This paper proposes a stable gain and a compact Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna(AVA)for a 38GHz band of 5G communication.A novel compact AVA is designed to provide constant gain,high front to back ratio(FBR),and very high e...This paper proposes a stable gain and a compact Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna(AVA)for a 38GHz band of 5G communication.A novel compact AVA is designed to provide constant gain,high front to back ratio(FBR),and very high efficiency.The performance of the proposed AVA is enhanced with the help of a dielectric lens(DL)and corrugations.A rectangular-shaped DL is incorporated in conventional AVA(CAVA)to enhance its gain up to 1 dBi and the bandwidth by 1.8 GHz.Next,the rectangular corrugations are implemented in CAVA with lens(CAVA-L)to further improve the gain and bandwidth.The proposed AVA with lens and corrugations(AVA-LC)gives a constant and high gain of 8.2 to 9 dBi.The designed AVA-LC operates from 34 to 45GHz frequency which covers 38GHz(37.5 to 43.5 GHz)band of 5G applications.Further,the presented AVA-LC mitigates the back lobe and sidelobe levels,resulting in FBR and efficiency improvement.The FBR is in the range of 12.2 to 22 dB,and efficiency is 99%,almost constant.The AVA-LC is fabricated on Roger’s RT/duroid 5880 substrate,and it is tested to verify the simulated results.The proposed compact AVA-LC with high gain,an improved FBR,excellent efficiency,and stable radiation patterns is suitable for the 38GHz band of 5G devices.展开更多
This paper presents the design and analysis of antipodal Vivaldi antennas(AVAs)for breast cancer detection.In order to enhance the antenna gain,different techniques such as using the uniform and non-uniform corrugatio...This paper presents the design and analysis of antipodal Vivaldi antennas(AVAs)for breast cancer detection.In order to enhance the antenna gain,different techniques such as using the uniform and non-uniform corrugation,expanding the dielectric substrate and adding the parasitic patch are applied to original AVA.The design procedure of two developed AVA structures i.e.,AVA with non-uniform corrugation and AVA with parasitic patch are presented.The proposed AVAs are designed on inexpensive FR4 substrate.The AVA with non-uniform corrugation has compact dimension of 50×50 mm2 or 0.28λL×0.28λL,whereλL is wavelength of the lowest operating frequency.The antenna can operate within the frequency range from 1.63 GHz to over 8 GHz.For the AVA with parasitic patch and uniform corrugation,the overall size of antenna is 50×86 mm2 or 0.24λL×0.41λL.It can operate within the frequency range from 1.4 GHz to over 8 GHz.The maximum gain for AVA with non-uniform corrugation and AVA with parasitic patch and uniform corrugation are 9.03 and 11.31 dBi,respectively.The corrugation profile and parasitic patch of the proposed antenna are optimized to achieve the desired properties for breast cancer detection.In addition,the proposed AVAs are measured with breast phantom to detect cancerous cell inside the breast and the performance in detecting cancerous cell are discussed.The measured result can confirm that the proposed AVAs can detect unwanted cell inside the breast while maintaining the compact size,simple structure and low complexity in design.展开更多
The simulation of the electromagnetic wave propagation plays an important role in predicting the performance of wireless transmission and communication systems. This research paper performs a numerical simulation usin...The simulation of the electromagnetic wave propagation plays an important role in predicting the performance of wireless transmission and communication systems. This research paper performs a numerical simulation using the finite element method (FEM) to study electromagnetic propagation through both conductive and dielectric media. The simulations are made using the COMSOL Multiphysics software which notably implements the finite element method. The microwave is produced by a Vivaldi antenna at the respective frequencies of 2.6 and 5 GHz and the propagation equation is formulated from Maxwell’s equations. The results obtained show that in the air, strong electric fields are observed in the slot and the micro-strip line for the two frequencies, they are even greater when the wave propagates in the glass and very weak for the copper. The 3D evolutions of the wave in air and glass present comparable values at equal frequencies, the curves being more regular in air (dielectric). The radiation patterns produced for air and glass are directional, with a large main lobe, which is narrower at 5 GHz. For copper, the wave propagation is quite uniform in space, and the radiation patterns show two main lobes with a much larger size at 2.6 GHz than at 5 GHz. The propagation medium would therefore influence the range of values of the gain of the antenna.展开更多
