Viral infections play a crucial role in marine biogeochemical cycles,by regulating bacterial mortality and mediating nutrient and carbon fluxes.However,despite of their ecological significance,existing climate change ...Viral infections play a crucial role in marine biogeochemical cycles,by regulating bacterial mortality and mediating nutrient and carbon fluxes.However,despite of their ecological significance,existing climate change models generally fail to incorporate virus-mediated ecological processes due to the current limited understanding of marine viral dynamics under global warming.While numerous studies have explored the effect of warming for viral decay and production,how temperature regulates the total abundance of marine viruses remains unclear.In this study,we conducted year-round measurements of viral production and decay rates in Qingdao's coastal waters,with additional experimental warming treatments.The result showed that under in-situ temperature,the viral decay and production rate displayed distinct seasonal variations.With the exception of summer,elevated temperature stimulated both viral decay rate and production rate,and further improved the net viral production rate.While in summer,the net viral production rate turned negative,implying divergent threshold viral decay and viral production rate on warming.Our study deepens the understanding of the effect of global warming on marine viruses and provides scientific data for climate change models.展开更多
Giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera,an important foundation species with great ecological and economic value,is threatened by climate change.To better understand the impact of climate warming on M.pyrifera,we investigated...Giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera,an important foundation species with great ecological and economic value,is threatened by climate change.To better understand the impact of climate warming on M.pyrifera,we investigated its global distribution dynamics by an optimized species distribution model(SDM).Results showed that wave height,sea surface temperature,benthic temperature,and benthic phosphate concentration were key factors shaping the distribution of M.pyrifera.In addition to currently known distribution regions,the model revealed potential suitable habitats globally.Under future climate scenarios,the habitat suitability of M.pyrifera would decrease at low latitudes and increase at high latitudes,resulting in a poleward shift of suitable habitats.In the regions currently occupied by M.pyrifera,the high suitable habitats were predicted to shrink,which implies that the existing M.pyrifera would be adversely impacted.These results serve as references for the conservation and utilization of M.pyrifera resource.展开更多
Accurately assessing the relationship between tree growth and climatic factors is of great importance in dendrochronology.This study evaluated the consistency between alternative climate datasets(including station and...Accurately assessing the relationship between tree growth and climatic factors is of great importance in dendrochronology.This study evaluated the consistency between alternative climate datasets(including station and gridded data)and actual climate data(fixed-point observations near the sampling sites),in northeastern China’s warm temperate zone and analyzed differences in their correlations with tree-ring width index.The results were:(1)Gridded temperature data,as well as precipitation and relative humidity data from the Huailai meteorological station,was more consistent with the actual climate data;in contrast,gridded soil moisture content data showed significant discrepancies.(2)Horizontal distance had a greater impact on the representativeness of actual climate conditions than vertical elevation differences.(3)Differences in consistency between alternative and actual climate data also affected their correlations with tree-ring width indices.In some growing season months,correlation coefficients,both in magnitude and sign,differed significantly from those based on actual data.The selection of different alternative climate datasets can lead to biased results in assessing forest responses to climate change,which is detrimental to the management of forest ecosystems in harsh environments.Therefore,the scientific and rational selection of alternative climate data is essential for dendroecological and climatological research.展开更多
The onset,cessation,and length of the rainy season are crucial for global water resources,agricultural practices,and food security.However,the response of precipitation seasonality to global warming remains uncertain....The onset,cessation,and length of the rainy season are crucial for global water resources,agricultural practices,and food security.However,the response of precipitation seasonality to global warming remains uncertain.In this study,we analyze how global warming levels(GWLs)of 1.5℃ and 2℃ could affect the timing of rainfall onset(RODs),rainfall cessation(RCDs),and the overall duration of the rainy season(LRS)over global land monsoon(GLM)regions using simulations from CMIP6 under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios.With high model consensus,our results reveal that RODs are projected to occur later over Southern Africa,North Africa,and South America,but earlier over South Asia and Australia,in a warmer climate.The projected early RODs in Australia are more pronounced at the 2℃ GWL under SSP5-8.5.On the other hand,early RCDs are projected over South America and East Asia,while late RCDs are projected over North Africa,with high inter-model agreement.These changes are associated with a future decrease in LRS in most GLM regions.Additionally,we found that continuous warming over 1.5℃ will further reduce the length of the rainy season,especially over the South America,North Africa,and Southern Africa monsoon regions.The findings underscore the urgent need to mitigate global warming.展开更多
The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use e...The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.展开更多
A complex system is inherently high-dimensional.Recent studies indicate that,even without complete knowledge of its evolutionary dynamics,the future behavior of such a system can be predicted using time-series data(da...A complex system is inherently high-dimensional.Recent studies indicate that,even without complete knowledge of its evolutionary dynamics,the future behavior of such a system can be predicted using time-series data(data-driven prediction).This suggests that the essential dynamics of a complex system can be captured through a low-dimensional representation.Virus evolution and climate change are two examples of complex,time-varying systems.In this article,we show that mutations in the spike protein provide valuable data for predicting SARS-CoV-2 variants,forecasting the possible emergence of the new macro-lineage Q in the near future.Our analysis also demonstrates that carbon dioxide concentration is a reliable indicator for predicting the evolution of the climate system,extending global surface air temperature(GSAT)forecasts through 2500.展开更多
