Red and white guavas were treated with wax emulsion or irradiation (0.25-2.0 kGy) and kept for 12 days at room temperature. Initiation of rot attack occurred after 3 days which increased significantly during further s...Red and white guavas were treated with wax emulsion or irradiation (0.25-2.0 kGy) and kept for 12 days at room temperature. Initiation of rot attack occurred after 3 days which increased significantly during further storage. In the waxed fruits rottage, weight loss and vitamin loss were significantly less than controls and irradiated ones. Sensory scores decreased with storage time and they ranged 3.7-4.5, 2.1-3.9 and 2.3-2.7 in waxed, radiated and untreated controls respectively, after 12 days storage. Waxing was found to increase the. shelf life of this fruit for 3-4 d while irradiation exhibited no beneficial effects.展开更多
Microbial enhanced oil recovery(MEOR)is a cost effective and efficient method for recovering residual oil.However,the presence of wax(paraffin)in residual oil can substantially reduce the efficiency of MEOR.Therefore,...Microbial enhanced oil recovery(MEOR)is a cost effective and efficient method for recovering residual oil.However,the presence of wax(paraffin)in residual oil can substantially reduce the efficiency of MEOR.Therefore,microbial dewaxing is a critical process in MEOR.In this study,a bacterial dewaxing agent of three spore-forming bacteria was developed.Among these bacteria,Bacillus subtilis GZ6 produced the biosurfactant surfactin.Replacing the promoter of the surfactin synthase gene cluster(srfA),increased the titer of surfactin in this strain from 0.33 g/L to 2.32 g/L.The genetically modified strain produced oil spreading rings with diameters increasing from 3.5±0.1 to 4.1±0.2 cm.The LadA F10L/N133R mutant was created by engineering an alkane monooxygenase(LadA)using site-directed mutagenesis in the Escherichia coli host.Compared to the wild-type enzyme,the resulting mutant exhibited an 11.7-fold increase in catalytic efficiency toward the substrate octadecane.When the mutant(pIMPpladA2mu)was expressed in Geobacillus stearothermophilus GZ178 cells,it exhibited a 2.0-fold increase in octadecane-degrading activity.Cultures of the two modified strains(B.subtilis GZ6(pg3srfA)and G.stearothermophilus GZ178(pIMPpladA2mu))were mixed with the culture of Geobacillus thermodenitrificans GZ156 at a ratio of 5:80:15.The resulting composition increased the rate of wax removal by 35%compared to the composition composed of three native strains.This study successfully developed a multi-strain bacterial agent with enhanced oil wax removal capabilities by genetically engineering two bacterial strains.展开更多
High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) arrays have emerged as essential genotyping tools,significantly accelerating breeding programs and advancing basic research.In this study,a high-throughput 10K SNP g...High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) arrays have emerged as essential genotyping tools,significantly accelerating breeding programs and advancing basic research.In this study,a high-throughput 10K SNP genotyping array for wax gourd was developed using genotyping by target sequencing(GBTS),featuring 10,722 SNPs evenly distributed across all 12 chromosomes,including 278 functional loci associated with key economic traits.To demonstrate its utility,genetic distances among 19 elite inbred lines were calculated from SNP data and correlated with heterosis for single fruit weight.The results revealed that greater genetic distance was associated with higher middle parent heterosis(MPH) for single fruit weight.Furthermore,56 commercial wax gourd cultivars collected from eight regions were selected and genotyped.Population structure analysis,phylogenetic analysis,and principal component analysis(PCA) collectively indicated that these cultivars fall into two major groups.Group I,comprising black or dark green skinned wax gourds,exhibited lower genetic diversity than Group II,which includes green or light green skinned varieties,reflecting shorter genetic distances within Group I.Finally,60 polymorphic SNPs were used to construct DNA fingerprints for distinguishing the 56 cultivars.As the first high-throughput genotyping platform for wax gourd,this SNP array provides an effective and powerful tool for genetic analysis.展开更多
High epicuticular wax(Ewax)content on leaves is a key trait for drought and heat stress tolerance in plants.One hundred diverse rice germplasm lines from the 3K-IRRI collection were screened for leaf Ewax content unde...High epicuticular wax(Ewax)content on leaves is a key trait for drought and heat stress tolerance in plants.One hundred diverse rice germplasm lines from the 3K-IRRI collection were screened for leaf Ewax content under open field conditions during the monsoon season of 2023,and for their nocturnal transpiration during the summer season of 2024.Using a novel drought-simulator phenomics platform,we identified a balance between cuticular and stomatal transpiration at night,with wax modulating these processes under varying night temperatures.展开更多
Wax gourd(Benincasa hispida)is an important cucurbit crop with economic and medicinal value.The myeloblastosis(MYB)gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants and regulates various biological processes,w...Wax gourd(Benincasa hispida)is an important cucurbit crop with economic and medicinal value.The myeloblastosis(MYB)gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants and regulates various biological processes,whereas the MYB gene family has not been systematically studied in wax gourd.In this study,we performed genome-wide identification of the MYB gene family in wax gourd and analyzed their phylogenetic relationship,MYB DNA-binding domain(MYB DBD),gene structure,protein motif,synteny,duplication mode and expression pattern.As a result,a total of 215 BhMYB genes(BhMYBs)were identified,belonging to four subfamilies:1R-,2R-,3R-and 4R-MYB subfamilies.Genes of 1R-MYB subfamily and 2R-MYB subfamily were subdivided into different subgroups respectively.The analysis of MYB DBD,gene structure and protein motif showed that the most genes in the same subgroup had similar characteristics and the 2R-MYB genes were more conserved than the 1R-MYB genes.Interestingly,the long terminal retrotransposons(LTR-RTs)were found in the long introns of several BhMYBs.The results of synteny analysis showed that there were more syntenic gene pairs between wax gourd and other cucurbit crops,while the least number of syntenic gene pairs existed between wax gourd and rice.Gene duplication was the main reason for the expansion of the MYB gene family in wax gourd,with the transposed duplication(TRD)mode contributing more.All duplication BhMYB genes were under purifying selection pressure.Further expression analysis showed that many BhMYBs exhibited obvious tissue-specific expression and several BhMYBs were significantly induced by one or more abiotic stresses.BhMYB79 was particularly expressed in roots and significantly induced by salt,drought,cold and heat stresses,overexpression of which led to reduced tolerance to salt stress in Arabidopsis.In conclusion,our results provide a systematic analysis of wax gourd MYB gene family and facilitate the biological role study of BhMYB79 during wax gourd salt stress response process.展开更多
