This research was aimed at finding out the efficiency of the portable electronic vulcanizer. The old vulcanizing equipment was upgraded to save time, investment, manpower and to eliminate the problem of gas emission i...This research was aimed at finding out the efficiency of the portable electronic vulcanizer. The old vulcanizing equipment was upgraded to save time, investment, manpower and to eliminate the problem of gas emission in vulcanization. The study also determined the accurate temperature setting and duration of vulcanizing process using electronic vulcanizer which eliminated the problem of gas emission produced by the conventional (gas fired) vulcanizer of about 2.772 kg of carbon dioxide for 1 liter of diesel fuel and/or 2.331 kg of carbon dioxide for 1 liter of petrol into the atmosphere. In constructing this vulcanizer, a letter G body configuration made of GI pipe with 31.5 cm long lag bolt with some electronic parts were installed, like the analog temperature gauge, digital timer, relay, LED, buzzer, switch, and heating element. Specifically, the product is divided into three components: base or body, control panel board and the heating unit. The effectiveness level of the equipment was tested utilizing five different temperatures at a constant and variable time. For Class A gum, the best temperature which bonded the gum exactly to the rubber tire was 60℃ in 1 minute while Class B gum was bonded at 60℃ in 2 minutes. The rate of energy consumed by the electronic vulcanizer for Class A gum was Php 0.0757 with an efficiency of 85.22% and for Class B gum was Php 0.15 with an efficiency of 85.22% and for conventional vulcanizer for Class A gum was Php 1.08 with an efficiency of 43.38% and for Class B gum was Php 1.52, with an efficiency of 78.08%. The study revealed that more tires could be vulcanized in a short period of time, therefore providing greater income over time. It is also environment-friendly since it does not emit carbon dioxide as compared to the conventional vulcanizing.展开更多
The thioacetamide derivative(TD)-composite preservation system(TDCPS)exhibits superior preservation effects on natural rubber latex(NRL)and significantly enhances its vulcanization efficiency and mechanical properties...The thioacetamide derivative(TD)-composite preservation system(TDCPS)exhibits superior preservation effects on natural rubber latex(NRL)and significantly enhances its vulcanization efficiency and mechanical properties.This study primarily investigated the principal chemical groups and mechanism of action of TDCPS in promoting NRL vulcanization through a comparative analysis.The results indicated that the key functional groups(thioamide and pyridine)in TDCPS synergistically accelerated crosslinking,reducing the vulcanization time by 41.18%compared to the high-ammonia(HA)preservation system.At an optimal TDCPS dosage of 5 mmol·L^(−1),vulcanized films achieved a tensile strength of 34.18 MPa,with a sulfur content of 1.5 phr further improving the strength by 42.26%.TD outperformed the conventional accelerators 2-imidazolidinethione(ETU)and 3-hydroxypyridine(3-Hp)in promoting the crosslinking density and mechanical performance while eliminating ammonia-related environmental risks.This eco-friendly system demonstrates the industrial potential for sustainable rubber production.展开更多
An inverse vulcanized polymer,SZIM combining Zn2+-imidazole coordination bonds and polysulfide bonds was synthesized and incorporated into bio-based Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) to generate EUG-SZIM-xs.The residual cry...An inverse vulcanized polymer,SZIM combining Zn2+-imidazole coordination bonds and polysulfide bonds was synthesized and incorporated into bio-based Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) to generate EUG-SZIM-xs.The residual crystallinity of the EUG matrix synergistically interacted with the dual cross-linking networks to establish reversible deformation domains,providing EUG-SZIM-xs with quick shape memory capability at moderate temperatures.The damping properties were also investigated,and EUG-SZIM-xs displayed high tanδ values (>0.3) when the SZIM dosage was higher than 5.5 phr,which showed a positive correlation with SZIM concentration.Such good damping performance endowed the EUG-SZIM-xs with broadband low-frequency sound absorption.In addition,the dual cross-linking networks endowed the materials with reprocessability under different catalytic systems,and the 1,8-diazobicyclic[5.4.0]undeca-7-ene (DBU)-catalyzed samples exhibited better mechanical properties than EUG-SZIM-xs.展开更多
