A robust iterative method suitable for the numerical simulation of high angle-of-attack vortex flows is established based upon the multiple line-vortex model(MLVM).With symmetric or asymmetric positions of sep- aratio...A robust iterative method suitable for the numerical simulation of high angle-of-attack vortex flows is established based upon the multiple line-vortex model(MLVM).With symmetric or asymmetric positions of sep- aration lines given,the first converged solution at an angle of attack as high as 60 degree is obtained by means of the present method.Numerical experiments for a tangent-ogive forebody indicate the viscous onset mechanism of asymmetric vortex flows over a body of revolution at high angles of attack and zero sideslip.展开更多
Turbulence kinetic energies in confined vortex flows have been studied. The studies were based on the experiments performed in a vortex chamber. In the experiments, a Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) was used to perform...Turbulence kinetic energies in confined vortex flows have been studied. The studies were based on the experiments performed in a vortex chamber. In the experiments, a Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) was used to perform flow measurements inside the vortex chamber, which provided the data for the kinetic energy analysis. The studies concentrated on the influences of the contraction ratio and the inlet air flow rate on the kinetic energy, and analyzed the characteristics of the kinetic energy in the confined vortex flows, including the distributions of the tangential component, radial component and total turbulence kinetic energy. In the paper, both the experimental techniques and the experimental results were presented. Based on a similarity analysis and the experimental data, an empirical scaling formula was proposed so that the tangential component of the turbulence kinetic energy was dependent only on the parameter of the contraction ratio.展开更多
Regional turbofan aircraft,which are used for medium-short distances,have a heightened risk of high-altitude Wake Vortices(VV)because of their tail-mounted engines and high horizontal tail configurations.For some regi...Regional turbofan aircraft,which are used for medium-short distances,have a heightened risk of high-altitude Wake Vortices(VV)because of their tail-mounted engines and high horizontal tail configurations.For some regional medium-short-range turbofan aircraft,this threat is higher than that for conventionally designed aircraft.To analyze the flight safety of turbofan aircraft during cruise,this study developed a model to assess wake vortex encounters based on evolutionary high-altitude wake flow patterns.First,the high-altitude wake vortex aircraft dissipation patterns were analyzed by combining Quick Access Recorder(QAR)flight data with the wake vortex evolution model.Then,to consider the uniqueness of the medium-short-range turbofan aircraft,the severity of the wake vortex encounters was simulated using an induced roll moment coefficient.The proposed high-altitude wake vortex encounter model was able to identify and assess the highaltitude wake vortex changes,the bearing moments at different altitudes,and the atmospheric pressure conditions.Using the latest wake separation standards from the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO),acceptable safety wake intervals for follower aircraft in different scenarios were determined for the safety assessment.The results indicate that compared to mid and low altitudes,the high-altitude aircraft wake vortex dissipation rate is faster,the ultimate bearing moment is weaker,and the roll moment coefficient is higher,which confirm that there is elevated wake vortex encounter severity for regional turbofan aircraft.As safety is found to deteriorate when encountering wake vortices at altitudes higher than 8 km,new medium-short-range turbofan regional aircraft require higher safety margins than the latest wake separation standards.展开更多
A type of flow unsteadiness with low frequencies and large amplitude was investigated experimentally for vortex wakes around an ogive-tangent cylinder. The experiments were carried out at angles of attack of 60–80 an...A type of flow unsteadiness with low frequencies and large amplitude was investigated experimentally for vortex wakes around an ogive-tangent cylinder. The experiments were carried out at angles of attack of 60–80 and subcritical Reynolds numbers of 0.6–1.8×105. The reduced frequencies of the unsteadiness are between 0.038 and 0.072, much less than the frequency of Karman vortex shedding. The unsteady flow induces large fluctuations of sectional side forces. The results of pressure measurements and particle image velocimetry indicate that the flow unsteadiness comes from periodic oscillation of the vortex wakes over the slender body. The time-averaged vortex patterns over the slender body are asymmetric, whose orientation is dependent on azimuthal locations of tip perturbations. Therefore, the vortex oscillation is a type of unsteady oscillation around a time-averaged asymmetric vortex structure.展开更多
The Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry(SPIV)technology is applied to measure the wingtip vortices generated by the up-down symmetrical split winglet.Then,the temporal biglobal Linear Stability Analysis(bi-global LSA)is...The Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry(SPIV)technology is applied to measure the wingtip vortices generated by the up-down symmetrical split winglet.Then,the temporal biglobal Linear Stability Analysis(bi-global LSA)is performed on this nearly equal-strength corotating vortex pair,which is composed of an upper vortex(vortex-u)and a down vortex(vortex-d).The results show that the instability eigenvalue spectrum illustrated by(ωr,ω_(i))contains two types of branches:discrete branch and continuous branch.The discrete branch contains the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d,the secondary branch of vortex-d and coupled branch,of which all of the eigenvalues are located in the unstable half-plane ofω_(i)>0,indicating that the wingtip vortex pair is temporally unstable.By contrast,the eigenvalues of the continuous branch are concentrated on the half-plane ofω_(i)<0 and the perturbation modes correspond to the freestream perturbation.In the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d,Mode P_(u) and Mode Pd are the primary perturbation modes,which exhibit the structures enclosed with azimuthal wavenumber m and radial wavenumber n,respectively.Besides,the results of stability curves for vortex-u and vortex-d demonstrate that the instability growth rates of vortex-u are larger than those of vortex-d,and the perturbation energy of Mode P_(u) is also larger than that of Mode Pd.Moreover,the perturbation energy of Mode P_(u) is up to 0.02650 and accounts for 33.56%percent in the corresponding branch,thereby indicating that the instability development of wingtip vortex is dominated by Mode P_(u).By further investigating the topological structures of Mode P_(u) and Mode Pd with streamwise wavenumbers,the most unstable perturbation mode with a large azimuthal wavenumber of m=5-6 is identified,which imposes on the entire core region of vortex-u.This large azimuthal wavenumber perturbation mode can suggest the potential physical-based flow control strategy by manipulating it.展开更多
An Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model was developed to study the vortex flow inside a slab continuous casting mold with argon gas injection. Interracial momentum transfer that accommodated various interracial forces in...An Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model was developed to study the vortex flow inside a slab continuous casting mold with argon gas injection. Interracial momentum transfer that accommodated various interracial forces including drag force, lift force, virtual mass force, and turbulent dispersion force was considered. Predicted results agree well vaith experimental measurements of the water model in two-phase flow pattern and vortex flow structures. Three typical flow patterns with different argon steel ratios （ASRs） have been obtained： ＂double roll＂, ＂three roll＂, and ＂single roll＂. The flow pattern inside the mold alternates among the three types or it may attain some intermedi ate condition. With increasing ASR, the positions of vortices move from the submerged entry nozzle to the narrow face of the mold, and the sizes of vortices are reduced gradually. The rotating directions of vortices are all from high velocity area to low velocity area. Two mechanisms of vortex formation on the top surface have been suggested, i. e. , congruous shear flow and incongruous shear flow.展开更多
A vortex electrostatic precipitator （VEP） forms a vortex flow field within a precipitator by means of the vertical staggered layout of the double-vortex collecting plate facing the direction of the gas flow. The ion...A vortex electrostatic precipitator （VEP） forms a vortex flow field within a precipitator by means of the vertical staggered layout of the double-vortex collecting plate facing the direction of the gas flow. The ion concentrations within the precipitator can be significantly increased. Correspondingly, the charging and coagulation rates of fine particles and particle migration velocity are significantly improved within the VEP. Since it can effectively collect fine particles and reduce precipitator size, VEPs represent a new type of electrostatic precipitator with great application potential. In this work the change curve of the external voltage, gas velocity, row spacing and effective collecting area influencing the precipitation efficiency were acquired through a single-factor experiment. Using an orthogonal regression design, attempts were made to analyze the major operating parameters influencing the collecting efficiency of fine particles, establish a multiple linear regression model and analyze the weights of factors and then acquire quantitative rules relating experimental indicators and factors. The regression model was optimized by MATLAB programming, and we then obtained the optimal factor combination which can enhance the efficiency of fine particle collection. The final optimized result is that： when gas velocity is 3.4 m s-1, the external voltage is 18 kV, row spacing is 100 mm and the effective collecting area is 1.13 m2, the rate of fine particle collection is 89.8867%. After determining and analyzing the state of the internal flow field within the VEP by particle image velocimetry （PIV）, the results show that, for a particular gas velocity, a vortex zone and laminar zone are distinctly formed within the VEP, which increases the ion transport ratio as well as the charging, coagulation and collection rates of fine particles within the precipitator, thus making further improvements in the efficiency of fine particle collection.展开更多
In this paper, trailing vortices generated by three wingtip configurations, namely the M6wing and the M6 wing with a blended or split winglet, are experimentally investigated using the Stereo Particle Image Velocimetr...In this paper, trailing vortices generated by three wingtip configurations, namely the M6wing and the M6 wing with a blended or split winglet, are experimentally investigated using the Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry(SPIV) technology. Then, linear stability analysis is performed to investigate instability characteristics. Three corresponding trailing vortex patterns, including the isolated trailing vortex without wake(pattern v) and with wake(pattern v-w), co-rotating vortex pair(pattern v-v), are observed in experiments. The strength of trailing vortices, characterized by circulation, is reduced after installing winglets as expected, and the strength of pattern v-v can be further suppressed compared with pattern v-w. Moreover, instability characteristics, such as the eigenvalue spectrum and perturbation mode, are distinctive among these three vortex patterns.The distribution of eigenvalue spectrums indicates that pattern v and pattern v-w are temporally“marginally stable”, while pattern v-v is temporally “unstable.” The primary perturbation mode of pattern v and pattern v-w is the m =-1 helical mode, while |m|>1 for the case of pattern v-v.The effect of vortex dynamics and instability characteristics can be concluded in two aspects.Firstly, the value of induced drag is polluted by about 3% from vortex wandering since vortex wandering affects the tangential velocity and streamwise vorticity of trailing vortices. Secondly, the growth rate and penetration depth perturbation mode affect trailing vortex evolution and further affect induced drag. Specifically, the larger the growth rate and penetration depth are, the more turbulence injects inside the vortex core, thus leading to a quicker and more intense attenuation of trailing vortex, as well as a smaller induced drag. This finding can guide us to manipulate the induced drag in flow control.展开更多
Aircraft wake turbulence is an inherent outcome of aircraft flight,presenting a substan-tial challenge to air traffic control,aviation safety and operational efficiency.Building upon data obtained from coherent Dopple...Aircraft wake turbulence is an inherent outcome of aircraft flight,presenting a substan-tial challenge to air traffic control,aviation safety and operational efficiency.Building upon data obtained from coherent Doppler Lidar detection,and combining Dynamic Bayesian Networks(DBN)with Genetic Algorithm-optimized Backpropagation Neural Networks(GA-BPNN),this paper proposes a model for the inversion of wake vortex parameters.During the wake vortex flow field simulation analysis,the wind and turbulent environment were initially superimposed onto the simulated wake velocity field.Subsequently,Lidar-detected echoes of the velocity field are simulated to obtain a data set similar to the actual situation for model training.In the case study validation,real measured data underwent preprocessing and were then input into the established model.This allowed us to construct the wake vortex characteristic parameter inversion model.The final results demonstrated that our model achieved parameter inversion with only minor errors.In a practical example,our model in this paper significantly reduced the mean square error of the inverted velocity field when compared to the traditional algorithm.This study holds significant promise for real-time monitoring of wake vortices at airports,and is proved a crucial step in developing wake vortex interval standards.展开更多
Nature has shown us that the microstructure of the skin of fast-swimming sharks in the ocean can reduce the skin friction drag due to the well-known shark-skin effect.In the present study,the effect of shark-skin-insp...Nature has shown us that the microstructure of the skin of fast-swimming sharks in the ocean can reduce the skin friction drag due to the well-known shark-skin effect.In the present study,the effect of shark-skin-inspired riblets on coherent vortex structures in a turbulent boundary layer（TBL） is investigated.This is done by means of tomographic particle image velocimetry（TPIV） measurements in channel fl ws over an acrylic plate of drag-reducing riblets at a friction Reynolds number of 190.The turbulent fl ws over drag-reducing riblets are verifie by a planar time-resolved particle image velocimetry（TRPIV） system initially,and then the TPIV measurements are performed.Two-dimensional（2D） experimental results with a dragreduction rate of around 4.81% are clearly visible over triangle riblets with a peak-to-peak spacing s＋of 14,indicating from the drag-reducing performance that the buffer layer within the TBL has thickened;the logarithmic law region has shifted upward and the Reynolds shear stress decreased.A comparison of the spatial topological distributions of the spanwise vorticity of coherent vortex structures extracted at different wall-normal heights through the improved quadrant splitting method shows that riblets weaken the amplitudesof the spanwise vorticity when ejection（Q2） and sweep（Q4） events occur at the near wall,having the greatest effect on Q4 events in particular.The so-called quadrupole statistical model for coherent structures in the whole TBL is verified Meanwhile,their spatial conditional-averaged topological shapes and the spatial scales of quadrupole coherent vortex structures as a whole in the overlying turbulent fl w over riblets are changed,suggesting that the riblets dampen the momentum and energy exchange between the regions of near-wall and outer portion of the TBL by depressing the bursting events（Q2 and Q4）,thereby reducing the skin friction drag.展开更多
