AIM:To determine the effects of change in light conditions on refractive error and visual functions including visual acuity,stereopsis and contrast sensitivity.METHODS:This cross-sectional study was conducted in the o...AIM:To determine the effects of change in light conditions on refractive error and visual functions including visual acuity,stereopsis and contrast sensitivity.METHODS:This cross-sectional study was conducted in the optometry clinic of the Shahid Beheshti School of Rehabilitation on 48 students in 2021-2022.All of them had eye health and normal visual function and could have refractive errors or not.Light intensity of 4 lx was considered equivalent to photopic light condition and light intensity of 1 lx was considered to be equivalent to mesopic light condition.The amount of refractive error was checked by auto refractometer and its changes in mesopic light condition were subjectively measured.Also,visual acuity,stereopsis and contrast sensitivity(in five spatial frequencies of 1.5,3,6,12,and 18 cycles per degree),were measured first in photopic light condition and then in mesopic light condition,by Snellen control vision chart,stereo butterfly test and the M&S technology monitor test respectively.RESULTS:In the 48 student subjects with an average age of 22.69±3.56y,mean of refractive error as sphere equivalent,visual acuity and stereopsis were-1.25±1.74 diopters,0 logMAR,44.37±13.03 seconds of arc,respectively in photopic light condition while in mesopic light was equal to-1.56±1.75 diopters,0.12±0.09 logMAR and 50.62±33.35 seconds of arc,respectively.The mean of contrast sensitivity measured at spatial frequencies of 1.5,3,6,12,and 18 cycles per degree in photopic condition was equal to 2.38±0.04,2.37±0.07,2.04±0.21,1.27±0.32,0.82±0.27 logarithm of contrast sensitivity,respectively and in mesopic lighting condition was equal to 2.34±0.12,2.30±0.16,1.84±0.28,1.02±0.28,0.63±0.24 logarithm of contrast sensitivity,respectively.Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the two lighting conditions in all evaluated variables[refractive error(P<0.001),visual acuity(P<0.001),stereopsis(P=0.008)and contrast sensitivity(P<0.001)].CONCLUSION:The refractive error of the student subjects in mesopic light condition change towards myopia,and its amount is clinically significant.Also,the examination and comparison of the factors of visual acuity,stereopsis and contrast sensitivity in these two lighting conditions show that the decrease in brightness level to the mesopic level causes a decrease in the aforementioned visual functions.展开更多
Background:Visual deficits,caused by ocular disease or trauma,can cause lasting damage.However,recent research has focused on neural plasticity as a means to regain visual functions.In order to better understand the i...Background:Visual deficits,caused by ocular disease or trauma,can cause lasting damage.However,recent research has focused on neural plasticity as a means to regain visual functions.In order to better understand the involvement of neural plasticity and reorganization in partial vision restoration,we aim to evaluate the partial recovery of a visual deficit over time using two behavioural tests.In our study,a partial optic nerve crush(pONC)serves as an induced visual deficit,allowing for residual vision from surviving cells.Methods:Visual functions in C57BL/6 mice was measured using two behavioural tests prior to a bilateral pONC,then at various time points after the pONC.In this study,two injury intensities were used:a high intensity pONC with the full force of self-closing forceps,and a low intensity pONC,in which a calibrated space was left between the forceps at the closed position.The two behavioural tests consisted of the optomotor reflex(OMR)and the visual cliff(VC)tests.The OMR test measures the mouse’s tracking reflex in response to moving sinusoidal gratings.The VC test,on the other hand,evaluates exploratory behaviour,by simulating a cliff to observe the animal’s sense of depth perception.After the behavioural evaluation,surviving retinal ganglion cells were counted.Results:The high intensity pONC resulted in a total loss of visual acuity as measured by the OMR test,with no improvement in the following 4 weeks.However,the light intensity pONC showed the same initial loss,but recovery was observed as of day 3,and results in 40-60%recovery after 4 weeks.With the VC test,mice with intact vision will avoid the deep end,opting to spend more time in the shallow end.However,after both high and low intensity pONCs,this preference is no longer observed.Both groups show a return to the shallow end preference at day 14,though the low intensity pONC group showed a stronger preference similar to baseline performance.The percentage of surviving retinal ganglion cells was higher with the low intensity(68%)than with the high intensity(17%)pONC.Conclusions:There is evidence of visual recovery at the behavioural level following a pONC,though very little recovery was observed following a high intensity pONC,and only with the VC test.Therefore,a certain amount of residual retinal input may be required for recovery at the behavioural level.展开更多
Natural photoreceptors enable color vision in humans,wherein the eyes detect colors and their corresponding intensities via cone and rod photoreceptors,respectively.Herein,we developed an artificial broadband photorec...Natural photoreceptors enable color vision in humans,wherein the eyes detect colors and their corresponding intensities via cone and rod photoreceptors,respectively.Herein,we developed an artificial broadband photoreceptor with light-color intensity detection similar to that of natural photoreceptors.The developed photoreceptor operates in the self-powered mode and is capable of broadband perception(365–940 nm).The designed metal-oxide heterojunction(n-ZnO/p-NiO)photoreceptor with a thin tin sulfide layer embedded in between is capable of perceiving various colors.It exhibits good transparency in the visible range and displays excellent integration with flexible substrates,highlighting its potential for use in flexible electronics.The fabricated structure has an exceptional response time(≈1 ms)and a wide-field-of-view(150?)compared to the human eye's sensing range(50–100 ms and 108?).The transparent photorecep-tor mimics cones and rods to detect a various wavelength-dependent signals and explicitly differentiate between the intensities of the detected signals,respectively.This is further illustrated by employing the developed photoreceptor to detect colors in real time by generating unique signals corresponding to each color.The demonstration provides the proof of concept for self-biased flexible bioelectronics emulating high-performing visual functions of artificial eyes.展开更多
Since 2008, the author of this paper has conducted historiographic research on the visual history of science in the West since the mid-twentieth century. The findings show that the cognitive functions of visual scient...Since 2008, the author of this paper has conducted historiographic research on the visual history of science in the West since the mid-twentieth century. The findings show that the cognitive functions of visual scientific representations in the history of science are connected with theories of knowledge development in dialectical materialist epistemology and theories on children's cognitive features at different ages in developmental psychology, as well as the stage-specific curriculum objectives outlined in the Compulsory Education Science Curriculum Standards(2022 Edition). These insights provide essential inspiration and theoretical support for the establishment of the twin-theme logical structure in the Primary School Science Textbooks(Daxiang Edition)—core competencies as the warp and cognitive development as the weft—and for the intentional cultivation of students' cognitive abilities using scientific images across different learning stages and textbooks.展开更多
