This paper addresses the JND（Just Noticeable Difference）change of auditory perception with synchronous visual stimuli.Through psychoacoustics experimentS,loudness JND,subjective duration JND and pitch JND of pure to...This paper addresses the JND（Just Noticeable Difference）change of auditory perception with synchronous visual stimuli.Through psychoacoustics experimentS,loudness JND,subjective duration JND and pitch JND of pure tone were measured in auditory-only mode and visual_auditory mode with different visual stimuli which have different attributes such as color,illumination,quality and moving state.Statistical analyses of the experimental data indicare that,comparing with JND in auditory-only mode,the amount of JND with visual stimuli is often larger.The JND＇S average increment of subjective duration,pitch and loudness are 45.1%,14.8%and 12.3%,respectively.The conclusion is that the ability of JNDbased auditory perception often decreases with visual stimuli.The incremental amount of JND is afiected bv the attributes of visual stimuli.If the visual stimuli make subjects feel more comfortable,the JND of auditory perception will change smaller.展开更多
The goal of this work was to investigate how the MEG signal amplitude correlates with that of BOLD fMRI. To investigate the correlation between fMRI and macroscopic electrical activity, BOLD fMRI and MEG was performed...The goal of this work was to investigate how the MEG signal amplitude correlates with that of BOLD fMRI. To investigate the correlation between fMRI and macroscopic electrical activity, BOLD fMRI and MEG was performed on the same subjects (n=5). A visual flicker stimulus of varying temporal frequency was used to elicit neural responses in early visual areas. A strong similarity was observed in frequency tuning curves between both modalities. Although, averaged over subjects, the BOLD tuning curve was somewhat broader than MEG, both BOLD and MEG had maxima at a flicker frequency of 10 Hz. Also, we measured the first and second harmonic components as the stimuli frequency by MEG. In the low stimuli frequency (less than 6 Hz), the second harmonic has comparable amplitude with the first harmonic, which implies that neural frequency response is nonlinear and has more nonlinear components in low frequency than in high frequency.展开更多
It is not clear whether the method used in functional brain-network related research can be applied to explore the feature binding mechanism of visual perception. In this study, we inves-tigated feature binding of col...It is not clear whether the method used in functional brain-network related research can be applied to explore the feature binding mechanism of visual perception. In this study, we inves-tigated feature binding of color and shape in visual perception. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 38 healthy volunteers at rest and while performing a visual perception task to construct brain networks active during resting and task states. Results showed that brain regions involved in visual information processing were obviously activated during the task. The components were partitioned using a greedy algorithm, indicating the visual network existed during the resting state.Z-values in the vision-related brain regions were calculated, conifrming the dynamic balance of the brain network. Connectivity between brain regions was determined, and the result showed that occipital and lingual gyri were stable brain regions in the visual system network, the parietal lobe played a very important role in the binding process of color features and shape features, and the fusiform and inferior temporal gyri were crucial for processing color and shape information. Experimental ifndings indicate that understanding visual feature binding and cognitive processes will help establish computational models of vision, improve image recognition technology, and provide a new theoretical mechanism for feature binding in visual perception.展开更多
One of the most significant challenges in the neuroscience community is to understand how the human brain works.Recent progress in neuroimaging techniques have validated that it is possible to decode a person′s thoug...One of the most significant challenges in the neuroscience community is to understand how the human brain works.Recent progress in neuroimaging techniques have validated that it is possible to decode a person′s thoughts,memories,and emotions via functional magnetic resonance imaging(i.e.,fMRI)since it can measure the neural activation of human brains with satisfied spatiotemporal resolutions.However,the unprecedented scale and complexity of the fMRI data have presented critical computational bottlenecks requiring new scientific analytic tools.Given the increasingly important role of machine learning in neuroscience,a great many machine learning algorithms are presented to analyze brain activities from the fMRI data.In this paper,we mainly provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of machine learning methods for analyzing neural activities with the following three aspects,i.e.,brain image functional alignment,brain activity pattern analysis,and visual stimuli reconstruction.In addition,online resources and open research problems on brain pattern analysis are also provided for the convenience of future research.展开更多
