 13.53μm.Incomplete melting layers with varying thicknesses are observed at the primary weld interface,while micron-sized hole defects appear in the transition zone of the secondary weld interface.The AA1060/DC56D interface is mainly straight,with only a small number of discontinuous transition zones distributed intermittently along the interface.These transition zones are characterized by the presence of the brittle IMC FeAl_(3),with a maximum thickness of about 4μm.展开更多
Titanium alloy has the advantages of high strength,strong corrosion resistance,excellent high and low temperature mechanical properties,etc.,and is widely used in aerospace,shipbuilding,weapons and equipment,and other...Titanium alloy has the advantages of high strength,strong corrosion resistance,excellent high and low temperature mechanical properties,etc.,and is widely used in aerospace,shipbuilding,weapons and equipment,and other fields.In recent years,with the continuous increase in demand for medium-thick plate titanium alloys,corresponding welding technologies have also continued to develop.Therefore,this article reviews the research progress of deep penetration welding technology for medium-thick plate titanium alloys,mainly covering traditional arc welding,high-energy beam welding,and other welding technologies.Among many methods,narrow gap welding,hybrid welding,and external energy field assistance welding all contribute to improving the welding efficiency and quality of medium-thick plate titanium alloys.Finally,the development trend of deep penetration welding technology for mediumthick plate titanium alloys is prospected.展开更多
Marine thin plates are susceptible to welding deformation owing to their low structural stiffness.Therefore,the efficient and accurate prediction of welding deformation is essential for improving welding quality.The t...Marine thin plates are susceptible to welding deformation owing to their low structural stiffness.Therefore,the efficient and accurate prediction of welding deformation is essential for improving welding quality.The traditional thermal elastic-plastic finite element method(TEP-FEM)can accurately predict welding deformation.However,its efficiency is low because of the complex nonlinear transient computation,making it difficult to meet the needs of rapid engineering evaluation.To address this challenge,this study proposes an efficient prediction method for welding deformation in marine thin plate butt welds.This method is based on the coupled temperature gradient-thermal strain method(TG-TSM)that integrates inherent strain theory with a shell element finite element model.The proposed method first extracts the distribution pattern and characteristic value of welding-induced inherent strain through TEP-FEM analysis.This strain is then converted into the equivalent thermal load applied to the shell element model for rapid computation.The proposed method-particularly,the gradual temperature gradient-thermal strain method(GTG-TSM)-achieved improved computational efficiency and consistent precision.Furthermore,the proposed method required much less computation time than the traditional TEP-FEM.Thus,this study lays the foundation for future prediction of welding deformation in more complex marine thin plates.展开更多
High entropy alloys(HEAs)have recently attracted significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties and potential applications across various fields.Friction stir welding and processing(FSW/P),as not...High entropy alloys(HEAs)have recently attracted significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties and potential applications across various fields.Friction stir welding and processing(FSW/P),as notable solid-state welding and processing techniques,have been proved effectiveness in enhancing microstructures and mechanical properties of HEAs.This review article summarizes the current status of FSW/P of HEAs.The welding materials and conditions used for FSW/P in HEAs are reviewed and discussed.The effects of FSW/P on the evolutions of grain structure,texture,dislocation,and secondary phase for different HEAs are highlighted.Furthermore,the influences of FSW/P on the mechanical properties of various HEAs are analyzed.Finally,potential applications,challenges,and future directions of FSW/P in HEAs are forecasted.Overall,FSW/P enable to refine grains of HEAs through dynamic recrystallization and to activate diverse deformation mechanisms of HEAs through tailoring phase structures,thereby significantly improving the strength,hardness,and ductility of both single-and dual-phase HEAs.Future progress in this field will rely on comprehensive optimization of processing parameters and alloy composition,integration of multi-scale modeling with advanced characterization for in-depth exploration of microstructural mechanisms,systematic evaluation of functional properties,and effective bridging of the gap between laboratory research and industrial application.The review aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in the FSW/P of HEAs and encourage further research in this area.展开更多
The dissimilar 2B06 and 7B04 Al alloy joints were prepared by refill friction stir spot welding(RFSSW),and the microstructural evolution and corrosion behavior of the joints were investigated.Based on microstructural ...The dissimilar 2B06 and 7B04 Al alloy joints were prepared by refill friction stir spot welding(RFSSW),and the microstructural evolution and corrosion behavior of the joints were investigated.Based on microstructural analysis,the welded joints exhibit distinct microstructural zones,including the stir zone(SZ),thermomechanically affected zone(TMAZ),and heat-affected zone(HAZ).The grain size of each zone is in the order of HAZ>TMAZ>SZ.Notably,the TMAZ and HAZ contain significantly larger secondary-phase particles compared to the SZ,with particle size in the HAZ increasing at higher rotational speeds.Electrochemical tests indicate that corrosion susceptibility follows the sequence of HAZ>TMAZ>SZ>BM,with greater sensitivity observed at increased rotational speeds.Post-corrosion mechanical performance degradation primarily arises from crevice corrosion at joint overlaps,but not from the changes in the microstructure.展开更多