The Taklimakan Desert,located in the heart of central Asia,covers approximately 330000 km^(2),making it China's largest desert and the world's second-largest shifting desert(Dong et al.,2024).With an average a...The Taklimakan Desert,located in the heart of central Asia,covers approximately 330000 km^(2),making it China's largest desert and the world's second-largest shifting desert(Dong et al.,2024).With an average annual precipitation of less than 100 mm and evaporation rates ranging from 2000 to 3000 mm(Yang et al.,2020),it is recognized as one of the driest regions on Earth,often referred to as the“sea of death”.展开更多
To tackle the common issue of green defects in material extrusion(MEX)additive manufacturing(AM)cemented carbides,warm isostatic pressing(WIP)was introduced to eliminate defects of MEX WC-9Co cemented carbide greens,t...To tackle the common issue of green defects in material extrusion(MEX)additive manufacturing(AM)cemented carbides,warm isostatic pressing(WIP)was introduced to eliminate defects of MEX WC-9Co cemented carbide greens,thereby improving both microstructure uniformity and mechanical properties of sintered bodies.The results indicate that WIP reduces defects in MEX greens,thus decreasing the dimensions and numbers of defects,modifying shapes of pores within sintered bodies,while preserving surface quality and shape characteristics.Compared with WC-9Co prepared via MEX followed by debinding and sintering(DS),the hardness of WC-9Co prepared using MEX-WIP-DS does not change significantly,ranging HV_(30)1494-1508,the transverse rupture strength increases by up to 49.3%,reaching 2998-3514 MPa,and the fracture toughness remains high,ranging 14.8-17.0 MPa·m^(1/2).The mechanical properties surpass comparable cemented carbides fabricated through other AM methods and are comparable to those produced by powder metallurgy.The integration of green WIP into MEX-DS broadens the MEX processing window,and improves the overall mechanical properties of MEX AM WC-Co cemented carbides.展开更多
Global warming and nitrogen(N)deposition have a profound impact on greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes and consequently,they also affect climate change.However,the global combined effects of warming and N addition on GHG fluxes...Global warming and nitrogen(N)deposition have a profound impact on greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes and consequently,they also affect climate change.However,the global combined effects of warming and N addition on GHG fluxes remain to be fully understood.To address this knowledge gap,a globalmeta-analysis of 197 datasets was performed to assess the response of GHG fluxes to warming and N addition and their interactions under various climate and experimental conditions.The results indicate that warming significantly increased CO_(2)emissions,while N addition and the combined warming and N addition treatments had no impact on CO_(2)emissions.Moreover,both warming and N addition and their interactions exhibited positive effects on N_(2)O emissions.Under the combined warming and N addition treatments,warming was observed to exert a positive main effect on CO_(2)emissions,while N addition had a positive main effect on N_(2)O emissions.The interactive effects of warming and N addition exhibited antagonistic effects on CO_(2),N_(2)O,and CH_(4)emissions,with CH_(4)uptake dominated by additive effects.Furthermore,we identified biome and climate factors as the two treatments.These findings indicate that both warming and N addition substantially impact soil GHG fluxes and highlight the urgent need to investigate the influence of the combination of warming and N addition on terrestrial carbon and N cycling under ongoing global change.展开更多
The effects of different warm rolling(WR)reductions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low-Cr FeCrAl alloys at both room and elevated temperatures were investigated.The study revealed that when the WR ...The effects of different warm rolling(WR)reductions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low-Cr FeCrAl alloys at both room and elevated temperatures were investigated.The study revealed that when the WR reduction is small,it effectively refines the grains and forms a large number of subgrains in the matrix,while also inducing the dissolution of the Laves phase.This enhances the mechanical properties of FeCrAl alloys primarily through grain refinement and solid solution strengthening.Conversely,with larger WR reductions,the grain refinement effect diminishes,but a significant number of Laves phases form in the matrix,strengthening the alloys primarily through precipitation strengthening.WR exhibited a remarkable enhancing effect on the comprehensive mechanical properties at both room and high temperatures,with a signi-ficant enhancement in ductility at high temperatures.Notably,a 10%WR reduction resulted in the optimal overall mechanical properties at both room and elevated temperatures.展开更多
Mediterranean forest communities are particularly diverse but at risk due to their sensitivity to global warming.Understanding the long-term vulnerability of Mediterranean vegetation to climate change is crucial for c...Mediterranean forest communities are particularly diverse but at risk due to their sensitivity to global warming.Understanding the long-term vulnerability of Mediterranean vegetation to climate change is crucial for conservation and management purposes.Studies on past changes of forest communities in response to climate change at ecologically meaningful resolutions(i.e.,decadal time scales) are therefore essential,but still very rare.The Holocene thermal maximum(HTM;ca.10,000-5,000 cal years before the present(BP)) may be used to study species and community responses to warmer conditions than during recent decades.We performed highresolution multiproxy palaeoecological analyses on sediments from crater Lake Mezzano in central Italy to reconstruct vegetation,diversity,and fire dynamics between 8,450 and 7,050 cal years BP.Ordination,crosscorrelation,and species-response analyses were used to investigate the response of Mediterranean forest communities to HTM climate warming,human impact,and fire.Vegetational changes prior to 7,450 cal years BP were driven by climate.Fagus sylvatica spread into mixed deciduous oak forests during the Early Holocene in response to declining seasonality(cooler summers and warmer winters).Subsequently,Fagus sylvatica declined and evergreen Quercus ilex expanded after 8,200 cal years BP when the climate became warmer.Although reduced,Fagus sylvatica remained important together with deciduous oaks.The co-existence of Fagus sylvatica and evergreen Quercus forests is extremely rare today.Human impact significantly affected forest vegetation after7,450 cal years BP,when Neolithic agricultural activities became important,ultimately extirpating these special communities but fostering the overall biodiversity.However,their past occurrence in several central Italian calderas during the HTM suggests that these environments provided habitats that permitted the thriving of cooltemperate forests of Fagus sylvatica under mesomediterranean conditions,with summers ca.1-2℃ warmer than today.Cool and moist calderas may thus become increasingly important for maintaining Mediterranean mesophilous forest species under global warming conditions.展开更多