In the steady operation condition, the experiments and the numerical simulations are used to investigate the tip leakage flow fields in three low pressure axial flow fans with three kinds of circumferential skewed rot...In the steady operation condition, the experiments and the numerical simulations are used to investigate the tip leakage flow fields in three low pressure axial flow fans with three kinds of circumferential skewed rotors, including the radial rotor, the forward-skewed rotor and the back- ward-skewed rotor. The three-dimensional viscous flow fields of the fans are computed. In the experiments, the two-dimensional plane particle image velocimetry （PIV） system is used to measure the flow fields in the tip region of three different pitchwise positions of each fan. The results show that the computational results agree well with the experimental data in the flow field of the tip region of each fan. The tip leakage vortex core segments based on method of the eigenmode analysis can display clearly some characteristics of the tip leakage vortex, such as the origination position of tip leak- age vortex, the development of vortex strength, and so on. Compared with the radial rotor, the other two skewed rotors can increase the stability of the tip leakage vortex and the increment in the forward-skewed rotor is more than that in the backward-skewed one. Among the tip leakage vortices of the three rotors, the velocity of the vortex in the forward-skewed rotor is th6 highest in the circumferential direction and the lowest in the axial direction.展开更多
To develop vortex generator jet （VGJ） method for flow control, the turbulence flow in a 14° conical diffuser with and without vortex generator jets are simulated by solving Navier-Stokes equations with k-ε tur...To develop vortex generator jet （VGJ） method for flow control, the turbulence flow in a 14° conical diffuser with and without vortex generator jets are simulated by solving Navier-Stokes equations with k-ε turbulence model. The diffuser performance, based on different velocity ratio （ratio of the jet speed to the mainstream velocity）, is investigated and compared with the experimental study. On the basis of the flow characteristics using computation fluid dynamics （CFD） method observed in the conical diffuser and the downstream development of the longitudinal vortices, attempt is made to correlate the pressure recovery coefficient with the behavior of vortices produced by vortex generator jets.展开更多
The concept vortex force in aerodynamics is sys- tematically examined based on a new steady vortex-force theory （Wu et al., Vorticity and vortex dynamics, Springer, 2006） which expresses the aerodynamic force （and ...The concept vortex force in aerodynamics is sys- tematically examined based on a new steady vortex-force theory （Wu et al., Vorticity and vortex dynamics, Springer, 2006） which expresses the aerodynamic force （and moment） by the volume and boundary integrals of the Lamb vector. In this paper, the underlying physics of this theory is explored, including the general role of the Lamb vector in non- linear aerodynamics, its initial formation, and its relevance to the total-pressure non-uniformity. As a typical example, the theory is applied to the flow over a slender delta wing at a large angle of attack. The highly localized flow structures with high Lamb-vector peaks are identified in terms of their net contribution to various constituents of the total aerody-namic force. This vortex-force diagnosis sheds new light on the flow control and configuration optimization.展开更多
This paper presents an experimental investigation of the circulation of the horseshoe vortex system within the equilibrium scour hole at a circular pier, with the data measured by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter （ADV...This paper presents an experimental investigation of the circulation of the horseshoe vortex system within the equilibrium scour hole at a circular pier, with the data measured by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter （ADV）. Velocity vector plots and vorticity contours of the flow field on the upstream plane of symmetry （y = 0 cm） and on the planes ：e3 cm away from the plane of symmetry Cv = ~3 cm） are presented. The vorticity and circulation of the horseshoe vortices were determined using the forward difference technique and Stokes theorem, respectively. The results show that the magnitudes of circulations are similar on the planes y = 3 cm and y = -3 cm, which are less than those on the plane y = 0 cm. The circulation decreases with the increase of flow shallowness, and increases with the densimetric Froude number. It also increases with the pier Reynolds number at a constant densimetric Froude number, or at a constant flow shallowness. The relative vortex strength （dimensionless circulation） decreases with the increase of the pier Reynolds number. Some empirical equations are proposed based on the results. The predicted circulation values with these equations match the measured data, which indicates that these equations can be used to estimate the circulation in future studies.展开更多
An attempt has been made to explore whether the power relation can be obtained from theoretical considerations. The classical laminar and turbulent boundary layer concepts have been employed to determine appropriate v...An attempt has been made to explore whether the power relation can be obtained from theoretical considerations. The classical laminar and turbulent boundary layer concepts have been employed to determine appropriate values of the scaling lengths associated with vortex shedding and shear layer frequencies to predict the power law relationship with Reynolds number. The predicted results are in good agreement with experimental results. The findings will provide a greater insight into the overall phenomenon involved.展开更多
Poppet valves have become increasingly significant in ensuring precise digital flow rate and pressure control in hydraulic systems,necessitating a more profound understanding of the geometrical properties of cavitatio...Poppet valves have become increasingly significant in ensuring precise digital flow rate and pressure control in hydraulic systems,necessitating a more profound understanding of the geometrical properties of cavitation in them,as well as associated flow-choking conditions.Through a comparative analysis with experimentally observed cavity images,we found that large eddy simulation(LES)turbulence modeling effectively replicates the geometrical properties of cavitation in these valves.The analysis demonstrated that cavitation is generated from vortices that result from the interaction between the notch contracta flow and the surrounding fluid structure.Variations in the internal or external vena contracta conditions result in fixed or discrete cavities,and the length-to-diameter ratio serves as a measure of the transition between internal and external vena contracta flow properties.This study establishes a threshold length-to-diameter ratio of approximately 2 for the tested poppet valves.More specifically,in notch structures with a smaller valve opening,longer sealing length,and smaller throttling angle(corresponding to a larger length-to-diameter ratio),the liquid-to-vapor transfer process is more evident than that in the reverse direction.A long-standing vapor cavity becomes fixed inside the notch,leading to a more pronounced flow-choking phenomenon.In contrast,for structures with a smaller length-to-diameter ratio,the cavitation process for discrete vapor cavities is more complete,ensuring fluid flow continuity and significantly reducing the occurrence of the flow-choking phenomenon.展开更多