Friction stir welding(FSW)is a relatively new welding technique that has significant advantages compared to the fusion welding techniques in joining non weld able alloys by fusion,such as aluminum alloys.Three FSW sea...Friction stir welding(FSW)is a relatively new welding technique that has significant advantages compared to the fusion welding techniques in joining non weld able alloys by fusion,such as aluminum alloys.Three FSW seams of AA6061-T6 plates were made us-ing different FSW parameters.The structure of the FSW seams was investigated using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron mi-croscope(SEM)and non destructive testing(NDT)techniques and their hardness was also measured.The dominated phase in the AA6061-T6 alloy and the FSW seams was theα-Al.The FSW seam had lower content of the secondary phases than the AA6061-T6 al-loy.The hardness of the FSW seams was decreased by about 30%compared to the AA6061-T6 alloy.The temperature distributions in the weld seams were also studied experimentally and numerically modeled and the results were in a good agreement.展开更多
Laser twin-arc GTAW(LTA-GTAW)process has been developed by using the synergic interaction effects of laser and a coupled arc in a weld pool to achieve higher energy efficiency.In this study,bead-on-plate welding was c...Laser twin-arc GTAW(LTA-GTAW)process has been developed by using the synergic interaction effects of laser and a coupled arc in a weld pool to achieve higher energy efficiency.In this study,bead-on-plate welding was conducted on 8-mm-thick Q235B work-pieces to investigate the variation of hybrid arc profile,the influence of hybrid arc profile on weld forming,microstructure and mech-anical properties of the joint during the LTA-GTAW process.The influence of Laser-GTAW and LTA-GTAW methods on weld surface appearance,heat input per unit length,and weld metal microstructure were also demonstrated systematically.The LTA-GTAW can make the distribution of arc energy more reasonable in welding depth and width.When defocus is 0,I_(f)is 330 A,I_(b)is 240 A,laser power is 2.4 kW,and spacing between heat sources of tungsten electrode is 10 mm,the weld shape is better.Compared with Laser-GTAW,LTA-GTAW can achieve lower heat input at the same penetration depth,and the microstructure of the weld is refined.The tensile strength of the welded joint is 121.8%of the base material,and the fracture mode of the welded joint is ductile fracture,the comprehensive mechanical properties are better.展开更多
The effect of thermal degradation on the welded hybrid joints of metal and polymer composites is insufficient,which seriously inhibits the engineering applications of the joints.In this study,robust hybrid joints of m...The effect of thermal degradation on the welded hybrid joints of metal and polymer composites is insufficient,which seriously inhibits the engineering applications of the joints.In this study,robust hybrid joints of metal and polymer composites were fabricated by the combination of friction lap welding(FLW)and laser surface treatment for investigating the effect of accelerated aging on the joint properties.Results showed that the FLW hybrid joints without laser surface treatment exhibited 91%reduction in the tensile shear force(TSF)after 7 days of accelerated aging tests.In contrast,the FLW hybrid joints with suitable laser surface treatment exhibited only 26%reduction in TSF even after 35 days of accelerated aging tests.Fractures of the tensile specimens occurred across the composite plates rather than along the joint interface.The enhanced reliability of the hybrid joints was mainly attributed to(1)the formation of micro-mechanical interlocking between the polymer composites and aluminum alloy plate,and(2)the modification of the stress distribution along the joint interface.展开更多
Friction stir lap welding of AA2195 Al-Li alloy and Ti alloy was conducted to investigate the formation,microstructure,and mechanical properties of the joints.Results show that under different welding parameters,with ...Friction stir lap welding of AA2195 Al-Li alloy and Ti alloy was conducted to investigate the formation,microstructure,and mechanical properties of the joints.Results show that under different welding parameters,with the decrease in welding heat input,the weld surface is smoother.The Ti/Al joint interface is flat without obvious Ti and Al mixed structure,and the hook structure is not formed under optimal parameters.Due to the enhanced breaking effect of the stirring head,the hook structural defects and intermetallic compounds are more likely to form at the Ti/Al interface at high rotational speed of 1000 r/min,thereby deteriorating the mechanical properties of joints.Decreasing the heat input is beneficial to hardness enhancement of the aluminum alloy in the weld nugget zone.Under the optimal parameters of rotation speed of 800 r/min and welding speed of 120 mm/min,the maximum tensile shear strength of joint is 289 N/mm.展开更多
Thickness of the intermetallic compounds(IMC)layer at the interface has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of Mg/Al dissimilar joints.However,the thickness of IMC layer can be only obtained by metallurg...Thickness of the intermetallic compounds(IMC)layer at the interface has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of Mg/Al dissimilar joints.However,the thickness of IMC layer can be only obtained by metallurgical microscopy,which is destructive and has to break down the weld.Therefore,it is crucial to find a reliable approach that can non-destructively predict the thickness of IMC layer in practical application.In the current study,Mg alloy and Al alloy were friction stir butt welded(FSW)under different tool rotation speeds(TRS)to obtain different thicknesses of IMC layers.As the TRS increased from 400 rpm to 1000 rpm,thickness of the IMC layer increased from 0.4μm to 1.3μm,the peak welding temperatures increased from 259℃to 402℃,and the Z-axis downforces decreased from10.5 kN to 3.2 k N during welding process.Higher TRS would generally induce higher welding heat input,which promotes