Biomechanical study of the visual system by ocular response analyzer investigates the inter-structural biological relationships,mechanics,and function of the visual system.This review aimed to investigate the changes ...Biomechanical study of the visual system by ocular response analyzer investigates the inter-structural biological relationships,mechanics,and function of the visual system.This review aimed to investigate the changes in corneal biomechanical parameters with age and sex.The articles published in PubMed between 2000 and 2021 were investigated and critiqued,and valid scientific evidence was collected,reviewed and concluded according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Most studies showed that corneal biomechanical changes occur infrequently in children up to the age of 20y,and with increasing age and wider age range,there was a significant decrease in corneal biomechanical indices,especially corneal hysteresis.In children and adults,most studies have shown that these biomechanical indicators,especially corneal resistance factor,were higher in females.Although hormonal changes may contribute to this finding,the role of axial length and other biometric indicators should not be ignored.The axial length,the intraocular pressure,and the corneal thickness are other factors associated with biomechanical parameters that should be taken into account in clinical diagnosis and management especially for patients undergoing refractive surgery as well as keratoconus patients.展开更多
Diabetic retinopathy is a prominent cause of blindness in adults,with early retinal ganglion cell loss contributing to visual dysfunction or blindness.In the brain,defects inγ-aminobutyric acid synaptic transmission ...Diabetic retinopathy is a prominent cause of blindness in adults,with early retinal ganglion cell loss contributing to visual dysfunction or blindness.In the brain,defects inγ-aminobutyric acid synaptic transmission are associated with pathophysiological and neurodegenerative disorders,whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 has demonstrated neuroprotective effects.However,it is not yet clear whether diabetes causes alterations in inhibitory input to retinal ganglion cells and whether and how glucagon-like peptide-1 protects against neurodegeneration in the diabetic retina through regulating inhibitory synaptic transmission to retinal ganglion cells.In the present study,we used the patch-clamp technique to recordγ-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in retinal ganglion cells from streptozotocin-induced diabetes model rats.We found that early diabetes(4 weeks of hyperglycemia)decreased the frequency of GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in retinal ganglion cells without altering their amplitude,suggesting a reduction in the spontaneous release ofγ-aminobutyric acid to retinal ganglion cells.Topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 eyedrops over a period of 2 weeks effectively countered the hyperglycemia-induced downregulation of GABAergic mIPSC frequency,subsequently enhancing the survival of retinal ganglion cells.Concurrently,the protective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on retinal ganglion cells in diabetic rats were eliminated by topical administration of exendin-9-39,a specific glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonist,or SR95531,a specific antagonist of theγ-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor.Furthermore,extracellular perfusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 was found to elevate the frequencies of GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in both ON-and OFF-type retinal ganglion cells.This elevation was shown to be mediated by activation of the phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/Ca2+/protein kinase C signaling pathway downstream of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation.Moreover,multielectrode array recordings revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 functionally augmented the photoresponses of ON-type retinal ganglion cells.Optomotor response tests demonstrated that diabetic rats exhibited reductions in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity that were significantly ameliorated by topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1.These results suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 facilitates the release ofγ-aminobutyric acid onto retinal ganglion cells through the activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor,leading to the de-excitation of retinal ganglion cell circuits and the inhibition of excitotoxic processes associated with diabetic retinopathy.Collectively,our findings indicate that theγ-aminobutyric acid system has potential as a therapeutic target for mitigating early-stage diabetic retinopathy.Furthermore,the topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 eyedrops represents a non-invasive and effective treatment approach for managing early-stage diabetic retinopathy.展开更多
AIM:To develop and test an Arabic version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25(NEI-VFQ-25).METHODS:NEI-VFQ-25 was translated into Arabic according to WHO translation guidelines. We enrolled a...AIM:To develop and test an Arabic version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25(NEI-VFQ-25).METHODS:NEI-VFQ-25 was translated into Arabic according to WHO translation guidelines. We enrolled adult consenting patients with bilateral chronic eye diseases who presented to 14 hospitals across Egypt from October to December 2012, and documented their clinical findings. Psychometric properties were then tested using STATA.RESULTS:We recruited 379 patients, whose mean age was(54.5±15)y. Of 46.2% were males, 227 had cataract,31 had glaucoma, 23 had retinal detachment, 37 had diabetic retinopathy, and 61 had miscellaneous visual defects. Non-response rate and the floor and ceiling numbers of the Arabic version(ARB-VFQ-25) were calculated. Internal consistency was high in all subscales(except general health), with Cronbach-α ranging from0.702-0.911. Test-retest reliability was high(intraclass correlation coefficient 0.79).CONCLUSION:RB-VFQ-25 isareliableandvalidtool for assessing visual functions of Arabic speaking patients. However, some questions had high non-response rates and should be substituted by available alternatives. Our results support the importance of including self-reported visual functions as part of routine ophthalmologic examination.展开更多
AIM： To compare a trifocal intraocular lens （IOL） and a bifocal IOL implantation in improving visual function after cataract surgery. METHODS： Eligible literatures were systematically searched through EMBASE and P...AIM： To compare a trifocal intraocular lens （IOL） and a bifocal IOL implantation in improving visual function after cataract surgery. METHODS： Eligible literatures were systematically searched through EMBASE and PubMed databases. The inclusion criteria were prospective comparative clinical trials on cataract surgery comparing trifocal IOL with bifocal IOL implantation that assessed visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and subjective vision quality. The effects were computed as standardized mean differences and pooled using fixed-effect or random-effect models. RESULTS： Four prospective randomized controlled trials （RCTs） and five cohorts provided data were included by a systematic review, comprising 265 eyes implanted with trifocal IOLs and 264 eyes implanted with bifocal IOLs. Monocular distance visual acuity （VA） showed a statistically significant but small difference that favored trifocal IOLs （MD=.0.06; 95%CI, -0.10 to -0.02; Z=2.90, P=0.004 for uncorrected distance VA, and MD- -0.02; 95%CI, -0.03 to .0.00; Z=2.02, P=0.04 for corrected distance VA）, but the data did not suggest that the effect of trifocal IOL implantation would clinically outperform bifocal IOL implantation. There was no significant difference in monocular near VA （MD=.0.01; 95%CI, -0.07 to 0.04; Z=0.42, P=-0.68 for distance-corrected near VA, and MD=-0.01; 95%CI, -0.06 to 0.03; Z=0.55, P=0.58 for corrected near VA） or refraction between two groups. Contrast sensitivity and subjective visual quality had no conclusive results. CONCLUSION： All results indicate that trifocal IOL and bifocal IOL had similar levels of monocular distance and near VA.展开更多
