This study advances the DRASTIC groundwater vulnerability assessment framework by integrating a multi-hazard groundwater index(MHGI)to account for the dynamic impacts of diverse anthropogenic activities and natural fa...This study advances the DRASTIC groundwater vulnerability assessment framework by integrating a multi-hazard groundwater index(MHGI)to account for the dynamic impacts of diverse anthropogenic activities and natural factors on both groundwater quality and quantity.Incorporating factors such as population growth,agricultural practices,and groundwater extraction enhances the framework’s ability to capture multi-dimensional,spatiotemporal changes in groundwater vulnerability.Additional improvements include refined weighting and rating scales for thematic layers based on available observational data,and the inclusion of distributed recharge.We demonstrate the practical utility of this dynamic DRASTIC-based framework through its application to the agro-urban regions of the Irrigated Indus Basin,a major groundwater-dependent agricultural area in South Asia.Results indicate that between 2005 and 2020,54%of the study area became highly vulnerable to pollution.The MHGI revealed a 13%decline in potential groundwater storage and a 25%increase in groundwater-stressed zones,driven primarily by population growth and intensive agriculture.Groundwater vulnerability based on both groundwater quality and quantity dimensions showed a 19%decline in areas of low to very low vulnerability and a 6%reduction in medium vulnerability zones by 2020.Sensitivity analyses indicated that groundwater vulnerability in the region is most influenced by groundwater recharge(42%)and renewable groundwater stress(38%).Validation with in-situ data yielded area under the curve values of 0.71 for groundwater quality vulnerability and 0.63 for MHGI.The framework provides valuable insights to guide sustainable groundwater management,safeguarding both environmental integrity and human well-being.展开更多
South Korea has experienced drought cycles every 5 to 7 years since 1970, with a severe drought lasting five years from 2013 to 2018. To prepare for these recurring drought risks, the South Korean government deliberat...South Korea has experienced drought cycles every 5 to 7 years since 1970, with a severe drought lasting five years from 2013 to 2018. To prepare for these recurring drought risks, the South Korean government deliberated and approved a comprehensive drought response plan in August 2017. As part of this plan, research on a national-scale drought vulnerability assessment and the development of a drought vulnerability map was initiated to enhance proactive drought response measures. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing drought vulnerability, conduct a nationwide drought vulnerability evaluation, and visualize the results through a drought vulnerability map to assist in decision-making and information sharing. The drought vulnerability assessment was based on the water supply capacity of regional water systems under different scenarios, with exposure, sensitivity, and secondary water resource capacity quantified and weighted in the evaluation. As a result of conducting a drought vulnerability assessment on 250 municipalities nationwide, regions that rely primarily on river or groundwater source for water intake were found to be more vulnerable to drought than those supplied by dams. Furthermore, municipalities located along the east coast, where rivers tend to be steep and short, exhibited higher vulnerability to drought.展开更多
This study assesses vulnerability of agriculture to drought, using WINISAREG model and seasonal SPI2-index for eight climate regions （1951-2004）. Results relative to Plovdiv show that in soils of large TAW （total a...This study assesses vulnerability of agriculture to drought, using WINISAREG model and seasonal SPI2-index for eight climate regions （1951-2004）. Results relative to Plovdiv show that in soils of large TAW （total available water） net irrigation requirements NIRs range from 0 to 380 mm. In soils of small TAW, NIRs reach 440 mm in the very dry year. NIRs in Sofia/Silistra are about 100 mm smaller than in Plovdiv while in Sandanski they are 30-110 mm larger. Rainfed maize is associated with great yield variability （29% 〈 Cv 〈 72%）. Considering an economical RYD （relative yield decrease） threshold, 32% of years are risky when TA Wis large in Plovdiv that is double than in Sofia and half than in Sandanski. In North Bulgaria the risky years are 10% in Pleven/Silistra that is half than in Lom. In Plovdiv region reliable relationships （R2 〉 91%） were found relating the SPI2 ＂July-Aug.＂ with simulated RYD of rainfed maize while remaining relationships were less accurate （73% 〈 R2 〈 86%）. Economical losses are produced when High Peak Season SPI2 〈 ＋ 0.20 in Sandanski, SPI2 〈 - 0.50 in Plovdiv and SPI2 〈 - 0.90 in Sofia. In North Bulgaria the SPI2 threshold ranges from - 0.75 to - 1.50. Derived reliable relationships and SPl-thresholds are used for drought vulnerability mapping.展开更多
