The increasing population and continuous urbanization make food security a key consideration in sustainable development.Efficient farming strategies with low environmental footprints are thus increasingly required to ...The increasing population and continuous urbanization make food security a key consideration in sustainable development.Efficient farming strategies with low environmental footprints are thus increasingly required to meet food demands.This study presents a design for environmentally friendly,economical,and modular vertical farming systems,in which vegetables are cultivated in a carbon dioxide(CO_(2))-enriched atmosphere enabled by direct air capture(DAC)and subjected to artificial light exposure.We established a vertical farming setup and conducted experiments to identify productive cultivation strategies by regulating lighting,CO_(2)concentration,biochar application,and plant species.Additionally,a self-developed DAC rotary adsorber was utilized to achieve stable and efficient CO_(2)enrichment.Compared with the control group,the fresh weight of the vegetables in the experimental groups increased by up to 57.5%.Furthermore,we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the design and demonstrated that integrating photovoltaic-thermal(PVT)and DAC units increased the system’s net present value(NPV)by 157%compared with a conventional design without these units.Importantly,we found it possible to maintain the low carbon footprint of the system(0.468 kg-CO_(2)equivalent·kg−1(CO_(2)eq·kg−1)-vegetable)in the production process.Parametric studies and an application analysis on a global scale reveal the wide adaptability of this strategy to diverse conditions.These findings,together with the modular characteristics of vertical farming systems,highlight the promising potential of this design to increase food security and foster sustainable agriculture.展开更多
The study aimed to develop a vertical crop cultivation system for leafy plants based on cylindrical hydroponics and light emitting diode （LED） technology. Investigations were conducted on growing lettuce （Lactuca s...The study aimed to develop a vertical crop cultivation system for leafy plants based on cylindrical hydroponics and light emitting diode （LED） technology. Investigations were conducted on growing lettuce （Lactuca sativa cv. ＂Rex＂, ＂Nanda＂ and ＂Canasta＂） indoors in a rotary system and Chinese cabbage （Brassica chinensis） in a multi-tier cylindrical hydroponics system under red and blue （RB） LED lightings. Light intensity from different light sources have an influence on the yield and growth behaviour of indoor lettuce. Photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） levels at 63 μmol/m2·s produced low fresh weights （FW） and leaf areas of lettuce ＂Rex＂ and ＂Nanda＂ were grown under rotating conditions. The effect was, however, different on the better developed ＂Canasta＂. Stem etiolation was a common occurrence under such influence. Chlorosis was not observed on all plant types grown under the LEDs. Cultivating Chinese cabbage plants （FW： 28 g/plant） in cylindrical units stacked vertically above another, increased planting density by 47% when compared to the rotary system,展开更多
Vertical farming offers significant potential to tackle global challenges like urbanization,food security,and climate change.However,its widespread adoption is hindered by high costs,substantial energy demands,and thu...Vertical farming offers significant potential to tackle global challenges like urbanization,food security,and climate change.However,its widespread adoption is hindered by high costs,substantial energy demands,and thus low production efficiency.The limited range of economically viable crops further compounds these challenges.Beyond advancing infrastructure,rapidly developing crop cultivars tailored for vertical farming(VF)are essential to enhancing production efficiency.The gibberellin biosynthesis genes GA20-oxidase fueled the Green Revolution in cereals,while the anti-florigen genes SELF-PRUNING(SP)and SELF-PRUNING 5G(SP5G)revolutionized tomato production.Here,we engineer tomato germplasm optimized for VF by leveraging genome editing to integrate Green Revolution gene homologs and anti-florigen genes.Knocking out the tomato SlGA20ox1 gene,but not SlGA20ox2,results in a promising VF-suitable plant architecture featuring short stems and a compact canopy.When cultivated in a commercial vertical farm with multi-layered,LED-equipped automated hydroponic growth systems,slga20ox1 mutants saved space occupation by 75%,achieving a 38%-69%fruit yield increase with higher planting density,less space occupation,and lower lighting power consumption.Stacking SlGA20ox1 with SP and SP5G genes created a more compact plant architecture with accelerated flowering and synchronized fruit ripening.In commercial vertical farms,the sp sp5g slga20ox1 triple mutant reduced space occupation by 85%,shortened the harvest cycle by 16%and increased effective yield by 180%,significantly enhancing production efficiency.Our study demonstrates the potential of integrating agriculture practice-validated genes to rapidly develop tomato cultivars tailored for VF,providing a proof-of-concept for leveraging genome editing to boost production efficiency in VF.展开更多