Emphasis on future environmental changes grows due to climate change,with simulations predicting rising river temperatures globally.For Poland,which has a long history of thermal studies of rivers,such an approach has...Emphasis on future environmental changes grows due to climate change,with simulations predicting rising river temperatures globally.For Poland,which has a long history of thermal studies of rivers,such an approach has not been implemented to date.This study used 9 Global Climate Models and tested three machine-learning techniques to predict river temperature changes.Random Forest performed best,with R^(2)=0.88 and lowest error(RMSE:2.25,MAE:1.72).The range of future water temperature changes by the end of the 21st century was based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5.It was determined that by the end of the 21st century,the average temperature will increase by 2.1°C(SSP2-4.5)and 3.7°C(SSP5-8.5).A more detailed analysis,divided by two major basins Vistula and Odra,covered about 90%of Poland's territory.The average temperature increase,according to scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 for the Odra basin rivers,is 1.6°C and 3.2°C and for the Vistula basin rivers 2.3°C and 3.8°C,respectively.The Vistula basin's higher warming is due to less groundwater input and continental climate influence.These findings provide a crucial basis for water management to mitigate warming effects in Poland.展开更多
Extensive flooding swept across large areas of Central Asia,mainly over Kazakhstan and southwestern Russia,from late March to April 2024.It was reported to be the worst flooding in the area in the past 70 years and ca...Extensive flooding swept across large areas of Central Asia,mainly over Kazakhstan and southwestern Russia,from late March to April 2024.It was reported to be the worst flooding in the area in the past 70 years and caused widespread devastation to society and infrastructure.However,the drivers of this record-breaking flood remain unexplored.Here,we show that the record-breaking floods were contributed by both long-term climate warming and interannual variability,with multiple climatic drivers at play across the synoptic to seasonal timescales.First,the heavy snowmelt in March 2024 was associated with above-normal preceding winter snow accumulation.Second,extreme rainfall was at a record-high during March 2024,in line with its increasing trend under climate warming.Third,the snowmelt and extreme rainfall in March were compounded by record-high soil moisture conditions in the preceding winter,which was a result of interannual variability and related to excessive winter rainfall over Central Asia.As climate warming continues,the interplay between the increasing trend of extreme rainfall,interannual variations in soil moisture pre-conditions,as well as shifting timing and magnitudes of spring snowmelt,will further increase and complicate spring flooding risks.This is a growing and widespread challenge for the mid-to high-latitude regions.展开更多
BACKGROUND This study seeks to systematically assess the effects of warm acupuncture combined with acupoint massage on the recovery of gastrointestinal function following gastric cancer surgery.AIM To evaluate the imp...BACKGROUND This study seeks to systematically assess the effects of warm acupuncture combined with acupoint massage on the recovery of gastrointestinal function following gastric cancer surgery.AIM To evaluate the impact of warm acupuncture combined with acupoint massage on postoperative gastrointestinal function recovery after gastric cancer surgery,based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases,including PubMed,Cochrane Library,EMBASE,Web of Science,CNKI,Wanfang,and VIP,for relevant studies published up to January 2025.Meta-analyses were carried out using RevMan 5.4,with results presented as standardized mean difference(SMD)or odds ratio with 95%confidence interval(CI).Study heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 statistic,and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the stability of the findings.RESULTS A total of 8 randomized controlled trials involving 694 patients were included.The meta-analysis showed that warm acupuncture combined with acupoint massage significantly improved postoperative gastrointestinal function by reducing the time to first flatus(SMD=-2.14,95%CI:-3.14 to-1.14,P<0.0001),time to first bowel movement(SMD=-2.43,95%CI:-3.52 to-1.34,P<0.0001),time to bowel sounds recovery(SMD=-3.15,95%CI:-4.50 to-1.80,P<0.00001),and time to initiate nasogastric or jejunal feeding(SMD=-1.31,95%CI:-2.44 to-0.18,P=0.02).CONCLUSION The combination of warm acupuncture and acupoint massage markedly enhances gastrointestinal recovery following surgery.展开更多
In August 2019,accompanied by an Arctic warming event,elevated thunderstorms crossed over the North Pole(NP)and produced lightning.The northernmost stroke occurred less than 50 km from the NP,marking the closest strok...In August 2019,accompanied by an Arctic warming event,elevated thunderstorms crossed over the North Pole(NP)and produced lightning.The northernmost stroke occurred less than 50 km from the NP,marking the closest stroke to the NP ever recorded.Using ERA5 reanalysis data and satellite observations,we investigated the background and development mechanism of this event.Warm and moist air from low latitudes was transported northward to the vicinity of the North Pole by the 850-h Pa jet,resulting in convergence.Through the combined effects of frontal lifting and the presence of underlying cold air,the warm and moist air was lifted to heights above the melting layer,triggering elevated thunderstorms above the frontal boundary.These findings describe a strong link between warming events and thunderstorms,revealing the formation mechanisms of elevated thunderstorms in the Arctic.In the context of rapid Arctic warming,this study provides preliminary insights into the meteorological conditions conducive to thunderstorm formation in the region.展开更多
