Noroviruses are positive-sense, single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA virus that measures approximately 27 - 35 nm in diameter. It affects humans of all ages and races causing most cases of viral gastroenteritis worldwid...Noroviruses are positive-sense, single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA virus that measures approximately 27 - 35 nm in diameter. It affects humans of all ages and races causing most cases of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Infection results from ingestion of contaminated food or water as well as causing diarrhea and vomiting in humans. Extracts from plants are known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and adhesive properties which are associated with barrier functions. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether plaque reduction was due to an effect of methanolic plant extract directly on the virus, whether the extract affects viral replication, and lastly, whether the extract disrupts the cell surface binding with the virus. The plant extracts of interest were the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) and the seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum (ZA). Antiviral activities of these extracts were determined against murine norovirus. The logarithmic viral reduction per plaque-forming unit was (22 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (control), (15 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (treated HS), and (12 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (treated ZA) with a significant reduction (68% and 55% respectively) when compared with the control for the direct effect on the virus. The role of extracts on virus replication showed (25 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (control) as against the HS treated-virus-infected cells (9 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml and ZA treated-virus-infected cells (5 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (36% and 20% respectively). Finally, effect of the extract on the viral attachment showed (31 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (control), (12 log<sub>10</sub>) (HS-treated) and (9 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (ZA-treated), (39% and 29% respectively. Extract treatment with HS and ZA has shown evidence of a reduced number of plaques formation with the latter having fewer plaques. Both extracts have proven potential to reduce the viral multiplication process by interfering with the replication process. This study shows that Hibiscus sabdariffa (calyces) and Zanthoxylum armatum (seed) extracts disrupt murine norovirus from consistent viral replication.展开更多
Albumin solutions derived from human plasma have demonstrated clinical benefits as intravenous fluid therapy in clinical settings such as liver disease,sepsis,intensive care,and surgery.For all plasma-derived medicina...Albumin solutions derived from human plasma have demonstrated clinical benefits as intravenous fluid therapy in clinical settings such as liver disease,sepsis,intensive care,and surgery.For all plasma-derived medicinal products,there is a potential risk from pathogens,including relevant blood-borne viruses,emerging viruses,and prion proteins.To minimize the risk of transmissible infections,the production of human albumin solutions includes rigorous donor selection and plasma testing,and effective pathogen removal and inactivation methods such as fractionation and pasteurization.Compliance with international pharmacopeial standards for purity and prekallikrein activator and aluminum content is crucial,as is post-marketing pharmacovigilance for the continuous monitoring of adverse events.This review focuses on the effectiveness of manufacturing methods in the production of plasma-derived albumin,to ensure the safety of hyperoncotic solutions for volume expansion.We evaluated evidence identified through online database(PubMed)searches and from unpublished sources,on the manufacturing and pathogen safety of plasma-derived albumin solutions.The results confirmed the already established and evolving pathogen reduction capacity of the reviewed manufacturing methods.Up-to-date post-marketing pharmacovigilance data and log 10 reduction factors for known and emerging pathogens during albumin production are included.Towards the goal of ever-increasing clinical safety,potential areas of improvement,such as compliance rates for the completion of donor health questionnaires,are also discussed.Taken together,the current manufacturing and pathogen reduction steps result in albumin products of greater purity than previous-generation products,with a high margin of pathogen safety against known and emerging pathogens,such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).展开更多
文摘Noroviruses are positive-sense, single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA virus that measures approximately 27 - 35 nm in diameter. It affects humans of all ages and races causing most cases of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Infection results from ingestion of contaminated food or water as well as causing diarrhea and vomiting in humans. Extracts from plants are known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and adhesive properties which are associated with barrier functions. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether plaque reduction was due to an effect of methanolic plant extract directly on the virus, whether the extract affects viral replication, and lastly, whether the extract disrupts the cell surface binding with the virus. The plant extracts of interest were the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) and the seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum (ZA). Antiviral activities of these extracts were determined against murine norovirus. The logarithmic viral reduction per plaque-forming unit was (22 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (control), (15 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (treated HS), and (12 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (treated ZA) with a significant reduction (68% and 55% respectively) when compared with the control for the direct effect on the virus. The role of extracts on virus replication showed (25 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (control) as against the HS treated-virus-infected cells (9 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml and ZA treated-virus-infected cells (5 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (36% and 20% respectively). Finally, effect of the extract on the viral attachment showed (31 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (control), (12 log<sub>10</sub>) (HS-treated) and (9 log<sub>10</sub>) PFU/ml (ZA-treated), (39% and 29% respectively. Extract treatment with HS and ZA has shown evidence of a reduced number of plaques formation with the latter having fewer plaques. Both extracts have proven potential to reduce the viral multiplication process by interfering with the replication process. This study shows that Hibiscus sabdariffa (calyces) and Zanthoxylum armatum (seed) extracts disrupt murine norovirus from consistent viral replication.
文摘Albumin solutions derived from human plasma have demonstrated clinical benefits as intravenous fluid therapy in clinical settings such as liver disease,sepsis,intensive care,and surgery.For all plasma-derived medicinal products,there is a potential risk from pathogens,including relevant blood-borne viruses,emerging viruses,and prion proteins.To minimize the risk of transmissible infections,the production of human albumin solutions includes rigorous donor selection and plasma testing,and effective pathogen removal and inactivation methods such as fractionation and pasteurization.Compliance with international pharmacopeial standards for purity and prekallikrein activator and aluminum content is crucial,as is post-marketing pharmacovigilance for the continuous monitoring of adverse events.This review focuses on the effectiveness of manufacturing methods in the production of plasma-derived albumin,to ensure the safety of hyperoncotic solutions for volume expansion.We evaluated evidence identified through online database(PubMed)searches and from unpublished sources,on the manufacturing and pathogen safety of plasma-derived albumin solutions.The results confirmed the already established and evolving pathogen reduction capacity of the reviewed manufacturing methods.Up-to-date post-marketing pharmacovigilance data and log 10 reduction factors for known and emerging pathogens during albumin production are included.Towards the goal of ever-increasing clinical safety,potential areas of improvement,such as compliance rates for the completion of donor health questionnaires,are also discussed.Taken together,the current manufacturing and pathogen reduction steps result in albumin products of greater purity than previous-generation products,with a high margin of pathogen safety against known and emerging pathogens,such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).