This study delves into the pivotal role of sulfur vulcanization in defining the mechanical characteristics of natural rubber(NR)latex-dipped products.Utilizing sulfur vulcanization,known for its operational simplicity...This study delves into the pivotal role of sulfur vulcanization in defining the mechanical characteristics of natural rubber(NR)latex-dipped products.Utilizing sulfur vulcanization,known for its operational simplicity and cost-effectiveness,we examine its ability to enhance product elasticity and mechanical strength through various sulfidic bond formations such as mono-,di-,and polysulfidic bonds.Different vulcanization systems and sulfur contents were evaluated for their influence on the mechanical attributes of latex films,employing three types of NR latex,namely concentrated NR(CNR),deproteinized NR(DPNR),and small rubber particle NR(SRP),each representing distinct non-rubber components(NRCs).The study utilized advanced atomic force microscopy(AFM)equipped with PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping(QNM)to visualize and measure Young’s modulus distribution across the film of pre-vulcanized latex.Our findings reveal that films by CNR processed using the conventional vulcanization(CV)system exhibited enhanced tensile strength and elongation at break.It even showed a lower crosslink density than those processed using the efficient vulcanization(EV)system.Interestingly,DPNR films showed a more uniform distribution of Young’s modulus,correlating well with their superior mechanical strength.In contrast,SRP films showed excessive network structure formation in the particles due to accelerated vulcanization rates,hampering subsequent post-vulcanization interparticle crosslinking in film formation and remaining more rigid.The overall results Illustrate clearly that the ultimate mechanical properties of the latex films are strongly dependent on the type of sulfidic bonds formed.This research reveals further the very intricate relationship between the vulcanization methods,sulfur content,and latex type in optimizing the mechanical performance of NR latex products.It provides valuable insights for industry practices aimed at improving the quality and performance of latex-dipped goods.展开更多
Rubbers or elastomers play an important role in hi-tech technology and civilian daily life because of their unique and strategical properties.Generally,the rubber additives are essential components for rubbers’practi...Rubbers or elastomers play an important role in hi-tech technology and civilian daily life because of their unique and strategical properties.Generally,the rubber additives are essential components for rubbers’practical application.Nowadays,developing novel multifunctional additives has attracted increasing research attention.In this work,low-cost crude carbon dots(CCDs)were used as multifunctional additives for natural rubber/silica system(without any additional modification)through industrial compatible melt-mixing method.The results revealed that the CCDs could disperse well in the NR/silica system,and they could not only endow the rubber compound with excellent anti-aging capability due to CCDs’radical scavenging activity because of their plenty of nitrogen-containing species,but also improve the curing rate and mechanical performance of the rubber composite.Also,the CCDs could reduce the rolling resistance of the rubber composites(tanδvalue at 7%strain of the rubber composite could be decreased by 34%),which is promising for the application of energy-saving tire industry.Lastly,the addition of CCDs could effectively reduce the ZnO dosage by at least 40%in the rubber composite without deteriorating its performance.Overall,this work provides valuable guidance to develop novel cheap yet effective additives for the elastomer.展开更多
Inverse vulcanized polymers(IVPs) that generated from elemental sulfur and smaller amounts of alkenes have found broad promising applications such as cathode materials for Li-S batteries, dynamic and repairable materi...Inverse vulcanized polymers(IVPs) that generated from elemental sulfur and smaller amounts of alkenes have found broad promising applications such as cathode materials for Li-S batteries, dynamic and repairable materials, optics applications, and metal sorption. However, their exploration in organic synthesis is still unprecedented. Here we first report the application of inverse vulcanized polymers in catalysis for organic transformations. A biomass-derived inverse vulcanized polymer(IVP-EAE) is found to be capable of catalyzing cross-coupling reactions in a transition-metal-free fashion under visible light.This method allows the direct C–H functionalization of pyrroles and N-arylacrylamides with(hetero)aryl halides, respectively, leading to the formation of two sets of structurally important scaffolds including pyrrole-containing biaryls and 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles with high selectivity. We anticipate this study will not only unveil the new potential of IVPs, but also offer a distinct type of catalysts for organic transformations.展开更多