Myopia prevalence is dramatically increasing in recent years and in cases in which the refractive error is greater than −6.00 D this disease can lead to severe visual impairment as well as even blindness. Changes in v...Myopia prevalence is dramatically increasing in recent years and in cases in which the refractive error is greater than −6.00 D this disease can lead to severe visual impairment as well as even blindness. Changes in visual input affect the balance between ocular growth and refractive power development. If a mismatch occurs during eye development, the severity of this error affects the degree of myopia. In different animal models of this disease, we found that spatial visual stimuli are essential for maintaining a stable refractive status and normal vision. This is evident because the effects of changes in temporal visual stimuli (e.g., flickering light) on this process depend on whether spatial information is present or absent in the visual environment. Furthermore, the frequency, wavelength and intensity of light are involved in controlling refraction development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying light-induced refraction changes are still unclear. There is definitive evidence that dopamine (DA) is one of the regulators of this process. This retinal neurotransmitter released by dopaminergic amacrine cells appears to play an important role in vision-guided eye growth because its synthesis and release are positively associated with the light intensity and spatial stimuli impinging on the retina. We found that bright light enhances retinal DA synthesis, and attenuates form deprivation myopia (FDM) development via activation of the dopamine receptor 1 (D1R). A nonselective DA receptor agonist apomorphine (APO) inhibited FDM in dopamine receptor 2 (D2R) knockout mice. These individual similar effects of DA and APO in wildtype and D2R knockout mice suggest that D1R activation has a protective effect against myopia development. On the other hand, D2R activation instead appears to promote myopia development because either genetic D2R ablation or pharmacological inactivation of D2R also attenuates myopia development. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the visual environment regulates the retinal DA levels, which in turn affects the relative balance between D1R and D2R activation. When D1R is relatively hyperactivated, the ocular refractive status shifts towards hyperopia. In contrast, such an effect on D2Rpromotes the refractive status to shift in the opposite direction towards myopia.展开更多
Visually-induced erotic arousal evoked by pornographic visual stimuli, such as films or photographs, is a common occurrence in human behavior. The brain activation associated with visual erotic stimuli in heterosexua...Visually-induced erotic arousal evoked by pornographic visual stimuli, such as films or photographs, is a common occurrence in human behavior. The brain activation associated with visual erotic stimuli in heterosexual right handed females is studied. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is used to investigate 15 female partici- panterotic arousal induced by visual stimuli in film and picture forms, respectively, performing three or more times during their menstrual cycle on a 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. There is activation of a set of bilateral brain areas, including the inferior lateral occipital cortex, the anterior supramarginal gyrus, the parietal operculum cortex, the superior parietal lobules, the right inferior frontal gyrus, the cerebellum, the hypothalamus, the thalamus, the hippocampus, and the mid-brain. From different regions, the brain activation is observed and the inferior frontal gyrus has found to be task-independent. Furthermore, the right inferior frontal gyrus has more activation than the left inferior frontal gyrus. The result shows that the right inferior frontal gyrus plays an important role in pornographic information processing rather than being activated stimuli property specific. It is presented for the first time that the functional laterization of the inferior frontal gyrus is bi-directional rather than single （left） directional.展开更多