During its evolution to the far field,the wingtip vortex exhibits complex instability behaviors such as long-wave/short-wave instability and vortex wandering.However,the quantification influence of vortex instability ...During its evolution to the far field,the wingtip vortex exhibits complex instability behaviors such as long-wave/short-wave instability and vortex wandering.However,the quantification influence of vortex instability on its velocity field statistics has not been well investigated.To this end,experimental measurements of a canonical wingtip vortex generated by an elliptical wing under various angles of attack and Reynolds numbers were conducted using particle image velocimetry.It is found that the streamwise variation of wandering amplitude presents an exponential growth within the middle-to-far wake region and asymptotically saturates to 10−1b in the far wake,which differs from the previous report of a linear growth trend in the nearwake region.Further,two average methods,i.e.,time average(TA)and ensemble average(EA),were adopted to compare the velocity field statistics.In both TA-and EA-obtained flow fields,the vortex radius rc,peak vorticity x p,and vortex circulationΓall demonstrate a power-law scaling with respect to the streamwise location,rc∝x^(kr),Ω_(x)^(p) ∝x^(-kω) and Г∝x^(kГ),respectively.For a full rolling-up wingtip vortex in the middle-to-far wake region,the fact that kГ=k_(ω)-2k_(r) demonstrates that the vortex circulation can be scaled Г=Ω_(x)^(p)(r_(c))^(2).On the other hand,TA overestimates the decay rate of peak vorticity k and the growth rate of vortex radius kr.Furthermore,the TA-introduced bias level of the peak vorticity and vortex radius is found to be scaled with an empirical scaling between the wandering amplitude by a power law,respectively.These findings provide significant practical value for detecting wake vortex in wake vortex spacing systems.展开更多
In a magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)driven fluid cell,a plane non-parallel flow in a square domain satisfying a free-slip boundary condition is examined.The energy dissipation of the flow is controlled by the viscosity and l...In a magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)driven fluid cell,a plane non-parallel flow in a square domain satisfying a free-slip boundary condition is examined.The energy dissipation of the flow is controlled by the viscosity and linear friction.The latter arises from the influence of the Hartmann bottom boundary layer in a three-dimensional(3D)MHD experiment in a square bottomed cell.The basic flow in this fluid system is a square eddy flow exhibiting a network of N~2 vortices rotating alternately in clockwise and anticlockwise directions.When N is odd,the instability of the flow gives rise to secondary steady-state flows and secondary time-periodic flows,exhibiting similar characteristics to those observed when N=3.For this reason,this study focuses on the instability of the square eddy flow of nine vortices.It is shown that there exist eight bi-critical values corresponding to the existence of eight neutral eigenfunction spaces.Especially,there exist non-real neutral eigenfunctions,which produce secondary time-periodic flows exhibiting vortices merging in an oscillatory manner.This Hopf bifurcation phenomenon has not been observed in earlier investigations.展开更多
Tool wear is a critical challenge in titanium alloy friction stir welding(FSW).Vortex flow-based FSW(VFSW)is a potential solution for this issue because the VFSW process uses a similar material to the base metal as th...Tool wear is a critical challenge in titanium alloy friction stir welding(FSW).Vortex flow-based FSW(VFSW)is a potential solution for this issue because the VFSW process uses a similar material to the base metal as the tool.In this study,TC4 titanium alloy was welded by VFSW for the first time.Parameter optimization of the vortex flow formation is first done,and then the weld formation and the joints'microstructure and mechanical performance are investigated at different traversing speeds.The results prove that the plunging velocity is the dominant factor in the vortex depth.A lower plunging speed is beneficial for the formation of a deeper vortex.Full penetration is achieved at traversing speeds of 50–120 mm/min at 300 r/min.At welding speed above 130 mm/min,insufficient penetration defects occur.In the heat affected zone,grain coarsening andβ-phase volume fraction increase arise,whereas,in the weld nugget,anα+βlamellar structure emerges.Under the optimized parameters,the joint tensile strength is nearly 98%of the base material,but the elongation decreases significantly.The oxides drawn into the weld by the vortex at the junction between the vortex and the base material are the main reason for the small elongation.This study proves that the VFSW process is feasible for titanium alloys.展开更多
Since the classical investigation of the Taylor vortex by G. I. Taylor in 1923, many researchers have studied the Taylor vortex as one of the most important vortex types in flow. In this study, the inner cylinder is r...Since the classical investigation of the Taylor vortex by G. I. Taylor in 1923, many researchers have studied the Taylor vortex as one of the most important vortex types in flow. In this study, the inner cylinder is rotating, while the outer cylinder, which is concentric with the inner cylinder, is stationary. In addition, the measurement of the velocity distribution is carried out by the PIV （Particle Image Velocimetry） method. The radius of the inner cylinder is 20 mm, and that of the outer cylinder is 30 mm. In this study, Re = 650-1,200 is assumed. In the upper part of the apparatus, movable ends are fixed to the upper and lower sides of the cylinder to change the aspect ratio. The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of cylinder height to gap distance. A servo motor to rotate the inner cylinder, a servo-motor control device, a servo amplifier for rotation speed control, and a YAG laser light source are installed in the apparatus. For the visualization of Taylor vortex flow, aluminum powder composed of scale like fine particles is used. As tracer particles used in the PIV method, fluorescent particles with a size of 48 Ixm were used. The governing equations are Navier-Stokes equations with cylindrical coordinates （r, θ, z） and the equations of continuity. Each physical value is nondimensionalized using the angular velocity of the inner cylinder as the representative velocity, and the radius difference between the inner and outer cylinders as the representative length. Discretization of the governing equations is based on the MAC method. The results of EFD and CFD （computational fluid dynamics） are compared. The mode bifurcation is observed, and the flow structure is investigated.展开更多
文摘A robust iterative method suitable for the numerical simulation of high angle-of-attack vortex flows is established based upon the multiple line-vortex model(MLVM).With symmetric or asymmetric positions of sep- aration lines given,the first converged solution at an angle of attack as high as 60 degree is obtained by means of the present method.Numerical experiments for a tangent-ogive forebody indicate the viscous onset mechanism of asymmetric vortex flows over a body of revolution at high angles of attack and zero sideslip.