the growth of the IMC layer and the softening of base materials.The IMC layer formed through solid-state diffusion and transformation instead of eutectic reaction according to the welding temperature history and interfacial microstructure,and its evolution process was clearly observed by plan view.In order to incorporate the effect of dramatic change of welding temperature which is the characteristic feature of FSW,Psd Voigt function was used to fit the welding temperature histories.A new prediction formula was then established to predict thicknesses of IMC layers with considering sharp welding temperature change.Predicted thicknesses gave good agreement with measured thicknesses obtained experimentally under different welding parameters,which confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the new prediction formula.Based on this prediction formula,the time period of temperature higher than 200℃during welding was found critical for the thickening of interfacial IMC layers.展开更多
As light metals,aluminum and magnesium have been widely used in automotive manufacturing,but the welding of Al/Mg joints is facing challenges.However,it is difficult to obtain high-quality aluminum/magnesium joints wi...As light metals,aluminum and magnesium have been widely used in automotive manufacturing,but the welding of Al/Mg joints is facing challenges.However,it is difficult to obtain high-quality aluminum/magnesium joints with traditional arc welding methods.As a solid-phase welding technology,ultrasonic metal welding has the characteristics of high welding efficiency and less welded defects.It is also suitable for welding sound metal bonds.Aluminum and magnesium ultrasonic welding has become a research hotspot.Therefore,the evolution of microstructures and mechanical performance of Al/Mg and multi-layer Al/Mg ultrasonic welding,and the new study works,including the molecular dynamic simulation of Al/Mg ultrasonic welding and hybrid based on ultrasonic welding are summarized.Furthermore,several promising research directions are proposed to guide in-depth investigations into the ultrasonic welding of Al/Mg dissimilar joints.展开更多
In order to solve the problem of poor formability caused by different materials and properties in the process of tailor-welded sheets forming,a forming method was proposed to change the stress state of tailor-welded s...In order to solve the problem of poor formability caused by different materials and properties in the process of tailor-welded sheets forming,a forming method was proposed to change the stress state of tailor-welded sheets by covering the tailor-welded sheets with better plastic properties overlapping sheets.At the same time,the interface friction effect between the overlapping and tailor-welded sheets was utilized to control the stress magnitude and further improve the formability and quality of the tailor-welded sheets.In this work,the bulging process of the tailor-welded overlapping sheets was taken as the research object.Aluminum alloy tailor-welded overlapping sheets bulging specimens were studied by a combination of finite element analysis and experimental verification.The results show that the appropriate use of interface friction between tailor-welded and overlapping sheets can improve the formability of tailor-welded sheets and control the flow of weld seam to improve the forming quality.When increasing the interface friction coefficient on the side of tailor-welded sheets with higher strength and decreasing that on the side of tailor-welded sheets with lower strength,the deformation of the tailor-welded sheets are more uniform,the offset of the weld seam is minimal,the limit bulging height is maximal,and the forming quality is optimal.展开更多
To further reduce the explosive thickness and to improve the bonding quality of titanium/steel composite plates,explosive welding experiments of TA1/Q235 were conducted using a low detonation velocity explosive(53#)un...To further reduce the explosive thickness and to improve the bonding quality of titanium/steel composite plates,explosive welding experiments of TA1/Q235 were conducted using a low detonation velocity explosive(53#)under the guidance of the explosive welding lower limit principle with the flyer plate thicknesses of 1,2,and 4 mm and gaps of 3,6,and 8 mm.The weldability window for titanium/steel explosive welding was calculated,and a quantitative relationship between dynamic and static process parameters was developed.Aβ-V_(p) high-speed inclined collision model was proposed,and two-dimensional numerical simulations for the explosive welding tests were performed using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)algorithm,revealing the growth evolution mechanisms of the typical waveform morphology characteristics.Through microstructural characterization techniques,such as optical microscope,scanning electron microscope,energy dispersive spectrometer,and electron backscattered diffractometer,and mechanical property tests in terms of shear strength,bending performance,and impact toughness,the microstructure and mechanical properties of the interfaces of explosively welded TA1/Q235 composite plates were investigated.Results show that the quality of interface bonding is excellent,presenting typical waveform morphology with an average interface shear strength above 330 MPa and an average impact toughness exceeding 81 J.All samples can be bent to 180°without significant delamination or cracking defects.展开更多