Alpha-aluminum hydride(α-AlH_(3))is usually metastable due to the small enthalpy of formation,poor stability,high chemical activity,sensitivity to moisture and easy combination with water in the air.In order to inhib...Alpha-aluminum hydride(α-AlH_(3))is usually metastable due to the small enthalpy of formation,poor stability,high chemical activity,sensitivity to moisture and easy combination with water in the air.In order to inhibit the hygroscopicity ofα-AlH_(3) and improve its storage and stability,paraffin wax(PW)is selected as the coating material,and the solvent/non-solvent method is usually used to coat the surface ofα-AlH_(3).The structure and topography ofα-AlH_(3) before and after being coated by PW were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray diffractometer(XRD),X-ray electron spectroscopy(XPS),elemental analysis,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results show that PW can form a uniform and complete coating layer on the surface ofα-AlH_(3),and the crystal structure and morphology of theα-AlH_(3) coated by PW are not changed.The moisture absorption weight gain rate is reduced from 12%to 0.8%,and the hygroscopicity is greatly reduced.Furthermore,theα-AlH_(3) coated by PW also showed excellent performance in resisting water erosion after theα-AlH_(3) coated by PW,and the hydrophobic angle increases from 27°to 98°after theα-AlH_(3) surface being coated by PW.展开更多
Plants possess a hydrophobic layer of wax on their aerial surface,consisting mainly of amorphous intra-cuticular wax and epicuticular wax crystals(Kunst and Samuels,2003).This waxy coating contains a wide variety of v...Plants possess a hydrophobic layer of wax on their aerial surface,consisting mainly of amorphous intra-cuticular wax and epicuticular wax crystals(Kunst and Samuels,2003).This waxy coating contains a wide variety of very-long-chain fatty acids(VLCFAs)and their derivatives,including alkanes,alcohols,aldehydes,esters,and ketones.展开更多
Accurate and robust detection of wax appearance(a medium-to high-molecular-weight component of crude oil)is crucial for the efficient operation of hydrocarbon transportation.The wax appearance temperature(WAT)is the l...Accurate and robust detection of wax appearance(a medium-to high-molecular-weight component of crude oil)is crucial for the efficient operation of hydrocarbon transportation.The wax appearance temperature(WAT)is the lowest temperature at which the wax begins to form.When crude oil cools to its WAT,wax crystals precipitate,forming deposits on pipelines as the solubility limit is reached.Therefore,WAT is a crucial quality assurance parameter,especially when dealing with modern fuel oil blends.In this study,we use machine learning via MATLAB’s Bioinformatics Toolbox to predict the WAT of marine fuel samples by correlating near-infrared spectral data with laboratory-measured values.The dataset provided by Intertek PLC-a total quality assurance provider of inspection,testing,and certification services-includes industrial data that is imbalanced,with a higher proportion of high-WAT samples compared to low-WAT samples.The objective is to predict marine fuel oil blends with unusually high WAT values(>35℃)without relying on time-consuming and irregular laboratory-based measurements.The results demonstrate that the developed model,based on the one-class support vector machine(OCSVM)algorithm,achieved a Recall of 96,accurately predicting 96%of fuel samples with WAT>35℃.For standard binary classification,the Recall was 85.7.The trained OCSVM model is expected to facilitate rapid and well-informed decision-making for logistics and storage when choosing fuel oils.展开更多
The effect of alcoholic polyethylene-vinyl acetate(EVA)product ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer(EVAL)on the low-temperature flow properties of model oil containing asphaltene(ASP)was investigated.The change of wax cry...The effect of alcoholic polyethylene-vinyl acetate(EVA)product ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer(EVAL)on the low-temperature flow properties of model oil containing asphaltene(ASP)was investigated.The change of wax crystal microscopic morphology of model oil before and after modification were examined,and the influence of asphaltene mass fraction on the rheological improvement effect of EVAL was analyzed.The composite system of EVAL and asphaltene significantly reduced the pour point,gel point,apparent viscosity,storage modulus and loss modulus of waxy oil at low temperatures.When the EVAL concentration is 400 ppm and the asphaltene mass fraction is 0.5 wt%,the synergistic effect of the two is optimal,which can reduce the pour point by 17℃and the modulus value by more than 98%.The introduction of EVAL strengthens the interaction between asphaltenes and wax crystals,forming EVALASP aggregates,which promote the adsorption of wax crystals on asphaltenes to form composite particles,and the polar groups prevent the aggregation of wax crystals and reduce the size of wax crystals,thus greatly improving the fluidity of waxy oils.展开更多