In order to reduce the temperature difference caused by condensed water in vulcanized tire capsules,the flow field and temperature field inside vulcanized tire capsules were numerically simulated by setting three diff...In order to reduce the temperature difference caused by condensed water in vulcanized tire capsules,the flow field and temperature field inside vulcanized tire capsules were numerically simulated by setting three different intake angles based onvolume of fluid(VOF)multiphase flow model.When the intake air is blown to the upper and lower tire sides of the vulcanized capsule at 18°from the horizontal direction,the distribution of condensed water at the bottom of the capsule changes obviously due to the effect of vorticity flow,and the distribution along the wall is more uniform.When the inlet air is blown down the tire side,the condensate is most evenly distributed along the wall,and the maximum temperature difference drops to 9.5℃.The results show that changing the distribution of condensed water by adjusting the proper intake angle can effectively reduce the temperature difference of condensed water in vulcanized capsules.展开更多
The SiO_2 nanoparticles were coated on the surface of graphene oxide(GO) by sol-gel method to get the SiO_2-G compound.The SiO_2-G was restored and oleophylically modified to prepare hydrophobic modified SiO_2-G(HM-Si...The SiO_2 nanoparticles were coated on the surface of graphene oxide(GO) by sol-gel method to get the SiO_2-G compound.The SiO_2-G was restored and oleophylically modified to prepare hydrophobic modified SiO_2-G(HM-SiO_2-G) which was subsequently added to silicone rubber matrix to prepare two-component room temperature vulcanized(RTV-2) thermal conductive silicone rubber. The morphology, chemical structure and dispersity of the modified graphene were characterized with SEM, FTIR, Raman, and XPS methods.In addition, the heat-resistance behavior, mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of the RTV-2 silicone rubber were also studied systematically. The results showed that the SiO_2 nanoparticles were coated on graphene oxide successfully, and HM-SiO_2-G was uniformly dispersed in RTV-2 silicone rubber. The addition of HM-SiO_2-G could effectively improve the thermal stability, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of RTV-2 silicone rubber and had no great influence on the electrical insulation performance.展开更多
Kinetics of natural rubber （NR） vulcanization by lanthanum O, O＇-diisopropyldithiophosphate [ La（DiPDP）3 ] was studied. La（DiPDP）3 had remarkable accelerating effect on the vulcanization of NR. The rate constan...Kinetics of natural rubber （NR） vulcanization by lanthanum O, O＇-diisopropyldithiophosphate [ La（DiPDP）3 ] was studied. La（DiPDP）3 had remarkable accelerating effect on the vulcanization of NR. The rate constant k6 of the reaction that turned polysulphidic cross-links into the modified main chain was higher than that of desulfuration reaction of polysulfidic cross-links （k3 ）. The activation energies （Ea2, Ea3, and Ea6） of the formation, desulfuration, and decomposition of polysulfidic cross-links were 87.57,102.34, and 95.01 kJ · mol^-1, respectively. Activation energy （Eas） of the reaction that turned the cross-link precursors into the modified main chain was 82.67 kJ · mol^-1. It could be concluded that the proportion of polysulphidic cross-links was higher than mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links during induction and curing periods, mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links increased as curing temperature rose. In the temperature range of 140 - 160 ℃, the amounts of polysulphidic cross-links were similar. However, over 160℃, mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links increased rapidly. Moreover, cross-link density of the vulcanizates was determined from the equilibrium-swelling data. A chemical probe detected the concentration of polysulphidic cross-links of vulcanizates. The change trend of the results predicated from equation corresponded to that of the experimental results.展开更多
The fabrication of magnetorheological （MR） elastomers was studied by two vulcanization methods, including heat vulcanization （HV） and radiation vulcanization （RV）, were employed to fabricate MRE samples. The dyn...The fabrication of magnetorheological （MR） elastomers was studied by two vulcanization methods, including heat vulcanization （HV） and radiation vulcanization （RV）, were employed to fabricate MRE samples. The dynamical mechanical properties were characterized by using a dynamic mechanic analyzer. In particular, both the MR effect and its durability were investigated. The experimental results showed that RV samples have large magnetoinduced modulus, large zero-field modulus, and good durability property of MR effect. To explain these results, cubic deformation and plasticizer migration were analyzed. Large magneto-induced modulus of RV sample results from cubic deformation during vulcanization process. And the plasticizer migration results in better durability of MR effect.展开更多
