Smart specialization is a regional development strategy that identifies regional innovation advantages through the analysis of cluster networks,while strengthening both intra-cluster and inter-cluster technological li...Smart specialization is a regional development strategy that identifies regional innovation advantages through the analysis of cluster networks,while strengthening both intra-cluster and inter-cluster technological linkages to promote coordinated regional development.Drawing on branch office flow and patent cooperation data,and employing methods such as the Expectation-Maximization(EM)clustering algorithm and the‘Product Space’approach,this study investigates innovation and technological linkages both within and across industrial clusters.The key findings are as follows.First,Jiangsu’s clusters demonstrate two patterns:closely integrated industrial networks in southern cities like Suzhou,fostering strong industrial resilience,and distinct technological boundaries in northern and central cities like Yancheng,resulting in weaker integration.Second,the cluster network exhibits a single-core structure at the municipal level,centered around Nanjing,with a multi-tiered hierarchy at the district level.Third,innovation linkages between clusters follow a dual-core structure,with Nanjing and Suzhou as central hubs.In this structure,large enterprises in Nanjing and small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)in Suzhou reflect complementary industrial characteristics.Finally,both technology-intensive and low-tech manufacturing industries show a higher propensity for cross-regional innovation,with some cities demonstrating significant advantages in high-tech industries.Grounded in the framework of smart specialization,this study conducts an in-depth analysis of innovation and technological linkages within cluster networks at the industrial level,offering scientific insights to support the localized implementation of smart specialization strategies in the Chinese context.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease(PD) among a cohort of Chinese patients in early stages.Clinical data on demographics,motor variables,motor phenotypes,dise...The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease(PD) among a cohort of Chinese patients in early stages.Clinical data on demographics,motor variables,motor phenotypes,disease progression,global cognitive function,depression,apathy,sleep quality,constipation,fatigue,and L-dopa complications were collected from 138 Chinese PD subjects in early stages(Hoehn and Yahr stages 1-3).The PD subject subtypes were classified using k-means cluster analysis according to the clinical data from five-to three-cluster consecutively.Kappa statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the consistency among different subtype solutions.The cluster analysis indicated four main subtypes:the non-tremor dominant subtype(NTD,n=28,20.3%),rapid disease progression subtype(RDP,n=7,5.1%),young-onset subtype(YO,n=50,36.2%),and tremor dominant subtype(TD,n=53,38.4%).Overall,78.3%(108/138) of subjects were always classified between the same three groups(52 always in TD,7 in RDP,and 49 in NTD),and 98.6%(136/138) between five-and four-cluster solutions.However,subjects classified as NTD in the four-cluster analysis were dispersed into different subtypes in the three-cluster analysis,with low concordance between four-and three-cluster solutions(kappa value= 0.139,P=0.001).This study defines clinical heterogeneity of PD patients in early stages using a data-driven approach.The subtypes generated by the four-cluster solution appear to exhibit ideal internal cohesion and external isolation.展开更多
In recent years, flash flood disasters have occurred frequently in southwest China due to the increased frequency of extreme climate events. To solve this problem, great efforts have been made in studying the process ...In recent years, flash flood disasters have occurred frequently in southwest China due to the increased frequency of extreme climate events. To solve this problem, great efforts have been made in studying the process of flash flood. However, little attention was paid on bearing body of hazard, the clusters of buildings. Thus the real disaster mechanism of flash flood remains unclear.Accordingly, based on the experiments of artificial flash floods in a conceptual solid model, this paper focuses on the flood-impacted inundation characteristics of the building clusters at different locations of the gully model, in order to obtain a better understanding of the disaster process and the interaction between the flash floods and building clusters. The results showed that, in a typical smallscale flash flood gully with hot and dry climate, 1)clusters of buildings on an alluvial fan could reduce about 35% of the flooding area by blocking the diffusion of the flood to the depression areas, and could also promote the deposition in lower reaches of the river channel by blocking the overbank flow from going back into the channel, making the width-depth ratio of the channel larger. 2) The flash flood rates of disaster and hazard on the alluvial fan are generally higher than that of the inner gully. For the inner gully,buildings located on the beaches along the lower river and the transitional areas of the straight channel and channel bends can easily be affected because of their lower elevations. For the alluvial fan, buildings nearby the meanders suffer the greatest impacts because of bank collapsing and flooding. 3) The safe vertical distance from a building to the river channel is 13 m for the buildings in the inner gully under extreme floods. Below this threshold, the smaller the vertical distance is, the greater the risk exposure is. For the buildings on the alluvial fan, especially for the buildings near the concave bank of the top rush point,the horizontal distance is more important, and the safe value is 80 m under extreme floods.展开更多