· AIM: To investigate the visual function and the relationship with vision-related quality of life(VRQOL)after macular hole repair surgery.· METHODS: Prospective case series. Thirty-six consecutive eyes in 3...· AIM: To investigate the visual function and the relationship with vision-related quality of life(VRQOL)after macular hole repair surgery.· METHODS: Prospective case series. Thirty-six consecutive eyes in 36 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy(PPV) and internal limiting membrane(ILM) peeling were included. The 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire(VFQ-25) was answered by the participants before and 3 and 12 mo after operation. Follow-up visits examinations included best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), clinical examination,and central macular thickness(CMT) measured by optical coherence tomography(OCT).·RESULTS: Macular-hole closure was achieved in 35 of36 eyes(97.2%). At baseline and months 3 and 12, the log MAR BCVAs(mean±SD) were 1.15±0.47, 0.68±0.53(P 【0.0001 versus baseline), and 0.55 ±0.49(P 【0.001 versus baseline, P =0.273 versus month 3), respectively; the CMTs(μm) were 330 ±81, 244 ±62(P 【0.001 versus baseline), and 225±58(P 【0.001 versus baseline, P =0.222 versus month 3), respectively; the median preoperative VFQ-25 composite score of 73.50(63.92-81.13) increased postoperatively to 85.50(80.04-89.63) at 3mo(P 【0.001)and 86.73(82.50-89.63) at 12mo(P 【0.001) respectively.The improved BCVA was correlated with improvements in five subscales(r =-0.605 to-0.336, P 【0.001 to P =0.046) at 12 mo.· CONCLUSION: PPV with ILM peeling improved anatomic outcome, visual function, and VRQOL. Theimproved BCVA was an important factor related to the improved VRQOL.展开更多
AIM:To explore the effect of visual perception learning software training(VPT)on binocular visual function reconstruction in children with intermittent exotropia after strabismus surgery.METHODS:Ninety children with i...AIM:To explore the effect of visual perception learning software training(VPT)on binocular visual function reconstruction in children with intermittent exotropia after strabismus surgery.METHODS:Ninety children with intermittent exotropia admitted to our hospital from June 2018 to December 2018 were included,and randomly divided into VPT and control groups.Children in the control group received basic binocular vision training,while those in the VPT group received VPT after strabismus surgery.Tertiary visual function,visual perception function,Newcastle Control Score(NCS),and ocular position retraction rate were compared at 3 and 12mo after the surgery.RESULTS:At 3 and 12mo after the surgery,the proportion of simultaneous perception,binocular fusion version and binocular stereo vision in the VPT group was conspicuously higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).After the vision training,the binocular visual perception functions of children in both groups were significantly improved compared with that before training(P<0.05).Interestingly,the grating sharpness,texture perception and texture motion perception in the VPT group were dramatically better than control group(P<0.01).The NCS in the VPT group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).The ocular position retraction rate in the VPT group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 12mo(8.89%vs 26.67%,P=0.03).CONCLUSION:VPT effectively promotes binocular visual function reconstruction in intermittent exotropia children after strabismus surgery and reduces the strabismus severity and ocular position retraction rate.展开更多
Dear Editor,I am Dr.Kang Xue,from the Department of Ophthalmology at the Eye,Ear,Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai,China.I am writing to present three case reports of the removal of visual funct...Dear Editor,I am Dr.Kang Xue,from the Department of Ophthalmology at the Eye,Ear,Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai,China.I am writing to present three case reports of the removal of visual function alterations in cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex after surgery.Cavernous hemangioma is a relatively common primary benign orbital tumor in adults.展开更多
The integration, analysis and visualization of the big omics data are critical for addressing a broad spectrum of biological questions. One of the most frequently conducted procedures is enrichment analysis, which sta...The integration, analysis and visualization of the big omics data are critical for addressing a broad spectrum of biological questions. One of the most frequently conducted procedures is enrichment analysis, which statistically tests whether individual functional an- notations of Gent Ontology （GO） or Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） are significantly over-or under-represented in an ＂interesting＂ gene or protein list against the reference set （Tavazoie et al., 1999）.展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the differences in the functional connectivity（FC） of the primary visual cortex（V1） between the youth comitant exotropia（CE） patients and health subjects using resting functional magnetic reson...AIM： To evaluate the differences in the functional connectivity（FC） of the primary visual cortex（V1） between the youth comitant exotropia（CE） patients and health subjects using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging（f MRI） data.METHODS： Totally, 32 CEs（25 males and 7 females） and 32 healthy control subjects（HCs）（25 males and 7 females） were enrolled in the study and underwent the MRI scanning. Two-sample t-test was used to examine differences in FC maps between the CE patients and HCs. RESULTS： The CE patients showed significantly less FC between the left brodmann area（BA17） and left lingual gyrus/cerebellum posterior lobe, right middle occipital gyrus, left precentral gyrus/postcentral gyrus and right inferior parietal lobule/postcentral gyrus. Meanwhile, CE patients showed significantly less FC between right BA17 and right middle occipital gyrus（BA19, 37）.CONCLUSION： Our findings show that CE involves abnormal FC in primary visual cortex in many regions, which may underlie the pathologic mechanism of impaired fusion and stereoscopic vision in CEs.展开更多
Researches of glaucoma visual function damage, hemorrheololgy, ocular rheography and other related multiplex factors, with computed multifactorial stepwise regresion analysis, indicate that the elevation of intraocula...Researches of glaucoma visual function damage, hemorrheololgy, ocular rheography and other related multiplex factors, with computed multifactorial stepwise regresion analysis, indicate that the elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is not the only factor to induce visual impairment. POAG patients are shown to have markedly reduced diastolic purfussion pressure in ophthalmic artery, besides prolonged filling time of the retinal artery and vein, diminished erythrocyte deformability and increased platele...展开更多