The study aimed to address the issue of elevated residual stress levels in dissimilar girth welds of cast steel joints.To achieve this,the hybrid welding technology,which yields high welding speeds while simultaneousl...The study aimed to address the issue of elevated residual stress levels in dissimilar girth welds of cast steel joints.To achieve this,the hybrid welding technology,which yields high welding speeds while simultaneously reducing residual stresses,has been introduced.This study utilizes a numerical simulation method to investigate the temperature and residual stress field in the hybrid welding of G20Mn5 casting-Q355 low-alloy steel welded pipe.A com-parison of the findings of this study with those of other welding processes revealed the technological advantages of hybrid welding.The research outcomes show that due to geometric discontinuities and material differences,the temperature field of the joint exhibits uneven distribution characteristics,and the peak temperatures on the Q355 steel side exceeds those on the G20Mn5 steel side.An evident stress gra-dient is present in the residual stress field of the joint post-welding,with peak stress located at the weld root on the Q355 steel.Compared with arc welding,the hybrid welding leads to decreased residual stresses and deformation,with high stress outside the heat-affected zone diminishing rapidly.Furthermore,it significantly improves the welding efficiency.This study elucidates the distribution and underlying causes of thermal and residual stress fields in dissimilar girth welds.This serves as a foundation for the application of hybrid welding technology in welded cast steel joints.展开更多
The quality of rebar welds directly impacts the overall service performance of highway infrastructure.However,current assessments of weld appearance quality primarily rely on traditional inspection methods such as man...The quality of rebar welds directly impacts the overall service performance of highway infrastructure.However,current assessments of weld appearance quality primarily rely on traditional inspection methods such as manual visual inspection,which suffer from significant limitations in accuracy,reliability,and efficiency.Given the increasing demand for safety performance inspections of highway infrastructure in China,traditional methods struggle to meet modern rapid inspection requirements.Therefore,this study proposes the design of a portable,non-destructive inspection device for rebar weld appearance,utilizing visible light vision and line-structured light 3D scanning technology.The device is equipped with an STM32 master control chip to manage encoder reading,scanning laser control,ring fill light,industrial camera synchronization,image acquisition,and serial port command transmission.Additionally,a weld image processing and detection software system was developed to receive,store,and identify weld defects.A field inspection prototype was created and subjected to various defect weld detection experiments in a laboratory setting.Experimental results demonstrate that the device can accurately measure weld parameters by acquiring multimodal images,fulfilling defect detection requirements.The device features high detection accuracy,portability,and user-friendliness,making it significant for the objective inspection and evaluation of rebar weld appearance and welding quality.展开更多
The authors regret the author name was incorrectly published as“Piyush Updadhyay”and it has now been corrected to“Piyush Upadhyay”.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
The steel tube arch rib in a large-span concrete-filled steel tube arch bridge has a large span and diameter,which also leads to a larger weld seam scale.Large-scale welding seams will inevitably cause more obvious we...The steel tube arch rib in a large-span concrete-filled steel tube arch bridge has a large span and diameter,which also leads to a larger weld seam scale.Large-scale welding seams will inevitably cause more obvious welding residual stress(WRS).For the purpose of studying the influence of WRS from large-scale welding seam on the mechanical properties of steel tube arch rib during arch rib splicing,test research and numerical simulation analysis on the WRS in arch rib splicing based on the Guangxi Pingnan Third Bridge,which is the world’s largest span concrete-filled steel tube arch bridge,were conducted in this paper,and the distribution pattern of WRS at the arch rib splicing joint was obtained.Subsequently,the WRS was introduced into the mechanical performance analysis of joints and structures to analyze its effects.The findings reveal that the distribution of WRS in the arch rib is greatly influenced by the rib plate,and the axial WRS in the heat-affected zone are primarily tensile,while the circumferential WRS are distributed in an alternating pattern of tensile and compressive stresses along the circumferential direction of the main tube.Under the influence of WRS,the ultimate bearing capacity of the joint is reduced by 29.4%,the initial axial stiffness is reduced by 4.32%,and the vertical deformation of the arch rib structure is increased by 4.7%.展开更多
基金funded on the one hand by Agence de l'Innovation de Défense(AID)grant reference number 2021650044on the other hand by Ecole Centrale de Nantes。
文摘Joining dissimilar materials encounters significant engineering challenges due to the contrast in material properties that makes conventional welding not feasible.Magnetic Pulse Welding(MPW)offers a solidstate joining technique that overcomes these issues by using impact to create strong bonds without melting the substrate materials.This study investigates the weldability of aluminum alloy Al-5754 with Al-7075 and MARS 380 steel,used in armouring solutions of defense systems,by the use of MPW.In this work,weldability windows are investigated by varying standoff distances between the coating material and its substrate(0.25-4.5 mm)and discharge energies(5-13 kJ)with both O-shape and U-shape inductors.Mechanical strength of the welded joints were assessed through single lap shear tests,identifying optimal welding parameters.Then,the velocity profiles of the flyer plates were measured using heterodyne velocimetry to understand the dynamics of the impact.Then,substructures assembled with the optimal welding conditions were subjected to ballistic testing using 7.62 mm×51 mm NATO and 9 mm×19 mm Parabellum munitions to evaluate the resilience of the welds under ballistic impact.The outcomes demonstrate that MPW effectively joins Al-5754 with both Al-7075 and MARS 380,producing robust welds capable of withstanding ballistic impacts under certain conditions.This research advances the application of MPW in lightweight ballistic protection of defense systems,contributing to the development of more resilient and lighter protective structures.