Cluster synchronization in a network of non-identical dynamic systems is studied in this paper, using two-cluster synchronization for detailed analysis and discussion. The results show that the common intercluster cou...Cluster synchronization in a network of non-identical dynamic systems is studied in this paper, using two-cluster synchronization for detailed analysis and discussion. The results show that the common intercluster coupling condition is not always needed for the diffusively coupled network. Several sufficient conditions are obtained by using the Schur unitary triangularization theorem, which extends previous results. Some numerical examples are presented for illustration.展开更多
This paper studies the evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma game on a highly clustered community network in which the clustering coefficient and the community size can be tuned. It finds that the clustering coefficient in...This paper studies the evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma game on a highly clustered community network in which the clustering coefficient and the community size can be tuned. It finds that the clustering coefficient in such a degree-homogeneous network inhibits the emergence of cooperation for the entire range of the payoff parameter. Moreover, it finds that the community size can also have a marked influence on the evolution of cooperation, with a larger community size leading to not only a lower cooperation level but also a smaller threshold of the payoff parameter above which cooperators become extinct.展开更多
The self-assembly reactions of [MOS3]^2- （M = W, Mo） with CuS2COCH3 in DMF produced two novel dodecanuclear Mo（W）/Cu/S heterometallic clusters, [Et4N]4[{MOS3}3Cu6S2- （CuS2COCH3）3]·H2O （1： M = W; 2： M = M...The self-assembly reactions of [MOS3]^2- （M = W, Mo） with CuS2COCH3 in DMF produced two novel dodecanuclear Mo（W）/Cu/S heterometallic clusters, [Et4N]4[{MOS3}3Cu6S2- （CuS2COCH3）3]·H2O （1： M = W; 2： M = Mo）. Cluster 1 crystallizes in hexagonal, space group P-62c with a = 16.5612（3）, b = 16.5612（3）, c = 16.4660（5）A, Z = 2, V = 3911.13（16）A^3, Dc = 1.935 g/cm^3, μ（MoKα） = 7.269 mm^-1, F（000） = 2192, the final R = 0.0289 and wR = 0.0789 for 2425 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））. Cluster 2 is isomorphous to 1 with similar crystal parameters. X-ray analysis reveals that both clusters consist of three incomplete cubane-like cluster units {MOS3Cu3S2COCH3}, which are linked together by two μ3-S atoms.展开更多
The title compound ttris-(diisopropyldithiophosphato)tris-μ-disulfidoμ3,-sulfido-cvclo-trimolybdenumj (3Mo-Mo) [diisopropyldithiophosphate], [Mo3S7 (S2P(iprO)2)3] [S2P(iprO)2] (Mr=1365. 39) is an ionic species which...The title compound ttris-(diisopropyldithiophosphato)tris-μ-disulfidoμ3,-sulfido-cvclo-trimolybdenumj (3Mo-Mo) [diisopropyldithiophosphate], [Mo3S7 (S2P(iprO)2)3] [S2P(iprO)2] (Mr=1365. 39) is an ionic species which consists of a discretecluster cation [Mo3S7 (S2P (iprO)2)3] + (ipr = isopropyl) and an anion [S2P (iprO)2]-It was synthesized from the reaction of (NH4)2MoS4 with HS2P (iprO)2. Crystallo-graphic data for its crystal: space group for 7356 independent reflec-'tions with The structure analysis reveals that the cation contains a typical(Mo3 (μ3,-S) (μ-S2)3]+ cluster core in which three molybdenum atoms form an isoscelestriangle;the structure of the free diisopropyldithiophosphate anion [S2P (iprO)2]- isdifferent obviously from the coordinated one.展开更多
This paper presents the synthetic and structure studies of molybdenum（tungsten）-copper-sulphur-dialkyldithiocarbamate cluster compounds.The reactions of（M=Mo,W;n=0,2）,CuCl,and R<sub>2</sub>dtc￣-（R<...This paper presents the synthetic and structure studies of molybdenum（tungsten）-copper-sulphur-dialkyldithiocarbamate cluster compounds.The reactions of（M=Mo,W;n=0,2）,CuCl,and R<sub>2</sub>dtc￣-（R<sub>2</sub>=Me<sub>2</sub>,Et<sub>2</sub>,C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>,C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>1</sub>0） yield a series of tetra-,hexa-,and heptanuclear cluster compounds.Their spectroscopic properties and the synthetic reaction mechanism are discussed.展开更多