Objective:Although there is evidence to support the therapeutic effect of acupuncture on allergic rhinitis(AR),it is not clear whether acupuncture can achieve an efficacy comparable to that of pharmacological therapy....Objective:Although there is evidence to support the therapeutic effect of acupuncture on allergic rhinitis(AR),it is not clear whether acupuncture can achieve an efficacy comparable to that of pharmacological therapy.This multicenter,non-inferiority,single-blinded randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the differences in efficacy between warm needling(WN)therapy and loratadine(LO)in improving AR symptoms and quality of life.Methods:A total of 98 patients with persistent AR(PAR)were randomly divided into two groups in a 1:1 ratio:treatment group receiving WN therapy at Dazhui(GV14)and normal acupuncture at other acupoints for 12 sessions in 4 weeks and control group receiving LO at a dosage of 10 mg/day for oral administration.The study duration was 28 weeks(4-week treatment period with a 24-week follow-up).The primary outcome was the mean change in the Total Nasal Symptom Score(TNSS)from baseline to week 28,and the secondary outcomes included the Total Non-Nasal Symptom Score(TNNSS)and the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire(RQLQ)score.Statistical analyses were conducted us-ing SPSS22.0.Both intention-to-treat and treatment compliance analyses were performed to analyze all outcomes.Results:After intervention,TNSS scores improved from baseline to week 28 by 5.18(95%confidence interval[CI]:3.91,6.45;P<0.001)in the WN group and 4.59(95%CI 3.28,5.89;P<0.001)in the LO group,but the changes did not differ between the groups(P=0.515).The margin by 95%CI(−1.20,2.38)was not reached,indicating non-inferiority.WN therapy resulted in clinical improvements in TNNSS,with a significant difference com pared with LO treatment(f=5.466,P=0.021).WN therapy also resulted in clinical improvements in RQLQ scores,with a significant difference compared with LO(f=9.222,P=0.003).Conclusions:WN therapy demonstrated comparable efficacy to oral LO in improving nasal symptoms of PAR.However,it showed superior effects in alleviating concomitant nasal symptoms and enhancing patients’quality of life.展开更多
There is a widespread policy assumption that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are the main driver of the observed 1°C rise in global surface air temperatures since‘pre-industrial’times.This paper demonstrates tha...There is a widespread policy assumption that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are the main driver of the observed 1°C rise in global surface air temperatures since‘pre-industrial’times.This paper demonstrates that the onset of the current warming trend began in the mid-19th century and is consistent with the rising phase of variable global warming and cooling cycles in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.Hemispheres.The last trough of the millennial cycle,the Little Ice Age,coincides approximately with the baseline of pre-industrial times used to calculate the impact of Anthropogenic Global Warming.Yet,half of the observed 20th century temperature rise occurred before 1950 when carbon dioxide levels remained low,with the remaining half happening at a similar rate of warming despite the much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.This study shows that when the amplitudes and rates of change of the long-term global cycles are considered,the anthropogenic component of warming can be reduced to 38%(using factors derived from the latest IPCC Working Group reports)to as little as 25%(using observational flux data of dominant Short Wave Absorbed Surface Radiation).These global climate cycles can be extrapolated into the future and the implications for policy of a large natural component to climate change are explored—in particular,the potential for mitigation strategies to have minimal impact and for the climate to cool consequent upon a cyclic down-phase.展开更多
Tree growth synchrony serves as a valuable ecological indicator of forest resilience to climate stress and disturbances.However,our understanding of how increasing temperature affects tree growth synchrony during rapi...Tree growth synchrony serves as a valuable ecological indicator of forest resilience to climate stress and disturbances.However,our understanding of how increasing temperature affects tree growth synchrony during rapidly and slowly warming periods in ecosystems with varying climatic conditions remains limited.By using tree-ring data from temperate broadleaf(Fraxinus mandshurica,Phellodendron amurense,Quercus mongolica,and Juglans mandshurica)and Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)mixed forests in northeast China,we investigated the effects of climate change,particularly warming,on the growth synchrony of five dominant temperate tree species across contrasting warm-dry and cool-wet climate conditions.Results show that temperature over water availability was the primary factor driving the growth and growth synchrony of the five species.Growth synchrony was significantly higher in warm-dry than in cool-wet areas,primarily due to more uniform climate conditions and higher climate sensitivity in the former.Rapid warming from the 1960s to the 1990s significantly enhanced tree growth synchrony in both areas,followed by a marked reversal as temperatures exceeded a certain threshold or warming slowed down,particularly in the warm-dry area.The growth synchrony variation patterns of the five species were highly consistent over time,although broadleaves exhibited higher synchrony than conifers,suggesting potential risks to forest resilience and stability under future climate change scenarios.Growing season temperatures and non-growing season temperatures and precipitation had a stronger positive effect on tree growth in the cool-wet area compared to the warm-dry area.High relative humidity hindered growth in the cool-wet area but enhanced it in the warm-dry area.Overall,our study highlights that the diversity and sensitivity of climate-growth relationships directly determine spatiotemporal growth synchrony.Temperature,along with water availability,shape long-term forest dynamics by affecting tree growth and synchrony.These results provide crucial insights for forest management practice to enhance structural diversity and resilience capacity against climate changeinduced synchrony shifts.展开更多
An ultra-strong steel with enhanced ductility and ultrafine lamellar structure was produced by heavy warm rolling(HWR)of metastable austenite and subsequent quenching.The HWR steel exhibited an ultrahigh yield strengt...An ultra-strong steel with enhanced ductility and ultrafine lamellar structure was produced by heavy warm rolling(HWR)of metastable austenite and subsequent quenching.The HWR steel exhibited an ultrahigh yield strength of 1.09 GPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 2.6 GPa,with a total elongation of 6.7%at room temperature.The high yield strength was primarily attributed to the synergistic strengthening of high-density dislocations,nanotwins,and ultrafine martensite grains with an average effective grain size of 1.02μm.The enhanced ductility is attributed to the parallel lamellar structure,which increased the work-hardening capacity and resulted in delamination toughening.Compared to the heavy multistage rolling(HMR)process,which starts rolling at higher temperatures,the HWR method employed in this study demonstrates significant enhancements in both strength and ductility.Following a 150℃ low-temperature tempering for 1 h,the yield strength of HWR steel was further increased to 2.2 GPa,and the total elongation improved to 10.1%.展开更多
