With global warming and the intensification of human activities, frozen soils continue to melt, leading to the formation of thermokarst collapses and thermokarst lakes. The thawing of permafrost results in the microbi...With global warming and the intensification of human activities, frozen soils continue to melt, leading to the formation of thermokarst collapses and thermokarst lakes. The thawing of permafrost results in the microbial decomposition of large amounts of frozen organic carbon (C), releasing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) and methane (CH4). However, little research has been done on the thermo-water-vapor-carbon coupling process in permafrost, and the interactions among hydrothermal transport, organic matter decomposition, and CO_(2) transport processes in permafrost remain unclear. We considered the decomposition and release of organic C and established a coupled thermo-water-vapor-carbon model for permafrost based on the study area located in the Beiluhe region of the Qingzang Plateau, China. The model established accurately reflected changes in permafrost temperature, moisture, and C fluxes. Dramatic changes in temperature and precipitation in the warm season led to significant soil water and heat transport, CO_(2) transport, and organic matter decomposition. During the cold season, however, the soil froze, which weakened organic matter decomposition and CO_(2) transport. The sensitivity of soil layers to changes in the external environment varied with depth. Fluctuations in energy, water, and CO_(2) fluxes were greater in shallow soil layers than in deeper ones. The latent heat of water-vapor and water-ice phase changes played a crucial role in regulating the temperature of frozen soil. The low content of soil organic matter in the study area resulted in a smaller influence of the decomposition heat of soil organic matter on soil temperature, compared to the high organic matter content in other soil types (such as peatlands).展开更多
In the visible spectrum, the atmospheric attenuations to sunlight mainly include aerosol scattering, atmospheric molecule Rayleigh scattering and ozone absorption, while in the near-infrared spectrum (from 650 nm to 1...In the visible spectrum, the atmospheric attenuations to sunlight mainly include aerosol scattering, atmospheric molecule Rayleigh scattering and ozone absorption, while in the near-infrared spectrum (from 650 nm to 1 000 nm), we must take water-vapor absorption into account. Based on the atmospheric correction theory, using spectrum irradiance data measured by Instantaneous Ground spectrometer, ozone content measured by Microtops Ⅱozone monitor, water-vapor content and aerosol optical thickness measured by sun photometer, we give a new way to study water-vapor absorption to sunlight, and the result shows that the main peak values of water-vapor absorption coefficients are 0.025 cm-1, 0.073 cm-1, 0.124 cm-1, 0.090 cm-1, 0.141 cm-1 and 0.417 cm-1, which respectively lie at 692 nm, 725 nm, 761 nm, 818 nm, 912 nm and 937 nm.展开更多
To analyze the mechanism by which water vapor increase leads to cooling in the stratosphere, the effects of water-vapor increases on temperature in the stratosphere were simulated using the two-dimensional, interactiv...To analyze the mechanism by which water vapor increase leads to cooling in the stratosphere, the effects of water-vapor increases on temperature in the stratosphere were simulated using the two-dimensional, interactive chemical dynamical radiative model （SOCRATES） of NCAR. The results indicate that increases in stratospheric water vapor lead to stratospheric cooling, with the extent of cooling increasing with height, and that cooling in the middle stratosphere is stronger in Arctic regions. Analysis of the radiation process showed that infrared radiative cooling by water vapor is a pivotal factor in middle-lower stratospheric cooling. However, in the upper stratosphere （above 45 km）, infrared radiation is not a factor in cooling; there, cooling is caused by the decreased solar radiative heating rate resulting from ozone decrease due to increased stratospheric water vapor. Dynamical cooling is important in the middle-upper stratosphere, and dynamical feedback to temperature change is more distinct in the Northern Hemisphere middle-high latitudes than in other regions and signiffcantly affects temperature and ozone in winter over Arctic regions. Increasing stratospheric water vapor will strengthen ozone depletion through the chemical process. However, ozone will increase in the middle stratosphere. The change in ozone due to increasing water vapor has an important effect on the stratospheric temperature change.展开更多