Tests of preoperative visual function and prediction of postoperative E chart visual acuity(ECVA) using laser interferometric visual acuity(LIVA) and electroretinogram(ERG) were performed in 16 cases(19 eyes) of catar...Tests of preoperative visual function and prediction of postoperative E chart visual acuity(ECVA) using laser interferometric visual acuity(LIVA) and electroretinogram(ERG) were performed in 16 cases(19 eyes) of cataract. The results showed that the coincident rate between preoperative LIVA and postoperative ECVA was 63.2%, and there was a parallel correlation between preoperative amplitude of photopic ERG b-wave and postoperative ECVA in 79.0% of the eyes. Comparing these two methods, the test of LIVA ...展开更多
AIM:To explore the effects of laser-activated remote phosphors(LARP)on visual function in guinea pigs.METHODS:Electroretinogram(ERG)of guinea pigs were observed after LARP irradiation at different frequencies and irra...AIM:To explore the effects of laser-activated remote phosphors(LARP)on visual function in guinea pigs.METHODS:Electroretinogram(ERG)of guinea pigs were observed after LARP irradiation at different frequencies and irradiation times.We evaluated the expression of rhodopsin,β-catenin,connexin36,calretinin,and calbindin in the retina of guinea pigs and measured the density of photoreceptor cells after high-frequency LARP irradiation.RESULTS:After LARP irradiation,the ERG results showed that the amplitude of the dark-adapted 3.0 b-wave of the model eye was lower than that of the control eye after high-frequency irradiation(P<0.05).The expression of rhodopsin,β-catenin,connexin36,calretinin,and calbindin in the retina of guinea pig declined.CONCLUSION:There is frequency cumulative damage effect on the retina that relates to LARP illumination frequency.This has significance for staff visual protection policies under LARP lighting conditions.展开更多
Visual cortical prostheses have the potential to restore partial vision. Still limited by the low-resolution visual percepts provided by visual cortical prostheses, implant wearers can currently only ＂see＂ pixelized...Visual cortical prostheses have the potential to restore partial vision. Still limited by the low-resolution visual percepts provided by visual cortical prostheses, implant wearers can currently only ＂see＂ pixelized images, and how to obtain the specific brain responses to different pixelized images in the primary visual cortex（the implant area） is still unknown. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment on normal human participants to investigate the brain activation patterns in response to 18 different pixelized images. There were 100 voxels in the brain activation pattern that were selected from the primary visual cortex, and voxel size was 4 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm. Multi-voxel pattern analysis was used to test if these 18 different brain activation patterns were specific. We chose a Linear Support Vector Machine（LSVM） as the classifier in this study. The results showed that the classification accuracies of different brain activation patterns were significantly above chance level, which suggests that the classifier can successfully distinguish the brain activation patterns. Our results suggest that the specific brain activation patterns to different pixelized images can be obtained in the primary visual cortex using a 4 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm voxel size and a 100-voxel pattern.展开更多
The study investigated the burden and severity of depression in relationship with visual impairment in Nigeria. Four hundred (400) male and female in and outpatients with various degrees of visual impairment attending...The study investigated the burden and severity of depression in relationship with visual impairment in Nigeria. Four hundred (400) male and female in and outpatients with various degrees of visual impairment attending a clinic in the department of ophthalmology, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane Enugu were used. They were selected through the purposive sampling method. The socio-demographic questionnaire, Beck depression inventory and WHO-VFQ (visual function questionnaire were used to collect data. The result showed that the domains of vision-related health status were negatively related to depression at (-0.4) also general vision (-0.09), ocular pain (-0.23), vision-specific mental health (-0.03), role difficulties (-0.03), role difficulties (-0.03), dependency (-0.09), color vision (-0.30) and peripheral vision (-0.13) and vision-specific social functioning. Domains of near acuity and vision specific social functioning were positively related, but the only statistically significant domain was vision-specific social functioning at (0.30, p 0.001). It was suggested that hospitals, families and other social groups should ensure that they provide social and emotional support to the visually impaired using their facilities.展开更多
Background:To determine patient-reported vision-related quality of life(VR-QoL)following Boston type I keratoprosthesis(BI-KPro)surgery and its association with postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA).Methods...Background:To determine patient-reported vision-related quality of life(VR-QoL)following Boston type I keratoprosthesis(BI-KPro)surgery and its association with postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA).Methods:Descriptive cross-sectional study.Consecutive consenting patients with BI-KPro were included.The French National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 administered at 51±18 months postoperatively measured VR-QoL.Clinical charts were reviewed for demographics,indications for BI-KPro,baseline and postoperative(at time of interview)BCVA.For patients operated unilaterally,stratification of VR-QoL scores based on BCVA in the non-operated eye was performed.Multivariate linear regression was carried out,using VR-QoL scores as dependent variables,and demographics and postoperative BCVA as covariates.For patients operated bilaterally,Spearman correlation between VR-QoL scores and BCVA was performed.P<0.05 indicated statistical significance.Results:Sixty-four patients,aged 59±14 years,52%male,with a follow-up of 54±19 months,were included.Postoperative BCVA increased from baseline in all operated eyes(P=0.000).In patients with unilateral BI-KPro(n=52),the VR-QoL overall score was 70.7±25.1.Scores on all questionnaire subscales were greater when BCVA in the non-operated eye was>20/200 compared to 20/200(P=0.000).BCVA in the non-operated eye was positively associated with all subscales(P<0.01)independently of age,sex,follow-up duration and postoperative BCVA in the operated eye.In patients with bilateral BI-KPro(n=12)the VR-QoL overall score was 63.0±18.7.BCVA in the best eye positively correlated with Near/Distance activities,and social functioning subscales(P<0.05).There was no significant difference between VR-QoL scores of patients operated unilaterally vs.bilaterally.Conclusions:We describe VR-QoL more than 4 years after BI-KPro surgery.Compared to data at 1 year previously reported,our results suggest that,as vision progressively deteriorates in the operated eye,patients increasingly rely on their non-operated eye.VR-QoL after bilateral BI-KPro is assessed for the first time,and appears comparable to that after unilateral surgery.Larger,prospective,long-term studies,with assessment at baseline,are warranted.展开更多