The intensification of extreme precipitation(EP)under global warming presents a substantial risk to human safety and societal progress.Studying the specific impacts of global warming on rare EP events in China not onl...The intensification of extreme precipitation(EP)under global warming presents a substantial risk to human safety and societal progress.Studying the specific impacts of global warming on rare EP events in China not only enhances the comprehension of these shifts,but also paves the way for the development of proactive strategies to alleviate associated damages.Results from large-ensemble simulation data demonstrate that global warming has led to an enhancement in once-in-a-decade EP events in parts of western and central China over the past few decades,with the strengthening of the South Asia high(SAH)caused by global warming playing a dominant role.The strengthening of the SAH corresponds to an intensification and westward extension of the western Pacific subtropical high in the lower troposphere.The region between these two systems experiences enhanced upward motion and increased southwesterly water vapor transport,leading to a rise in climatological precipitation in western and central China,thereby raising the threshold for once-in-a-decade EP events.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42276108)the Young Scientists Fund of Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2022QD052)。
文摘Viral infections play a crucial role in marine biogeochemical cycles,by regulating bacterial mortality and mediating nutrient and carbon fluxes.However,despite of their ecological significance,existing climate change models generally fail to incorporate virus-mediated ecological processes due to the current limited understanding of marine viral dynamics under global warming.While numerous studies have explored the effect of warming for viral decay and production,how temperature regulates the total abundance of marine viruses remains unclear.In this study,we conducted year-round measurements of viral production and decay rates in Qingdao's coastal waters,with additional experimental warming treatments.The result showed that under in-situ temperature,the viral decay and production rate displayed distinct seasonal variations.With the exception of summer,elevated temperature stimulated both viral decay rate and production rate,and further improved the net viral production rate.While in summer,the net viral production rate turned negative,implying divergent threshold viral decay and viral production rate on warming.Our study deepens the understanding of the effect of global warming on marine viruses and provides scientific data for climate change models.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFD2400800)the Laoshan Laboratory(Nos.LSKJ202203801,LSKJ202203204)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Nos.ZR2023MD127,ZR2021MD075)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund CAFS(Nos.2023TD28,20603022023012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32373107)the China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-50)the Taishan Scholars Program。
文摘Giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera,an important foundation species with great ecological and economic value,is threatened by climate change.To better understand the impact of climate warming on M.pyrifera,we investigated its global distribution dynamics by an optimized species distribution model(SDM).Results showed that wave height,sea surface temperature,benthic temperature,and benthic phosphate concentration were key factors shaping the distribution of M.pyrifera.In addition to currently known distribution regions,the model revealed potential suitable habitats globally.Under future climate scenarios,the habitat suitability of M.pyrifera would decrease at low latitudes and increase at high latitudes,resulting in a poleward shift of suitable habitats.In the regions currently occupied by M.pyrifera,the high suitable habitats were predicted to shrink,which implies that the existing M.pyrifera would be adversely impacted.These results serve as references for the conservation and utilization of M.pyrifera resource.
基金supported by the International Partnership program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(170GJHZ2023074GC)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42425706 and 42488201)+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFF0807902)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(8242041),and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2025M770353).
文摘Accurately assessing the relationship between tree growth and climatic factors is of great importance in dendrochronology.This study evaluated the consistency between alternative climate datasets(including station and gridded data)and actual climate data(fixed-point observations near the sampling sites),in northeastern China’s warm temperate zone and analyzed differences in their correlations with tree-ring width index.The results were:(1)Gridded temperature data,as well as precipitation and relative humidity data from the Huailai meteorological station,was more consistent with the actual climate data;in contrast,gridded soil moisture content data showed significant discrepancies.(2)Horizontal distance had a greater impact on the representativeness of actual climate conditions than vertical elevation differences.(3)Differences in consistency between alternative and actual climate data also affected their correlations with tree-ring width indices.In some growing season months,correlation coefficients,both in magnitude and sign,differed significantly from those based on actual data.The selection of different alternative climate datasets can lead to biased results in assessing forest responses to climate change,which is detrimental to the management of forest ecosystems in harsh environments.Therefore,the scientific and rational selection of alternative climate data is essential for dendroecological and climatological research.
基金supported by the Australian Research Council(Grant No.CE230100012)。
文摘The onset,cessation,and length of the rainy season are crucial for global water resources,agricultural practices,and food security.However,the response of precipitation seasonality to global warming remains uncertain.In this study,we analyze how global warming levels(GWLs)of 1.5℃ and 2℃ could affect the timing of rainfall onset(RODs),rainfall cessation(RCDs),and the overall duration of the rainy season(LRS)over global land monsoon(GLM)regions using simulations from CMIP6 under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios.With high model consensus,our results reveal that RODs are projected to occur later over Southern Africa,North Africa,and South America,but earlier over South Asia and Australia,in a warmer climate.The projected early RODs in Australia are more pronounced at the 2℃ GWL under SSP5-8.5.On the other hand,early RCDs are projected over South America and East Asia,while late RCDs are projected over North Africa,with high inter-model agreement.These changes are associated with a future decrease in LRS in most GLM regions.Additionally,we found that continuous warming over 1.5℃ will further reduce the length of the rainy season,especially over the South America,North Africa,and Southern Africa monsoon regions.The findings underscore the urgent need to mitigate global warming.
基金supported by the Natural Science Fund of China(31771724)the Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2024NC-ZDCYL-01-10).
文摘The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.
