Based on the latest research findings of 3GPP on network sharing, this paper introduces 4 solutions to WCDMA 3G network sharing: site sharing, common network sharing, geographically split network sharing, and radio ac...Based on the latest research findings of 3GPP on network sharing, this paper introduces 4 solutions to WCDMA 3G network sharing: site sharing, common network sharing, geographically split network sharing, and radio access network sharing. It also analyzes the key network sharing technologies, including the lu-Flex function in Release 5, the UTRAN sharing mechanism in the connected mode in Release 5 and the mechanism of network sharing support enhancement in Release 6.展开更多
The developing mobile technologies have resulted in operators focusing on how to optimize their 2G networks and ensure a smooth network end, there are two approaches for upgrade: one core network with a 2G-radio netwo...The developing mobile technologies have resulted in operators focusing on how to optimize their 2G networks and ensure a smooth network end, there are two approaches for upgrade: one core network with a 2G-radio network, while the other is (Mobile Switching Center) with WCDMA MSCS (Mobile Gateway) to optimize the Core network hierararchy展开更多
This paper shows the procedure and application of the Krige Method (or Kriging) for the analysis of the power level radiated by a Base Station (also called Node B), through a group of samples of this power level, meas...This paper shows the procedure and application of the Krige Method (or Kriging) for the analysis of the power level radiated by a Base Station (also called Node B), through a group of samples of this power level, measured at different positions and distances. These samples were obtained using an spectrum analyzer, which will allow to have georeferenced measurements, to implement the interpolation process and generate coverage maps, making possible to know the power level distribution and therefore understand the behavior and performance of the Node B.展开更多
Performance evaluation is essential in maintaining the Quality of Service (QOS) of the Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access (WCDMA). This work was motivated by the reception of the poor signals, increase call dr...Performance evaluation is essential in maintaining the Quality of Service (QOS) of the Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access (WCDMA). This work was motivated by the reception of the poor signals, increase call drop, failure rate which was a poor QoS Reception. The aim is to survey WCDMA services in Owerri environs and establish that there are degradation and the level of debasement in the network. The methodology involved an Empirical Analysis through Drive Test across Owerri City in Imo State. The work adopted the empirical approach and deduction of some Standard performance metrics like call drop rate, failure rate, call success rate, call completion rate, Handover success rate and handover Failure Rate, compare with expected KPI(key performance indicator) threshold. From the assessment, it was found that only one out Four Networks (“GLO”) met the target Call Drop Rate (CDR), Call Completion Success rate (CCSR), Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) and Call Blocked Rate (CBR) and the Handover was better in “GLO” and 9 mobile than in the “MTN” and Airtel.展开更多
In wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) cellular systems, the coverage radius of a cell depends on its current capacity level. As a result, existing WCDMA radio network dimensioning approaches require that c...In wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) cellular systems, the coverage radius of a cell depends on its current capacity level. As a result, existing WCDMA radio network dimensioning approaches require that coverage and capacity planning be carried out jointly in an iterative manner in order to obtain the minimum site count needed while fulfilling both coverage and capacity requirements. This requires relatively long computational time, particularly when there are many scenarios or what-if cases to be considered. To overcome this problem, we propose an alternative radio network dimensioning approach where coverage planning and capacity planning can be carried out separately to reduce computational time. Besides, a portion of the values calculated in the initial iteration is preserved in a lookup graph, allowing future what-if analysis to be accomplished rapidly. Simulation results show that, unlike the existing approach, the planning and what-if analysis times of the proposed dimensioning approach are independent of the number of sce-narios considered. Lastly, we present a few case studies and show that the proposed dimensioning method can give the same prediction accuracy as the existing method.展开更多
Next wireless network aims to integrate heterogeneous wireless access networks by sharing wireless resource.The spectral bandwidth mapping concept is proposed to uniformly describe the resource in heterogeneous wirele...Next wireless network aims to integrate heterogeneous wireless access networks by sharing wireless resource.The spectral bandwidth mapping concept is proposed to uniformly describe the resource in heterogeneous wireless networks.The resources of codes and power levels in WCDMA system as well as statistical time slots in WLAN are mapped into equivalent bandwidth which can be allocated in different networks and layers.The equivalent bandwidth is jointly distributed in call admission and vertical handoff control process in an integrated WLAN/WCDMA system to optimize the network utility and guarantee the heterogeneous QoS required by calls.Numerical results show that,when the incoming traffic is moderate,the proposed scheme could receive 5%-10% increase of system revenue compared to the MDP based algorithms.展开更多