AIM:To determine the smartphone use patterns and effects of smartphone use on accommodation and convergence system of the eyes among Malaysian teenagers.METHODS:A total of 62 participants aged between 13 and 17y were ...AIM:To determine the smartphone use patterns and effects of smartphone use on accommodation and convergence system of the eyes among Malaysian teenagers.METHODS:A total of 62 participants aged between 13 and 17y were involved.A self-administered questionnaires containing 12 items was used to evaluate the smartphone usage patterns.This was followed by an eye examination,involving a battery of accommodation and convergence assessments before and after the smartphone use.The data analysis comprised descriptive statistics,paired t-test,and correlation coefficients.RESULTS:The use of smartphones is at a high level and at an optimal distance daily,with more than 6h a day watching video films,games,and completing school projects.Majority of the participants not reported eye strain factors and eye prescription changes with the use of digital devices.The use of a smartphone continuously for 30min was found to significantly decrease amplitude of accommodation,accommodative facility,and positive relative accommodation(P<0.001).Meanwhile,the lag of accommodation parameters and negative relative accommodation increased with the use of smartphones significantly(P<0.001).The near point of convergence(NPC)and distance and near negative fusional vergence decreased significantly(P<0.001).The NPC parameter was found to have a weak negative association with the frequency of smartphone use(R=-0.276,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Frequent and continuous use of smartphones have increased visual stress and resulted in weakness of accommodation and vergence functions.Therefore,frequent break is mandatory when using a smartphone and appropriate visual hygiene,the 20-20-20 rule(every 20min,view something 20 feet away for 20s)are required during smartphone use to maintain visual function.展开更多
文摘AIM:To determine the effects of change in light conditions on refractive error and visual functions including visual acuity,stereopsis and contrast sensitivity.METHODS:This cross-sectional study was conducted in the optometry clinic of the Shahid Beheshti School of Rehabilitation on 48 students in 2021-2022.All of them had eye health and normal visual function and could have refractive errors or not.Light intensity of 4 lx was considered equivalent to photopic light condition and light intensity of 1 lx was considered to be equivalent to mesopic light condition.The amount of refractive error was checked by auto refractometer and its changes in mesopic light condition were subjectively measured.Also,visual acuity,stereopsis and contrast sensitivity(in five spatial frequencies of 1.5,3,6,12,and 18 cycles per degree),were measured first in photopic light condition and then in mesopic light condition,by Snellen control vision chart,stereo butterfly test and the M&S technology monitor test respectively.RESULTS:In the 48 student subjects with an average age of 22.69±3.56y,mean of refractive error as sphere equivalent,visual acuity and stereopsis were-1.25±1.74 diopters,0 logMAR,44.37±13.03 seconds of arc,respectively in photopic light condition while in mesopic light was equal to-1.56±1.75 diopters,0.12±0.09 logMAR and 50.62±33.35 seconds of arc,respectively.The mean of contrast sensitivity measured at spatial frequencies of 1.5,3,6,12,and 18 cycles per degree in photopic condition was equal to 2.38±0.04,2.37±0.07,2.04±0.21,1.27±0.32,0.82±0.27 logarithm of contrast sensitivity,respectively and in mesopic lighting condition was equal to 2.34±0.12,2.30±0.16,1.84±0.28,1.02±0.28,0.63±0.24 logarithm of contrast sensitivity,respectively.Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the two lighting conditions in all evaluated variables[refractive error(P<0.001),visual acuity(P<0.001),stereopsis(P=0.008)and contrast sensitivity(P<0.001)].CONCLUSION:The refractive error of the student subjects in mesopic light condition change towards myopia,and its amount is clinically significant.Also,the examination and comparison of the factors of visual acuity,stereopsis and contrast sensitivity in these two lighting conditions show that the decrease in brightness level to the mesopic level causes a decrease in the aforementioned visual functions.
文摘Background:Visual deficits,caused by ocular disease or trauma,can cause lasting damage.However,recent research has focused on neural plasticity as a means to regain visual functions.In order to better understand the involvement of neural plasticity and reorganization in partial vision restoration,we aim to evaluate the partial recovery of a visual deficit over time using two behavioural tests.In our study,a partial optic nerve crush(pONC)serves as an induced visual deficit,allowing for residual vision from surviving cells.Methods:Visual functions in C57BL/6 mice was measured using two behavioural tests prior to a bilateral pONC,then at various time points after the pONC.In this study,two injury intensities were used:a high intensity pONC with the full force of self-closing forceps,and a low intensity pONC,in which a calibrated space was left between the forceps at the closed position.The two behavioural tests consisted of the optomotor reflex(OMR)and the visual cliff(VC)tests.The OMR test measures the mouse’s tracking reflex in response to moving sinusoidal gratings.The VC test,on the other hand,evaluates exploratory behaviour,by simulating a cliff to observe the animal’s sense of depth perception.After the behavioural evaluation,surviving retinal ganglion cells were counted.Results:The high intensity pONC resulted in a total loss of visual acuity as measured by the OMR test,with no improvement in the following 4 weeks.However,the light intensity pONC showed the same initial loss,but recovery was observed as of day 3,and results in 40-60%recovery after 4 weeks.With the VC test,mice with intact vision will avoid the deep end,opting to spend more time in the shallow end.However,after both high and low intensity pONCs,this preference is no longer observed.Both groups show a return to the shallow end preference at day 14,though the low intensity pONC group showed a stronger preference similar to baseline performance.The percentage of surviving retinal ganglion cells was higher with the low intensity(68%)than with the high intensity(17%)pONC.Conclusions:There is evidence of visual recovery at the behavioural level following a pONC,though very little recovery was observed following a high intensity pONC,and only with the VC test.Therefore,a certain amount of residual retinal input may be required for recovery at the behavioural level.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation(NRF-2020R1A2C1009480)the Ministry of Education of Korea and the Brain Pool Program funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(NRF2022H1D3A2A01089675,NRF2020H1D3A2A02085884 and NRF-2020H1D3A2A02096147)This work was also supported by 2022 fostering project on Regional Characteri-zation Program through the INNOPOLIS funded by Minis-try of Science and ICT(2022-IT-RD-0209).
文摘Natural photoreceptors enable color vision in humans,wherein the eyes detect colors and their corresponding intensities via cone and rod photoreceptors,respectively.Herein,we developed an artificial broadband photoreceptor with light-color intensity detection similar to that of natural photoreceptors.The developed photoreceptor operates in the self-powered mode and is capable of broadband perception(365–940 nm).The designed metal-oxide heterojunction(n-ZnO/p-NiO)photoreceptor with a thin tin sulfide layer embedded in between is capable of perceiving various colors.It exhibits good transparency in the visible range and displays excellent integration with flexible substrates,highlighting its potential for use in flexible electronics.The fabricated structure has an exceptional response time(≈1 ms)and a wide-field-of-view(150?)compared to the human eye's sensing range(50–100 ms and 108?).The transparent photorecep-tor mimics cones and rods to detect a various wavelength-dependent signals and explicitly differentiate between the intensities of the detected signals,respectively.This is further illustrated by employing the developed photoreceptor to detect colors in real time by generating unique signals corresponding to each color.The demonstration provides the proof of concept for self-biased flexible bioelectronics emulating high-performing visual functions of artificial eyes.