基金Natural science foundation of Inner Mongolia(2024LHMS06018)The basic scientific research funding for directly affiliated universities in the Inner Mongolia(JY20250094)。
文摘A complex system is inherently high-dimensional.Recent studies indicate that,even without complete knowledge of its evolutionary dynamics,the future behavior of such a system can be predicted using time-series data(data-driven prediction).This suggests that the essential dynamics of a complex system can be captured through a low-dimensional representation.Virus evolution and climate change are two examples of complex,time-varying systems.In this article,we show that mutations in the spike protein provide valuable data for predicting SARS-CoV-2 variants,forecasting the possible emergence of the new macro-lineage Q in the near future.Our analysis also demonstrates that carbon dioxide concentration is a reliable indicator for predicting the evolution of the climate system,extending global surface air temperature(GSAT)forecasts through 2500.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42072211)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42401048)the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition and Research Program(No.2021xjkk0302)。
文摘The Taklimakan Desert,located in the heart of central Asia,covers approximately 330000 km^(2),making it China's largest desert and the world's second-largest shifting desert(Dong et al.,2024).With an average annual precipitation of less than 100 mm and evaporation rates ranging from 2000 to 3000 mm(Yang et al.,2020),it is recognized as one of the driest regions on Earth,often referred to as the“sea of death”.
基金supported by the Key Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering(No.2019-XZ-11)the General Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering(No.2023-XY-18)+1 种基金the Open Fund of National Joint Engineering Research Center for Abrasion Control and Molding of Metal Materials of China(No.HKDNM201907)the Independent Project of State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy,China。
文摘To tackle the common issue of green defects in material extrusion(MEX)additive manufacturing(AM)cemented carbides,warm isostatic pressing(WIP)was introduced to eliminate defects of MEX WC-9Co cemented carbide greens,thereby improving both microstructure uniformity and mechanical properties of sintered bodies.The results indicate that WIP reduces defects in MEX greens,thus decreasing the dimensions and numbers of defects,modifying shapes of pores within sintered bodies,while preserving surface quality and shape characteristics.Compared with WC-9Co prepared via MEX followed by debinding and sintering(DS),the hardness of WC-9Co prepared using MEX-WIP-DS does not change significantly,ranging HV_(30)1494-1508,the transverse rupture strength increases by up to 49.3%,reaching 2998-3514 MPa,and the fracture toughness remains high,ranging 14.8-17.0 MPa·m^(1/2).The mechanical properties surpass comparable cemented carbides fabricated through other AM methods and are comparable to those produced by powder metallurgy.The integration of green WIP into MEX-DS broadens the MEX processing window,and improves the overall mechanical properties of MEX AM WC-Co cemented carbides.
基金supported by Ningxia Key Research and Development Fund Project of China(No.2023BCF01048)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2023-JC-YB-182).
文摘Global warming and nitrogen(N)deposition have a profound impact on greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes and consequently,they also affect climate change.However,the global combined effects of warming and N addition on GHG fluxes remain to be fully understood.To address this knowledge gap,a globalmeta-analysis of 197 datasets was performed to assess the response of GHG fluxes to warming and N addition and their interactions under various climate and experimental conditions.The results indicate that warming significantly increased CO_(2)emissions,while N addition and the combined warming and N addition treatments had no impact on CO_(2)emissions.Moreover,both warming and N addition and their interactions exhibited positive effects on N_(2)O emissions.Under the combined warming and N addition treatments,warming was observed to exert a positive main effect on CO_(2)emissions,while N addition had a positive main effect on N_(2)O emissions.The interactive effects of warming and N addition exhibited antagonistic effects on CO_(2),N_(2)O,and CH_(4)emissions,with CH_(4)uptake dominated by additive effects.Furthermore,we identified biome and climate factors as the two treatments.These findings indicate that both warming and N addition substantially impact soil GHG fluxes and highlight the urgent need to investigate the influence of the combination of warming and N addition on terrestrial carbon and N cycling under ongoing global change.
文摘The effects of different warm rolling(WR)reductions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low-Cr FeCrAl alloys at both room and elevated temperatures were investigated.The study revealed that when the WR reduction is small,it effectively refines the grains and forms a large number of subgrains in the matrix,while also inducing the dissolution of the Laves phase.This enhances the mechanical properties of FeCrAl alloys primarily through grain refinement and solid solution strengthening.Conversely,with larger WR reductions,the grain refinement effect diminishes,but a significant number of Laves phases form in the matrix,strengthening the alloys primarily through precipitation strengthening.WR exhibited a remarkable enhancing effect on the comprehensive mechanical properties at both room and high temperatures,with a signi-ficant enhancement in ductility at high temperatures.Notably,a 10%WR reduction resulted in the optimal overall mechanical properties at both room and elevated temperatures.
基金funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation(SNF 200020_182084).
文摘Mediterranean forest communities are particularly diverse but at risk due to their sensitivity to global warming.Understanding the long-term vulnerability of Mediterranean vegetation to climate change is crucial for conservation and management purposes.Studies on past changes of forest communities in response to climate change at ecologically meaningful resolutions(i.e.,decadal time scales) are therefore essential,but still very rare.The Holocene thermal maximum(HTM;ca.10,000-5,000 cal years before the present(BP)) may be used to study species and community responses to warmer conditions than during recent decades.We performed highresolution multiproxy palaeoecological analyses on sediments from crater Lake Mezzano in central Italy to reconstruct vegetation,diversity,and fire dynamics between 8,450 and 7,050 cal years BP.Ordination,crosscorrelation,and species-response analyses were used to investigate the response of Mediterranean forest communities to HTM climate warming,human impact,and fire.Vegetational changes prior to 7,450 cal years BP were driven by climate.Fagus sylvatica spread into mixed deciduous oak forests during the Early Holocene in response to declining seasonality(cooler summers and warmer winters).Subsequently,Fagus sylvatica declined and evergreen Quercus ilex expanded after 8,200 cal years BP when the climate became warmer.Although reduced,Fagus sylvatica remained important together with deciduous oaks.The co-existence of Fagus sylvatica and evergreen Quercus forests is extremely rare today.Human impact significantly affected forest vegetation after7,450 cal years BP,when Neolithic agricultural activities became important,ultimately extirpating these special communities but fostering the overall biodiversity.However,their past occurrence in several central Italian calderas during the HTM suggests that these environments provided habitats that permitted the thriving of cooltemperate forests of Fagus sylvatica under mesomediterranean conditions,with summers ca.1-2℃ warmer than today.Cool and moist calderas may thus become increasingly important for maintaining Mediterranean mesophilous forest species under global warming conditions.