A metasurface unit is designed operating at 2–20 GHz to enhance the gain and radiation performance of an antipodal Vivaldi antenna(AVA).The unit has a simple structure,stable ultra-wideband performance,high permittiv...A metasurface unit is designed operating at 2–20 GHz to enhance the gain and radiation performance of an antipodal Vivaldi antenna(AVA).The unit has a simple structure,stable ultra-wideband performance,high permittivity,and can independently modulate two polarization modes electromagnetic waves.We analyze the current distribution on the unit and extract equivalent characteristic parameters to verify the ability of independent modulation on two polarization modes electromagnetic waves.The designed metasurface unit is integrated into the aperture of the AVA and forms the metasurface lens(ML)for guiding the propagation of electromagnetic waves.Two types of ML are proposed and integrated into the AVA to design antennas Ant1 and Ant2.The modulation effect of the lens on the electromagnetic wave is analyzed from the perspective of electric field amplitude and phase,and the final design is obtained.From the optimized design results,the AVA and the proposed Ant2 are fabricated and measured,and the measurement results are in good agreement with the simulation ones.The impedance bandwidth measured by Ant2 basically covers the 2–18 GHz frequency band.Compared with the conventional AVA,the gain of the proposed Ant2 is increased by 0.6–3.7 d B,the sidelobe level is significantly reduced,and the directivity has also been clearly improved.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate the influence of higher permittivity dielectric director on the radiation performances of an antipodal Vivaldi antenna.An elliptical dielectric director with high permittivity is inserted ...In this paper,we investigate the influence of higher permittivity dielectric director on the radiation performances of an antipodal Vivaldi antenna.An elliptical dielectric director with high permittivity is inserted in an antipodal Vivaldi antenna aperture in order to ameliorate the radiation characteristics of the antenna.Due to the capacity of elevated permittivity dielectric to confine and guide energy in the desired direction,an increment of 4 dB in the gain of the antenna is obtained.This antenna,which covers an ultra-wide frequency band of 146.8%from 2.3 GHz to 15 GHz,has approximately regular radiation patterns with reduced side lobe level and narrower beamwidth.In the interest to achieve radar application necessities,the proposed antenna is exploited to develop an antenna array which consists of four connected elements.Adding dielectric directors can significantly enhance the radiations characteristics of the antenna and reduce the mutual coupling inter-elements.So using four elements with dielectric director in the antenna array can achieve the same results obtained with eight elements without directors.This can decrease the used number of elements that form the antenna array.展开更多
This antenna will be used for PMWIS （passive millimeter wave imaging system） which has 35 GHz operating frequency described as Ka Band. The antenna should work in that specific frequency because of having low attenu...This antenna will be used for PMWIS （passive millimeter wave imaging system） which has 35 GHz operating frequency described as Ka Band. The antenna should work in that specific frequency because of having low attenuation in that region according to frequency behavior in misty conditions. Antenna also should have approximately 50 ohm input impedance value so that perfect matching to the active circuits will occur. The input reflection coefficient, S11, has to be under -20 dB and the gain of the antenna, has to be over 10 dB value for better efficiency. Microstrip Vivaldi Fed Antenna provides all of the conditions for imaging system, was designed by using Antenna Magus Computer Program and later it was designed in detail with Computer Simulation Technology Studio Suite Computer Program. The last format of the VFA has -23.1 dB input reflection coefficient, 48.55 ohm input impedance and 12.3 dB gain for 35 GHz OF. It is ready to connect to the LNA and detector, which are active circuits of the PMWIS. At the end, the detector will be connected to the VA and computer. The receiver of PMWIS is composed to the VFA connected to the other equipment that is defined above will scan elevation and azimuth angles, as a result; the VA will transfer the signals to the computer. Computer will show the user the scanning area image. In this system, antenna is the most important section and particular attention was given to the antenna in this study.展开更多
Compact fifth-generation(5G)low-frequency band filtering antennas(filtennas)with stable directive radiation patterns,improved bandwidth(BW),and gain are designed,fabricated,and tested in this research.The proposed fil...Compact fifth-generation(5G)low-frequency band filtering antennas(filtennas)with stable directive radiation patterns,improved bandwidth(BW),and gain are designed,fabricated,and tested in this research.The proposed filtennas are achieved by combining the predesigned compact 5G(5.975–7.125 GHz)third-order uniform and non-uniform transmission line hairpin bandpass filters(UTL and NTL HPBFs)with the compact ultrawide band Vivaldi tapered slot antenna(UWB VTSA)in one module.The objective of this integration is to enhance the performance of 5.975–7.125GHz filtennas which will be suitable for modern mobile communication applications by exploiting the benefits of UWB VTSA.Based on NTL HPBF,more space is provided to add the direct current(DC)biassing circuits in cognitive radio networks(CRNs)for frequency reconfigurable applications.To overcome the mismatch between HPBFs and VTSA,detailed parametric studies are presented.Computer simulation technology(CST)software is used for the simulation in this study.Good measured S11 appeared to be<−13 and<−10.54 dB at 5.48–7.73 and 5.9–7.98GHz with peak realized gains of 6.37 and 6.27 dBi,for VTSA with UTL and NTL HPBFs,respectively which outperforms the predesigned filters.Validation is carried out by comparing the measured and simulated results.展开更多
基金This research was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2022R79)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,S.Urooj,www.pnu.edu.sa.