The polymeric chalcogenide [W2O2S6Cu4(NCMe)4]n (compound 1) was synthesized by the self-assembly reaction of (NH4)2(WOS3) with CuBr in MeCN in the presence of tricyclohexylphosphane (PCy3) under a purified nitrogen at...The polymeric chalcogenide [W2O2S6Cu4(NCMe)4]n (compound 1) was synthesized by the self-assembly reaction of (NH4)2(WOS3) with CuBr in MeCN in the presence of tricyclohexylphosphane (PCy3) under a purified nitrogen atmosphere using standard Schlenk techniques. It gives rise to a novel 1D polymeric compound 1 with solvent MeCN coordinated to the copper atom. This situation is unprecedented in the W(Mo)/Cu/S system. The crystals were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The configuration of the polymeric compound can be viewed as a helical chain which is propagated along the crystallographic c axis. The excited state absorption and refraction of compound 1 in CH3CN solution were studied by using the Z-scan technique with laser pulses of 40 ps pulse-width at a wavelength of 532 nm. The polymeric compound possesses an optical self-focusing performance. The positive nonlinear refraction is attributed to population transitions between singlet states. Compound 1 displays a strong excited-state absorption.展开更多
The chemistry of sulfur cycle contributes significantly to the atmospheric nucleation process,which is the first step of new particle formation(NPF).In the present study,cycloaddition reaction mechanism of sulfur trio...The chemistry of sulfur cycle contributes significantly to the atmospheric nucleation process,which is the first step of new particle formation(NPF).In the present study,cycloaddition reaction mechanism of sulfur trioxide(SO_(3))to hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S)which is a typical air pollutant and toxic gas detrimental to the environment were comprehensively investigate through theoretical calculations and Atmospheric Cluster Dynamic Code simulations.Gas-phase stability and nucleation potential of the product thiosulfuric acid(H_(2)S_(2)O_(3),TSA)were further analyzed to evaluate its atmospheric impact.Without any catalysts,the H_(2)S+SO_(3)reaction is infeasible with a barrier of 24.2 kcal/mol.Atmospheric nucleation precursors formic acid(FA),sulfuric acid(SA),and water(H_(2)O)could effectively lower the reaction barriers as catalysts,even to a barrierless reaction with the efficiency of cis-SA>trans-FA>trans-SA>H_(2)O.Subsequently,the gas-phase stability of TSA was investigated.A hydrolysis reaction barrier of up to 61.4 kcal/mol alone with an endothermic isomerization reaction barrier of 5.1 kcal/mol under the catalytic effect of SA demonstrates the sufficient stability of TSA.Furthermore,topological and kinetic analysis were conducted to determine the nucleation potential of TSA.Atmospheric clusters formed by TSA and atmospheric nucleation precursors(SA,ammonia NH_(3),and dimethylamine DMA)were thermodynamically stable.Moreover,the gradually decreasing evaporation coefficients for TSA-base clusters,particularly for TSA-DMA,suggests that TSA may participate in NPF where the concentration of base molecules are relatively higher.The present new reaction mechanismmay contributes to a better understanding of atmospheric sulfur cycle and NPF.展开更多
Wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are made up of several sensors located in a specific area and powered by a finite amount of energy to gather environmental data.WSNs use sensor nodes(SNs)to collect and transmit data.Howe...Wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are made up of several sensors located in a specific area and powered by a finite amount of energy to gather environmental data.WSNs use sensor nodes(SNs)to collect and transmit data.However,the power supplied by the sensor network is restricted.Thus,SNs must store energy as often as to extend the lifespan of the network.In the proposed study,effective clustering and longer network lifetimes are achieved using mul-ti-swarm optimization(MSO)and game theory based on locust search(LS-II).In this research,MSO is used to improve the optimum routing,while the LS-II approach is employed to specify the number of cluster heads(CHs)and select the best ones.After the CHs are identified,the other sensor components are allo-cated to the closest CHs to them.A game theory-based energy-efficient clustering approach is applied to WSNs.Here each SN is considered a player in the game.The SN can implement beneficial methods for itself depending on the length of the idle listening time in the active phase and then determine to choose whether or not to rest.The proposed multi-swarm with energy-efficient game theory on locust search(MSGE-LS)efficiently selects CHs,minimizes energy consumption,and improves the lifetime of networks.The findings of this study indicate that the proposed MSGE-LS is an effective method because its result proves that it increases the number of clusters,average energy consumption,lifespan extension,reduction in average packet loss,and end-to-end delay.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42330510,41871160,42371262)。