Easy-you start with the right base station. For example the all-new ZTE Multi-Carrier base station based on unified hardware platform that uses configurable software rather than separate hardware modules to support GS...Easy-you start with the right base station. For example the all-new ZTE Multi-Carrier base station based on unified hardware platform that uses configurable software rather than separate hardware modules to support GSM and WCDMA simultaneously and achieve smooth evolution to LTE.展开更多
Traditionally,when a radio network site is swapped,it is necessary to interrupt existing services and perform a step-by-step serial cutover,which involves complex arrangements and huge resource investments.Therefore,t...Traditionally,when a radio network site is swapped,it is necessary to interrupt existing services and perform a step-by-step serial cutover,which involves complex arrangements and huge resource investments.Therefore,there is an urgent need to discuss a fast and low-risk solution for site moving and cutover.ZTE Base Band Unit and Remote Radio Unit(BBU+RRU)Node B adopts distributed structure and combines full frequency reuse of the WCDMA system to conveniently implement soft site moving and cutover.The solution is to build an overlay network and make a one-time cutover without any impact on the operation of the existing network.Moreover,it supports timely fallback,and can considerably simplify the site moving and cutover operation and lower the network risk.展开更多
An improved MEW （ muhiplicative exponent weighting） algorithm, SLE-MEW is proposed for vertical handoff decision in heterogeneous wireless networks. It introduces the SINR（ signal to interference plus noise ratio）...An improved MEW （ muhiplicative exponent weighting） algorithm, SLE-MEW is proposed for vertical handoff decision in heterogeneous wireless networks. It introduces the SINR（ signal to interference plus noise ratio） effects, LS （least square） and information entropy method into the algorithm. An attribute matrix is constructed considering the SINR in the source network and the equivalent SINR in the target network, the required bandwidth, the traffic cost and the available bandwidth of participating access networks. Handoff decision meeting multi-attribute QoS（quality of serv- ice） requirement is made according to the traffic features. The subjective weight relation of decision elements is determined with LS method. The information entropy method is employed to derive the objective weights of the evaluation criteria, and lead to the comprehensive weight. Finally decision is made using MEW algorithm based on the attribute matrix and weight vector. Four 3GPP（ the 3rd generation partnership project） defined traffic classes are considered in performance evaluation. The simulation results have shown that the proposed algorithm can provide satisfactory performance fitting to the characteristics of the traffic.展开更多
In this paper, a novel idea for rate allocation combining both vertical coupling and horizontal coupling constraints is proposed, and a unified utility function to balance two paradoxical issues: efficiency and fairne...In this paper, a novel idea for rate allocation combining both vertical coupling and horizontal coupling constraints is proposed, and a unified utility function to balance two paradoxical issues: efficiency and fairness, revenue and cost is elaborated in WCDMA networks. Then, the optimal rate allocation problem is formulated as a network utility maximization(NUM) model based on cross-layer design and end-to-end congestion control, aiming at exploring the impacts of wired networks and the characteristics of radio access networks(RANs) on rate allocation. Furthermore, a distributed algorithm is derived, which can effectively match load states between RANs and wired networks, followed by a detailed illustration of the practical implementations. Numerical results demonstrate a signifi cant performance improvement in the end-to-end throughput.展开更多
This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for ...This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for identifying critical failure modes and their root causes,while BN introduces flexibility in probabilistic reasoning,enabling dynamic updates based on new evidence.This dual methodology overcomes the limitations of static FTA models,offering a comprehensive framework for system reliability analysis.Critical failures,including External Leakage(ELU),Failure to Start(FTS),and Overheating(OHE),were identified as key risks.By incorporating redundancy into high-risk components such as pumps and batteries,the likelihood of these failures was significantly reduced.For instance,redundant pumps reduced the probability of ELU by 31.88%,while additional batteries decreased the occurrence of FTS by 36.45%.The results underscore the practical benefits of combining FTA and BN for enhancing system reliability,particularly in maritime applications where operational safety and efficiency are critical.This research provides valuable insights for maintenance planning and highlights the importance of redundancy in critical systems,especially as the industry transitions toward more autonomous vessels.展开更多