Electrical resistivity method was used to assess groundwater potential and vulnerability of overburden aquifers at Onibu-Eja active open dumpsite, Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Eighteen Vertical Electrical Sounding (V...Electrical resistivity method was used to assess groundwater potential and vulnerability of overburden aquifers at Onibu-Eja active open dumpsite, Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Eighteen Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) points and five 2-D imaging profiles established in five traverses at the periphery of the dumpsite were surveyed and analysed. The subsurface comprised of thin topsoil (resistivity 65 - 998 Ωm);heterogeneous weathered layer with resistivity 63 - 333 Ωm and thickness 0.7 - 8.5 m;weathered basement (resistivity 31 - 1253 Ωm and thickness 0.7 - 27.0 m) and fractured/fresh basement (resistivity 36 - 6213 Ωm). The 2-D inverse model of the profiles delineated low resistivity values ranging from 5 to 100 Ωm at a depth range of 10 - 20 m along traverses TR1-TR3 which is attributed to leachate percolation close to the dumpsite. The weathered basement was inclined relative to the dumpsite. The total overburden thickness varies from 6.9 to 33.7 m, with 20 and 40 m generally recommended as productive for groundwater abstraction in Southwestern Nigeria occurring in 61% of the area. Further, about 85% of the weathered layer resistivity values fall within medium groundwater potential (100 - 250 Ωm) and high groundwater potential (>250 Ωm). The ranking of groundwater potential as a function of saprolite (weathered basement) resistivity showed that 72% of the study area is characterized by optimum weathering (20 - 100 Ωm) and is classified as good groundwater potential. Fractured basement covered <30% of the study area. The evaluation of aquifer protective capacity has helped to classify the area into moderate, weak and poor protective capacities with moderate protective capacity zone covering 72%.展开更多
Groundwater inundation occurs when rivers with high water levels are hydraulically connected to the adjacent riversides.Huge barrages constructed in South Korea have caused the river water levels and groundwater level...Groundwater inundation occurs when rivers with high water levels are hydraulically connected to the adjacent riversides.Huge barrages constructed in South Korea have caused the river water levels and groundwater levels in the riversides to increase.We used a discriminant model with seven input variables,namely the sediment thickness,difference between the land elevation and river water level,difference between the groundwater and river water levels,soil drainage type,topsoil texture,subsoil texture,and hydrological soil feature classification,to develop a map of the groundwater inundation vulnerability along the basins of the Nakdong River.We estimated the groundwater levels in unmonitored areas with a linear regression model developed from the relationship between the distance from the river and the depth to the groundwater in 91 monitoring wells.We produced a grid map for the vulnerability with an optimum grid size of 100 m.We validated the groundwater inundation vulnerability map by comparing highly susceptible areas with swampy fields observed in a field survey.This result indicates that the vulnerability map will be helpful to forecast and prepare inundation in the riversides during the rainy season when the river water levels are inevitably high.展开更多
Recently, de la Torre[1] provided an approach for assessing the vulnerability of European soils for tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and sulfamides contamination using a spatial risk assessment. It allowed identifying ...Recently, de la Torre[1] provided an approach for assessing the vulnerability of European soils for tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and sulfamides contamination using a spatial risk assessment. It allowed identifying areas where vulnerable soil more occur, providing useful information for policies designed to reduce contamination. In the current study, this approach was applied to a local level, the autonomous region of Castile and León (C&L), located in the north-west part of Spain. High accurate and reliable source data were employed to generate a soil vulnerability map for tetracyclines in the study area, attempting to improve the release and consequence risk prediction. More specifically, pig density, temperature and soil use risk estimators were improved using data from national or local databases. Result comparison between the European and the present approach showed a good agreement demonstrating the utility of the European vulnerability map to be employed not only at global level but also for deciding how to allocate limited resources on national or subnational environmental surveillance programs of antibiotics. The model application at local level using more accurate data from national or local sources, afforded a better understanding of the spatial distribution of the risk, mainly associated with the higher accuracy of the national land use database SIOSE. It could offer a useful tool for local management of the risk, such as the management of animal manures fertilization on soil.展开更多