The China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR) is scheduled to be operated in the autumn of 2008.In this paper,we report preparations for installing the neutron radiography instrument (NRI) and for utilizing it efficientl...The China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR) is scheduled to be operated in the autumn of 2008.In this paper,we report preparations for installing the neutron radiography instrument (NRI) and for utilizing it efficiently. The 2-D relative neutron intensity profiles for the water-vapor two-phase flow inside the robe were obtained using the MCNP code without influence of y-ray and electronic-noise.The MCNP simulation of the 2-D neutron intensity profile for the water-vapor two-phase flow was demonstrated.The simulated 2-D neutron intensity profiles could be used as the benchmark data base by calibrating part of the data measured by the CARR-NRI.The 3-D objective images allow us to understand the flow pattern more clearly and it is reconstructed using the MATLAB through the threshold transformation techniques.And thus it is concluded that the MCNP code and the MATLAB are very useful for constructing the benchmark data base for the investigation of the water-vapor two-phase flow using the CARR-NRI.展开更多
Based on the remote sensing data, the radiosonde data and precipitation data observed by weather stations, distributions of atmospheric water-vapor and cloud motion wind over the Qilian Mountains are analyzed. Moreove...Based on the remote sensing data, the radiosonde data and precipitation data observed by weather stations, distributions of atmospheric water-vapor and cloud motion wind over the Qilian Mountains are analyzed. Moreover, on the basis of water-vapor and cloud motion wind analyses, relations of atmospheric water-vapor distribution with precipitation~ atmospheric circulation, and terrain are investigated. The results show that distributions of atmospheric water-vapor and precipitation in the Qilian Mountains are affected by the westerly belt, the southerly monsoon （the South Asian monsoon and plateau monsoon）, and the East Asian monsoon. In the northwest Qilian Mountains, water-vapor and precipitation are entirely affected by the westerly belt, and there is no other direction water-vapor transport except westerly watervapor flux, hence, the northwest region is regarded as the westerly belt region. In the south and middle of the mountaili, water-vapor is mainly controlled by the southerly monsoon, 37.7% of the total watervapor is from the south, especially in summer, the southerly water-vapor flux accounts for 55.9% of the total, and furthermore the water-vapor content in the southerly flow is more than that in the westerly flow. The southerly monsoon water-vapor is influenced by the South Asian monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the plateau monsoon in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thus, the south and middle region is called southerly monsoon region. But in the northeast Qilian Mountains, the East Asian monsoon is the main climate system affecting the water-vapor. Besides west and northwest water-vapor fluxes, there are a lot of easterly water-vapor fluxes in summer. The frequency of easterly cloud motion winds in summer half year accounts for 27.1% of the total, though the frequency is not high, it is the main water-vapor source of summer precipitation in this region, therefore, the northwest region is a marginal region of the East Asian monsoon. On the other hand, atmospheric water-vapor, precipitation, and conversion rate of water-vapor into precipitation are closely related with altitudes and circulation system. Generally, there is a peak value of water-vapor content at the altitude from 3500 to 4500 m on the windward slope, but on the leeward slope, water-vapor monotonically decreases with altitude descending except for that in the East Asian monsoon region. Water-vapor on the leeward is much less than that on the windward slope~ and the maximal difference in water-vapor content between the two sides may reach about 4.49 kg m-2. Either the values of water-vapor content, precipitation or the conversion rate of water-vapor into precipitation all reach their maxima in the East Asian monsoon regions, and correspondingly the peak value of water-vapor on the windward is also large and occurs at a lower altitude in comparison with other two regions.展开更多
The supercavitation has attracted a growing interest because of its potential for high-speed vehicle maneuvering and drag reduction. To better understand the reverse flow characteristics of a water-vapor mixture in su...The supercavitation has attracted a growing interest because of its potential for high-speed vehicle maneuvering and drag reduction. To better understand the reverse flow characteristics of a water-vapor mixture in supercavitating flows around a hydrofoil, a numerical simulation is conducted using a unified supercavitation model, which combines a modified RNG k-~ turbulence model and a cavitation one. By comparing the related experimental results, the reverse motion of the water-vapor mixture is found in the cavitation area in all supercavitation stages. The inverse pressure gradient leads to reverse pressure fluctuations in the cavity, followed by the reverse motion of the water-vapor two-phase interface. Compared with the water-vapor mixture area at the back of the cavity, the pressure in the vapor area is inversely and slowly reduced, a higher-pressure gradient occurs near the cavity boundary.展开更多