文摘Turbulence kinetic energies in confined vortex flows have been studied. The studies were based on the experiments performed in a vortex chamber. In the experiments, a Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) was used to perform flow measurements inside the vortex chamber, which provided the data for the kinetic energy analysis. The studies concentrated on the influences of the contraction ratio and the inlet air flow rate on the kinetic energy, and analyzed the characteristics of the kinetic energy in the confined vortex flows, including the distributions of the tangential component, radial component and total turbulence kinetic energy. In the paper, both the experimental techniques and the experimental results were presented. Based on a similarity analysis and the experimental data, an empirical scaling formula was proposed so that the tangential component of the turbulence kinetic energy was dependent only on the parameter of the contraction ratio.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2333209,U1733203)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFF0603904)the Civil Aviation Administration of China(No.AQ20200019)。
文摘Regional turbofan aircraft,which are used for medium-short distances,have a heightened risk of high-altitude Wake Vortices(VV)because of their tail-mounted engines and high horizontal tail configurations.For some regional medium-short-range turbofan aircraft,this threat is higher than that for conventionally designed aircraft.To analyze the flight safety of turbofan aircraft during cruise,this study developed a model to assess wake vortex encounters based on evolutionary high-altitude wake flow patterns.First,the high-altitude wake vortex aircraft dissipation patterns were analyzed by combining Quick Access Recorder(QAR)flight data with the wake vortex evolution model.Then,to consider the uniqueness of the medium-short-range turbofan aircraft,the severity of the wake vortex encounters was simulated using an induced roll moment coefficient.The proposed high-altitude wake vortex encounter model was able to identify and assess the highaltitude wake vortex changes,the bearing moments at different altitudes,and the atmospheric pressure conditions.Using the latest wake separation standards from the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO),acceptable safety wake intervals for follower aircraft in different scenarios were determined for the safety assessment.The results indicate that compared to mid and low altitudes,the high-altitude aircraft wake vortex dissipation rate is faster,the ultimate bearing moment is weaker,and the roll moment coefficient is higher,which confirm that there is elevated wake vortex encounter severity for regional turbofan aircraft.As safety is found to deteriorate when encountering wake vortices at altitudes higher than 8 km,new medium-short-range turbofan regional aircraft require higher safety margins than the latest wake separation standards.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11272033)
文摘A type of flow unsteadiness with low frequencies and large amplitude was investigated experimentally for vortex wakes around an ogive-tangent cylinder. The experiments were carried out at angles of attack of 60–80 and subcritical Reynolds numbers of 0.6–1.8×105. The reduced frequencies of the unsteadiness are between 0.038 and 0.072, much less than the frequency of Karman vortex shedding. The unsteady flow induces large fluctuations of sectional side forces. The results of pressure measurements and particle image velocimetry indicate that the flow unsteadiness comes from periodic oscillation of the vortex wakes over the slender body. The time-averaged vortex patterns over the slender body are asymmetric, whose orientation is dependent on azimuthal locations of tip perturbations. Therefore, the vortex oscillation is a type of unsteady oscillation around a time-averaged asymmetric vortex structure.
基金co-supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB744802)Major Research of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91952302)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018 M642007)。
文摘The Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry(SPIV)technology is applied to measure the wingtip vortices generated by the up-down symmetrical split winglet.Then,the temporal biglobal Linear Stability Analysis(bi-global LSA)is performed on this nearly equal-strength corotating vortex pair,which is composed of an upper vortex(vortex-u)and a down vortex(vortex-d).The results show that the instability eigenvalue spectrum illustrated by(ωr,ω_(i))contains two types of branches:discrete branch and continuous branch.The discrete branch contains the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d,the secondary branch of vortex-d and coupled branch,of which all of the eigenvalues are located in the unstable half-plane ofω_(i)>0,indicating that the wingtip vortex pair is temporally unstable.By contrast,the eigenvalues of the continuous branch are concentrated on the half-plane ofω_(i)<0 and the perturbation modes correspond to the freestream perturbation.In the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d,Mode P_(u) and Mode Pd are the primary perturbation modes,which exhibit the structures enclosed with azimuthal wavenumber m and radial wavenumber n,respectively.Besides,the results of stability curves for vortex-u and vortex-d demonstrate that the instability growth rates of vortex-u are larger than those of vortex-d,and the perturbation energy of Mode P_(u) is also larger than that of Mode Pd.Moreover,the perturbation energy of Mode P_(u) is up to 0.02650 and accounts for 33.56%percent in the corresponding branch,thereby indicating that the instability development of wingtip vortex is dominated by Mode P_(u).By further investigating the topological structures of Mode P_(u) and Mode Pd with streamwise wavenumbers,the most unstable perturbation mode with a large azimuthal wavenumber of m=5-6 is identified,which imposes on the entire core region of vortex-u.This large azimuthal wavenumber perturbation mode can suggest the potential physical-based flow control strategy by manipulating it.