文摘This research was aimed at finding out the efficiency of the portable electronic vulcanizer. The old vulcanizing equipment was upgraded to save time, investment, manpower and to eliminate the problem of gas emission in vulcanization. The study also determined the accurate temperature setting and duration of vulcanizing process using electronic vulcanizer which eliminated the problem of gas emission produced by the conventional (gas fired) vulcanizer of about 2.772 kg of carbon dioxide for 1 liter of diesel fuel and/or 2.331 kg of carbon dioxide for 1 liter of petrol into the atmosphere. In constructing this vulcanizer, a letter G body configuration made of GI pipe with 31.5 cm long lag bolt with some electronic parts were installed, like the analog temperature gauge, digital timer, relay, LED, buzzer, switch, and heating element. Specifically, the product is divided into three components: base or body, control panel board and the heating unit. The effectiveness level of the equipment was tested utilizing five different temperatures at a constant and variable time. For Class A gum, the best temperature which bonded the gum exactly to the rubber tire was 60℃ in 1 minute while Class B gum was bonded at 60℃ in 2 minutes. The rate of energy consumed by the electronic vulcanizer for Class A gum was Php 0.0757 with an efficiency of 85.22% and for Class B gum was Php 0.15 with an efficiency of 85.22% and for conventional vulcanizer for Class A gum was Php 1.08 with an efficiency of 43.38% and for Class B gum was Php 1.52, with an efficiency of 78.08%. The study revealed that more tires could be vulcanized in a short period of time, therefore providing greater income over time. It is also environment-friendly since it does not emit carbon dioxide as compared to the conventional vulcanizing.
基金the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Chinathe Department of Science and Technology of the Hainan Province for their support+2 种基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No. 2022YFD2301201)Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund (No. ZDYF2024XDNY284)Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (No.CARS-33-JG1)
文摘The thioacetamide derivative(TD)-composite preservation system(TDCPS)exhibits superior preservation effects on natural rubber latex(NRL)and significantly enhances its vulcanization efficiency and mechanical properties.This study primarily investigated the principal chemical groups and mechanism of action of TDCPS in promoting NRL vulcanization through a comparative analysis.The results indicated that the key functional groups(thioamide and pyridine)in TDCPS synergistically accelerated crosslinking,reducing the vulcanization time by 41.18%compared to the high-ammonia(HA)preservation system.At an optimal TDCPS dosage of 5 mmol·L^(−1),vulcanized films achieved a tensile strength of 34.18 MPa,with a sulfur content of 1.5 phr further improving the strength by 42.26%.TD outperformed the conventional accelerators 2-imidazolidinethione(ETU)and 3-hydroxypyridine(3-Hp)in promoting the crosslinking density and mechanical performance while eliminating ammonia-related environmental risks.This eco-friendly system demonstrates the industrial potential for sustainable rubber production.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2024JJ7392)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52463002)+1 种基金Educational Commission of Hunan Province(No.22A0383)Special Funds for Construction of Innovative Provinces in Hunan Province(No.2020SK2028).
文摘An inverse vulcanized polymer,SZIM combining Zn2+-imidazole coordination bonds and polysulfide bonds was synthesized and incorporated into bio-based Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) to generate EUG-SZIM-xs.The residual crystallinity of the EUG matrix synergistically interacted with the dual cross-linking networks to establish reversible deformation domains,providing EUG-SZIM-xs with quick shape memory capability at moderate temperatures.The damping properties were also investigated,and EUG-SZIM-xs displayed high tanδ values (>0.3) when the SZIM dosage was higher than 5.5 phr,which showed a positive correlation with SZIM concentration.Such good damping performance endowed the EUG-SZIM-xs with broadband low-frequency sound absorption.In addition,the dual cross-linking networks endowed the materials with reprocessability under different catalytic systems,and the 1,8-diazobicyclic[5.4.0]undeca-7-ene (DBU)-catalyzed samples exhibited better mechanical properties than EUG-SZIM-xs.