文摘Smart specialization is a regional development strategy that identifies regional innovation advantages through the analysis of cluster networks,while strengthening both intra-cluster and inter-cluster technological linkages to promote coordinated regional development.Drawing on branch office flow and patent cooperation data,and employing methods such as the Expectation-Maximization(EM)clustering algorithm and the‘Product Space’approach,this study investigates innovation and technological linkages both within and across industrial clusters.The key findings are as follows.First,Jiangsu’s clusters demonstrate two patterns:closely integrated industrial networks in southern cities like Suzhou,fostering strong industrial resilience,and distinct technological boundaries in northern and central cities like Yancheng,resulting in weaker integration.Second,the cluster network exhibits a single-core structure at the municipal level,centered around Nanjing,with a multi-tiered hierarchy at the district level.Third,innovation linkages between clusters follow a dual-core structure,with Nanjing and Suzhou as central hubs.In this structure,large enterprises in Nanjing and small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)in Suzhou reflect complementary industrial characteristics.Finally,both technology-intensive and low-tech manufacturing industries show a higher propensity for cross-regional innovation,with some cities demonstrating significant advantages in high-tech industries.Grounded in the framework of smart specialization,this study conducts an in-depth analysis of innovation and technological linkages within cluster networks at the industrial level,offering scientific insights to support the localized implementation of smart specialization strategies in the Chinese context.
基金Project (No. 2006AA02A408) supported by the National High-Tech R & D Program (863) of China
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease(PD) among a cohort of Chinese patients in early stages.Clinical data on demographics,motor variables,motor phenotypes,disease progression,global cognitive function,depression,apathy,sleep quality,constipation,fatigue,and L-dopa complications were collected from 138 Chinese PD subjects in early stages(Hoehn and Yahr stages 1-3).The PD subject subtypes were classified using k-means cluster analysis according to the clinical data from five-to three-cluster consecutively.Kappa statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the consistency among different subtype solutions.The cluster analysis indicated four main subtypes:the non-tremor dominant subtype(NTD,n=28,20.3%),rapid disease progression subtype(RDP,n=7,5.1%),young-onset subtype(YO,n=50,36.2%),and tremor dominant subtype(TD,n=53,38.4%).Overall,78.3%(108/138) of subjects were always classified between the same three groups(52 always in TD,7 in RDP,and 49 in NTD),and 98.6%(136/138) between five-and four-cluster solutions.However,subjects classified as NTD in the four-cluster analysis were dispersed into different subtypes in the three-cluster analysis,with low concordance between four-and three-cluster solutions(kappa value= 0.139,P=0.001).This study defines clinical heterogeneity of PD patients in early stages using a data-driven approach.The subtypes generated by the four-cluster solution appear to exhibit ideal internal cohesion and external isolation.
基金supported by the Specific Research of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (Grant Nos. Fangji 1240)Chinese Ministry of Water Resources (Grant Nos. 201301058 and 20131059)the Basic Research Fund for Central Public Research Institutes (Grant No. CKSF2015010/TB)
文摘In recent years, flash flood disasters have occurred frequently in southwest China due to the increased frequency of extreme climate events. To solve this problem, great efforts have been made in studying the process of flash flood. However, little attention was paid on bearing body of hazard, the clusters of buildings. Thus the real disaster mechanism of flash flood remains unclear.Accordingly, based on the experiments of artificial flash floods in a conceptual solid model, this paper focuses on the flood-impacted inundation characteristics of the building clusters at different locations of the gully model, in order to obtain a better understanding of the disaster process and the interaction between the flash floods and building clusters. The results showed that, in a typical smallscale flash flood gully with hot and dry climate, 1)clusters of buildings on an alluvial fan could reduce about 35% of the flooding area by blocking the diffusion of the flood to the depression areas, and could also promote the deposition in lower reaches of the river channel by blocking the overbank flow from going back into the channel, making the width-depth ratio of the channel larger. 2) The flash flood rates of disaster and hazard on the alluvial fan are generally higher than that of the inner gully. For the inner gully,buildings located on the beaches along the lower river and the transitional areas of the straight channel and channel bends can easily be affected because of their lower elevations. For the alluvial fan, buildings nearby the meanders suffer the greatest impacts because of bank collapsing and flooding. 3) The safe vertical distance from a building to the river channel is 13 m for the buildings in the inner gully under extreme floods. Below this threshold, the smaller the vertical distance is, the greater the risk exposure is. For the buildings on the alluvial fan, especially for the buildings near the concave bank of the top rush point,the horizontal distance is more important, and the safe value is 80 m under extreme floods.