基金Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51210007,51004029)
文摘An Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model was developed to study the vortex flow inside a slab continuous casting mold with argon gas injection. Interracial momentum transfer that accommodated various interracial forces including drag force, lift force, virtual mass force, and turbulent dispersion force was considered. Predicted results agree well vaith experimental measurements of the water model in two-phase flow pattern and vortex flow structures. Three typical flow patterns with different argon steel ratios （ASRs） have been obtained： ＂double roll＂, ＂three roll＂, and ＂single roll＂. The flow pattern inside the mold alternates among the three types or it may attain some intermedi ate condition. With increasing ASR, the positions of vortices move from the submerged entry nozzle to the narrow face of the mold, and the sizes of vortices are reduced gradually. The rotating directions of vortices are all from high velocity area to low velocity area. Two mechanisms of vortex formation on the top surface have been suggested, i. e. , congruous shear flow and incongruous shear flow.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.51278229)the Six Talent Peak Project of Jiangsu Province(grant no.JNHB-018)
文摘A vortex electrostatic precipitator （VEP） forms a vortex flow field within a precipitator by means of the vertical staggered layout of the double-vortex collecting plate facing the direction of the gas flow. The ion concentrations within the precipitator can be significantly increased. Correspondingly, the charging and coagulation rates of fine particles and particle migration velocity are significantly improved within the VEP. Since it can effectively collect fine particles and reduce precipitator size, VEPs represent a new type of electrostatic precipitator with great application potential. In this work the change curve of the external voltage, gas velocity, row spacing and effective collecting area influencing the precipitation efficiency were acquired through a single-factor experiment. Using an orthogonal regression design, attempts were made to analyze the major operating parameters influencing the collecting efficiency of fine particles, establish a multiple linear regression model and analyze the weights of factors and then acquire quantitative rules relating experimental indicators and factors. The regression model was optimized by MATLAB programming, and we then obtained the optimal factor combination which can enhance the efficiency of fine particle collection. The final optimized result is that： when gas velocity is 3.4 m s-1, the external voltage is 18 kV, row spacing is 100 mm and the effective collecting area is 1.13 m2, the rate of fine particle collection is 89.8867%. After determining and analyzing the state of the internal flow field within the VEP by particle image velocimetry （PIV）, the results show that, for a particular gas velocity, a vortex zone and laminar zone are distinctly formed within the VEP, which increases the ion transport ratio as well as the charging, coagulation and collection rates of fine particles within the precipitator, thus making further improvements in the efficiency of fine particle collection.
基金the financial support from the Major Research of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91952302)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018M642007)。
文摘In this paper, trailing vortices generated by three wingtip configurations, namely the M6wing and the M6 wing with a blended or split winglet, are experimentally investigated using the Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry(SPIV) technology. Then, linear stability analysis is performed to investigate instability characteristics. Three corresponding trailing vortex patterns, including the isolated trailing vortex without wake(pattern v) and with wake(pattern v-w), co-rotating vortex pair(pattern v-v), are observed in experiments. The strength of trailing vortices, characterized by circulation, is reduced after installing winglets as expected, and the strength of pattern v-v can be further suppressed compared with pattern v-w. Moreover, instability characteristics, such as the eigenvalue spectrum and perturbation mode, are distinctive among these three vortex patterns.The distribution of eigenvalue spectrums indicates that pattern v and pattern v-w are temporally“marginally stable”, while pattern v-v is temporally “unstable.” The primary perturbation mode of pattern v and pattern v-w is the m =-1 helical mode, while |m|>1 for the case of pattern v-v.The effect of vortex dynamics and instability characteristics can be concluded in two aspects.Firstly, the value of induced drag is polluted by about 3% from vortex wandering since vortex wandering affects the tangential velocity and streamwise vorticity of trailing vortices. Secondly, the growth rate and penetration depth perturbation mode affect trailing vortex evolution and further affect induced drag. Specifically, the larger the growth rate and penetration depth are, the more turbulence injects inside the vortex core, thus leading to a quicker and more intense attenuation of trailing vortex, as well as a smaller induced drag. This finding can guide us to manipulate the induced drag in flow control.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U2133210).
文摘Aircraft wake turbulence is an inherent outcome of aircraft flight,presenting a substan-tial challenge to air traffic control,aviation safety and operational efficiency.Building upon data obtained from coherent Doppler Lidar detection,and combining Dynamic Bayesian Networks(DBN)with Genetic Algorithm-optimized Backpropagation Neural Networks(GA-BPNN),this paper proposes a model for the inversion of wake vortex parameters.During the wake vortex flow field simulation analysis,the wind and turbulent environment were initially superimposed onto the simulated wake velocity field.Subsequently,Lidar-detected echoes of the velocity field are simulated to obtain a data set similar to the actual situation for model training.In the case study validation,real measured data underwent preprocessing and were then input into the established model.This allowed us to construct the wake vortex characteristic parameter inversion model.The final results demonstrated that our model achieved parameter inversion with only minor errors.In a practical example,our model in this paper significantly reduced the mean square error of the inverted velocity field when compared to the traditional algorithm.This study holds significant promise for real-time monitoring of wake vortices at airports,and is proved a crucial step in developing wake vortex interval standards.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 11332006,11272233,and 11411130150)the foundation from the China Scholarship Council (CSC) (Grant 201306250092)the Foundation Project for Outstanding Doctoral Dissertations of Tianjin University
文摘Nature has shown us that the microstructure of the skin of fast-swimming sharks in the ocean can reduce the skin friction drag due to the well-known shark-skin effect.In the present study,the effect of shark-skin-inspired riblets on coherent vortex structures in a turbulent boundary layer（TBL） is investigated.This is done by means of tomographic particle image velocimetry（TPIV） measurements in channel fl ws over an acrylic plate of drag-reducing riblets at a friction Reynolds number of 190.The turbulent fl ws over drag-reducing riblets are verifie by a planar time-resolved particle image velocimetry（TRPIV） system initially,and then the TPIV measurements are performed.Two-dimensional（2D） experimental results with a dragreduction rate of around 4.81% are clearly visible over triangle riblets with a peak-to-peak spacing s＋of 14,indicating from the drag-reducing performance that the buffer layer within the TBL has thickened;the logarithmic law region has shifted upward and the Reynolds shear stress decreased.A comparison of the spatial topological distributions of the spanwise vorticity of coherent vortex structures extracted at different wall-normal heights through the improved quadrant splitting method shows that riblets weaken the amplitudesof the spanwise vorticity when ejection（Q2） and sweep（Q4） events occur at the near wall,having the greatest effect on Q4 events in particular.The so-called quadrupole statistical model for coherent structures in the whole TBL is verified Meanwhile,their spatial conditional-averaged topological shapes and the spatial scales of quadrupole coherent vortex structures as a whole in the overlying turbulent fl w over riblets are changed,suggesting that the riblets dampen the momentum and energy exchange between the regions of near-wall and outer portion of the TBL by depressing the bursting events（Q2 and Q4）,thereby reducing the skin friction drag.