Carotenoid isomerase(CRTISO)is an important enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis,and it catalyzes the conversion of lycopene precursors to lycopene in several plant species.However,the role of CRTISO in other biochemical...Carotenoid isomerase(CRTISO)is an important enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis,and it catalyzes the conversion of lycopene precursors to lycopene in several plant species.However,the role of CRTISO in other biochemical processes during plant growth and development remains unclear.Here,we showed that Chinese kale boacrtiso mutants have distinctive characteristics,including a yellowgreen hue and glossy appearance,and this contrasts with the dark green and glaucous traits observed in wild-type(WT)plants.Analysis of pigments in mutants revealed that the reduction in the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls contributed to the yellow-green coloration observed in mutants.An examination of cuticular waxes in Chinese kale indicated that there was a decrease in both the total wax content and the content of individual waxes in boacrtiso mutants(bearing a mutation of BoaCRTISO),which may be caused by the decrease of abscisic acid(ABA)content.The expression of carotenoid,chlorophyll,ABA,and wax biosynthesis genes was downregulated in boacrtiso mutants.This finding confirms that BoaCRTISO regulates the biosynthesis of pigments,ABA,and cuticular waxes in Chinese kale.Our results provide new insights into the interplay between plant pigment and cuticular wax metabolic pathways in Brassica vegetables.展开更多
The synergistic regulatory effect of the ethylene transcription factor MdERF2 and ubiquitin ligase MdPUB17 on apple(Malus domestica)epidermal wax was examined by transferring the pRI101-MdPUB17-MdERF2 dual overexpress...The synergistic regulatory effect of the ethylene transcription factor MdERF2 and ubiquitin ligase MdPUB17 on apple(Malus domestica)epidermal wax was examined by transferring the pRI101-MdPUB17-MdERF2 dual overexpression vector(PUB17-ERF2),the empty vector(pRI101),the pRI101-MdPUB17 overexpression vector(PUB17),and the pRI101-MdERF2 overexpression vector(ERF2)into Agrobacterium tumefaciens,respectively,to infect apple callus and fruits with water as the control(CK).The levels of expression of the genes related to the biosynthesis,transport,composition,content,and structure of wax in the callus and/or fruits were studied under different treatments.The synergistic treatment of PUB17-ERF2 resulted in a decrease in the expression levels of MdCER1,MdCER6,MdLACS2,MdWSD1,MdABCG11,MdPAS2,MdFATB,and MdKASII genes as induced by the sole treatment of ERF2.Moreover,in the treatment of PUB17-ERF2,the mass distribution density of the wax was observed to be intermediate between the ERF2 and PUB17 treatments.Furthermore,ERF2 was found to increase the contents of alkanes,alcohols,and ketones,while significantly decreasing the contents of fatty acids and esters.In contrast,PUB17 responded oppositely.When treated with PUB17-ERF2,the effects of PUB17 and ERF2 were observed to counteract each other,which resulted in intermediate levels of these compounds.Additionally,the fruit in the ERF2,PUB17 and PUB17-ERF2 treatments had a different waxy microstructure.Overall,the findings indicate that both ERF2 and PUB17 have an impact on the gene expression,wax composition,content,and microstructure in apple epidermis.Importantly,the co-expression of MdPUB17 and MdERF2 demonstrates their synergistic regulation of the biosynthesis of wax in the apple epidermis.展开更多
Starting from the perspective of formula and efficacy,orthogonal experiments were first performed to explore the optimal ratio of three raw materials that potentially affect breaking force of lipsticks,verification ex...Starting from the perspective of formula and efficacy,orthogonal experiments were first performed to explore the optimal ratio of three raw materials that potentially affect breaking force of lipsticks,verification experiment on humans was then conducted to test the efficacy of the lipstick formula.Results showed that when the ratio of carnauba wax,shea butter and myristyl isopropyl ester was 3∶7∶3,the breaking force was optimal.After the subjects used the lipstick formula for 14 days,the moisture content of the lip stratum corneum significantly increased by 23.51% (P﹤0.05),the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) rate significantly decreased by 20.61%,the skin glossiness increased significantly by 9.88%,and the skin scale index decreased significantly by 55.76%.展开更多
Ethylene response factors 2(ERF2) are essential for plant growth, fruit ripening, metabolism, and resistance tostress. In this study, the expression levels of the genes for MdERF2 implicated in the biosynthesis, compo...Ethylene response factors 2(ERF2) are essential for plant growth, fruit ripening, metabolism, and resistance tostress. In this study, the expression levels of the genes for MdERF2 implicated in the biosynthesis, compositionand ultrastructure of fruit cuticular wax in apple(Malus domestica) were studied by the transfection of apple fruitand/or calli with MdERF2-overexpression(ERF2-OE) and MdERF2-interference(ERF2-AN) vectors. In addition,the direct target genes of MdERF2 related to wax biosynthesis were identified using electrophoretic mobility shiftassays(EMSAs) and dual-luciferase reporter(DLR) assays. The findings indicated that the expression levels offour wax biosynthetic genes, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2(MdLACS2), eceriferum 1(MdCER1), eceriferum4(MdCER4), and eceriferum 6(MdCER6), were upregulated by ERF2-OE. In contrast, the expression levels ofthese genes were inhibited when MdERF2 was silenced. Furthermore, the overall structure and accumulationof fruit cuticular wax were influenced by the expression level of MdERF2. Treatment with ERF2-OE significantlyincreased the proportions of alkanes and ketones and reduced the proportions of fatty acids and esters. In addition,the EMSAs and DLR assays demonstrated that MdERF2 could bind directly to GCC-box elements in the promotersof MdLACS2, MdCER1, and MdCER6 to activate their transcription. These results confirmed that MdERF2 targetsthe up-regulation of expression of the MdLACS2, MdCER1, and MdCER6 genes, thereby altering the composition,content, and microstructure of apple epidermal wax.展开更多