With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), the integration of hig...With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), the integration of high, medium, and low Earth orbit satellite networks with terrestrial networks has become a critical direction for future communication technologies. The objective is to develop a space-terrestrial integrated 6G network that ensures ubiquitous connectivity and seamless services, facilitating intelligent interconnection and collaborative symbiosis among humans, machines, and objects. This integration has become a central focus of global technological innovation.展开更多
Seal authentication is an important task for verifying the authenticity of stamped seals used in various domains to protect legal documents from tampering and counterfeiting.Stamped seal inspection is commonly audited...Seal authentication is an important task for verifying the authenticity of stamped seals used in various domains to protect legal documents from tampering and counterfeiting.Stamped seal inspection is commonly audited manually to ensure document authenticity.However,manual assessment of seal images is tedious and laborintensive due to human errors,inconsistent placement,and completeness of the seal.Traditional image recognition systems are inadequate enough to identify seal types accurately,necessitating a neural network-based method for seal image recognition.However,neural network-based classification algorithms,such as Residual Networks(ResNet)andVisualGeometryGroup with 16 layers(VGG16)yield suboptimal recognition rates on stamp datasets.Additionally,the fixed training data categories make handling new categories to be a challenging task.This paper proposes amulti-stage seal recognition algorithmbased on Siamese network to overcome these limitations.Firstly,the seal image is pre-processed by applying an image rotation correction module based on Histogram of Oriented Gradients(HOG).Secondly,the similarity between input seal image pairs is measured by utilizing a similarity comparison module based on the Siamese network.Finally,we compare the results with the pre-stored standard seal template images in the database to obtain the seal type.To evaluate the performance of the proposed method,we further create a new seal image dataset that contains two subsets with 210,000 valid labeled pairs in total.The proposed work has a practical significance in industries where automatic seal authentication is essential as in legal,financial,and governmental sectors,where automatic seal recognition can enhance document security and streamline validation processes.Furthermore,the experimental results show that the proposed multi-stage method for seal image recognition outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the two established datasets.展开更多
Quantum networks with multiple sources always face performance challenges due to the vulnerability of quantum systems. Thus, it is highly desirable to have the capability to continuously monitor and determine the exac...Quantum networks with multiple sources always face performance challenges due to the vulnerability of quantum systems. Thus, it is highly desirable to have the capability to continuously monitor and determine the exact number of quantum sources versus classical sources present within the network. Hierarchical network nonlocality can reveal the relationship between network nonlocality and the number of quantum sources within the network, thus becoming a way to address the aforementioned issue. However, up to now, precise hierarchical network nonlocality inequalities have only been established for star networks, and cannot be obtained for other non-star structured networks [Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 010403(2022) and Phys. Rev. A 110 022617(2024)]. In this paper, we establish more refined criteria for hierarchical network nonlocality inequalities in arbitrary network structures. Violating such inequalities can reveal the exact number of quantum sources in the network. These results enhance the understanding of quantum source distribution in complex network topologies.展开更多
From fifth-generation(5G)communication technology onward,non-terrestrial networks(NTNs)have emerged as a key component of future network architectures.Especially through the rise of low-Earth-orbit satellite constella...From fifth-generation(5G)communication technology onward,non-terrestrial networks(NTNs)have emerged as a key component of future network architectures.Especially through the rise of low-Earth-orbit satellite constellations,NTNs enable a space Internet and present a paradigm shift in delivering reliable services to even the most remote regions on Earth.However,the extensive coverage and rapid movement of satellites pose unique challenges in user equipment access and inter-satellite transmission,impacting the quality of service and service continuity.This paper offers an in-depth review of NTN networking technologies in the context of six-generation(6G)mobile networks evolution,focusing on access management,satellite mobility,and hetero-network slicing.Building on this foundation and considering the latest trends in NTN development,we then present innovative perspectives on emerging challenges,including satellite beamforming,handover mechanisms,and service delivery.Lastly,we identify key open research areas and propose future directions to improve NTN performance and accelerate satellite Internet deployment.展开更多