基金Project supported by the "13115" Program, China (Grant No. 2008ZDKG-37)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61072139, 61072106, 60804021, and 61001202)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant Nos. Y10000902036, JY10000902039, JY10000970001, and JY10000902001)
文摘Cluster synchronization in a network of non-identical dynamic systems is studied in this paper, using two-cluster synchronization for detailed analysis and discussion. The results show that the common intercluster coupling condition is not always needed for the diffusively coupled network. Several sufficient conditions are obtained by using the Schur unitary triangularization theorem, which extends previous results. Some numerical examples are presented for illustration.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 70671079, 60674050, 60736022 and 60528007)National 973 Program (Grant No 2002CB312200)+1 种基金National 863 Program (Grant No 2006AA04Z258)11-5 project (Grant NoA2120061303)
文摘This paper studies the evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma game on a highly clustered community network in which the clustering coefficient and the community size can be tuned. It finds that the clustering coefficient in such a degree-homogeneous network inhibits the emergence of cooperation for the entire range of the payoff parameter. Moreover, it finds that the community size can also have a marked influence on the evolution of cooperation, with a larger community size leading to not only a lower cooperation level but also a smaller threshold of the payoff parameter above which cooperators become extinct.
基金supported by CAS (SZD08002-2)973 Program (2007CB815306)+1 种基金the NNSFC (20733003 and 20673117)the Young Scientist’s Foundation of Fujian Province (2006F3136)
文摘The self-assembly reactions of [MOS3]^2- （M = W, Mo） with CuS2COCH3 in DMF produced two novel dodecanuclear Mo（W）/Cu/S heterometallic clusters, [Et4N]4[{MOS3}3Cu6S2- （CuS2COCH3）3]·H2O （1： M = W; 2： M = Mo）. Cluster 1 crystallizes in hexagonal, space group P-62c with a = 16.5612（3）, b = 16.5612（3）, c = 16.4660（5）A, Z = 2, V = 3911.13（16）A^3, Dc = 1.935 g/cm^3, μ（MoKα） = 7.269 mm^-1, F（000） = 2192, the final R = 0.0289 and wR = 0.0789 for 2425 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））. Cluster 2 is isomorphous to 1 with similar crystal parameters. X-ray analysis reveals that both clusters consist of three incomplete cubane-like cluster units {MOS3Cu3S2COCH3}, which are linked together by two μ3-S atoms.
文摘The title compound ttris-(diisopropyldithiophosphato)tris-μ-disulfidoμ3,-sulfido-cvclo-trimolybdenumj (3Mo-Mo) [diisopropyldithiophosphate], [Mo3S7 (S2P(iprO)2)3] [S2P(iprO)2] (Mr=1365. 39) is an ionic species which consists of a discretecluster cation [Mo3S7 (S2P (iprO)2)3] + (ipr = isopropyl) and an anion [S2P (iprO)2]-It was synthesized from the reaction of (NH4)2MoS4 with HS2P (iprO)2. Crystallo-graphic data for its crystal: space group for 7356 independent reflec-'tions with The structure analysis reveals that the cation contains a typical(Mo3 (μ3,-S) (μ-S2)3]+ cluster core in which three molybdenum atoms form an isoscelestriangle;the structure of the free diisopropyldithiophosphate anion [S2P (iprO)2]- isdifferent obviously from the coordinated one.
文摘This paper presents the synthetic and structure studies of molybdenum（tungsten）-copper-sulphur-dialkyldithiocarbamate cluster compounds.The reactions of（M=Mo,W;n=0,2）,CuCl,and R<sub>2</sub>dtc￣-（R<sub>2</sub>=Me<sub>2</sub>,Et<sub>2</sub>,C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>,C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>1</sub>0） yield a series of tetra-,hexa-,and heptanuclear cluster compounds.Their spectroscopic properties and the synthetic reaction mechanism are discussed.