基金supported by Mahidol University(Fundamental Fund:fiscal year 2024 by the National Science Research and Innovation Fund(NSRF),FF-078/2567)Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences for Science and Technology Innovation Team of National Tropical Agricultural Science Center(No.CATASCXTD202401)the National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)via the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program(No.PHD/0150/2560)。
文摘This study delves into the pivotal role of sulfur vulcanization in defining the mechanical characteristics of natural rubber(NR)latex-dipped products.Utilizing sulfur vulcanization,known for its operational simplicity and cost-effectiveness,we examine its ability to enhance product elasticity and mechanical strength through various sulfidic bond formations such as mono-,di-,and polysulfidic bonds.Different vulcanization systems and sulfur contents were evaluated for their influence on the mechanical attributes of latex films,employing three types of NR latex,namely concentrated NR(CNR),deproteinized NR(DPNR),and small rubber particle NR(SRP),each representing distinct non-rubber components(NRCs).The study utilized advanced atomic force microscopy(AFM)equipped with PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping(QNM)to visualize and measure Young’s modulus distribution across the film of pre-vulcanized latex.Our findings reveal that films by CNR processed using the conventional vulcanization(CV)system exhibited enhanced tensile strength and elongation at break.It even showed a lower crosslink density than those processed using the efficient vulcanization(EV)system.Interestingly,DPNR films showed a more uniform distribution of Young’s modulus,correlating well with their superior mechanical strength.In contrast,SRP films showed excessive network structure formation in the particles due to accelerated vulcanization rates,hampering subsequent post-vulcanization interparticle crosslinking in film formation and remaining more rigid.The overall results Illustrate clearly that the ultimate mechanical properties of the latex films are strongly dependent on the type of sulfidic bonds formed.This research reveals further the very intricate relationship between the vulcanization methods,sulfur content,and latex type in optimizing the mechanical performance of NR latex products.It provides valuable insights for industry practices aimed at improving the quality and performance of latex-dipped goods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52103065,51988102 and 52273003)the scientific research fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology(No.K2021044).
文摘Rubbers or elastomers play an important role in hi-tech technology and civilian daily life because of their unique and strategical properties.Generally,the rubber additives are essential components for rubbers’practical application.Nowadays,developing novel multifunctional additives has attracted increasing research attention.In this work,low-cost crude carbon dots(CCDs)were used as multifunctional additives for natural rubber/silica system(without any additional modification)through industrial compatible melt-mixing method.The results revealed that the CCDs could disperse well in the NR/silica system,and they could not only endow the rubber compound with excellent anti-aging capability due to CCDs’radical scavenging activity because of their plenty of nitrogen-containing species,but also improve the curing rate and mechanical performance of the rubber composite.Also,the CCDs could reduce the rolling resistance of the rubber composites(tanδvalue at 7%strain of the rubber composite could be decreased by 34%),which is promising for the application of energy-saving tire industry.Lastly,the addition of CCDs could effectively reduce the ZnO dosage by at least 40%in the rubber composite without deteriorating its performance.Overall,this work provides valuable guidance to develop novel cheap yet effective additives for the elastomer.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Nos. 22071024, 22271047)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Nos.2021J06020, 2022J011121)the Top-Notch Young Talents Program of China, and the Science and Technology Project of Minjiang University (No.MJY21027) for generous financial support。
文摘Inverse vulcanized polymers(IVPs) that generated from elemental sulfur and smaller amounts of alkenes have found broad promising applications such as cathode materials for Li-S batteries, dynamic and repairable materials, optics applications, and metal sorption. However, their exploration in organic synthesis is still unprecedented. Here we first report the application of inverse vulcanized polymers in catalysis for organic transformations. A biomass-derived inverse vulcanized polymer(IVP-EAE) is found to be capable of catalyzing cross-coupling reactions in a transition-metal-free fashion under visible light.This method allows the direct C–H functionalization of pyrroles and N-arylacrylamides with(hetero)aryl halides, respectively, leading to the formation of two sets of structurally important scaffolds including pyrrole-containing biaryls and 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles with high selectivity. We anticipate this study will not only unveil the new potential of IVPs, but also offer a distinct type of catalysts for organic transformations.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52176040)Shandong Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2021ME161)the Science and Technology SMES Innovation Ability Improvement of Shandong Province(No.2023TSGC0290)。
文摘In order to reduce the temperature difference caused by condensed water in vulcanized tire capsules,the flow field and temperature field inside vulcanized tire capsules were numerically simulated by setting three different intake angles based onvolume of fluid(VOF)multiphase flow model.When the intake air is blown to the upper and lower tire sides of the vulcanized capsule at 18°from the horizontal direction,the distribution of condensed water at the bottom of the capsule changes obviously due to the effect of vorticity flow,and the distribution along the wall is more uniform.When the inlet air is blown down the tire side,the condensate is most evenly distributed along the wall,and the maximum temperature difference drops to 9.5℃.The results show that changing the distribution of condensed water by adjusting the proper intake angle can effectively reduce the temperature difference of condensed water in vulcanized capsules.