The mapping of vulnerability and resilience has become an important tool for vulnerability and resilience research.By definition,maps are selective representations.However,the predominant methods of mapping also have ...The mapping of vulnerability and resilience has become an important tool for vulnerability and resilience research.By definition,maps are selective representations.However,the predominant methods of mapping also have constraints.When addressing vulnerability and resilience,these limitations,barriers,and blind spots have to be taken into account.Some aspects cannot be easily mapped,such as specific forms of knowledge and interpretation,the processuality of vulnerability and resilience,the dynamics of social processes,the context of origin,the establishment of contingent interpretations,and so on.These limitations are not only theoretically important,but also are practically significant,since maps themselves become dispositifs.They are regarded as representations of reality,shape particular interpretations of vulnerability and resilience,and are used as a basis for decision-making.If the unmapped preconditions of mapping remain unconsidered,this can lead to problematic side effects.展开更多
The research paper aims at understanding the level of climate change risk of the Haor areas of Bangladesh. It follows a participatory approach, using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) to i...The research paper aims at understanding the level of climate change risk of the Haor areas of Bangladesh. It follows a participatory approach, using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) to identify important climate change induced hazards, assess the probability of occurrences of the hazards and level of their consequences. Using geo-spatial techniques, the paper prepares hazard risk maps and risk hotspot maps. Policy documents, previous researches, and Government statistics and reports helped to develop the concepts and planning of the research. The unparalleled hydro-ecological attributes of Haor areas pose both opportunities and constraints for the local population. Poverty, lack of basic infrastructure and amenities, awareness and external support have already put the people in Haor areas in a vulnerable situation while the recurring natural hazards and shifting pattern of climate are making the constraints nearly unmanageable. Excessive rainfall in the monsoon and drought in the dry season is affecting the farming and fishery-based communities the most. The community perceptions on hazards, their occurrences, consequences and relative importance of each hazard for the agriculture or fisheries sector in the study area have been collected from the FGDs and subsequently analyzed to produce individual and multi-hazard risk maps for the area based on scoring. This information is also used to rank the Upazillas in the study area depending on risk level. The community people were also asked to select the important elements or structural facilities at risk in their area needed for their life and livelihood. Based on this selection, risk hotspot map for the study area has been prepared using GIS based weighted overlay methods. The final risk hotspot map identifies about hundred unions in the area as hotspots. This paper might encourage the local government organizations to make choice on the interven</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tion as well as intervention needs for protecting livelihoods in the study area. The results of the study will be helpful in planning adaptation options for future for the study area as well as effectively allocate resources/investments to protect population and livelihoods from possible climate change induced hazards.展开更多
基金funding from the National Science Foundation(NSF Award 2114701)of the United States.
文摘This study advances the DRASTIC groundwater vulnerability assessment framework by integrating a multi-hazard groundwater index(MHGI)to account for the dynamic impacts of diverse anthropogenic activities and natural factors on both groundwater quality and quantity.Incorporating factors such as population growth,agricultural practices,and groundwater extraction enhances the framework’s ability to capture multi-dimensional,spatiotemporal changes in groundwater vulnerability.Additional improvements include refined weighting and rating scales for thematic layers based on available observational data,and the inclusion of distributed recharge.We demonstrate the practical utility of this dynamic DRASTIC-based framework through its application to the agro-urban regions of the Irrigated Indus Basin,a major groundwater-dependent agricultural area in South Asia.Results indicate that between 2005 and 2020,54%of the study area became highly vulnerable to pollution.The MHGI revealed a 13%decline in potential groundwater storage and a 25%increase in groundwater-stressed zones,driven primarily by population growth and intensive agriculture.Groundwater vulnerability based on both groundwater quality and quantity dimensions showed a 19%decline in areas of low to very low vulnerability and a 6%reduction in medium vulnerability zones by 2020.Sensitivity analyses indicated that groundwater vulnerability in the region is most influenced by groundwater recharge(42%)and renewable groundwater stress(38%).Validation with in-situ data yielded area under the curve values of 0.71 for groundwater quality vulnerability and 0.63 for MHGI.The framework provides valuable insights to guide sustainable groundwater management,safeguarding both environmental integrity and human well-being.