文摘Dissimilar AZ31B magnesium alloy and DC56D steel were welded via AA1060 aluminum alloy by magnetic pulse welding.The effects of primary and secondary welding processes on the welded interface were comparatively investigated.Macroscopic morphology,microstructure,and interfacial structure of the joints were analyzed using scanning electron microscope,energy dispersive spectrometer,and X-ray diffractometer(XRD).The results show that magnetic pulse welding of dissimilar Mg/Fe metals is achieved using an Al interlayer,which acts as a bridge for deformation and diffusion.Specifically,the AZ31B/AA1060 interface exhibits a typical wavy morphology,and a transition zone exists at the joint interface,which may result in an extremely complex microstructure.The microstructure of this transition zone differs from that of AZ31B magnesium and 1060 Al alloys,and it is identified as brittle intermetallic compounds(IMCs)Al_(3)Mg_(2) and Al_(12)Mg_(17).The transition zone is mainly distributed on the Al side,with the maximum thickness of Al-side transition layer reaching approximately 13.53μm.Incomplete melting layers with varying thicknesses are observed at the primary weld interface,while micron-sized hole defects appear in the transition zone of the secondary weld interface.The AA1060/DC56D interface is mainly straight,with only a small number of discontinuous transition zones distributed intermittently along the interface.These transition zones are characterized by the presence of the brittle IMC FeAl_(3),with a maximum thickness of about 4μm.
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo(Grant No.2023Z098)Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia(Grant No.2023MS05040)+1 种基金Shenyang Collaborative Innovation Center Project for Multiple Energy Fields Composite Processing of Special Materials(Grant No.JG210027)Shenyang Key Technology Special Project of The Open Competition Mechanism to Select the Best Solution(Grant Nos.2022210101000827,2022-0-43-048).
文摘Titanium alloy has the advantages of high strength,strong corrosion resistance,excellent high and low temperature mechanical properties,etc.,and is widely used in aerospace,shipbuilding,weapons and equipment,and other fields.In recent years,with the continuous increase in demand for medium-thick plate titanium alloys,corresponding welding technologies have also continued to develop.Therefore,this article reviews the research progress of deep penetration welding technology for medium-thick plate titanium alloys,mainly covering traditional arc welding,high-energy beam welding,and other welding technologies.Among many methods,narrow gap welding,hybrid welding,and external energy field assistance welding all contribute to improving the welding efficiency and quality of medium-thick plate titanium alloys.Finally,the development trend of deep penetration welding technology for mediumthick plate titanium alloys is prospected.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51975138the High-Tech Ship Scientific Research Project from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology under Grant No.CJ05N20the National Defense Basic Research Project under Grant No.JCKY2023604C006.