文摘This paper proposes a stable gain and a compact Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna(AVA)for a 38GHz band of 5G communication.A novel compact AVA is designed to provide constant gain,high front to back ratio(FBR),and very high efficiency.The performance of the proposed AVA is enhanced with the help of a dielectric lens(DL)and corrugations.A rectangular-shaped DL is incorporated in conventional AVA(CAVA)to enhance its gain up to 1 dBi and the bandwidth by 1.8 GHz.Next,the rectangular corrugations are implemented in CAVA with lens(CAVA-L)to further improve the gain and bandwidth.The proposed AVA with lens and corrugations(AVA-LC)gives a constant and high gain of 8.2 to 9 dBi.The designed AVA-LC operates from 34 to 45GHz frequency which covers 38GHz(37.5 to 43.5 GHz)band of 5G applications.Further,the presented AVA-LC mitigates the back lobe and sidelobe levels,resulting in FBR and efficiency improvement.The FBR is in the range of 12.2 to 22 dB,and efficiency is 99%,almost constant.The AVA-LC is fabricated on Roger’s RT/duroid 5880 substrate,and it is tested to verify the simulated results.The proposed compact AVA-LC with high gain,an improved FBR,excellent efficiency,and stable radiation patterns is suitable for the 38GHz band of 5G devices.
基金This research was funded by National Science,Research and Innovation Fund(NSRF)King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok with Contract no.KMUTNB-FF-65–07.
文摘This paper presents the design and analysis of antipodal Vivaldi antennas(AVAs)for breast cancer detection.In order to enhance the antenna gain,different techniques such as using the uniform and non-uniform corrugation,expanding the dielectric substrate and adding the parasitic patch are applied to original AVA.The design procedure of two developed AVA structures i.e.,AVA with non-uniform corrugation and AVA with parasitic patch are presented.The proposed AVAs are designed on inexpensive FR4 substrate.The AVA with non-uniform corrugation has compact dimension of 50×50 mm2 or 0.28λL×0.28λL,whereλL is wavelength of the lowest operating frequency.The antenna can operate within the frequency range from 1.63 GHz to over 8 GHz.For the AVA with parasitic patch and uniform corrugation,the overall size of antenna is 50×86 mm2 or 0.24λL×0.41λL.It can operate within the frequency range from 1.4 GHz to over 8 GHz.The maximum gain for AVA with non-uniform corrugation and AVA with parasitic patch and uniform corrugation are 9.03 and 11.31 dBi,respectively.The corrugation profile and parasitic patch of the proposed antenna are optimized to achieve the desired properties for breast cancer detection.In addition,the proposed AVAs are measured with breast phantom to detect cancerous cell inside the breast and the performance in detecting cancerous cell are discussed.The measured result can confirm that the proposed AVAs can detect unwanted cell inside the breast while maintaining the compact size,simple structure and low complexity in design.
文摘The simulation of the electromagnetic wave propagation plays an important role in predicting the performance of wireless transmission and communication systems. This research paper performs a numerical simulation using the finite element method (FEM) to study electromagnetic propagation through both conductive and dielectric media. The simulations are made using the COMSOL Multiphysics software which notably implements the finite element method. The microwave is produced by a Vivaldi antenna at the respective frequencies of 2.6 and 5 GHz and the propagation equation is formulated from Maxwell’s equations. The results obtained show that in the air, strong electric fields are observed in the slot and the micro-strip line for the two frequencies, they are even greater when the wave propagates in the glass and very weak for the copper. The 3D evolutions of the wave in air and glass present comparable values at equal frequencies, the curves being more regular in air (dielectric). The radiation patterns produced for air and glass are directional, with a large main lobe, which is narrower at 5 GHz. For copper, the wave propagation is quite uniform in space, and the radiation patterns show two main lobes with a much larger size at 2.6 GHz than at 5 GHz. The propagation medium would therefore influence the range of values of the gain of the antenna.