文摘South Korea has experienced drought cycles every 5 to 7 years since 1970, with a severe drought lasting five years from 2013 to 2018. To prepare for these recurring drought risks, the South Korean government deliberated and approved a comprehensive drought response plan in August 2017. As part of this plan, research on a national-scale drought vulnerability assessment and the development of a drought vulnerability map was initiated to enhance proactive drought response measures. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing drought vulnerability, conduct a nationwide drought vulnerability evaluation, and visualize the results through a drought vulnerability map to assist in decision-making and information sharing. The drought vulnerability assessment was based on the water supply capacity of regional water systems under different scenarios, with exposure, sensitivity, and secondary water resource capacity quantified and weighted in the evaluation. As a result of conducting a drought vulnerability assessment on 250 municipalities nationwide, regions that rely primarily on river or groundwater source for water intake were found to be more vulnerable to drought than those supplied by dams. Furthermore, municipalities located along the east coast, where rivers tend to be steep and short, exhibited higher vulnerability to drought.
文摘This study assesses vulnerability of agriculture to drought, using WINISAREG model and seasonal SPI2-index for eight climate regions （1951-2004）. Results relative to Plovdiv show that in soils of large TAW （total available water） net irrigation requirements NIRs range from 0 to 380 mm. In soils of small TAW, NIRs reach 440 mm in the very dry year. NIRs in Sofia/Silistra are about 100 mm smaller than in Plovdiv while in Sandanski they are 30-110 mm larger. Rainfed maize is associated with great yield variability （29% 〈 Cv 〈 72%）. Considering an economical RYD （relative yield decrease） threshold, 32% of years are risky when TA Wis large in Plovdiv that is double than in Sofia and half than in Sandanski. In North Bulgaria the risky years are 10% in Pleven/Silistra that is half than in Lom. In Plovdiv region reliable relationships （R2 〉 91%） were found relating the SPI2 ＂July-Aug.＂ with simulated RYD of rainfed maize while remaining relationships were less accurate （73% 〈 R2 〈 86%）. Economical losses are produced when High Peak Season SPI2 〈 ＋ 0.20 in Sandanski, SPI2 〈 - 0.50 in Plovdiv and SPI2 〈 - 0.90 in Sofia. In North Bulgaria the SPI2 threshold ranges from - 0.75 to - 1.50. Derived reliable relationships and SPl-thresholds are used for drought vulnerability mapping.
文摘Electrical resistivity method was used to assess groundwater potential and vulnerability of overburden aquifers at Onibu-Eja active open dumpsite, Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Eighteen Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) points and five 2-D imaging profiles established in five traverses at the periphery of the dumpsite were surveyed and analysed. The subsurface comprised of thin topsoil (resistivity 65 - 998 Ωm);heterogeneous weathered layer with resistivity 63 - 333 Ωm and thickness 0.7 - 8.5 m;weathered basement (resistivity 31 - 1253 Ωm and thickness 0.7 - 27.0 m) and fractured/fresh basement (resistivity 36 - 6213 Ωm). The 2-D inverse model of the profiles delineated low resistivity values ranging from 5 to 100 Ωm at a depth range of 10 - 20 m along traverses TR1-TR3 which is attributed to leachate percolation close to the dumpsite. The weathered basement was inclined relative to the dumpsite. The total overburden thickness varies from 6.9 to 33.7 m, with 20 and 40 m generally recommended as productive for groundwater abstraction in Southwestern Nigeria occurring in 61% of the area. Further, about 85% of the weathered layer resistivity values fall within medium groundwater potential (100 - 250 Ωm) and high groundwater potential (>250 Ωm). The ranking of groundwater potential as a function of saprolite (weathered basement) resistivity showed that 72% of the study area is characterized by optimum weathering (20 - 100 Ωm) and is classified as good groundwater potential. Fractured basement covered <30% of the study area. The evaluation of aquifer protective capacity has helped to classify the area into moderate, weak and poor protective capacities with moderate protective capacity zone covering 72%.
基金supported by the Daejeon University Research Grants(2016)scheme.