文摘Marine thin plates are susceptible to welding deformation owing to their low structural stiffness.Therefore,the efficient and accurate prediction of welding deformation is essential for improving welding quality.The traditional thermal elastic-plastic finite element method(TEP-FEM)can accurately predict welding deformation.However,its efficiency is low because of the complex nonlinear transient computation,making it difficult to meet the needs of rapid engineering evaluation.To address this challenge,this study proposes an efficient prediction method for welding deformation in marine thin plate butt welds.This method is based on the coupled temperature gradient-thermal strain method(TG-TSM)that integrates inherent strain theory with a shell element finite element model.The proposed method first extracts the distribution pattern and characteristic value of welding-induced inherent strain through TEP-FEM analysis.This strain is then converted into the equivalent thermal load applied to the shell element model for rapid computation.The proposed method-particularly,the gradual temperature gradient-thermal strain method(GTG-TSM)-achieved improved computational efficiency and consistent precision.Furthermore,the proposed method required much less computation time than the traditional TEP-FEM.Thus,this study lays the foundation for future prediction of welding deformation in more complex marine thin plates.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52171032)Hebei Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.E2023501002)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2024GFYD003)。
文摘High entropy alloys(HEAs)have recently attracted significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties and potential applications across various fields.Friction stir welding and processing(FSW/P),as notable solid-state welding and processing techniques,have been proved effectiveness in enhancing microstructures and mechanical properties of HEAs.This review article summarizes the current status of FSW/P of HEAs.The welding materials and conditions used for FSW/P in HEAs are reviewed and discussed.The effects of FSW/P on the evolutions of grain structure,texture,dislocation,and secondary phase for different HEAs are highlighted.Furthermore,the influences of FSW/P on the mechanical properties of various HEAs are analyzed.Finally,potential applications,challenges,and future directions of FSW/P in HEAs are forecasted.Overall,FSW/P enable to refine grains of HEAs through dynamic recrystallization and to activate diverse deformation mechanisms of HEAs through tailoring phase structures,thereby significantly improving the strength,hardness,and ductility of both single-and dual-phase HEAs.Future progress in this field will rely on comprehensive optimization of processing parameters and alloy composition,integration of multi-scale modeling with advanced characterization for in-depth exploration of microstructural mechanisms,systematic evaluation of functional properties,and effective bridging of the gap between laboratory research and industrial application.The review aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in the FSW/P of HEAs and encourage further research in this area.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52075449, 51975480)。
文摘The dissimilar 2B06 and 7B04 Al alloy joints were prepared by refill friction stir spot welding(RFSSW),and the microstructural evolution and corrosion behavior of the joints were investigated.Based on microstructural analysis,the welded joints exhibit distinct microstructural zones,including the stir zone(SZ),thermomechanically affected zone(TMAZ),and heat-affected zone(HAZ).The grain size of each zone is in the order of HAZ>TMAZ>SZ.Notably,the TMAZ and HAZ contain significantly larger secondary-phase particles compared to the SZ,with particle size in the HAZ increasing at higher rotational speeds.Electrochemical tests indicate that corrosion susceptibility follows the sequence of HAZ>TMAZ>SZ>BM,with greater sensitivity observed at increased rotational speeds.Post-corrosion mechanical performance degradation primarily arises from crevice corrosion at joint overlaps,but not from the changes in the microstructure.
文摘Friction stir welding(FSW)is a relatively new welding technique that has significant advantages compared to the fusion welding techniques in joining non weld able alloys by fusion,such as aluminum alloys.Three FSW seams of AA6061-T6 plates were made us-ing different FSW parameters.The structure of the FSW seams was investigated using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron mi-croscope(SEM)and non destructive testing(NDT)techniques and their hardness was also measured.The dominated phase in the AA6061-T6 alloy and the FSW seams was theα-Al.The FSW seam had lower content of the secondary phases than the AA6061-T6 al-loy.The hardness of the FSW seams was decreased by about 30%compared to the AA6061-T6 alloy.The temperature distributions in the weld seams were also studied experimentally and numerically modeled and the results were in a good agreement.
基金supported by the Industrial Innovation Major Technology Global Unveiling Project of Jining City(2022JBZP004)Taishan Scholars Project.
文摘Laser twin-arc GTAW(LTA-GTAW)process has been developed by using the synergic interaction effects of laser and a coupled arc in a weld pool to achieve higher energy efficiency.In this study,bead-on-plate welding was conducted on 8-mm-thick Q235B work-pieces to investigate the variation of hybrid arc profile,the influence of hybrid arc profile on weld forming,microstructure and mech-anical properties of the joint during the LTA-GTAW process.The influence of Laser-GTAW and LTA-GTAW methods on weld surface appearance,heat input per unit length,and weld metal microstructure were also demonstrated systematically.The LTA-GTAW can make the distribution of arc energy more reasonable in welding depth and width.When defocus is 0,I_(f)is 330 A,I_(b)is 240 A,laser power is 2.4 kW,and spacing between heat sources of tungsten electrode is 10 mm,the weld shape is better.Compared with Laser-GTAW,LTA-GTAW can achieve lower heat input at the same penetration depth,and the microstructure of the weld is refined.The tensile strength of the welded joint is 121.8%of the base material,and the fracture mode of the welded joint is ductile fracture,the comprehensive mechanical properties are better.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51975553)the Liaoning Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.2021-MS-007 and 2021-YQ-01)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2021193).