基金supported by a general research programme‘Research on the Compilation System of Primary School Science Textbooks with Marxist Epistemology as a Main Theme’under the 2023 Henan Province Education Sciences Plan launched by the Education Department of Henan Province(grant no.2023YB0610)
文摘Since 2008, the author of this paper has conducted historiographic research on the visual history of science in the West since the mid-twentieth century. The findings show that the cognitive functions of visual scientific representations in the history of science are connected with theories of knowledge development in dialectical materialist epistemology and theories on children's cognitive features at different ages in developmental psychology, as well as the stage-specific curriculum objectives outlined in the Compulsory Education Science Curriculum Standards(2022 Edition). These insights provide essential inspiration and theoretical support for the establishment of the twin-theme logical structure in the Primary School Science Textbooks(Daxiang Edition)—core competencies as the warp and cognitive development as the weft—and for the intentional cultivation of students' cognitive abilities using scientific images across different learning stages and textbooks.
基金Supported by Noor Ophthalmology Research Center.
文摘Biomechanical study of the visual system by ocular response analyzer investigates the inter-structural biological relationships,mechanics,and function of the visual system.This review aimed to investigate the changes in corneal biomechanical parameters with age and sex.The articles published in PubMed between 2000 and 2021 were investigated and critiqued,and valid scientific evidence was collected,reviewed and concluded according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Most studies showed that corneal biomechanical changes occur infrequently in children up to the age of 20y,and with increasing age and wider age range,there was a significant decrease in corneal biomechanical indices,especially corneal hysteresis.In children and adults,most studies have shown that these biomechanical indicators,especially corneal resistance factor,were higher in females.Although hormonal changes may contribute to this finding,the role of axial length and other biometric indicators should not be ignored.The axial length,the intraocular pressure,and the corneal thickness are other factors associated with biomechanical parameters that should be taken into account in clinical diagnosis and management especially for patients undergoing refractive surgery as well as keratoconus patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32070989(to YMZ),31872766(to YMZ),81790640(to XLY),and 82070993(to SJW)the grant from Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen,No.SZSM202011015(to XLY)。
文摘Diabetic retinopathy is a prominent cause of blindness in adults,with early retinal ganglion cell loss contributing to visual dysfunction or blindness.In the brain,defects inγ-aminobutyric acid synaptic transmission are associated with pathophysiological and neurodegenerative disorders,whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 has demonstrated neuroprotective effects.However,it is not yet clear whether diabetes causes alterations in inhibitory input to retinal ganglion cells and whether and how glucagon-like peptide-1 protects against neurodegeneration in the diabetic retina through regulating inhibitory synaptic transmission to retinal ganglion cells.In the present study,we used the patch-clamp technique to recordγ-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in retinal ganglion cells from streptozotocin-induced diabetes model rats.We found that early diabetes(4 weeks of hyperglycemia)decreased the frequency of GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in retinal ganglion cells without altering their amplitude,suggesting a reduction in the spontaneous release ofγ-aminobutyric acid to retinal ganglion cells.Topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 eyedrops over a period of 2 weeks effectively countered the hyperglycemia-induced downregulation of GABAergic mIPSC frequency,subsequently enhancing the survival of retinal ganglion cells.Concurrently,the protective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on retinal ganglion cells in diabetic rats were eliminated by topical administration of exendin-9-39,a specific glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonist,or SR95531,a specific antagonist of theγ-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor.Furthermore,extracellular perfusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 was found to elevate the frequencies of GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in both ON-and OFF-type retinal ganglion cells.This elevation was shown to be mediated by activation of the phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/Ca2+/protein kinase C signaling pathway downstream of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation.Moreover,multielectrode array recordings revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 functionally augmented the photoresponses of ON-type retinal ganglion cells.Optomotor response tests demonstrated that diabetic rats exhibited reductions in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity that were significantly ameliorated by topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1.These results suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 facilitates the release ofγ-aminobutyric acid onto retinal ganglion cells through the activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor,leading to the de-excitation of retinal ganglion cell circuits and the inhibition of excitotoxic processes associated with diabetic retinopathy.Collectively,our findings indicate that theγ-aminobutyric acid system has potential as a therapeutic target for mitigating early-stage diabetic retinopathy.Furthermore,the topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 eyedrops represents a non-invasive and effective treatment approach for managing early-stage diabetic retinopathy.
文摘AIM:To develop and test an Arabic version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25(NEI-VFQ-25).METHODS:NEI-VFQ-25 was translated into Arabic according to WHO translation guidelines. We enrolled adult consenting patients with bilateral chronic eye diseases who presented to 14 hospitals across Egypt from October to December 2012, and documented their clinical findings. Psychometric properties were then tested using STATA.RESULTS:We recruited 379 patients, whose mean age was(54.5±15)y. Of 46.2% were males, 227 had cataract,31 had glaucoma, 23 had retinal detachment, 37 had diabetic retinopathy, and 61 had miscellaneous visual defects. Non-response rate and the floor and ceiling numbers of the Arabic version(ARB-VFQ-25) were calculated. Internal consistency was high in all subscales(except general health), with Cronbach-α ranging from0.702-0.911. Test-retest reliability was high(intraclass correlation coefficient 0.79).CONCLUSION:RB-VFQ-25 isareliableandvalidtool for assessing visual functions of Arabic speaking patients. However, some questions had high non-response rates and should be substituted by available alternatives. Our results support the importance of including self-reported visual functions as part of routine ophthalmologic examination.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81741058No.81460163+10 种基金No.81400427No.81300786)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.xjj2015015)Research Grants from Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology(No.2016KJXX-12No.2016JM8029)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20133601120012)Research Grants from Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology(No.20142BAB215029No.20132BAB205024No.20142BDH80005)Research Grants from Education Department of Jiangxi Province(No.GJJ14094No.GJJ13175)
文摘AIM： To compare a trifocal intraocular lens （IOL） and a bifocal IOL implantation in improving visual function after cataract surgery. METHODS： Eligible literatures were systematically searched through EMBASE and PubMed databases. The inclusion criteria were prospective comparative clinical trials on cataract surgery comparing trifocal IOL with bifocal IOL implantation that assessed visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and subjective vision quality. The effects were computed as standardized mean differences and pooled using fixed-effect or random-effect models. RESULTS： Four prospective randomized controlled trials （RCTs） and five cohorts provided data were included by a systematic review, comprising 265 eyes implanted with trifocal IOLs and 264 eyes implanted with bifocal IOLs. Monocular distance visual acuity （VA） showed a statistically significant but small difference that favored trifocal IOLs （MD=.0.06; 95%CI, -0.10 to -0.02; Z=2.90, P=0.004 for uncorrected distance VA, and MD- -0.02; 95%CI, -0.03 to .0.00; Z=2.02, P=0.04 for corrected distance VA）, but the data did not suggest that the effect of trifocal IOL implantation would clinically outperform bifocal IOL implantation. There was no significant difference in monocular near VA （MD=.0.01; 95%CI, -0.07 to 0.04; Z=0.42, P=-0.68 for distance-corrected near VA, and MD=-0.01; 95%CI, -0.06 to 0.03; Z=0.55, P=0.58 for corrected near VA） or refraction between two groups. Contrast sensitivity and subjective visual quality had no conclusive results. CONCLUSION： All results indicate that trifocal IOL and bifocal IOL had similar levels of monocular distance and near VA.