The vertical structure of water vapor in atmosphere is one of the initial information of numerical weather forecast model. Because of the strong variation of water vapor in atmosphere and limited spatio-temporal solut...The vertical structure of water vapor in atmosphere is one of the initial information of numerical weather forecast model. Because of the strong variation of water vapor in atmosphere and limited spatio-temporal solutions of traditional ob- servation technique, the initial water vapor field of numerical weather forecast model can not accurately be described. At present, using GPS slant observa- tions to study water vapor profile is very popular in the world. Using slant water vapor(SWV) observa- tions from Shanghai GPS network,we diagnose the three-dimensional(3D) water vapor structure over Shanghai area firstly in China. In water vapor tomo- graphy, Gauss weighted function is used as horizon- tal constraint, the output of numerical forecast is used as apriori information, and boundary condition is also considered. For the problem without exact apriori weights for observations, estimation of variance components is introduced firstly in water vapor to- mography to determine posteriori weights. Robust estimation is chosen for reducing the effect of blun- ders on solutions. For the descending characteristic of water vapor with height increasing, non-equal weights are used along vertical direction. Compari- sons between tomography results and the profile provided by numerical model (MM5) show that the forecasted moisture fields of MM5 can be improved obviously by GPS slant water vapor. Using GPS slant observations to study 3D structure of atmosphere in near real-time is very important for improving initialwater vapor field of short-term weather forecast and enhancing the accuracy of numerical weather fore- cast.展开更多
近年来,洪涝灾害频发,给社会带来严重影响,而洪涝灾害期间往往伴随着显著的河流水位变化和大气可降水量(precipitable water vapor,PWV)变化.本文以2024年发生在巴西阿雷格里港的洪涝灾害为例,选取GNSS站观测数据,分别开展了洪涝水位和...近年来,洪涝灾害频发,给社会带来严重影响,而洪涝灾害期间往往伴随着显著的河流水位变化和大气可降水量(precipitable water vapor,PWV)变化.本文以2024年发生在巴西阿雷格里港的洪涝灾害为例,选取GNSS站观测数据,分别开展了洪涝水位和PWV监测研究.结果表明,暴雨前SPH4站水位反演与水文站数据的相关系数为0.993,均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)为0.02 m;暴雨期间,河流两岸的SPH4站与IDP1站的水位反演结果相关系数达到0.997,RMSE为0.06 m,降雨峰值与水位峰值存在2~5 d不等的时间差.GNSS站反演的PWV与探空站实测PWV的相关系数为0.992,RMSE仅为1.9 mm,PWV值达到峰值的5 h内出现降雨最大值.实验证明,岸基GNSS设备能够准确反演出洪涝水位变化和PWV变化,在洪涝灾害的预防和监测方面具有广阔的应用前景.展开更多
现有GNSS水汽层析在层析高度、垂直分层、水平步长等关键参量确定方面多为经验选取,缺乏普适性确定方法,导致层析结果差异较大、难以实现普适性水汽层析结果的落地应用。针对该现状,本文提出GNSS水汽层析关键参量普适性确定理论方法,解...现有GNSS水汽层析在层析高度、垂直分层、水平步长等关键参量确定方面多为经验选取,缺乏普适性确定方法,导致层析结果差异较大、难以实现普适性水汽层析结果的落地应用。针对该现状,本文提出GNSS水汽层析关键参量普适性确定理论方法,解决水汽层析过程中最优建模参量无法确定的难题。首先,提出联合垂直分层廓线资料与水汽密度阈值的层析区域最优高度确定原则;然后,提出垂向分层水汽等权原则的最优垂直分辨率确定方法;最后,综合考虑测站密度和卫星截止高度角等信息,发展联合网格覆盖率最大化及非均匀对称水平网格划分思想的最优水平步长确定方法。选取香港区域2013年5月1—14日共14 d 12个GNSS测站及1个无线电探空站的数据进行试验。与现有经典方法对比,以无线电探空数据为真值,发现本文方法反演水汽密度廓线精度的平均改善率为12%;以欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)发布的第五代再分析数据集(ERA5)计算的斜路径水汽含量(SWV)为真值,本文方法反演得到SWV精度的平均改善率为29.5%。展开更多
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20596).
文摘With global warming and the intensification of human activities, frozen soils continue to melt, leading to the formation of thermokarst collapses and thermokarst lakes. The thawing of permafrost results in the microbial decomposition of large amounts of frozen organic carbon (C), releasing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) and methane (CH4). However, little research has been done on the thermo-water-vapor-carbon coupling process in permafrost, and the interactions among hydrothermal transport, organic matter decomposition, and CO_(2) transport processes in permafrost remain unclear. We considered the decomposition and release of organic C and established a coupled thermo-water-vapor-carbon model for permafrost based on the study area located in the Beiluhe region of the Qingzang Plateau, China. The model established accurately reflected changes in permafrost temperature, moisture, and C fluxes. Dramatic changes in temperature and precipitation in the warm season led to significant soil water and heat transport, CO_(2) transport, and organic matter decomposition. During the cold season, however, the soil froze, which weakened organic matter decomposition and CO_(2) transport. The sensitivity of soil layers to changes in the external environment varied with depth. Fluctuations in energy, water, and CO_(2) fluxes were greater in shallow soil layers than in deeper ones. The latent heat of water-vapor and water-ice phase changes played a crucial role in regulating the temperature of frozen soil. The low content of soil organic matter in the study area resulted in a smaller influence of the decomposition heat of soil organic matter on soil temperature, compared to the high organic matter content in other soil types (such as peatlands).