文摘Groundwater inundation occurs when rivers with high water levels are hydraulically connected to the adjacent riversides.Huge barrages constructed in South Korea have caused the river water levels and groundwater levels in the riversides to increase.We used a discriminant model with seven input variables,namely the sediment thickness,difference between the land elevation and river water level,difference between the groundwater and river water levels,soil drainage type,topsoil texture,subsoil texture,and hydrological soil feature classification,to develop a map of the groundwater inundation vulnerability along the basins of the Nakdong River.We estimated the groundwater levels in unmonitored areas with a linear regression model developed from the relationship between the distance from the river and the depth to the groundwater in 91 monitoring wells.We produced a grid map for the vulnerability with an optimum grid size of 100 m.We validated the groundwater inundation vulnerability map by comparing highly susceptible areas with swampy fields observed in a field survey.This result indicates that the vulnerability map will be helpful to forecast and prepare inundation in the riversides during the rainy season when the river water levels are inevitably high.
基金financially supported by the projects RTA2010-00066-CO2-01 and S2009-AGR-1489.
文摘Recently, de la Torre[1] provided an approach for assessing the vulnerability of European soils for tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and sulfamides contamination using a spatial risk assessment. It allowed identifying areas where vulnerable soil more occur, providing useful information for policies designed to reduce contamination. In the current study, this approach was applied to a local level, the autonomous region of Castile and León (C&L), located in the north-west part of Spain. High accurate and reliable source data were employed to generate a soil vulnerability map for tetracyclines in the study area, attempting to improve the release and consequence risk prediction. More specifically, pig density, temperature and soil use risk estimators were improved using data from national or local databases. Result comparison between the European and the present approach showed a good agreement demonstrating the utility of the European vulnerability map to be employed not only at global level but also for deciding how to allocate limited resources on national or subnational environmental surveillance programs of antibiotics. The model application at local level using more accurate data from national or local sources, afforded a better understanding of the spatial distribution of the risk, mainly associated with the higher accuracy of the national land use database SIOSE. It could offer a useful tool for local management of the risk, such as the management of animal manures fertilization on soil.
文摘The mapping of vulnerability and resilience has become an important tool for vulnerability and resilience research.By definition,maps are selective representations.However,the predominant methods of mapping also have constraints.When addressing vulnerability and resilience,these limitations,barriers,and blind spots have to be taken into account.Some aspects cannot be easily mapped,such as specific forms of knowledge and interpretation,the processuality of vulnerability and resilience,the dynamics of social processes,the context of origin,the establishment of contingent interpretations,and so on.These limitations are not only theoretically important,but also are practically significant,since maps themselves become dispositifs.They are regarded as representations of reality,shape particular interpretations of vulnerability and resilience,and are used as a basis for decision-making.If the unmapped preconditions of mapping remain unconsidered,this can lead to problematic side effects.
文摘The research paper aims at understanding the level of climate change risk of the Haor areas of Bangladesh. It follows a participatory approach, using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) to identify important climate change induced hazards, assess the probability of occurrences of the hazards and level of their consequences. Using geo-spatial techniques, the paper prepares hazard risk maps and risk hotspot maps. Policy documents, previous researches, and Government statistics and reports helped to develop the concepts and planning of the research. The unparalleled hydro-ecological attributes of Haor areas pose both opportunities and constraints for the local population. Poverty, lack of basic infrastructure and amenities, awareness and external support have already put the people in Haor areas in a vulnerable situation while the recurring natural hazards and shifting pattern of climate are making the constraints nearly unmanageable. Excessive rainfall in the monsoon and drought in the dry season is affecting the farming and fishery-based communities the most. The community perceptions on hazards, their occurrences, consequences and relative importance of each hazard for the agriculture or fisheries sector in the study area have been collected from the FGDs and subsequently analyzed to produce individual and multi-hazard risk maps for the area based on scoring. This information is also used to rank the Upazillas in the study area depending on risk level. The community people were also asked to select the important elements or structural facilities at risk in their area needed for their life and livelihood. Based on this selection, risk hotspot map for the study area has been prepared using GIS based weighted overlay methods. The final risk hotspot map identifies about hundred unions in the area as hotspots. This paper might encourage the local government organizations to make choice on the interven</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tion as well as intervention needs for protecting livelihoods in the study area. The results of the study will be helpful in planning adaptation options for future for the study area as well as effectively allocate resources/investments to protect population and livelihoods from possible climate change induced hazards.