Objective: The purpose of this study was to find out whether the simple reaction time was faster for auditory or visual stimulus and the factors responsible for improving the performance of the athlete. Methodology: 1...Objective: The purpose of this study was to find out whether the simple reaction time was faster for auditory or visual stimulus and the factors responsible for improving the performance of the athlete. Methodology: 14 subjects were as- signed randomly into groups consisting of 2 members. Both the members from each group performed both the visual and auditory tests. The tests were taken from the DirectRT software program from a laptop. The DirectRT software consists of Testlabvisual and Testlabsounds to test the reaction times to visual and auditory stimuli. The 2 members from each group completed both the visual and auditory reaction times, the data was taken and the mean reaction time was calculated excluding the first and last values. Results: The results show that the mean visual reaction time is around 331 milliseconds as compared to the mean auditory reaction time of around 284 milliseconds. Conclusion: This shows that the auditory reaction time is faster than the visual reaction time. And also males have faster reaction times when compared to females for both auditory as well as visual stimuli.展开更多
Numerous studies have been conducted to illuminate the effect of image factors to reduce unexpected influence of stereoscopic images on healthy visual experience. In this paper, we introduce changes in the psychologic...Numerous studies have been conducted to illuminate the effect of image factors to reduce unexpected influence of stereoscopic images on healthy visual experience. In this paper, we introduce changes in the psychological and physiological indexes of observers of a stereo- scopic image disturbed by vibration stimuli. Forty-four healthy university students participated in the experiment. A programmable vibration table generated two types of vibrations (5 Hz and 20 Hz) and provided intermittent vibration stimuli to a stereoscopic projector installed on a vibration table. Our results showed that the frequency of vibration stimuli has a strong impact in evaluating the local comfort of subjects. Our results also showed that the indexes of visual fatigue increased after observation independent of the frequency. The activity status of the autonomic nervous system as a physiological index significantly increased after observing 3D images with vibration stimuli although the vibrational frequency did not have a significant effect on the activity status.展开更多
Mammography is widely performed as a standardized procedure for breast cancer screening;however, women often feel some degree of pain during this procedure. Currently, there are limited options available for alleviati...Mammography is widely performed as a standardized procedure for breast cancer screening;however, women often feel some degree of pain during this procedure. Currently, there are limited options available for alleviating pain related to mammography. A non-medicinal approach to the alleviation of pain involves the effects of laughter on physical and psychological wellbeing. We therefore examined the possibility that humorous stimuli would alleviate the physical burden on women undergoing mammography. We assessed 29 women, 15 women received only conventional mammography (neutral group), while 14 women (humor group) watched a funny video during the same examination. The intensity of pain experienced during mammography was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) and the VAS results showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.007) between the two groups, with the humor group experiencing less pain. In an additional experiment, 14 women in the humor group also underwent conventional mammography without exposure to the funny video and pain was assessed by VAS. We found that the pain experienced during conventional mammography without the funny video was significantly greater than the pain experienced during the same mammography but with the funny video (P = 0.047). These findings suggested the possibility of alleviating pain during mammography by humorous stimuli.展开更多
文摘This paper addresses the JND（Just Noticeable Difference）change of auditory perception with synchronous visual stimuli.Through psychoacoustics experimentS,loudness JND,subjective duration JND and pitch JND of pure tone were measured in auditory-only mode and visual_auditory mode with different visual stimuli which have different attributes such as color,illumination,quality and moving state.Statistical analyses of the experimental data indicare that,comparing with JND in auditory-only mode,the amount of JND with visual stimuli is often larger.The JND＇S average increment of subjective duration,pitch and loudness are 45.1%,14.8%and 12.3%,respectively.The conclusion is that the ability of JNDbased auditory perception often decreases with visual stimuli.The incremental amount of JND is afiected bv the attributes of visual stimuli.If the visual stimuli make subjects feel more comfortable,the JND of auditory perception will change smaller.