This study aimed to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of combining wax therapy with conventional drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and to provide evidence supporting its clinical application.A compr...This study aimed to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of combining wax therapy with conventional drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and to provide evidence supporting its clinical application.A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed,Cochrane Library,China Biomedical Literature Database(CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang,and VIP databases from their inception to May 2024.Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)investigating the combination of wax therapy and conventional drug therapy for RA were included in the analysis.Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software.Nine studies,encompassing a total of 843 patients,were included.The results demonstrated that the combination therapy significantly improved clinical efficacy compared to conventional drug therapy alone[RR=1.22,95%CI(1.11,1.34)].Moreover,the combination therapy led to notable improvements in DAS 28 scores[MD=-0.90,95%CI(-1.23,-0.57),P<0.00001],VAS scores[MD=-0.90,95%CI(-1.13,-0.66),P<0.00001],reduction in joint tenderness[MD=-1.27,95%CI(-1.81,-0.72),P<0.00001],decreased duration of morning stiffness[MD=-25.47,95%CI(-34.33,-16.61),P<0.00001],and lowered C-reactive protein levels[MD=-6.29,95%CI(-12.02,-0.57),P<0.05].In conclusion,wax therapy combined with conventional anti-rheumatic drugs significantly enhanced the clinical outcomes for RA patients by alleviating symptoms,reducing joint pain and morning stiffness,and decreasing inflammatory markers more effectively than conventional drug therapy alone.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the optimal preparation conditions and storage stability of camellia oil-based gel oil.[Methods]With camellia oil as the base oil,rice bran wax and monoglyceride as ...[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the optimal preparation conditions and storage stability of camellia oil-based gel oil.[Methods]With camellia oil as the base oil,rice bran wax and monoglyceride as gelling agents,a kind of composite gel oil was prepared by the direct gel method.The effects of different mass ratios of rice bran wax to monoglyceride,amounts of gelling agent,heating time and temperatures on the oil precipitation rate and hardness of gel oil were investigated.The optimal preparation conditions were determined by a response surface optimization experiment,and the storage stability of the prepared gel oil was studied with peroxide value and acid value as evaluation indexes.[Results]The results showed that the optimal preparation process of gel oil was as follows:mass ratio of rice bran wax to monoglyceride 2:8,addition amount of rice bran wax and monoglyceride 10%,heating temperature 95℃,and heating time 49 min.The peroxide value and acid value of composite gel oil stored at 4℃and room temperature for 5 weeks both showed an upward trend,and the acid value of gel oil differed significantly at different storage temperatures,which showed that the cold storage environment was more suitable for the gel oil.Compared with the gel oil prepared by single gelling agent,the camellia oil-based gel oil prepared by compounding rice bran wax and monoglyceride had lower oil precipitation rate and moderate hardness.[Conclusions]This study lays a theoretical foundation for developing new gel oil and expanding the application scope of camellia oil.展开更多
This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation of radiant floor heating(RFH)systems integrated with phase changematerial(PCM)-based thermal energy storage(TES).The study compares two unde...This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation of radiant floor heating(RFH)systems integrated with phase changematerial(PCM)-based thermal energy storage(TES).The study compares two underfloor pipe configurations:double serpentine and spiral.It also looks at how well a paraffin wax PCM system works with compact heat exchanger-type TES units during winter in Iraq.Key performance indicators including discharge temperature,heat transfer rate,liquid fraction evolution,and temperature uniformity were assessed through in situ experimental measurements and ANSYS fluent simulations.Results demonstrate that the spiral design provides slightly more uniform temperature distribution on the tile surface at an inlet water temperature of 55℃,with an average difference of approximately 0.5%,the serpentine layout exhibits higher slab temperature distribution by about 0.66%.Notably,the serpentine configuration shows superior thermal homogeneity and heat distribution,with a 15.05%increase in heat gain at a 55℃ inlet temperature compared to the spiral design.The performance gap between the two layouts narrows as the inlet temperature increases from 50℃ in 5℃ increments by approximately 4.1%,3.7%,and 1.7%,respectively.Higher inlet temperatures also improve PCM discharging and charging rates,improving energy storage utilization.The findings provide significant design guidelines for sustainable heating systems for cold climates.展开更多
In order to conform to dimensional tolerances, an efficient numerical method, displacement iterative compensation method, based on finite element methodology （FEM） was presented for the wax pattern die profile desig...In order to conform to dimensional tolerances, an efficient numerical method, displacement iterative compensation method, based on finite element methodology （FEM） was presented for the wax pattern die profile design of turbine blades. Casting shrinkages at different positions of the blade which was considered nonlinear thermo-mechanical casting deformations were calculated. Based on the displacement iterative compensation method proposed, the optimized wax pattern die profile can be established. For a A356 alloy blade, substantial reduction in dimensional and shape tolerances was achieved with the developed die shape optimization system. Numerical simulation result obtained by the proposed method shows a good agreement with the result measured experimentally. After four times iterations, compared with the CAD model of turbine blade, the total form error decreases to 0.001 978 mm from the orevious 0.515 815 mm.展开更多
文摘Red and white guavas were treated with wax emulsion or irradiation (0.25-2.0 kGy) and kept for 12 days at room temperature. Initiation of rot attack occurred after 3 days which increased significantly during further storage. In the waxed fruits rottage, weight loss and vitamin loss were significantly less than controls and irradiated ones. Sensory scores decreased with storage time and they ranged 3.7-4.5, 2.1-3.9 and 2.3-2.7 in waxed, radiated and untreated controls respectively, after 12 days storage. Waxing was found to increase the. shelf life of this fruit for 3-4 d while irradiation exhibited no beneficial effects.