文摘Emphasis on future environmental changes grows due to climate change,with simulations predicting rising river temperatures globally.For Poland,which has a long history of thermal studies of rivers,such an approach has not been implemented to date.This study used 9 Global Climate Models and tested three machine-learning techniques to predict river temperature changes.Random Forest performed best,with R^(2)=0.88 and lowest error(RMSE:2.25,MAE:1.72).The range of future water temperature changes by the end of the 21st century was based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5.It was determined that by the end of the 21st century,the average temperature will increase by 2.1°C(SSP2-4.5)and 3.7°C(SSP5-8.5).A more detailed analysis,divided by two major basins Vistula and Odra,covered about 90%of Poland's territory.The average temperature increase,according to scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 for the Odra basin rivers,is 1.6°C and 3.2°C and for the Vistula basin rivers 2.3°C and 3.8°C,respectively.The Vistula basin's higher warming is due to less groundwater input and continental climate influence.These findings provide a crucial basis for water management to mitigate warming effects in Poland.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42422502,42275038)the China Meteorological Administration Climate Change Special Program(Grant No.QBZ202306)。
文摘Extensive flooding swept across large areas of Central Asia,mainly over Kazakhstan and southwestern Russia,from late March to April 2024.It was reported to be the worst flooding in the area in the past 70 years and caused widespread devastation to society and infrastructure.However,the drivers of this record-breaking flood remain unexplored.Here,we show that the record-breaking floods were contributed by both long-term climate warming and interannual variability,with multiple climatic drivers at play across the synoptic to seasonal timescales.First,the heavy snowmelt in March 2024 was associated with above-normal preceding winter snow accumulation.Second,extreme rainfall was at a record-high during March 2024,in line with its increasing trend under climate warming.Third,the snowmelt and extreme rainfall in March were compounded by record-high soil moisture conditions in the preceding winter,which was a result of interannual variability and related to excessive winter rainfall over Central Asia.As climate warming continues,the interplay between the increasing trend of extreme rainfall,interannual variations in soil moisture pre-conditions,as well as shifting timing and magnitudes of spring snowmelt,will further increase and complicate spring flooding risks.This is a growing and widespread challenge for the mid-to high-latitude regions.
文摘BACKGROUND This study seeks to systematically assess the effects of warm acupuncture combined with acupoint massage on the recovery of gastrointestinal function following gastric cancer surgery.AIM To evaluate the impact of warm acupuncture combined with acupoint massage on postoperative gastrointestinal function recovery after gastric cancer surgery,based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases,including PubMed,Cochrane Library,EMBASE,Web of Science,CNKI,Wanfang,and VIP,for relevant studies published up to January 2025.Meta-analyses were carried out using RevMan 5.4,with results presented as standardized mean difference(SMD)or odds ratio with 95%confidence interval(CI).Study heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 statistic,and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the stability of the findings.RESULTS A total of 8 randomized controlled trials involving 694 patients were included.The meta-analysis showed that warm acupuncture combined with acupoint massage significantly improved postoperative gastrointestinal function by reducing the time to first flatus(SMD=-2.14,95%CI:-3.14 to-1.14,P<0.0001),time to first bowel movement(SMD=-2.43,95%CI:-3.52 to-1.34,P<0.0001),time to bowel sounds recovery(SMD=-3.15,95%CI:-4.50 to-1.80,P<0.00001),and time to initiate nasogastric or jejunal feeding(SMD=-1.31,95%CI:-2.44 to-0.18,P=0.02).CONCLUSION The combination of warm acupuncture and acupoint massage markedly enhances gastrointestinal recovery following surgery.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3007703)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41675066,42394122)+1 种基金CAS Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field(YSRR-018)the Chinese Meridian Project。
文摘In August 2019,accompanied by an Arctic warming event,elevated thunderstorms crossed over the North Pole(NP)and produced lightning.The northernmost stroke occurred less than 50 km from the NP,marking the closest stroke to the NP ever recorded.Using ERA5 reanalysis data and satellite observations,we investigated the background and development mechanism of this event.Warm and moist air from low latitudes was transported northward to the vicinity of the North Pole by the 850-h Pa jet,resulting in convergence.Through the combined effects of frontal lifting and the presence of underlying cold air,the warm and moist air was lifted to heights above the melting layer,triggering elevated thunderstorms above the frontal boundary.These findings describe a strong link between warming events and thunderstorms,revealing the formation mechanisms of elevated thunderstorms in the Arctic.In the context of rapid Arctic warming,this study provides preliminary insights into the meteorological conditions conducive to thunderstorm formation in the region.
基金Supported by Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission Program:Z151100004015117Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan Project:JCYJ20210324120804012Shenzhen Luohu District Soft Science Research Plan project:LX202202128。
文摘Objective:Although there is evidence to support the therapeutic effect of acupuncture on allergic rhinitis(AR),it is not clear whether acupuncture can achieve an efficacy comparable to that of pharmacological therapy.This multicenter,non-inferiority,single-blinded randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the differences in efficacy between warm needling(WN)therapy and loratadine(LO)in improving AR symptoms and quality of life.Methods:A total of 98 patients with persistent AR(PAR)were randomly divided into two groups in a 1:1 ratio:treatment group receiving WN therapy at Dazhui(GV14)and normal acupuncture at other acupoints for 12 sessions in 4 weeks and control group receiving LO at a dosage of 10 mg/day for oral administration.The study duration was 28 weeks(4-week treatment period with a 24-week follow-up).The primary outcome was the mean change in the Total Nasal Symptom Score(TNSS)from baseline to week 28,and the secondary outcomes included the Total Non-Nasal Symptom Score(TNNSS)and the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire(RQLQ)score.Statistical analyses were conducted us-ing SPSS22.0.Both intention-to-treat and treatment compliance analyses were performed to analyze all outcomes.Results:After intervention,TNSS scores improved from baseline to week 28 by 5.18(95%confidence interval[CI]:3.91,6.45;P<0.001)in the WN group and 4.59(95%CI 3.28,5.89;P<0.001)in the LO group,but the changes did not differ between the groups(P=0.515).The margin by 95%CI(−1.20,2.38)was not reached,indicating non-inferiority.WN therapy resulted in clinical improvements in TNNSS,with a significant difference com pared with LO treatment(f=5.466,P=0.021).WN therapy also resulted in clinical improvements in RQLQ scores,with a significant difference compared with LO(f=9.222,P=0.003).Conclusions:WN therapy demonstrated comparable efficacy to oral LO in improving nasal symptoms of PAR.However,it showed superior effects in alleviating concomitant nasal symptoms and enhancing patients’quality of life.