基金This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50406017).
文摘In the steady operation condition, the experiments and the numerical simulations are used to investigate the tip leakage flow fields in three low pressure axial flow fans with three kinds of circumferential skewed rotors, including the radial rotor, the forward-skewed rotor and the back- ward-skewed rotor. The three-dimensional viscous flow fields of the fans are computed. In the experiments, the two-dimensional plane particle image velocimetry （PIV） system is used to measure the flow fields in the tip region of three different pitchwise positions of each fan. The results show that the computational results agree well with the experimental data in the flow field of the tip region of each fan. The tip leakage vortex core segments based on method of the eigenmode analysis can display clearly some characteristics of the tip leakage vortex, such as the origination position of tip leak- age vortex, the development of vortex strength, and so on. Compared with the radial rotor, the other two skewed rotors can increase the stability of the tip leakage vortex and the increment in the forward-skewed rotor is more than that in the backward-skewed one. Among the tip leakage vortices of the three rotors, the velocity of the vortex in the forward-skewed rotor is th6 highest in the circumferential direction and the lowest in the axial direction.
基金This project is supported by Scientific Research Foundation of Ministry of Education of China for Returnee.
文摘To develop vortex generator jet （VGJ） method for flow control, the turbulence flow in a 14° conical diffuser with and without vortex generator jets are simulated by solving Navier-Stokes equations with k-ε turbulence model. The diffuser performance, based on different velocity ratio （ratio of the jet speed to the mainstream velocity）, is investigated and compared with the experimental study. On the basis of the flow characteristics using computation fluid dynamics （CFD） method observed in the conical diffuser and the downstream development of the longitudinal vortices, attempt is made to correlate the pressure recovery coefficient with the behavior of vortices produced by vortex generator jets.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10572005).
文摘The concept vortex force in aerodynamics is sys- tematically examined based on a new steady vortex-force theory （Wu et al., Vorticity and vortex dynamics, Springer, 2006） which expresses the aerodynamic force （and moment） by the volume and boundary integrals of the Lamb vector. In this paper, the underlying physics of this theory is explored, including the general role of the Lamb vector in non- linear aerodynamics, its initial formation, and its relevance to the total-pressure non-uniformity. As a typical example, the theory is applied to the flow over a slender delta wing at a large angle of attack. The highly localized flow structures with high Lamb-vector peaks are identified in terms of their net contribution to various constituents of the total aerody-namic force. This vortex-force diagnosis sheds new light on the flow control and configuration optimization.
文摘This paper presents an experimental investigation of the circulation of the horseshoe vortex system within the equilibrium scour hole at a circular pier, with the data measured by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter （ADV）. Velocity vector plots and vorticity contours of the flow field on the upstream plane of symmetry （y = 0 cm） and on the planes ：e3 cm away from the plane of symmetry Cv = ~3 cm） are presented. The vorticity and circulation of the horseshoe vortices were determined using the forward difference technique and Stokes theorem, respectively. The results show that the magnitudes of circulations are similar on the planes y = 3 cm and y = -3 cm, which are less than those on the plane y = 0 cm. The circulation decreases with the increase of flow shallowness, and increases with the densimetric Froude number. It also increases with the pier Reynolds number at a constant densimetric Froude number, or at a constant flow shallowness. The relative vortex strength （dimensionless circulation） decreases with the increase of the pier Reynolds number. Some empirical equations are proposed based on the results. The predicted circulation values with these equations match the measured data, which indicates that these equations can be used to estimate the circulation in future studies.
文摘An attempt has been made to explore whether the power relation can be obtained from theoretical considerations. The classical laminar and turbulent boundary layer concepts have been employed to determine appropriate values of the scaling lengths associated with vortex shedding and shear layer frequencies to predict the power law relationship with Reynolds number. The predicted results are in good agreement with experimental results. The findings will provide a greater insight into the overall phenomenon involved.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52075387 and 52375060)the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22ZR1464400)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFB2005102)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2021SHZDZX0100)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2022-1-ZD-04),China.
文摘Poppet valves have become increasingly significant in ensuring precise digital flow rate and pressure control in hydraulic systems,necessitating a more profound understanding of the geometrical properties of cavitation in them,as well as associated flow-choking conditions.Through a comparative analysis with experimentally observed cavity images,we found that large eddy simulation(LES)turbulence modeling effectively replicates the geometrical properties of cavitation in these valves.The analysis demonstrated that cavitation is generated from vortices that result from the interaction between the notch contracta flow and the surrounding fluid structure.Variations in the internal or external vena contracta conditions result in fixed or discrete cavities,and the length-to-diameter ratio serves as a measure of the transition between internal and external vena contracta flow properties.This study establishes a threshold length-to-diameter ratio of approximately 2 for the tested poppet valves.More specifically,in notch structures with a smaller valve opening,longer sealing length,and smaller throttling angle(corresponding to a larger length-to-diameter ratio),the liquid-to-vapor transfer process is more evident than that in the reverse direction.A long-standing vapor cavity becomes fixed inside the notch,leading to a more pronounced flow-choking phenomenon.In contrast,for structures with a smaller length-to-diameter ratio,the cavitation process for discrete vapor cavities is more complete,ensuring fluid flow continuity and significantly reducing the occurrence of the flow-choking phenomenon.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12202031,12225202,and 12102024)Tianmushan Laboratory Foundation(Grant No.TK2023-B-004).