文摘· AIM: To investigate the visual function and the relationship with vision-related quality of life(VRQOL)after macular hole repair surgery.· METHODS: Prospective case series. Thirty-six consecutive eyes in 36 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy(PPV) and internal limiting membrane(ILM) peeling were included. The 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire(VFQ-25) was answered by the participants before and 3 and 12 mo after operation. Follow-up visits examinations included best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), clinical examination,and central macular thickness(CMT) measured by optical coherence tomography(OCT).·RESULTS: Macular-hole closure was achieved in 35 of36 eyes(97.2%). At baseline and months 3 and 12, the log MAR BCVAs(mean±SD) were 1.15±0.47, 0.68±0.53(P 【0.0001 versus baseline), and 0.55 ±0.49(P 【0.001 versus baseline, P =0.273 versus month 3), respectively; the CMTs(μm) were 330 ±81, 244 ±62(P 【0.001 versus baseline), and 225±58(P 【0.001 versus baseline, P =0.222 versus month 3), respectively; the median preoperative VFQ-25 composite score of 73.50(63.92-81.13) increased postoperatively to 85.50(80.04-89.63) at 3mo(P 【0.001)and 86.73(82.50-89.63) at 12mo(P 【0.001) respectively.The improved BCVA was correlated with improvements in five subscales(r =-0.605 to-0.336, P 【0.001 to P =0.046) at 12 mo.· CONCLUSION: PPV with ILM peeling improved anatomic outcome, visual function, and VRQOL. Theimproved BCVA was an important factor related to the improved VRQOL.
文摘AIM:To explore the effect of visual perception learning software training(VPT)on binocular visual function reconstruction in children with intermittent exotropia after strabismus surgery.METHODS:Ninety children with intermittent exotropia admitted to our hospital from June 2018 to December 2018 were included,and randomly divided into VPT and control groups.Children in the control group received basic binocular vision training,while those in the VPT group received VPT after strabismus surgery.Tertiary visual function,visual perception function,Newcastle Control Score(NCS),and ocular position retraction rate were compared at 3 and 12mo after the surgery.RESULTS:At 3 and 12mo after the surgery,the proportion of simultaneous perception,binocular fusion version and binocular stereo vision in the VPT group was conspicuously higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).After the vision training,the binocular visual perception functions of children in both groups were significantly improved compared with that before training(P<0.05).Interestingly,the grating sharpness,texture perception and texture motion perception in the VPT group were dramatically better than control group(P<0.01).The NCS in the VPT group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).The ocular position retraction rate in the VPT group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 12mo(8.89%vs 26.67%,P=0.03).CONCLUSION:VPT effectively promotes binocular visual function reconstruction in intermittent exotropia children after strabismus surgery and reduces the strabismus severity and ocular position retraction rate.
基金Supported by the National Health and FamilyPlanning Commission of Shanghai(No.20144Y0264)the Science and Technology Commission of the Shanghai Municipality(No.14411961800)
文摘Dear Editor,I am Dr.Kang Xue,from the Department of Ophthalmology at the Eye,Ear,Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai,China.I am writing to present three case reports of the removal of visual function alterations in cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex after surgery.Cavernous hemangioma is a relatively common primary benign orbital tumor in adults.
基金supported by the Special Project on Precision Medicine under the National Key R&D Program (2017YFC0906600)the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31671360)
文摘The integration, analysis and visualization of the big omics data are critical for addressing a broad spectrum of biological questions. One of the most frequently conducted procedures is enrichment analysis, which statistically tests whether individual functional an- notations of Gent Ontology （GO） or Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） are significantly over-or under-represented in an ＂interesting＂ gene or protein list against the reference set （Tavazoie et al., 1999）.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81660158No.81160118No.81400372)
文摘AIM： To evaluate the differences in the functional connectivity（FC） of the primary visual cortex（V1） between the youth comitant exotropia（CE） patients and health subjects using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging（f MRI） data.METHODS： Totally, 32 CEs（25 males and 7 females） and 32 healthy control subjects（HCs）（25 males and 7 females） were enrolled in the study and underwent the MRI scanning. Two-sample t-test was used to examine differences in FC maps between the CE patients and HCs. RESULTS： The CE patients showed significantly less FC between the left brodmann area（BA17） and left lingual gyrus/cerebellum posterior lobe, right middle occipital gyrus, left precentral gyrus/postcentral gyrus and right inferior parietal lobule/postcentral gyrus. Meanwhile, CE patients showed significantly less FC between right BA17 and right middle occipital gyrus（BA19, 37）.CONCLUSION： Our findings show that CE involves abnormal FC in primary visual cortex in many regions, which may underlie the pathologic mechanism of impaired fusion and stereoscopic vision in CEs.
基金This Study was supported by China National Ministry of Health Young Grants(1987)Dr. Y. T. Fox Fund for Young Education of China NationaI Committee of Education(1989)
文摘Researches of glaucoma visual function damage, hemorrheololgy, ocular rheography and other related multiplex factors, with computed multifactorial stepwise regresion analysis, indicate that the elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is not the only factor to induce visual impairment. POAG patients are shown to have markedly reduced diastolic purfussion pressure in ophthalmic artery, besides prolonged filling time of the retinal artery and vein, diminished erythrocyte deformability and increased platele...
文摘Tests of preoperative visual function and prediction of postoperative E chart visual acuity(ECVA) using laser interferometric visual acuity(LIVA) and electroretinogram(ERG) were performed in 16 cases(19 eyes) of cataract. The results showed that the coincident rate between preoperative LIVA and postoperative ECVA was 63.2%, and there was a parallel correlation between preoperative amplitude of photopic ERG b-wave and postoperative ECVA in 79.0% of the eyes. Comparing these two methods, the test of LIVA ...