基金Project (2005038557) supported by the Post-Doctor Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China
文摘The polymeric chalcogenide [W2O2S6Cu4(NCMe)4]n (compound 1) was synthesized by the self-assembly reaction of (NH4)2(WOS3) with CuBr in MeCN in the presence of tricyclohexylphosphane (PCy3) under a purified nitrogen atmosphere using standard Schlenk techniques. It gives rise to a novel 1D polymeric compound 1 with solvent MeCN coordinated to the copper atom. This situation is unprecedented in the W(Mo)/Cu/S system. The crystals were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The configuration of the polymeric compound can be viewed as a helical chain which is propagated along the crystallographic c axis. The excited state absorption and refraction of compound 1 in CH3CN solution were studied by using the Z-scan technique with laser pulses of 40 ps pulse-width at a wavelength of 532 nm. The polymeric compound possesses an optical self-focusing performance. The positive nonlinear refraction is attributed to population transitions between singlet states. Compound 1 displays a strong excited-state absorption.
基金supported by the Budget Surplus of Central Financial Science and Technology Plan (No.2021-JY-14)the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2020M680636)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes of China,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (Nos.2022YSKY-21 and 2022YSKY-27)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41375133)the Science Foundation of Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (No.JY-41375133)Tian He Qingsuo Project-special fund project.
文摘The chemistry of sulfur cycle contributes significantly to the atmospheric nucleation process,which is the first step of new particle formation(NPF).In the present study,cycloaddition reaction mechanism of sulfur trioxide(SO_(3))to hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S)which is a typical air pollutant and toxic gas detrimental to the environment were comprehensively investigate through theoretical calculations and Atmospheric Cluster Dynamic Code simulations.Gas-phase stability and nucleation potential of the product thiosulfuric acid(H_(2)S_(2)O_(3),TSA)were further analyzed to evaluate its atmospheric impact.Without any catalysts,the H_(2)S+SO_(3)reaction is infeasible with a barrier of 24.2 kcal/mol.Atmospheric nucleation precursors formic acid(FA),sulfuric acid(SA),and water(H_(2)O)could effectively lower the reaction barriers as catalysts,even to a barrierless reaction with the efficiency of cis-SA>trans-FA>trans-SA>H_(2)O.Subsequently,the gas-phase stability of TSA was investigated.A hydrolysis reaction barrier of up to 61.4 kcal/mol alone with an endothermic isomerization reaction barrier of 5.1 kcal/mol under the catalytic effect of SA demonstrates the sufficient stability of TSA.Furthermore,topological and kinetic analysis were conducted to determine the nucleation potential of TSA.Atmospheric clusters formed by TSA and atmospheric nucleation precursors(SA,ammonia NH_(3),and dimethylamine DMA)were thermodynamically stable.Moreover,the gradually decreasing evaporation coefficients for TSA-base clusters,particularly for TSA-DMA,suggests that TSA may participate in NPF where the concentration of base molecules are relatively higher.The present new reaction mechanismmay contributes to a better understanding of atmospheric sulfur cycle and NPF.
基金This work was suppoted by Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT)grant funded by the Korea Government(MOTIE)(P0012724,The Competency Development Program for Industry Specialist)the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.
文摘Wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are made up of several sensors located in a specific area and powered by a finite amount of energy to gather environmental data.WSNs use sensor nodes(SNs)to collect and transmit data.However,the power supplied by the sensor network is restricted.Thus,SNs must store energy as often as to extend the lifespan of the network.In the proposed study,effective clustering and longer network lifetimes are achieved using mul-ti-swarm optimization(MSO)and game theory based on locust search(LS-II).In this research,MSO is used to improve the optimum routing,while the LS-II approach is employed to specify the number of cluster heads(CHs)and select the best ones.After the CHs are identified,the other sensor components are allo-cated to the closest CHs to them.A game theory-based energy-efficient clustering approach is applied to WSNs.Here each SN is considered a player in the game.The SN can implement beneficial methods for itself depending on the length of the idle listening time in the active phase and then determine to choose whether or not to rest.The proposed multi-swarm with energy-efficient game theory on locust search(MSGE-LS)efficiently selects CHs,minimizes energy consumption,and improves the lifetime of networks.The findings of this study indicate that the proposed MSGE-LS is an effective method because its result proves that it increases the number of clusters,average energy consumption,lifespan extension,reduction in average packet loss,and end-to-end delay.