基金Project supported by the Open Fund for the Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Control and Intelligent Collaborative Technology,China(No.CSCIC191001)。
文摘A metasurface unit is designed operating at 2–20 GHz to enhance the gain and radiation performance of an antipodal Vivaldi antenna(AVA).The unit has a simple structure,stable ultra-wideband performance,high permittivity,and can independently modulate two polarization modes electromagnetic waves.We analyze the current distribution on the unit and extract equivalent characteristic parameters to verify the ability of independent modulation on two polarization modes electromagnetic waves.The designed metasurface unit is integrated into the aperture of the AVA and forms the metasurface lens(ML)for guiding the propagation of electromagnetic waves.Two types of ML are proposed and integrated into the AVA to design antennas Ant1 and Ant2.The modulation effect of the lens on the electromagnetic wave is analyzed from the perspective of electric field amplitude and phase,and the final design is obtained.From the optimized design results,the AVA and the proposed Ant2 are fabricated and measured,and the measurement results are in good agreement with the simulation ones.The impedance bandwidth measured by Ant2 basically covers the 2–18 GHz frequency band.Compared with the conventional AVA,the gain of the proposed Ant2 is increased by 0.6–3.7 d B,the sidelobe level is significantly reduced,and the directivity has also been clearly improved.
文摘In this paper,we investigate the influence of higher permittivity dielectric director on the radiation performances of an antipodal Vivaldi antenna.An elliptical dielectric director with high permittivity is inserted in an antipodal Vivaldi antenna aperture in order to ameliorate the radiation characteristics of the antenna.Due to the capacity of elevated permittivity dielectric to confine and guide energy in the desired direction,an increment of 4 dB in the gain of the antenna is obtained.This antenna,which covers an ultra-wide frequency band of 146.8%from 2.3 GHz to 15 GHz,has approximately regular radiation patterns with reduced side lobe level and narrower beamwidth.In the interest to achieve radar application necessities,the proposed antenna is exploited to develop an antenna array which consists of four connected elements.Adding dielectric directors can significantly enhance the radiations characteristics of the antenna and reduce the mutual coupling inter-elements.So using four elements with dielectric director in the antenna array can achieve the same results obtained with eight elements without directors.This can decrease the used number of elements that form the antenna array.
文摘This antenna will be used for PMWIS （passive millimeter wave imaging system） which has 35 GHz operating frequency described as Ka Band. The antenna should work in that specific frequency because of having low attenuation in that region according to frequency behavior in misty conditions. Antenna also should have approximately 50 ohm input impedance value so that perfect matching to the active circuits will occur. The input reflection coefficient, S11, has to be under -20 dB and the gain of the antenna, has to be over 10 dB value for better efficiency. Microstrip Vivaldi Fed Antenna provides all of the conditions for imaging system, was designed by using Antenna Magus Computer Program and later it was designed in detail with Computer Simulation Technology Studio Suite Computer Program. The last format of the VFA has -23.1 dB input reflection coefficient, 48.55 ohm input impedance and 12.3 dB gain for 35 GHz OF. It is ready to connect to the LNA and detector, which are active circuits of the PMWIS. At the end, the detector will be connected to the VA and computer. The receiver of PMWIS is composed to the VFA connected to the other equipment that is defined above will scan elevation and azimuth angles, as a result; the VA will transfer the signals to the computer. Computer will show the user the scanning area image. In this system, antenna is the most important section and particular attention was given to the antenna in this study.
基金This work was supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme under the Professional Development Research University from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM)under Grant 06E07.
文摘Compact fifth-generation(5G)low-frequency band filtering antennas(filtennas)with stable directive radiation patterns,improved bandwidth(BW),and gain are designed,fabricated,and tested in this research.The proposed filtennas are achieved by combining the predesigned compact 5G(5.975–7.125 GHz)third-order uniform and non-uniform transmission line hairpin bandpass filters(UTL and NTL HPBFs)with the compact ultrawide band Vivaldi tapered slot antenna(UWB VTSA)in one module.The objective of this integration is to enhance the performance of 5.975–7.125GHz filtennas which will be suitable for modern mobile communication applications by exploiting the benefits of UWB VTSA.Based on NTL HPBF,more space is provided to add the direct current(DC)biassing circuits in cognitive radio networks(CRNs)for frequency reconfigurable applications.To overcome the mismatch between HPBFs and VTSA,detailed parametric studies are presented.Computer simulation technology(CST)software is used for the simulation in this study.Good measured S11 appeared to be<−13 and<−10.54 dB at 5.48–7.73 and 5.9–7.98GHz with peak realized gains of 6.37 and 6.27 dBi,for VTSA with UTL and NTL HPBFs,respectively which outperforms the predesigned filters.Validation is carried out by comparing the measured and simulated results.