Complex network modeling characterizes system relationships and structures,while network visualization enables intuitive analysis and interpretation of these patterns.However,existing network visualization tools exhib...Complex network modeling characterizes system relationships and structures,while network visualization enables intuitive analysis and interpretation of these patterns.However,existing network visualization tools exhibit significant limitations in representing attributes of complex networks at various scales,particularly failing to provide advanced visual representations of specific nodes and edges,community affiliation attribution,and global scalability.These limitations substantially impede the intuitive analysis and interpretation of complex network patterns through visual representation.To address these limitations,we propose SFFSlib,a multi-scale network visualization framework incorporating novel methods to highlight attribute representation in diverse network scenarios and optimize structural feature visualization.Notably,we have enhanced the visualization of pivotal details at different scales across diverse network scenarios.The visualization algorithms proposed within SFFSlib were applied to real-world datasets and benchmarked against conventional layout algorithms.The experimental results reveal that SFFSlib significantly enhances the clarity of visualizations across different scales,offering a practical solution for the advancement of network attribute representation and the overall enhancement of visualization quality.展开更多
With breakthroughs in data processing and pattern recognition through deep learning technologies,the use of advanced algorithmic models for analyzing and interpreting soil spectral information has provided an efficien...With breakthroughs in data processing and pattern recognition through deep learning technologies,the use of advanced algorithmic models for analyzing and interpreting soil spectral information has provided an efficient and economical method for soil quality assessment.However,traditional single-output networks exhibit limitations in the prediction process,particularly in their inability to fully utilize the correlations among various elements.As a result,single-output networks tend to be optimized for a single task,neglecting the interrelationships among different soil elements,which limits prediction accuracy and model generalizability.To overcome this limitation,in this study,a multi-task learning architecture with a progressive extraction network was implemented for the simultaneous prediction of multiple indicators in soil,including nitrogen(N),organic carbon(OC),calcium carbonate(CaCO 3),cation exchange capacity(CEC),and pH.Furthermore,while incorporating the Pearson correlation coefficient,convolutional neural networks,long short-term memory networks and attention mechanisms were combined to extract local abstract features from the original spectra,thereby further improving the model.This architecture is referred to as the Relevance-sharing Progressive Layered Extraction Network.The model employs an adaptive joint loss optimization method to update the weights of individual task losses in the multi-task learning training process.展开更多
BACKGROUND Currently,adolescent depression is one of the most significant public health concerns,markedly influencing emotional,cognitive,and social maturation.Despite advancements in distinguish the neurobiological s...BACKGROUND Currently,adolescent depression is one of the most significant public health concerns,markedly influencing emotional,cognitive,and social maturation.Despite advancements in distinguish the neurobiological substrates underlying depression,the intricate patterns of disrupted brain network connectivity in adolescents warrant further exploration.AIM To elucidate the neural correlates of adolescent depression by examining brain network connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI).METHODS The study cohort comprised 74 depressed adolescents and 59 healthy controls aged 12 to 17 years.Participants underwent rs-fMRI to evaluate functional connectivity within and across critical brain networks,including the visual,default mode network(DMN),dorsal attention,salience,somatomotor,and frontoparietal control networks.RESULTS Analyses revealed pronounced functional disparities within key neural circuits among adolescents with depression.The results demonstrated existence of hemispheric asymmetries characterized by enhanced activity in the left visual network,which contrasted the diminished activity in the right hemisphere.The DMN facilitated increased activity within the left prefrontal cortex and reduced engagement in the right hemisphere,implicating disrupted self-referential and emotional processing mechanisms.Additionally,an overactive right dorsal attention network and a hypoactive salience network were identified,underscoring significant abnormalities in attentional and emotional regulation in adolescent depression.CONCLUSION The findings from this study underscore distinct neural connectivity disruptions in adolescent depression,underscoring the critical role of specific neurobiological markers for precise early diagnosis of adolescent depression.The observed functional asymmetries and network-specific deviations elucidate the complex neurobiological architecture of adolescent depression,supporting the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.展开更多
文摘Based on the latest research findings of 3GPP on network sharing, this paper introduces 4 solutions to WCDMA 3G network sharing: site sharing, common network sharing, geographically split network sharing, and radio access network sharing. It also analyzes the key network sharing technologies, including the lu-Flex function in Release 5, the UTRAN sharing mechanism in the connected mode in Release 5 and the mechanism of network sharing support enhancement in Release 6.