文摘During its evolution to the far field,the wingtip vortex exhibits complex instability behaviors such as long-wave/short-wave instability and vortex wandering.However,the quantification influence of vortex instability on its velocity field statistics has not been well investigated.To this end,experimental measurements of a canonical wingtip vortex generated by an elliptical wing under various angles of attack and Reynolds numbers were conducted using particle image velocimetry.It is found that the streamwise variation of wandering amplitude presents an exponential growth within the middle-to-far wake region and asymptotically saturates to 10−1b in the far wake,which differs from the previous report of a linear growth trend in the nearwake region.Further,two average methods,i.e.,time average(TA)and ensemble average(EA),were adopted to compare the velocity field statistics.In both TA-and EA-obtained flow fields,the vortex radius rc,peak vorticity x p,and vortex circulationΓall demonstrate a power-law scaling with respect to the streamwise location,rc∝x^(kr),Ω_(x)^(p) ∝x^(-kω) and Г∝x^(kГ),respectively.For a full rolling-up wingtip vortex in the middle-to-far wake region,the fact that kГ=k_(ω)-2k_(r) demonstrates that the vortex circulation can be scaled Г=Ω_(x)^(p)(r_(c))^(2).On the other hand,TA overestimates the decay rate of peak vorticity k and the growth rate of vortex radius kr.Furthermore,the TA-introduced bias level of the peak vorticity and vortex radius is found to be scaled with an empirical scaling between the wandering amplitude by a power law,respectively.These findings provide significant practical value for detecting wake vortex in wake vortex spacing systems.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11571240)the Shenzhen Natural Science Fund of China(the Stable Support Plan Program No.20220805175116001)。
文摘In a magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)driven fluid cell,a plane non-parallel flow in a square domain satisfying a free-slip boundary condition is examined.The energy dissipation of the flow is controlled by the viscosity and linear friction.The latter arises from the influence of the Hartmann bottom boundary layer in a three-dimensional(3D)MHD experiment in a square bottomed cell.The basic flow in this fluid system is a square eddy flow exhibiting a network of N~2 vortices rotating alternately in clockwise and anticlockwise directions.When N is odd,the instability of the flow gives rise to secondary steady-state flows and secondary time-periodic flows,exhibiting similar characteristics to those observed when N=3.For this reason,this study focuses on the instability of the square eddy flow of nine vortices.It is shown that there exist eight bi-critical values corresponding to the existence of eight neutral eigenfunction spaces.Especially,there exist non-real neutral eigenfunctions,which produce secondary time-periodic flows exhibiting vortices merging in an oscillatory manner.This Hopf bifurcation phenomenon has not been observed in earlier investigations.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52275316,51905437,52305149)Nantong Municipal Research Fund for Advanced Ocean Institute of Southeast University(Grant No.KP202409)+3 种基金Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Forming and Joining Technology for Aerospace Components(Grant No.EL202280325)State Administration for Market Regulation(Grant No.2023MK042)Jiangsu Provincial Administration for Market Regulation(Grant No.KJ2023003)Jiangsu Province Special Equipment Safety Supervision Inspection Institute(Grant Nos.KJ(Y)202429,KJ(YJ)2023001)。
文摘Tool wear is a critical challenge in titanium alloy friction stir welding(FSW).Vortex flow-based FSW(VFSW)is a potential solution for this issue because the VFSW process uses a similar material to the base metal as the tool.In this study,TC4 titanium alloy was welded by VFSW for the first time.Parameter optimization of the vortex flow formation is first done,and then the weld formation and the joints'microstructure and mechanical performance are investigated at different traversing speeds.The results prove that the plunging velocity is the dominant factor in the vortex depth.A lower plunging speed is beneficial for the formation of a deeper vortex.Full penetration is achieved at traversing speeds of 50–120 mm/min at 300 r/min.At welding speed above 130 mm/min,insufficient penetration defects occur.In the heat affected zone,grain coarsening andβ-phase volume fraction increase arise,whereas,in the weld nugget,anα+βlamellar structure emerges.Under the optimized parameters,the joint tensile strength is nearly 98%of the base material,but the elongation decreases significantly.The oxides drawn into the weld by the vortex at the junction between the vortex and the base material are the main reason for the small elongation.This study proves that the VFSW process is feasible for titanium alloys.
文摘Since the classical investigation of the Taylor vortex by G. I. Taylor in 1923, many researchers have studied the Taylor vortex as one of the most important vortex types in flow. In this study, the inner cylinder is rotating, while the outer cylinder, which is concentric with the inner cylinder, is stationary. In addition, the measurement of the velocity distribution is carried out by the PIV （Particle Image Velocimetry） method. The radius of the inner cylinder is 20 mm, and that of the outer cylinder is 30 mm. In this study, Re = 650-1,200 is assumed. In the upper part of the apparatus, movable ends are fixed to the upper and lower sides of the cylinder to change the aspect ratio. The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of cylinder height to gap distance. A servo motor to rotate the inner cylinder, a servo-motor control device, a servo amplifier for rotation speed control, and a YAG laser light source are installed in the apparatus. For the visualization of Taylor vortex flow, aluminum powder composed of scale like fine particles is used. As tracer particles used in the PIV method, fluorescent particles with a size of 48 Ixm were used. The governing equations are Navier-Stokes equations with cylindrical coordinates （r, θ, z） and the equations of continuity. Each physical value is nondimensionalized using the angular velocity of the inner cylinder as the representative velocity, and the radius difference between the inner and outer cylinders as the representative length. Discretization of the governing equations is based on the MAC method. The results of EFD and CFD （computational fluid dynamics） are compared. The mode bifurcation is observed, and the flow structure is investigated.