基金the Guangdong Province Science and Technology projects(No.2017A040402005)Guangdong Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision Science and Technology projects(No.2017CT30)for financial support of this work
文摘The SiO_2 nanoparticles were coated on the surface of graphene oxide(GO) by sol-gel method to get the SiO_2-G compound.The SiO_2-G was restored and oleophylically modified to prepare hydrophobic modified SiO_2-G(HM-SiO_2-G) which was subsequently added to silicone rubber matrix to prepare two-component room temperature vulcanized(RTV-2) thermal conductive silicone rubber. The morphology, chemical structure and dispersity of the modified graphene were characterized with SEM, FTIR, Raman, and XPS methods.In addition, the heat-resistance behavior, mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of the RTV-2 silicone rubber were also studied systematically. The results showed that the SiO_2 nanoparticles were coated on graphene oxide successfully, and HM-SiO_2-G was uniformly dispersed in RTV-2 silicone rubber. The addition of HM-SiO_2-G could effectively improve the thermal stability, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of RTV-2 silicone rubber and had no great influence on the electrical insulation performance.
基金Project supported by the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (05006563)
文摘Kinetics of natural rubber （NR） vulcanization by lanthanum O, O＇-diisopropyldithiophosphate [ La（DiPDP）3 ] was studied. La（DiPDP）3 had remarkable accelerating effect on the vulcanization of NR. The rate constant k6 of the reaction that turned polysulphidic cross-links into the modified main chain was higher than that of desulfuration reaction of polysulfidic cross-links （k3 ）. The activation energies （Ea2, Ea3, and Ea6） of the formation, desulfuration, and decomposition of polysulfidic cross-links were 87.57,102.34, and 95.01 kJ · mol^-1, respectively. Activation energy （Eas） of the reaction that turned the cross-link precursors into the modified main chain was 82.67 kJ · mol^-1. It could be concluded that the proportion of polysulphidic cross-links was higher than mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links during induction and curing periods, mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links increased as curing temperature rose. In the temperature range of 140 - 160 ℃, the amounts of polysulphidic cross-links were similar. However, over 160℃, mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links increased rapidly. Moreover, cross-link density of the vulcanizates was determined from the equilibrium-swelling data. A chemical probe detected the concentration of polysulphidic cross-links of vulcanizates. The change trend of the results predicated from equation corresponded to that of the experimental results.
基金The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.10672154）.
文摘The fabrication of magnetorheological （MR） elastomers was studied by two vulcanization methods, including heat vulcanization （HV） and radiation vulcanization （RV）, were employed to fabricate MRE samples. The dynamical mechanical properties were characterized by using a dynamic mechanic analyzer. In particular, both the MR effect and its durability were investigated. The experimental results showed that RV samples have large magnetoinduced modulus, large zero-field modulus, and good durability property of MR effect. To explain these results, cubic deformation and plasticizer migration were analyzed. Large magneto-induced modulus of RV sample results from cubic deformation during vulcanization process. And the plasticizer migration results in better durability of MR effect.