基金Supported by the Key Research Plan of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2018SF-257)the Key Project of Equipment Scientific Research(No.172B02027)。
文摘AIM:To explore the effects of laser-activated remote phosphors(LARP)on visual function in guinea pigs.METHODS:Electroretinogram(ERG)of guinea pigs were observed after LARP irradiation at different frequencies and irradiation times.We evaluated the expression of rhodopsin,β-catenin,connexin36,calretinin,and calbindin in the retina of guinea pigs and measured the density of photoreceptor cells after high-frequency LARP irradiation.RESULTS:After LARP irradiation,the ERG results showed that the amplitude of the dark-adapted 3.0 b-wave of the model eye was lower than that of the control eye after high-frequency irradiation(P<0.05).The expression of rhodopsin,β-catenin,connexin36,calretinin,and calbindin in the retina of guinea pig declined.CONCLUSION:There is frequency cumulative damage effect on the retina that relates to LARP illumination frequency.This has significance for staff visual protection policies under LARP lighting conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31070758,31271060the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing in China,No.cstc2013jcyj A10085
文摘Visual cortical prostheses have the potential to restore partial vision. Still limited by the low-resolution visual percepts provided by visual cortical prostheses, implant wearers can currently only ＂see＂ pixelized images, and how to obtain the specific brain responses to different pixelized images in the primary visual cortex（the implant area） is still unknown. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment on normal human participants to investigate the brain activation patterns in response to 18 different pixelized images. There were 100 voxels in the brain activation pattern that were selected from the primary visual cortex, and voxel size was 4 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm. Multi-voxel pattern analysis was used to test if these 18 different brain activation patterns were specific. We chose a Linear Support Vector Machine（LSVM） as the classifier in this study. The results showed that the classification accuracies of different brain activation patterns were significantly above chance level, which suggests that the classifier can successfully distinguish the brain activation patterns. Our results suggest that the specific brain activation patterns to different pixelized images can be obtained in the primary visual cortex using a 4 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm voxel size and a 100-voxel pattern.
文摘The study investigated the burden and severity of depression in relationship with visual impairment in Nigeria. Four hundred (400) male and female in and outpatients with various degrees of visual impairment attending a clinic in the department of ophthalmology, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane Enugu were used. They were selected through the purposive sampling method. The socio-demographic questionnaire, Beck depression inventory and WHO-VFQ (visual function questionnaire were used to collect data. The result showed that the domains of vision-related health status were negatively related to depression at (-0.4) also general vision (-0.09), ocular pain (-0.23), vision-specific mental health (-0.03), role difficulties (-0.03), role difficulties (-0.03), dependency (-0.09), color vision (-0.30) and peripheral vision (-0.13) and vision-specific social functioning. Domains of near acuity and vision specific social functioning were positively related, but the only statistically significant domain was vision-specific social functioning at (0.30, p 0.001). It was suggested that hospitals, families and other social groups should ensure that they provide social and emotional support to the visually impaired using their facilities.
文摘Background:To determine patient-reported vision-related quality of life(VR-QoL)following Boston type I keratoprosthesis(BI-KPro)surgery and its association with postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA).Methods:Descriptive cross-sectional study.Consecutive consenting patients with BI-KPro were included.The French National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 administered at 51±18 months postoperatively measured VR-QoL.Clinical charts were reviewed for demographics,indications for BI-KPro,baseline and postoperative(at time of interview)BCVA.For patients operated unilaterally,stratification of VR-QoL scores based on BCVA in the non-operated eye was performed.Multivariate linear regression was carried out,using VR-QoL scores as dependent variables,and demographics and postoperative BCVA as covariates.For patients operated bilaterally,Spearman correlation between VR-QoL scores and BCVA was performed.P<0.05 indicated statistical significance.Results:Sixty-four patients,aged 59±14 years,52%male,with a follow-up of 54±19 months,were included.Postoperative BCVA increased from baseline in all operated eyes(P=0.000).In patients with unilateral BI-KPro(n=52),the VR-QoL overall score was 70.7±25.1.Scores on all questionnaire subscales were greater when BCVA in the non-operated eye was>20/200 compared to 20/200(P=0.000).BCVA in the non-operated eye was positively associated with all subscales(P<0.01)independently of age,sex,follow-up duration and postoperative BCVA in the operated eye.In patients with bilateral BI-KPro(n=12)the VR-QoL overall score was 63.0±18.7.BCVA in the best eye positively correlated with Near/Distance activities,and social functioning subscales(P<0.05).There was no significant difference between VR-QoL scores of patients operated unilaterally vs.bilaterally.Conclusions:We describe VR-QoL more than 4 years after BI-KPro surgery.Compared to data at 1 year previously reported,our results suggest that,as vision progressively deteriorates in the operated eye,patients increasingly rely on their non-operated eye.VR-QoL after bilateral BI-KPro is assessed for the first time,and appears comparable to that after unilateral surgery.Larger,prospective,long-term studies,with assessment at baseline,are warranted.
文摘AIM:To determine the smartphone use patterns and effects of smartphone use on accommodation and convergence system of the eyes among Malaysian teenagers.METHODS:A total of 62 participants aged between 13 and 17y were involved.A self-administered questionnaires containing 12 items was used to evaluate the smartphone usage patterns.This was followed by an eye examination,involving a battery of accommodation and convergence assessments before and after the smartphone use.The data analysis comprised descriptive statistics,paired t-test,and correlation coefficients.RESULTS:The use of smartphones is at a high level and at an optimal distance daily,with more than 6h a day watching video films,games,and completing school projects.Majority of the participants not reported eye strain factors and eye prescription changes with the use of digital devices.The use of a smartphone continuously for 30min was found to significantly decrease amplitude of accommodation,accommodative facility,and positive relative accommodation(P<0.001).Meanwhile,the lag of accommodation parameters and negative relative accommodation increased with the use of smartphones significantly(P<0.001).The near point of convergence(NPC)and distance and near negative fusional vergence decreased significantly(P<0.001).The NPC parameter was found to have a weak negative association with the frequency of smartphone use(R=-0.276,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Frequent and continuous use of smartphones have increased visual stress and resulted in weakness of accommodation and vergence functions.Therefore,frequent break is mandatory when using a smartphone and appropriate visual hygiene,the 20-20-20 rule(every 20min,view something 20 feet away for 20s)are required during smartphone use to maintain visual function.