文摘The goal of this work was to investigate how the MEG signal amplitude correlates with that of BOLD fMRI. To investigate the correlation between fMRI and macroscopic electrical activity, BOLD fMRI and MEG was performed on the same subjects (n=5). A visual flicker stimulus of varying temporal frequency was used to elicit neural responses in early visual areas. A strong similarity was observed in frequency tuning curves between both modalities. Although, averaged over subjects, the BOLD tuning curve was somewhat broader than MEG, both BOLD and MEG had maxima at a flicker frequency of 10 Hz. Also, we measured the first and second harmonic components as the stimuli frequency by MEG. In the low stimuli frequency (less than 6 Hz), the second harmonic has comparable amplitude with the first harmonic, which implies that neural frequency response is nonlinear and has more nonlinear components in low frequency than in high frequency.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.61170136,61373101,61472270,and 61402318Natural Science Foundation(Youth Science and Technology Research Foundation)of Shanxi Province,No.2014021022-5Shanxi Provincial Key Science and Technology Projects(Agriculture),No.20130311037-4
文摘It is not clear whether the method used in functional brain-network related research can be applied to explore the feature binding mechanism of visual perception. In this study, we inves-tigated feature binding of color and shape in visual perception. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 38 healthy volunteers at rest and while performing a visual perception task to construct brain networks active during resting and task states. Results showed that brain regions involved in visual information processing were obviously activated during the task. The components were partitioned using a greedy algorithm, indicating the visual network existed during the resting state.Z-values in the vision-related brain regions were calculated, conifrming the dynamic balance of the brain network. Connectivity between brain regions was determined, and the result showed that occipital and lingual gyri were stable brain regions in the visual system network, the parietal lobe played a very important role in the binding process of color features and shape features, and the fusiform and inferior temporal gyri were crucial for processing color and shape information. Experimental ifndings indicate that understanding visual feature binding and cognitive processes will help establish computational models of vision, improve image recognition technology, and provide a new theoretical mechanism for feature binding in visual perception.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61876082,61861130366,6173-2006 and 61902183)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2018 YFC2001600,2018YFC 2001602)+1 种基金the Royal Society-Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellowship(No.NAF\R1\180371)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(No.2019M661831).
文摘One of the most significant challenges in the neuroscience community is to understand how the human brain works.Recent progress in neuroimaging techniques have validated that it is possible to decode a person′s thoughts,memories,and emotions via functional magnetic resonance imaging(i.e.,fMRI)since it can measure the neural activation of human brains with satisfied spatiotemporal resolutions.However,the unprecedented scale and complexity of the fMRI data have presented critical computational bottlenecks requiring new scientific analytic tools.Given the increasingly important role of machine learning in neuroscience,a great many machine learning algorithms are presented to analyze brain activities from the fMRI data.In this paper,we mainly provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of machine learning methods for analyzing neural activities with the following three aspects,i.e.,brain image functional alignment,brain activity pattern analysis,and visual stimuli reconstruction.In addition,online resources and open research problems on brain pattern analysis are also provided for the convenience of future research.
文摘Myopia prevalence is dramatically increasing in recent years and in cases in which the refractive error is greater than −6.00 D this disease can lead to severe visual impairment as well as even blindness. Changes in visual input affect the balance between ocular growth and refractive power development. If a mismatch occurs during eye development, the severity of this error affects the degree of myopia. In different animal models of this disease, we found that spatial visual stimuli are essential for maintaining a stable refractive status and normal vision. This is evident because the effects of changes in temporal visual stimuli (e.g., flickering light) on this process depend on whether spatial information is present or absent in the visual environment. Furthermore, the frequency, wavelength and intensity of light are involved in controlling refraction development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying light-induced refraction changes are still unclear. There is definitive evidence that dopamine (DA) is one of the regulators of this process. This retinal neurotransmitter released by dopaminergic amacrine cells appears to play an important role in vision-guided eye growth because its synthesis and release are positively associated with the light intensity and spatial stimuli impinging on the retina. We found that bright light enhances retinal DA synthesis, and attenuates form deprivation myopia (FDM) development via activation of the dopamine receptor 1 (D1R). A nonselective DA receptor agonist apomorphine (APO) inhibited FDM in dopamine receptor 2 (D2R) knockout mice. These individual similar effects of DA and APO in wildtype and D2R knockout mice suggest that D1R activation has a protective effect against myopia development. On the other hand, D2R activation instead appears to promote myopia development because either genetic D2R ablation or pharmacological inactivation of D2R also attenuates myopia development. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the visual environment regulates the retinal DA levels, which in turn affects the relative balance between D1R and D2R activation. When D1R is relatively hyperactivated, the ocular refractive status shifts towards hyperopia. In contrast, such an effect on D2Rpromotes the refractive status to shift in the opposite direction towards myopia.