基金the financial support from Scientific Research Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(KM202110017009,granted to Xiaoyan Guo)Undergraduates Research Training Program of Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology(2022J00178,granted to Lizhu Li)。
文摘Microbial enhanced oil recovery(MEOR)is a cost effective and efficient method for recovering residual oil.However,the presence of wax(paraffin)in residual oil can substantially reduce the efficiency of MEOR.Therefore,microbial dewaxing is a critical process in MEOR.In this study,a bacterial dewaxing agent of three spore-forming bacteria was developed.Among these bacteria,Bacillus subtilis GZ6 produced the biosurfactant surfactin.Replacing the promoter of the surfactin synthase gene cluster(srfA),increased the titer of surfactin in this strain from 0.33 g/L to 2.32 g/L.The genetically modified strain produced oil spreading rings with diameters increasing from 3.5±0.1 to 4.1±0.2 cm.The LadA F10L/N133R mutant was created by engineering an alkane monooxygenase(LadA)using site-directed mutagenesis in the Escherichia coli host.Compared to the wild-type enzyme,the resulting mutant exhibited an 11.7-fold increase in catalytic efficiency toward the substrate octadecane.When the mutant(pIMPpladA2mu)was expressed in Geobacillus stearothermophilus GZ178 cells,it exhibited a 2.0-fold increase in octadecane-degrading activity.Cultures of the two modified strains(B.subtilis GZ6(pg3srfA)and G.stearothermophilus GZ178(pIMPpladA2mu))were mixed with the culture of Geobacillus thermodenitrificans GZ156 at a ratio of 5:80:15.The resulting composition increased the rate of wax removal by 35%compared to the composition composed of three native strains.This study successfully developed a multi-strain bacterial agent with enhanced oil wax removal capabilities by genetically engineering two bacterial strains.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Talent Support Project of Hunan Province,China (2022TJ-N15)the Hunan Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China (2024CX90 and 2024CX65)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China (2021NK1006)。
文摘High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) arrays have emerged as essential genotyping tools,significantly accelerating breeding programs and advancing basic research.In this study,a high-throughput 10K SNP genotyping array for wax gourd was developed using genotyping by target sequencing(GBTS),featuring 10,722 SNPs evenly distributed across all 12 chromosomes,including 278 functional loci associated with key economic traits.To demonstrate its utility,genetic distances among 19 elite inbred lines were calculated from SNP data and correlated with heterosis for single fruit weight.The results revealed that greater genetic distance was associated with higher middle parent heterosis(MPH) for single fruit weight.Furthermore,56 commercial wax gourd cultivars collected from eight regions were selected and genotyped.Population structure analysis,phylogenetic analysis,and principal component analysis(PCA) collectively indicated that these cultivars fall into two major groups.Group I,comprising black or dark green skinned wax gourds,exhibited lower genetic diversity than Group II,which includes green or light green skinned varieties,reflecting shorter genetic distances within Group I.Finally,60 polymorphic SNPs were used to construct DNA fingerprints for distinguishing the 56 cultivars.As the first high-throughput genotyping platform for wax gourd,this SNP array provides an effective and powerful tool for genetic analysis.
基金supported by the Department of Science and Technology,Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research,India(Grant No.DST/INSPIRE/04/2022/003192)the Ad-RICCE Project,India(Grant No.IC-12012(12)/2/2022-ICD-DBT)the Dutch Research Council,the Netherlands(Grant No.482.20.202).