文摘There is a widespread policy assumption that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are the main driver of the observed 1°C rise in global surface air temperatures since‘pre-industrial’times.This paper demonstrates that the onset of the current warming trend began in the mid-19th century and is consistent with the rising phase of variable global warming and cooling cycles in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.Hemispheres.The last trough of the millennial cycle,the Little Ice Age,coincides approximately with the baseline of pre-industrial times used to calculate the impact of Anthropogenic Global Warming.Yet,half of the observed 20th century temperature rise occurred before 1950 when carbon dioxide levels remained low,with the remaining half happening at a similar rate of warming despite the much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.This study shows that when the amplitudes and rates of change of the long-term global cycles are considered,the anthropogenic component of warming can be reduced to 38%(using factors derived from the latest IPCC Working Group reports)to as little as 25%(using observational flux data of dominant Short Wave Absorbed Surface Radiation).These global climate cycles can be extrapolated into the future and the implications for policy of a large natural component to climate change are explored—in particular,the potential for mitigation strategies to have minimal impact and for the climate to cool consequent upon a cyclic down-phase.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42107476 and 42177421)the China Postdoctoral International Exchange Fellowship Program(No.PC2021099)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2020RC2058)the China Scholarship Council(CSC,No.202206600004,to D.Yuan).
文摘Tree growth synchrony serves as a valuable ecological indicator of forest resilience to climate stress and disturbances.However,our understanding of how increasing temperature affects tree growth synchrony during rapidly and slowly warming periods in ecosystems with varying climatic conditions remains limited.By using tree-ring data from temperate broadleaf(Fraxinus mandshurica,Phellodendron amurense,Quercus mongolica,and Juglans mandshurica)and Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)mixed forests in northeast China,we investigated the effects of climate change,particularly warming,on the growth synchrony of five dominant temperate tree species across contrasting warm-dry and cool-wet climate conditions.Results show that temperature over water availability was the primary factor driving the growth and growth synchrony of the five species.Growth synchrony was significantly higher in warm-dry than in cool-wet areas,primarily due to more uniform climate conditions and higher climate sensitivity in the former.Rapid warming from the 1960s to the 1990s significantly enhanced tree growth synchrony in both areas,followed by a marked reversal as temperatures exceeded a certain threshold or warming slowed down,particularly in the warm-dry area.The growth synchrony variation patterns of the five species were highly consistent over time,although broadleaves exhibited higher synchrony than conifers,suggesting potential risks to forest resilience and stability under future climate change scenarios.Growing season temperatures and non-growing season temperatures and precipitation had a stronger positive effect on tree growth in the cool-wet area compared to the warm-dry area.High relative humidity hindered growth in the cool-wet area but enhanced it in the warm-dry area.Overall,our study highlights that the diversity and sensitivity of climate-growth relationships directly determine spatiotemporal growth synchrony.Temperature,along with water availability,shape long-term forest dynamics by affecting tree growth and synchrony.These results provide crucial insights for forest management practice to enhance structural diversity and resilience capacity against climate changeinduced synchrony shifts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52071212).
文摘An ultra-strong steel with enhanced ductility and ultrafine lamellar structure was produced by heavy warm rolling(HWR)of metastable austenite and subsequent quenching.The HWR steel exhibited an ultrahigh yield strength of 1.09 GPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 2.6 GPa,with a total elongation of 6.7%at room temperature.The high yield strength was primarily attributed to the synergistic strengthening of high-density dislocations,nanotwins,and ultrafine martensite grains with an average effective grain size of 1.02μm.The enhanced ductility is attributed to the parallel lamellar structure,which increased the work-hardening capacity and resulted in delamination toughening.Compared to the heavy multistage rolling(HMR)process,which starts rolling at higher temperatures,the HWR method employed in this study demonstrates significant enhancements in both strength and ductility.Following a 150℃ low-temperature tempering for 1 h,the yield strength of HWR steel was further increased to 2.2 GPa,and the total elongation improved to 10.1%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42088101]the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2022YFF0801702]。
文摘The intensification of extreme precipitation(EP)under global warming presents a substantial risk to human safety and societal progress.Studying the specific impacts of global warming on rare EP events in China not only enhances the comprehension of these shifts,but also paves the way for the development of proactive strategies to alleviate associated damages.Results from large-ensemble simulation data demonstrate that global warming has led to an enhancement in once-in-a-decade EP events in parts of western and central China over the past few decades,with the strengthening of the South Asia high(SAH)caused by global warming playing a dominant role.The strengthening of the SAH corresponds to an intensification and westward extension of the western Pacific subtropical high in the lower troposphere.The region between these two systems experiences enhanced upward motion and increased southwesterly water vapor transport,leading to a rise in climatological precipitation in western and central China,thereby raising the threshold for once-in-a-decade EP events.