文摘The developing mobile technologies have resulted in operators focusing on how to optimize their 2G networks and ensure a smooth network end, there are two approaches for upgrade: one core network with a 2G-radio network, while the other is (Mobile Switching Center) with WCDMA MSCS (Mobile Gateway) to optimize the Core network hierararchy
文摘This paper shows the procedure and application of the Krige Method (or Kriging) for the analysis of the power level radiated by a Base Station (also called Node B), through a group of samples of this power level, measured at different positions and distances. These samples were obtained using an spectrum analyzer, which will allow to have georeferenced measurements, to implement the interpolation process and generate coverage maps, making possible to know the power level distribution and therefore understand the behavior and performance of the Node B.
文摘Performance evaluation is essential in maintaining the Quality of Service (QOS) of the Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access (WCDMA). This work was motivated by the reception of the poor signals, increase call drop, failure rate which was a poor QoS Reception. The aim is to survey WCDMA services in Owerri environs and establish that there are degradation and the level of debasement in the network. The methodology involved an Empirical Analysis through Drive Test across Owerri City in Imo State. The work adopted the empirical approach and deduction of some Standard performance metrics like call drop rate, failure rate, call success rate, call completion rate, Handover success rate and handover Failure Rate, compare with expected KPI(key performance indicator) threshold. From the assessment, it was found that only one out Four Networks (“GLO”) met the target Call Drop Rate (CDR), Call Completion Success rate (CCSR), Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) and Call Blocked Rate (CBR) and the Handover was better in “GLO” and 9 mobile than in the “MTN” and Airtel.
文摘In wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) cellular systems, the coverage radius of a cell depends on its current capacity level. As a result, existing WCDMA radio network dimensioning approaches require that coverage and capacity planning be carried out jointly in an iterative manner in order to obtain the minimum site count needed while fulfilling both coverage and capacity requirements. This requires relatively long computational time, particularly when there are many scenarios or what-if cases to be considered. To overcome this problem, we propose an alternative radio network dimensioning approach where coverage planning and capacity planning can be carried out separately to reduce computational time. Besides, a portion of the values calculated in the initial iteration is preserved in a lookup graph, allowing future what-if analysis to be accomplished rapidly. Simulation results show that, unlike the existing approach, the planning and what-if analysis times of the proposed dimensioning approach are independent of the number of sce-narios considered. Lastly, we present a few case studies and show that the proposed dimensioning method can give the same prediction accuracy as the existing method.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60772061)the Research Achievements Industrialization Project (No. JHB2011-10)
文摘Next wireless network aims to integrate heterogeneous wireless access networks by sharing wireless resource.The spectral bandwidth mapping concept is proposed to uniformly describe the resource in heterogeneous wireless networks.The resources of codes and power levels in WCDMA system as well as statistical time slots in WLAN are mapped into equivalent bandwidth which can be allocated in different networks and layers.The equivalent bandwidth is jointly distributed in call admission and vertical handoff control process in an integrated WLAN/WCDMA system to optimize the network utility and guarantee the heterogeneous QoS required by calls.Numerical results show that,when the incoming traffic is moderate,the proposed scheme could receive 5%-10% increase of system revenue compared to the MDP based algorithms.