文摘High epicuticular wax(Ewax)content on leaves is a key trait for drought and heat stress tolerance in plants.One hundred diverse rice germplasm lines from the 3K-IRRI collection were screened for leaf Ewax content under open field conditions during the monsoon season of 2023,and for their nocturnal transpiration during the summer season of 2024.Using a novel drought-simulator phenomics platform,we identified a balance between cuticular and stomatal transpiration at night,with wax modulating these processes under varying night temperatures.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020B020220003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202504)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515030049)Guangdong Rural Revitalization Strategy Special Project(Grant No.2023-NJS-00-003)Special fund for scientific and technological talents introduction of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.R2021YJ-YB2004)。
文摘Wax gourd(Benincasa hispida)is an important cucurbit crop with economic and medicinal value.The myeloblastosis(MYB)gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants and regulates various biological processes,whereas the MYB gene family has not been systematically studied in wax gourd.In this study,we performed genome-wide identification of the MYB gene family in wax gourd and analyzed their phylogenetic relationship,MYB DNA-binding domain(MYB DBD),gene structure,protein motif,synteny,duplication mode and expression pattern.As a result,a total of 215 BhMYB genes(BhMYBs)were identified,belonging to four subfamilies:1R-,2R-,3R-and 4R-MYB subfamilies.Genes of 1R-MYB subfamily and 2R-MYB subfamily were subdivided into different subgroups respectively.The analysis of MYB DBD,gene structure and protein motif showed that the most genes in the same subgroup had similar characteristics and the 2R-MYB genes were more conserved than the 1R-MYB genes.Interestingly,the long terminal retrotransposons(LTR-RTs)were found in the long introns of several BhMYBs.The results of synteny analysis showed that there were more syntenic gene pairs between wax gourd and other cucurbit crops,while the least number of syntenic gene pairs existed between wax gourd and rice.Gene duplication was the main reason for the expansion of the MYB gene family in wax gourd,with the transposed duplication(TRD)mode contributing more.All duplication BhMYB genes were under purifying selection pressure.Further expression analysis showed that many BhMYBs exhibited obvious tissue-specific expression and several BhMYBs were significantly induced by one or more abiotic stresses.BhMYB79 was particularly expressed in roots and significantly induced by salt,drought,cold and heat stresses,overexpression of which led to reduced tolerance to salt stress in Arabidopsis.In conclusion,our results provide a systematic analysis of wax gourd MYB gene family and facilitate the biological role study of BhMYB79 during wax gourd salt stress response process.
文摘Alpha-aluminum hydride(α-AlH_(3))is usually metastable due to the small enthalpy of formation,poor stability,high chemical activity,sensitivity to moisture and easy combination with water in the air.In order to inhibit the hygroscopicity ofα-AlH_(3) and improve its storage and stability,paraffin wax(PW)is selected as the coating material,and the solvent/non-solvent method is usually used to coat the surface ofα-AlH_(3).The structure and topography ofα-AlH_(3) before and after being coated by PW were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray diffractometer(XRD),X-ray electron spectroscopy(XPS),elemental analysis,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results show that PW can form a uniform and complete coating layer on the surface ofα-AlH_(3),and the crystal structure and morphology of theα-AlH_(3) coated by PW are not changed.The moisture absorption weight gain rate is reduced from 12%to 0.8%,and the hygroscopicity is greatly reduced.Furthermore,theα-AlH_(3) coated by PW also showed excellent performance in resisting water erosion after theα-AlH_(3) coated by PW,and the hydrophobic angle increases from 27°to 98°after theα-AlH_(3) surface being coated by PW.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31972405).
文摘Plants possess a hydrophobic layer of wax on their aerial surface,consisting mainly of amorphous intra-cuticular wax and epicuticular wax crystals(Kunst and Samuels,2003).This waxy coating contains a wide variety of very-long-chain fatty acids(VLCFAs)and their derivatives,including alkanes,alcohols,aldehydes,esters,and ketones.
基金Newcastle University and EPSRC(Grant No.2020/21 DTP:ref.EP/T517914/1).
文摘Accurate and robust detection of wax appearance(a medium-to high-molecular-weight component of crude oil)is crucial for the efficient operation of hydrocarbon transportation.The wax appearance temperature(WAT)is the lowest temperature at which the wax begins to form.When crude oil cools to its WAT,wax crystals precipitate,forming deposits on pipelines as the solubility limit is reached.Therefore,WAT is a crucial quality assurance parameter,especially when dealing with modern fuel oil blends.In this study,we use machine learning via MATLAB’s Bioinformatics Toolbox to predict the WAT of marine fuel samples by correlating near-infrared spectral data with laboratory-measured values.The dataset provided by Intertek PLC-a total quality assurance provider of inspection,testing,and certification services-includes industrial data that is imbalanced,with a higher proportion of high-WAT samples compared to low-WAT samples.The objective is to predict marine fuel oil blends with unusually high WAT values(>35℃)without relying on time-consuming and irregular laboratory-based measurements.The results demonstrate that the developed model,based on the one-class support vector machine(OCSVM)algorithm,achieved a Recall of 96,accurately predicting 96%of fuel samples with WAT>35℃.For standard binary classification,the Recall was 85.7.The trained OCSVM model is expected to facilitate rapid and well-informed decision-making for logistics and storage when choosing fuel oils.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52076036)。
文摘The effect of alcoholic polyethylene-vinyl acetate(EVA)product ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer(EVAL)on the low-temperature flow properties of model oil containing asphaltene(ASP)was investigated.The change of wax crystal microscopic morphology of model oil before and after modification were examined,and the influence of asphaltene mass fraction on the rheological improvement effect of EVAL was analyzed.The composite system of EVAL and asphaltene significantly reduced the pour point,gel point,apparent viscosity,storage modulus and loss modulus of waxy oil at low temperatures.When the EVAL concentration is 400 ppm and the asphaltene mass fraction is 0.5 wt%,the synergistic effect of the two is optimal,which can reduce the pour point by 17℃and the modulus value by more than 98%.The introduction of EVAL strengthens the interaction between asphaltenes and wax crystals,forming EVALASP aggregates,which promote the adsorption of wax crystals on asphaltenes to form composite particles,and the polar groups prevent the aggregation of wax crystals and reduce the size of wax crystals,thus greatly improving the fluidity of waxy oils.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32372732,32072586,32372683,32460750,31500247)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2022NSFSC1689)+3 种基金Sichuan Innovation Team of National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(Grant No.SCCXTD-2024-05)Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Project(Grant No.2023ZYD0090)the Joint research on mustard breeding in Sichuan Province(Grant No.2023YZ002)Guizhou Provincial Key Technology R&D Program[(2021)No.207].