文摘The effect of thermal degradation on the welded hybrid joints of metal and polymer composites is insufficient,which seriously inhibits the engineering applications of the joints.In this study,robust hybrid joints of metal and polymer composites were fabricated by the combination of friction lap welding(FLW)and laser surface treatment for investigating the effect of accelerated aging on the joint properties.Results showed that the FLW hybrid joints without laser surface treatment exhibited 91%reduction in the tensile shear force(TSF)after 7 days of accelerated aging tests.In contrast,the FLW hybrid joints with suitable laser surface treatment exhibited only 26%reduction in TSF even after 35 days of accelerated aging tests.Fractures of the tensile specimens occurred across the composite plates rather than along the joint interface.The enhanced reliability of the hybrid joints was mainly attributed to(1)the formation of micro-mechanical interlocking between the polymer composites and aluminum alloy plate,and(2)the modification of the stress distribution along the joint interface.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52275349)Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(2021ZLGX01)。
文摘Friction stir lap welding of AA2195 Al-Li alloy and Ti alloy was conducted to investigate the formation,microstructure,and mechanical properties of the joints.Results show that under different welding parameters,with the decrease in welding heat input,the weld surface is smoother.The Ti/Al joint interface is flat without obvious Ti and Al mixed structure,and the hook structure is not formed under optimal parameters.Due to the enhanced breaking effect of the stirring head,the hook structural defects and intermetallic compounds are more likely to form at the Ti/Al interface at high rotational speed of 1000 r/min,thereby deteriorating the mechanical properties of joints.Decreasing the heat input is beneficial to hardness enhancement of the aluminum alloy in the weld nugget zone.Under the optimal parameters of rotation speed of 800 r/min and welding speed of 120 mm/min,the maximum tensile shear strength of joint is 289 N/mm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52075330)the Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(No.YG2019QNA15)the Foundation of National Facility for Translational Medicine(Shanghai)(No.TMSK-2020-107)。
文摘Thickness of the intermetallic compounds(IMC)layer at the interface has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of Mg/Al dissimilar joints.However,the thickness of IMC layer can be only obtained by metallurgical microscopy,which is destructive and has to break down the weld.Therefore,it is crucial to find a reliable approach that can non-destructively predict the thickness of IMC layer in practical application.In the current study,Mg alloy and Al alloy were friction stir butt welded(FSW)under different tool rotation speeds(TRS)to obtain different thicknesses of IMC layers.As the TRS increased from 400 rpm to 1000 rpm,thickness of the IMC layer increased from 0.4μm to 1.3μm,the peak welding temperatures increased from 259℃to 402℃,and the Z-axis downforces decreased from10.5 kN to 3.2 k N during welding process.Higher TRS would generally induce higher welding heat input,which promotes the growth of the IMC layer and the softening of base materials.The IMC layer formed through solid-state diffusion and transformation instead of eutectic reaction according to the welding temperature history and interfacial microstructure,and its evolution process was clearly observed by plan view.In order to incorporate the effect of dramatic change of welding temperature which is the characteristic feature of FSW,Psd Voigt function was used to fit the welding temperature histories.A new prediction formula was then established to predict thicknesses of IMC layers with considering sharp welding temperature change.Predicted thicknesses gave good agreement with measured thicknesses obtained experimentally under different welding parameters,which confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the new prediction formula.Based on this prediction formula,the time period of temperature higher than 200℃during welding was found critical for the thickening of interfacial IMC layers.
基金supported by Key Projects of Science and Technology Research Plan of Hubei Provincial Department of Education(D20221306)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51605103)Key Project of Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Department(2020BAB055).
文摘As light metals,aluminum and magnesium have been widely used in automotive manufacturing,but the welding of Al/Mg joints is facing challenges.However,it is difficult to obtain high-quality aluminum/magnesium joints with traditional arc welding methods.As a solid-phase welding technology,ultrasonic metal welding has the characteristics of high welding efficiency and less welded defects.It is also suitable for welding sound metal bonds.Aluminum and magnesium ultrasonic welding has become a research hotspot.Therefore,the evolution of microstructures and mechanical performance of Al/Mg and multi-layer Al/Mg ultrasonic welding,and the new study works,including the molecular dynamic simulation of Al/Mg ultrasonic welding and hybrid based on ultrasonic welding are summarized.Furthermore,several promising research directions are proposed to guide in-depth investigations into the ultrasonic welding of Al/Mg dissimilar joints.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52075347,51575364)and the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Provincial(No.2022-MS-295)。
文摘In order to solve the problem of poor formability caused by different materials and properties in the process of tailor-welded sheets forming,a forming method was proposed to change the stress state of tailor-welded sheets by covering the tailor-welded sheets with better plastic properties overlapping sheets.At the same time,the interface friction effect between the overlapping and tailor-welded sheets was utilized to control the stress magnitude and further improve the formability and quality of the tailor-welded sheets.In this work,the bulging process of the tailor-welded overlapping sheets was taken as the research object.Aluminum alloy tailor-welded overlapping sheets bulging specimens were studied by a combination of finite element analysis and experimental verification.The results show that the appropriate use of interface friction between tailor-welded and overlapping sheets can improve the formability of tailor-welded sheets and control the flow of weld seam to improve the forming quality.When increasing the interface friction coefficient on the side of tailor-welded sheets with higher strength and decreasing that on the side of tailor-welded sheets with lower strength,the deformation of the tailor-welded sheets are more uniform,the offset of the weld seam is minimal,the limit bulging height is maximal,and the forming quality is optimal.