文摘Easy-you start with the right base station. For example the all-new ZTE Multi-Carrier base station based on unified hardware platform that uses configurable software rather than separate hardware modules to support GSM and WCDMA simultaneously and achieve smooth evolution to LTE.
文摘Traditionally,when a radio network site is swapped,it is necessary to interrupt existing services and perform a step-by-step serial cutover,which involves complex arrangements and huge resource investments.Therefore,there is an urgent need to discuss a fast and low-risk solution for site moving and cutover.ZTE Base Band Unit and Remote Radio Unit(BBU+RRU)Node B adopts distributed structure and combines full frequency reuse of the WCDMA system to conveniently implement soft site moving and cutover.The solution is to build an overlay network and make a one-time cutover without any impact on the operation of the existing network.Moreover,it supports timely fallback,and can considerably simplify the site moving and cutover operation and lower the network risk.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60872018 No.60902015)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Education Committee of Jiangsu Province(No.11KJB510014)Scientific Research Foundation of NUPT (No.NY210004)
文摘An improved MEW （ muhiplicative exponent weighting） algorithm, SLE-MEW is proposed for vertical handoff decision in heterogeneous wireless networks. It introduces the SINR（ signal to interference plus noise ratio） effects, LS （least square） and information entropy method into the algorithm. An attribute matrix is constructed considering the SINR in the source network and the equivalent SINR in the target network, the required bandwidth, the traffic cost and the available bandwidth of participating access networks. Handoff decision meeting multi-attribute QoS（quality of serv- ice） requirement is made according to the traffic features. The subjective weight relation of decision elements is determined with LS method. The information entropy method is employed to derive the objective weights of the evaluation criteria, and lead to the comprehensive weight. Finally decision is made using MEW algorithm based on the attribute matrix and weight vector. Four 3GPP（ the 3rd generation partnership project） defined traffic classes are considered in performance evaluation. The simulation results have shown that the proposed algorithm can provide satisfactory performance fitting to the characteristics of the traffic.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (61172079, 61231008, 61201141, 61301176)111 Project (B08038)+1 种基金National S&T Major Project (2010ZX03003001)Shaanxi Province Science and Technology Research and Development Program (2011KJXX-40)
文摘In this paper, a novel idea for rate allocation combining both vertical coupling and horizontal coupling constraints is proposed, and a unified utility function to balance two paradoxical issues: efficiency and fairness, revenue and cost is elaborated in WCDMA networks. Then, the optimal rate allocation problem is formulated as a network utility maximization(NUM) model based on cross-layer design and end-to-end congestion control, aiming at exploring the impacts of wired networks and the characteristics of radio access networks(RANs) on rate allocation. Furthermore, a distributed algorithm is derived, which can effectively match load states between RANs and wired networks, followed by a detailed illustration of the practical implementations. Numerical results demonstrate a signifi cant performance improvement in the end-to-end throughput.
基金supported by Istanbul Technical University(Project No.45698)supported through the“Young Researchers’Career Development Project-training of doctoral students”of the Croatian Science Foundation.
文摘This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for identifying critical failure modes and their root causes,while BN introduces flexibility in probabilistic reasoning,enabling dynamic updates based on new evidence.This dual methodology overcomes the limitations of static FTA models,offering a comprehensive framework for system reliability analysis.Critical failures,including External Leakage(ELU),Failure to Start(FTS),and Overheating(OHE),were identified as key risks.By incorporating redundancy into high-risk components such as pumps and batteries,the likelihood of these failures was significantly reduced.For instance,redundant pumps reduced the probability of ELU by 31.88%,while additional batteries decreased the occurrence of FTS by 36.45%.The results underscore the practical benefits of combining FTA and BN for enhancing system reliability,particularly in maritime applications where operational safety and efficiency are critical.This research provides valuable insights for maintenance planning and highlights the importance of redundancy in critical systems,especially as the industry transitions toward more autonomous vessels.