基金Financial support was provided by The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program):No 2001AA633030 and 2001AA633080.
文摘In the visible spectrum, the atmospheric attenuations to sunlight mainly include aerosol scattering, atmospheric molecule Rayleigh scattering and ozone absorption, while in the near-infrared spectrum (from 650 nm to 1 000 nm), we must take water-vapor absorption into account. Based on the atmospheric correction theory, using spectrum irradiance data measured by Instantaneous Ground spectrometer, ozone content measured by Microtops Ⅱozone monitor, water-vapor content and aerosol optical thickness measured by sun photometer, we give a new way to study water-vapor absorption to sunlight, and the result shows that the main peak values of water-vapor absorption coefficients are 0.025 cm-1, 0.073 cm-1, 0.124 cm-1, 0.090 cm-1, 0.141 cm-1 and 0.417 cm-1, which respectively lie at 692 nm, 725 nm, 761 nm, 818 nm, 912 nm and 937 nm.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB428603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40505008, 40705014, and 40633015)
文摘To analyze the mechanism by which water vapor increase leads to cooling in the stratosphere, the effects of water-vapor increases on temperature in the stratosphere were simulated using the two-dimensional, interactive chemical dynamical radiative model （SOCRATES） of NCAR. The results indicate that increases in stratospheric water vapor lead to stratospheric cooling, with the extent of cooling increasing with height, and that cooling in the middle stratosphere is stronger in Arctic regions. Analysis of the radiation process showed that infrared radiative cooling by water vapor is a pivotal factor in middle-lower stratospheric cooling. However, in the upper stratosphere （above 45 km）, infrared radiation is not a factor in cooling; there, cooling is caused by the decreased solar radiative heating rate resulting from ozone decrease due to increased stratospheric water vapor. Dynamical cooling is important in the middle-upper stratosphere, and dynamical feedback to temperature change is more distinct in the Northern Hemisphere middle-high latitudes than in other regions and signiffcantly affects temperature and ozone in winter over Arctic regions. Increasing stratospheric water vapor will strengthen ozone depletion through the chemical process. However, ozone will increase in the middle stratosphere. The change in ozone due to increasing water vapor has an important effect on the stratospheric temperature change.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50876080)
文摘The China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR) is scheduled to be operated in the autumn of 2008.In this paper,we report preparations for installing the neutron radiography instrument (NRI) and for utilizing it efficiently. The 2-D relative neutron intensity profiles for the water-vapor two-phase flow inside the robe were obtained using the MCNP code without influence of y-ray and electronic-noise.The MCNP simulation of the 2-D neutron intensity profile for the water-vapor two-phase flow was demonstrated.The simulated 2-D neutron intensity profiles could be used as the benchmark data base by calibrating part of the data measured by the CARR-NRI.The 3-D objective images allow us to understand the flow pattern more clearly and it is reconstructed using the MATLAB through the threshold transformation techniques.And thus it is concluded that the MCNP code and the MATLAB are very useful for constructing the benchmark data base for the investigation of the water-vapor two-phase flow using the CARR-NRI.