基金Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(BK20211232)2023 Major Science and Technology Projects of Nanjing City(202309011)。
文摘To further reduce the explosive thickness and to improve the bonding quality of titanium/steel composite plates,explosive welding experiments of TA1/Q235 were conducted using a low detonation velocity explosive(53#)under the guidance of the explosive welding lower limit principle with the flyer plate thicknesses of 1,2,and 4 mm and gaps of 3,6,and 8 mm.The weldability window for titanium/steel explosive welding was calculated,and a quantitative relationship between dynamic and static process parameters was developed.Aβ-V_(p) high-speed inclined collision model was proposed,and two-dimensional numerical simulations for the explosive welding tests were performed using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)algorithm,revealing the growth evolution mechanisms of the typical waveform morphology characteristics.Through microstructural characterization techniques,such as optical microscope,scanning electron microscope,energy dispersive spectrometer,and electron backscattered diffractometer,and mechanical property tests in terms of shear strength,bending performance,and impact toughness,the microstructure and mechanical properties of the interfaces of explosively welded TA1/Q235 composite plates were investigated.Results show that the quality of interface bonding is excellent,presenting typical waveform morphology with an average interface shear strength above 330 MPa and an average impact toughness exceeding 81 J.All samples can be bent to 180°without significant delamination or cracking defects.
基金The SEU Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan for Doctoral Students(No.CXJH_SEU 24115)Marine Economic Development Project of Guangdong Province(No.GDNRC[2022]25).
文摘The study aimed to address the issue of elevated residual stress levels in dissimilar girth welds of cast steel joints.To achieve this,the hybrid welding technology,which yields high welding speeds while simultaneously reducing residual stresses,has been introduced.This study utilizes a numerical simulation method to investigate the temperature and residual stress field in the hybrid welding of G20Mn5 casting-Q355 low-alloy steel welded pipe.A com-parison of the findings of this study with those of other welding processes revealed the technological advantages of hybrid welding.The research outcomes show that due to geometric discontinuities and material differences,the temperature field of the joint exhibits uneven distribution characteristics,and the peak temperatures on the Q355 steel side exceeds those on the G20Mn5 steel side.An evident stress gra-dient is present in the residual stress field of the joint post-welding,with peak stress located at the weld root on the Q355 steel.Compared with arc welding,the hybrid welding leads to decreased residual stresses and deformation,with high stress outside the heat-affected zone diminishing rapidly.Furthermore,it significantly improves the welding efficiency.This study elucidates the distribution and underlying causes of thermal and residual stress fields in dissimilar girth welds.This serves as a foundation for the application of hybrid welding technology in welded cast steel joints.
基金Supported by the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(2023-9062)the Transport Power Pilot Project(2021-C334)。
文摘The quality of rebar welds directly impacts the overall service performance of highway infrastructure.However,current assessments of weld appearance quality primarily rely on traditional inspection methods such as manual visual inspection,which suffer from significant limitations in accuracy,reliability,and efficiency.Given the increasing demand for safety performance inspections of highway infrastructure in China,traditional methods struggle to meet modern rapid inspection requirements.Therefore,this study proposes the design of a portable,non-destructive inspection device for rebar weld appearance,utilizing visible light vision and line-structured light 3D scanning technology.The device is equipped with an STM32 master control chip to manage encoder reading,scanning laser control,ring fill light,industrial camera synchronization,image acquisition,and serial port command transmission.Additionally,a weld image processing and detection software system was developed to receive,store,and identify weld defects.A field inspection prototype was created and subjected to various defect weld detection experiments in a laboratory setting.Experimental results demonstrate that the device can accurately measure weld parameters by acquiring multimodal images,fulfilling defect detection requirements.The device features high detection accuracy,portability,and user-friendliness,making it significant for the objective inspection and evaluation of rebar weld appearance and welding quality.
文摘The authors regret the author name was incorrectly published as“Piyush Updadhyay”and it has now been corrected to“Piyush Upadhyay”.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Research Program of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(grant number KJQN202403002).
文摘The steel tube arch rib in a large-span concrete-filled steel tube arch bridge has a large span and diameter,which also leads to a larger weld seam scale.Large-scale welding seams will inevitably cause more obvious welding residual stress(WRS).For the purpose of studying the influence of WRS from large-scale welding seam on the mechanical properties of steel tube arch rib during arch rib splicing,test research and numerical simulation analysis on the WRS in arch rib splicing based on the Guangxi Pingnan Third Bridge,which is the world’s largest span concrete-filled steel tube arch bridge,were conducted in this paper,and the distribution pattern of WRS at the arch rib splicing joint was obtained.Subsequently,the WRS was introduced into the mechanical performance analysis of joints and structures to analyze its effects.The findings reveal that the distribution of WRS in the arch rib is greatly influenced by the rib plate,and the axial WRS in the heat-affected zone are primarily tensile,while the circumferential WRS are distributed in an alternating pattern of tensile and compressive stresses along the circumferential direction of the main tube.Under the influence of WRS,the ultimate bearing capacity of the joint is reduced by 29.4%,the initial axial stiffness is reduced by 4.32%,and the vertical deformation of the arch rib structure is increased by 4.7%.