文摘With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), the integration of high, medium, and low Earth orbit satellite networks with terrestrial networks has become a critical direction for future communication technologies. The objective is to develop a space-terrestrial integrated 6G network that ensures ubiquitous connectivity and seamless services, facilitating intelligent interconnection and collaborative symbiosis among humans, machines, and objects. This integration has become a central focus of global technological innovation.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62172132)Public Welfare Technology Research Project of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LGF21F020014)the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Public Security Information Application Based on Big-Data Architecture,Ministry of Public Security of Zhejiang Police College(Grant No.2021DSJSYS002).
文摘Seal authentication is an important task for verifying the authenticity of stamped seals used in various domains to protect legal documents from tampering and counterfeiting.Stamped seal inspection is commonly audited manually to ensure document authenticity.However,manual assessment of seal images is tedious and laborintensive due to human errors,inconsistent placement,and completeness of the seal.Traditional image recognition systems are inadequate enough to identify seal types accurately,necessitating a neural network-based method for seal image recognition.However,neural network-based classification algorithms,such as Residual Networks(ResNet)andVisualGeometryGroup with 16 layers(VGG16)yield suboptimal recognition rates on stamp datasets.Additionally,the fixed training data categories make handling new categories to be a challenging task.This paper proposes amulti-stage seal recognition algorithmbased on Siamese network to overcome these limitations.Firstly,the seal image is pre-processed by applying an image rotation correction module based on Histogram of Oriented Gradients(HOG).Secondly,the similarity between input seal image pairs is measured by utilizing a similarity comparison module based on the Siamese network.Finally,we compare the results with the pre-stored standard seal template images in the database to obtain the seal type.To evaluate the performance of the proposed method,we further create a new seal image dataset that contains two subsets with 210,000 valid labeled pairs in total.The proposed work has a practical significance in industries where automatic seal authentication is essential as in legal,financial,and governmental sectors,where automatic seal recognition can enhance document security and streamline validation processes.Furthermore,the experimental results show that the proposed multi-stage method for seal image recognition outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the two established datasets.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12271394)。
文摘Quantum networks with multiple sources always face performance challenges due to the vulnerability of quantum systems. Thus, it is highly desirable to have the capability to continuously monitor and determine the exact number of quantum sources versus classical sources present within the network. Hierarchical network nonlocality can reveal the relationship between network nonlocality and the number of quantum sources within the network, thus becoming a way to address the aforementioned issue. However, up to now, precise hierarchical network nonlocality inequalities have only been established for star networks, and cannot be obtained for other non-star structured networks [Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 010403(2022) and Phys. Rev. A 110 022617(2024)]. In this paper, we establish more refined criteria for hierarchical network nonlocality inequalities in arbitrary network structures. Violating such inequalities can reveal the exact number of quantum sources in the network. These results enhance the understanding of quantum source distribution in complex network topologies.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation,Singapore and Infocomm Media Development Authority under its Future Communications Research&Development Programme.
文摘From fifth-generation(5G)communication technology onward,non-terrestrial networks(NTNs)have emerged as a key component of future network architectures.Especially through the rise of low-Earth-orbit satellite constellations,NTNs enable a space Internet and present a paradigm shift in delivering reliable services to even the most remote regions on Earth.However,the extensive coverage and rapid movement of satellites pose unique challenges in user equipment access and inter-satellite transmission,impacting the quality of service and service continuity.This paper offers an in-depth review of NTN networking technologies in the context of six-generation(6G)mobile networks evolution,focusing on access management,satellite mobility,and hetero-network slicing.Building on this foundation and considering the latest trends in NTN development,we then present innovative perspectives on emerging challenges,including satellite beamforming,handover mechanisms,and service delivery.Lastly,we identify key open research areas and propose future directions to improve NTN performance and accelerate satellite Internet deployment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61773091 and 62476045)the LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program(Grant No.XLYC1807106)the Program for the Outstanding Innovative Teams of Higher Learning Institutions of Liaoning(Grant No.LR2016070).