基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China under No.2004BA901A16the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province under No.3ZS051-A25-011
文摘Based on the remote sensing data, the radiosonde data and precipitation data observed by weather stations, distributions of atmospheric water-vapor and cloud motion wind over the Qilian Mountains are analyzed. Moreover, on the basis of water-vapor and cloud motion wind analyses, relations of atmospheric water-vapor distribution with precipitation~ atmospheric circulation, and terrain are investigated. The results show that distributions of atmospheric water-vapor and precipitation in the Qilian Mountains are affected by the westerly belt, the southerly monsoon （the South Asian monsoon and plateau monsoon）, and the East Asian monsoon. In the northwest Qilian Mountains, water-vapor and precipitation are entirely affected by the westerly belt, and there is no other direction water-vapor transport except westerly watervapor flux, hence, the northwest region is regarded as the westerly belt region. In the south and middle of the mountaili, water-vapor is mainly controlled by the southerly monsoon, 37.7% of the total watervapor is from the south, especially in summer, the southerly water-vapor flux accounts for 55.9% of the total, and furthermore the water-vapor content in the southerly flow is more than that in the westerly flow. The southerly monsoon water-vapor is influenced by the South Asian monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the plateau monsoon in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thus, the south and middle region is called southerly monsoon region. But in the northeast Qilian Mountains, the East Asian monsoon is the main climate system affecting the water-vapor. Besides west and northwest water-vapor fluxes, there are a lot of easterly water-vapor fluxes in summer. The frequency of easterly cloud motion winds in summer half year accounts for 27.1% of the total, though the frequency is not high, it is the main water-vapor source of summer precipitation in this region, therefore, the northwest region is a marginal region of the East Asian monsoon. On the other hand, atmospheric water-vapor, precipitation, and conversion rate of water-vapor into precipitation are closely related with altitudes and circulation system. Generally, there is a peak value of water-vapor content at the altitude from 3500 to 4500 m on the windward slope, but on the leeward slope, water-vapor monotonically decreases with altitude descending except for that in the East Asian monsoon region. Water-vapor on the leeward is much less than that on the windward slope~ and the maximal difference in water-vapor content between the two sides may reach about 4.49 kg m-2. Either the values of water-vapor content, precipitation or the conversion rate of water-vapor into precipitation all reach their maxima in the East Asian monsoon regions, and correspondingly the peak value of water-vapor on the windward is also large and occurs at a lower altitude in comparison with other two regions.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant No.50679001)
文摘The supercavitation has attracted a growing interest because of its potential for high-speed vehicle maneuvering and drag reduction. To better understand the reverse flow characteristics of a water-vapor mixture in supercavitating flows around a hydrofoil, a numerical simulation is conducted using a unified supercavitation model, which combines a modified RNG k-~ turbulence model and a cavitation one. By comparing the related experimental results, the reverse motion of the water-vapor mixture is found in the cavitation area in all supercavitation stages. The inverse pressure gradient leads to reverse pressure fluctuations in the cavity, followed by the reverse motion of the water-vapor two-phase interface. Compared with the water-vapor mixture area at the back of the cavity, the pressure in the vapor area is inversely and slowly reduced, a higher-pressure gradient occurs near the cavity boundary.
文摘The vertical structure of water vapor in atmosphere is one of the initial information of numerical weather forecast model. Because of the strong variation of water vapor in atmosphere and limited spatio-temporal solutions of traditional ob- servation technique, the initial water vapor field of numerical weather forecast model can not accurately be described. At present, using GPS slant observa- tions to study water vapor profile is very popular in the world. Using slant water vapor(SWV) observa- tions from Shanghai GPS network,we diagnose the three-dimensional(3D) water vapor structure over Shanghai area firstly in China. In water vapor tomo- graphy, Gauss weighted function is used as horizon- tal constraint, the output of numerical forecast is used as apriori information, and boundary condition is also considered. For the problem without exact apriori weights for observations, estimation of variance components is introduced firstly in water vapor to- mography to determine posteriori weights. Robust estimation is chosen for reducing the effect of blun- ders on solutions. For the descending characteristic of water vapor with height increasing, non-equal weights are used along vertical direction. Compari- sons between tomography results and the profile provided by numerical model (MM5) show that the forecasted moisture fields of MM5 can be improved obviously by GPS slant water vapor. Using GPS slant observations to study 3D structure of atmosphere in near real-time is very important for improving initialwater vapor field of short-term weather forecast and enhancing the accuracy of numerical weather fore- cast.
文摘现有GNSS水汽层析在层析高度、垂直分层、水平步长等关键参量确定方面多为经验选取,缺乏普适性确定方法,导致层析结果差异较大、难以实现普适性水汽层析结果的落地应用。针对该现状,本文提出GNSS水汽层析关键参量普适性确定理论方法,解决水汽层析过程中最优建模参量无法确定的难题。首先,提出联合垂直分层廓线资料与水汽密度阈值的层析区域最优高度确定原则;然后,提出垂向分层水汽等权原则的最优垂直分辨率确定方法;最后,综合考虑测站密度和卫星截止高度角等信息,发展联合网格覆盖率最大化及非均匀对称水平网格划分思想的最优水平步长确定方法。选取香港区域2013年5月1—14日共14 d 12个GNSS测站及1个无线电探空站的数据进行试验。与现有经典方法对比,以无线电探空数据为真值,发现本文方法反演水汽密度廓线精度的平均改善率为12%;以欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)发布的第五代再分析数据集(ERA5)计算的斜路径水汽含量(SWV)为真值,本文方法反演得到SWV精度的平均改善率为29.5%。