基金Supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7102102)the Scientific Research Key Pro-gram of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(KZ200810025011)the Research Project of Dongguan Higher Ed-ucation(200910815252)~~
文摘Visually-induced erotic arousal evoked by pornographic visual stimuli, such as films or photographs, is a common occurrence in human behavior. The brain activation associated with visual erotic stimuli in heterosexual right handed females is studied. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is used to investigate 15 female partici- panterotic arousal induced by visual stimuli in film and picture forms, respectively, performing three or more times during their menstrual cycle on a 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. There is activation of a set of bilateral brain areas, including the inferior lateral occipital cortex, the anterior supramarginal gyrus, the parietal operculum cortex, the superior parietal lobules, the right inferior frontal gyrus, the cerebellum, the hypothalamus, the thalamus, the hippocampus, and the mid-brain. From different regions, the brain activation is observed and the inferior frontal gyrus has found to be task-independent. Furthermore, the right inferior frontal gyrus has more activation than the left inferior frontal gyrus. The result shows that the right inferior frontal gyrus plays an important role in pornographic information processing rather than being activated stimuli property specific. It is presented for the first time that the functional laterization of the inferior frontal gyrus is bi-directional rather than single （left） directional.
文摘Objective: The purpose of this study was to find out whether the simple reaction time was faster for auditory or visual stimulus and the factors responsible for improving the performance of the athlete. Methodology: 14 subjects were as- signed randomly into groups consisting of 2 members. Both the members from each group performed both the visual and auditory tests. The tests were taken from the DirectRT software program from a laptop. The DirectRT software consists of Testlabvisual and Testlabsounds to test the reaction times to visual and auditory stimuli. The 2 members from each group completed both the visual and auditory reaction times, the data was taken and the mean reaction time was calculated excluding the first and last values. Results: The results show that the mean visual reaction time is around 331 milliseconds as compared to the mean auditory reaction time of around 284 milliseconds. Conclusion: This shows that the auditory reaction time is faster than the visual reaction time. And also males have faster reaction times when compared to females for both auditory as well as visual stimuli.
文摘Numerous studies have been conducted to illuminate the effect of image factors to reduce unexpected influence of stereoscopic images on healthy visual experience. In this paper, we introduce changes in the psychological and physiological indexes of observers of a stereo- scopic image disturbed by vibration stimuli. Forty-four healthy university students participated in the experiment. A programmable vibration table generated two types of vibrations (5 Hz and 20 Hz) and provided intermittent vibration stimuli to a stereoscopic projector installed on a vibration table. Our results showed that the frequency of vibration stimuli has a strong impact in evaluating the local comfort of subjects. Our results also showed that the indexes of visual fatigue increased after observation independent of the frequency. The activity status of the autonomic nervous system as a physiological index significantly increased after observing 3D images with vibration stimuli although the vibrational frequency did not have a significant effect on the activity status.
文摘Mammography is widely performed as a standardized procedure for breast cancer screening;however, women often feel some degree of pain during this procedure. Currently, there are limited options available for alleviating pain related to mammography. A non-medicinal approach to the alleviation of pain involves the effects of laughter on physical and psychological wellbeing. We therefore examined the possibility that humorous stimuli would alleviate the physical burden on women undergoing mammography. We assessed 29 women, 15 women received only conventional mammography (neutral group), while 14 women (humor group) watched a funny video during the same examination. The intensity of pain experienced during mammography was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) and the VAS results showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.007) between the two groups, with the humor group experiencing less pain. In an additional experiment, 14 women in the humor group also underwent conventional mammography without exposure to the funny video and pain was assessed by VAS. We found that the pain experienced during conventional mammography without the funny video was significantly greater than the pain experienced during the same mammography but with the funny video (P = 0.047). These findings suggested the possibility of alleviating pain during mammography by humorous stimuli.