文摘Complex network modeling characterizes system relationships and structures,while network visualization enables intuitive analysis and interpretation of these patterns.However,existing network visualization tools exhibit significant limitations in representing attributes of complex networks at various scales,particularly failing to provide advanced visual representations of specific nodes and edges,community affiliation attribution,and global scalability.These limitations substantially impede the intuitive analysis and interpretation of complex network patterns through visual representation.To address these limitations,we propose SFFSlib,a multi-scale network visualization framework incorporating novel methods to highlight attribute representation in diverse network scenarios and optimize structural feature visualization.Notably,we have enhanced the visualization of pivotal details at different scales across diverse network scenarios.The visualization algorithms proposed within SFFSlib were applied to real-world datasets and benchmarked against conventional layout algorithms.The experimental results reveal that SFFSlib significantly enhances the clarity of visualizations across different scales,offering a practical solution for the advancement of network attribute representation and the overall enhancement of visualization quality.
文摘With breakthroughs in data processing and pattern recognition through deep learning technologies,the use of advanced algorithmic models for analyzing and interpreting soil spectral information has provided an efficient and economical method for soil quality assessment.However,traditional single-output networks exhibit limitations in the prediction process,particularly in their inability to fully utilize the correlations among various elements.As a result,single-output networks tend to be optimized for a single task,neglecting the interrelationships among different soil elements,which limits prediction accuracy and model generalizability.To overcome this limitation,in this study,a multi-task learning architecture with a progressive extraction network was implemented for the simultaneous prediction of multiple indicators in soil,including nitrogen(N),organic carbon(OC),calcium carbonate(CaCO 3),cation exchange capacity(CEC),and pH.Furthermore,while incorporating the Pearson correlation coefficient,convolutional neural networks,long short-term memory networks and attention mechanisms were combined to extract local abstract features from the original spectra,thereby further improving the model.This architecture is referred to as the Relevance-sharing Progressive Layered Extraction Network.The model employs an adaptive joint loss optimization method to update the weights of individual task losses in the multi-task learning training process.
基金Supported by the Medical Research Project of the Chongqing Municipal Health Commission,No.2024WSJK110.
文摘BACKGROUND Currently,adolescent depression is one of the most significant public health concerns,markedly influencing emotional,cognitive,and social maturation.Despite advancements in distinguish the neurobiological substrates underlying depression,the intricate patterns of disrupted brain network connectivity in adolescents warrant further exploration.AIM To elucidate the neural correlates of adolescent depression by examining brain network connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI).METHODS The study cohort comprised 74 depressed adolescents and 59 healthy controls aged 12 to 17 years.Participants underwent rs-fMRI to evaluate functional connectivity within and across critical brain networks,including the visual,default mode network(DMN),dorsal attention,salience,somatomotor,and frontoparietal control networks.RESULTS Analyses revealed pronounced functional disparities within key neural circuits among adolescents with depression.The results demonstrated existence of hemispheric asymmetries characterized by enhanced activity in the left visual network,which contrasted the diminished activity in the right hemisphere.The DMN facilitated increased activity within the left prefrontal cortex and reduced engagement in the right hemisphere,implicating disrupted self-referential and emotional processing mechanisms.Additionally,an overactive right dorsal attention network and a hypoactive salience network were identified,underscoring significant abnormalities in attentional and emotional regulation in adolescent depression.CONCLUSION The findings from this study underscore distinct neural connectivity disruptions in adolescent depression,underscoring the critical role of specific neurobiological markers for precise early diagnosis of adolescent depression.The observed functional asymmetries and network-specific deviations elucidate the complex neurobiological architecture of adolescent depression,supporting the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