文摘Carotenoid isomerase(CRTISO)is an important enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis,and it catalyzes the conversion of lycopene precursors to lycopene in several plant species.However,the role of CRTISO in other biochemical processes during plant growth and development remains unclear.Here,we showed that Chinese kale boacrtiso mutants have distinctive characteristics,including a yellowgreen hue and glossy appearance,and this contrasts with the dark green and glaucous traits observed in wild-type(WT)plants.Analysis of pigments in mutants revealed that the reduction in the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls contributed to the yellow-green coloration observed in mutants.An examination of cuticular waxes in Chinese kale indicated that there was a decrease in both the total wax content and the content of individual waxes in boacrtiso mutants(bearing a mutation of BoaCRTISO),which may be caused by the decrease of abscisic acid(ABA)content.The expression of carotenoid,chlorophyll,ABA,and wax biosynthesis genes was downregulated in boacrtiso mutants.This finding confirms that BoaCRTISO regulates the biosynthesis of pigments,ABA,and cuticular waxes in Chinese kale.Our results provide new insights into the interplay between plant pigment and cuticular wax metabolic pathways in Brassica vegetables.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32272384 and 32172278)。
文摘The synergistic regulatory effect of the ethylene transcription factor MdERF2 and ubiquitin ligase MdPUB17 on apple(Malus domestica)epidermal wax was examined by transferring the pRI101-MdPUB17-MdERF2 dual overexpression vector(PUB17-ERF2),the empty vector(pRI101),the pRI101-MdPUB17 overexpression vector(PUB17),and the pRI101-MdERF2 overexpression vector(ERF2)into Agrobacterium tumefaciens,respectively,to infect apple callus and fruits with water as the control(CK).The levels of expression of the genes related to the biosynthesis,transport,composition,content,and structure of wax in the callus and/or fruits were studied under different treatments.The synergistic treatment of PUB17-ERF2 resulted in a decrease in the expression levels of MdCER1,MdCER6,MdLACS2,MdWSD1,MdABCG11,MdPAS2,MdFATB,and MdKASII genes as induced by the sole treatment of ERF2.Moreover,in the treatment of PUB17-ERF2,the mass distribution density of the wax was observed to be intermediate between the ERF2 and PUB17 treatments.Furthermore,ERF2 was found to increase the contents of alkanes,alcohols,and ketones,while significantly decreasing the contents of fatty acids and esters.In contrast,PUB17 responded oppositely.When treated with PUB17-ERF2,the effects of PUB17 and ERF2 were observed to counteract each other,which resulted in intermediate levels of these compounds.Additionally,the fruit in the ERF2,PUB17 and PUB17-ERF2 treatments had a different waxy microstructure.Overall,the findings indicate that both ERF2 and PUB17 have an impact on the gene expression,wax composition,content,and microstructure in apple epidermis.Importantly,the co-expression of MdPUB17 and MdERF2 demonstrates their synergistic regulation of the biosynthesis of wax in the apple epidermis.
文摘Starting from the perspective of formula and efficacy,orthogonal experiments were first performed to explore the optimal ratio of three raw materials that potentially affect breaking force of lipsticks,verification experiment on humans was then conducted to test the efficacy of the lipstick formula.Results showed that when the ratio of carnauba wax,shea butter and myristyl isopropyl ester was 3∶7∶3,the breaking force was optimal.After the subjects used the lipstick formula for 14 days,the moisture content of the lip stratum corneum significantly increased by 23.51% (P﹤0.05),the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) rate significantly decreased by 20.61%,the skin glossiness increased significantly by 9.88%,and the skin scale index decreased significantly by 55.76%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272384)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (ZR2020MC149)。
文摘Ethylene response factors 2(ERF2) are essential for plant growth, fruit ripening, metabolism, and resistance tostress. In this study, the expression levels of the genes for MdERF2 implicated in the biosynthesis, compositionand ultrastructure of fruit cuticular wax in apple(Malus domestica) were studied by the transfection of apple fruitand/or calli with MdERF2-overexpression(ERF2-OE) and MdERF2-interference(ERF2-AN) vectors. In addition,the direct target genes of MdERF2 related to wax biosynthesis were identified using electrophoretic mobility shiftassays(EMSAs) and dual-luciferase reporter(DLR) assays. The findings indicated that the expression levels offour wax biosynthetic genes, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2(MdLACS2), eceriferum 1(MdCER1), eceriferum4(MdCER4), and eceriferum 6(MdCER6), were upregulated by ERF2-OE. In contrast, the expression levels ofthese genes were inhibited when MdERF2 was silenced. Furthermore, the overall structure and accumulationof fruit cuticular wax were influenced by the expression level of MdERF2. Treatment with ERF2-OE significantlyincreased the proportions of alkanes and ketones and reduced the proportions of fatty acids and esters. In addition,the EMSAs and DLR assays demonstrated that MdERF2 could bind directly to GCC-box elements in the promotersof MdLACS2, MdCER1, and MdCER6 to activate their transcription. These results confirmed that MdERF2 targetsthe up-regulation of expression of the MdLACS2, MdCER1, and MdCER6 genes, thereby altering the composition,content, and microstructure of apple epidermal wax.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Science and Technology Department(Grant No.202303AC100326)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81960863)the Education Department of Yunnan Province(Grant No.2023Y0463 and 2024Y380).
文摘This study aimed to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of combining wax therapy with conventional drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and to provide evidence supporting its clinical application.A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed,Cochrane Library,China Biomedical Literature Database(CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang,and VIP databases from their inception to May 2024.Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)investigating the combination of wax therapy and conventional drug therapy for RA were included in the analysis.Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software.Nine studies,encompassing a total of 843 patients,were included.The results demonstrated that the combination therapy significantly improved clinical efficacy compared to conventional drug therapy alone[RR=1.22,95%CI(1.11,1.34)].Moreover,the combination therapy led to notable improvements in DAS 28 scores[MD=-0.90,95%CI(-1.23,-0.57),P<0.00001],VAS scores[MD=-0.90,95%CI(-1.13,-0.66),P<0.00001],reduction in joint tenderness[MD=-1.27,95%CI(-1.81,-0.72),P<0.00001],decreased duration of morning stiffness[MD=-25.47,95%CI(-34.33,-16.61),P<0.00001],and lowered C-reactive protein levels[MD=-6.29,95%CI(-12.02,-0.57),P<0.05].In conclusion,wax therapy combined with conventional anti-rheumatic drugs significantly enhanced the clinical outcomes for RA patients by alleviating symptoms,reducing joint pain and morning stiffness,and decreasing inflammatory markers more effectively than conventional drug therapy alone.
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the optimal preparation conditions and storage stability of camellia oil-based gel oil.[Methods]With camellia oil as the base oil,rice bran wax and monoglyceride as gelling agents,a kind of composite gel oil was prepared by the direct gel method.The effects of different mass ratios of rice bran wax to monoglyceride,amounts of gelling agent,heating time and temperatures on the oil precipitation rate and hardness of gel oil were investigated.The optimal preparation conditions were determined by a response surface optimization experiment,and the storage stability of the prepared gel oil was studied with peroxide value and acid value as evaluation indexes.[Results]The results showed that the optimal preparation process of gel oil was as follows:mass ratio of rice bran wax to monoglyceride 2:8,addition amount of rice bran wax and monoglyceride 10%,heating temperature 95℃,and heating time 49 min.The peroxide value and acid value of composite gel oil stored at 4℃and room temperature for 5 weeks both showed an upward trend,and the acid value of gel oil differed significantly at different storage temperatures,which showed that the cold storage environment was more suitable for the gel oil.Compared with the gel oil prepared by single gelling agent,the camellia oil-based gel oil prepared by compounding rice bran wax and monoglyceride had lower oil precipitation rate and moderate hardness.[Conclusions]This study lays a theoretical foundation for developing new gel oil and expanding the application scope of camellia oil.
文摘This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation of radiant floor heating(RFH)systems integrated with phase changematerial(PCM)-based thermal energy storage(TES).The study compares two underfloor pipe configurations:double serpentine and spiral.It also looks at how well a paraffin wax PCM system works with compact heat exchanger-type TES units during winter in Iraq.Key performance indicators including discharge temperature,heat transfer rate,liquid fraction evolution,and temperature uniformity were assessed through in situ experimental measurements and ANSYS fluent simulations.Results demonstrate that the spiral design provides slightly more uniform temperature distribution on the tile surface at an inlet water temperature of 55℃,with an average difference of approximately 0.5%,the serpentine layout exhibits higher slab temperature distribution by about 0.66%.Notably,the serpentine configuration shows superior thermal homogeneity and heat distribution,with a 15.05%increase in heat gain at a 55℃ inlet temperature compared to the spiral design.The performance gap between the two layouts narrows as the inlet temperature increases from 50℃ in 5℃ increments by approximately 4.1%,3.7%,and 1.7%,respectively.Higher inlet temperatures also improve PCM discharging and charging rates,improving energy storage utilization.The findings provide significant design guidelines for sustainable heating systems for cold climates.
基金Project (2008ZE53042) supported by National Aerospace Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to conform to dimensional tolerances, an efficient numerical method, displacement iterative compensation method, based on finite element methodology （FEM） was presented for the wax pattern die profile design of turbine blades. Casting shrinkages at different positions of the blade which was considered nonlinear thermo-mechanical casting deformations were calculated. Based on the displacement iterative compensation method proposed, the optimized wax pattern die profile can be established. For a A356 alloy blade, substantial reduction in dimensional and shape tolerances was achieved with the developed die shape optimization system. Numerical simulation result obtained by the proposed method shows a good agreement with the result measured experimentally. After four times iterations, compared with the CAD model of turbine blade, the total form error decreases to 0.001 978 mm from the orevious 0.515 815 mm.