Buildings could play a critical role in energy and food production while making highdensity cities more resilient.Productive facades(PFs),as flexible and multi-functional systems integrating photovoltaic(PV)and vertic...Buildings could play a critical role in energy and food production while making highdensity cities more resilient.Productive facades(PFs),as flexible and multi-functional systems integrating photovoltaic(PV)and vertical farming(VF)systems,could contribute to transforming buildings and communities from consumers to producers.This study analyses the architectural quality of the developed PF concept drawing on the findings of a web-survey conducted among experts e building professionals in Singapore.The developed design variants are compared with regards to key design aspects such as facade aesthetics,view from the inside,materialisation,ease of operation,functionality and overall architectural quality.The study also compares and discusses the results of the web-survey with the results of a previously conducted door-to-door survey among the potential users-residents of the Housing&Development Board(HDB)blocks.The findings confirm an overall acceptance of the PF concept and reveal a need for synergetic collaboration between architects/designers and other building professionals.Based on the defined PF design framework and the results of the two surveys,a series of recommendations and improved PF prototypes are proposed for further assessment and implementation in order to foster their scalability from buildings into communities and cities.展开更多
Vertical farming systems,such as sky farms,are a potential type of agricultural system for stable and effective food production.Here,we highlight the potential of the sky farm,denoted as the“skyscraper crop factory”...Vertical farming systems,such as sky farms,are a potential type of agricultural system for stable and effective food production.Here,we highlight the potential of the sky farm,denoted as the“skyscraper crop factory”(SCF),for cereal crop production and discuss some nascent technologies that would be applied in this production system.SCFs are ideal crop-production systems for increasing the effective arable area for crops and ensuring food security in times of crises that cause a shock in global trade.They can also provide food in urban areas to meet producers’and consumers’demands for the increased nutrition,taste,and safe production of cereal crops.Moreover,as their use can reduce greenhouse gas emissions,SCFs could be a sustainable addition to conventional agricultural crop production.展开更多
Greenhouse farming is considered one of the precision and sustainable forms of smart agriculture.Although greenhouse gases can support off-season crops inside the indoor environment,monitoring,controlling,and managing...Greenhouse farming is considered one of the precision and sustainable forms of smart agriculture.Although greenhouse gases can support off-season crops inside the indoor environment,monitoring,controlling,and managing crop parameters at greenhouse farms more precisely and securely is necessary,even in harsh climate regions.The evolving Internet of Things(IoT)technologies,including smart sensors,devices,network topologies,big data analytics,and intelligent decision-making,are thought to be the solution for automating greenhouse farming parameters like internal atmosphere control,irrigation control,crop growth monitoring,and so on.This paper introduces a comprehensive survey of recent advances in IoT-based greenhouse farming.We summarize the related review articles.The classification of greenhouse farming based on IoT(smart greenhouse,hydroponics greenhouse,and vertical farming)is introduced.Also,we present a detailed architecture for the components of greenhouse agriculture applications based on IoT,including physical devices,communication protocols,and cloud/fog computing technologies.We also present a classification of IoT applications of greenhouse farming,including monitoring,controlling,tracking,and predicting.Furthermore,we present the technical and resource management challenges for optimal greenhouse farming.Moreover,countries already applying IoT in greenhouse farming have been presented.Lastly,future suggestions related to IoT-based greenhouse farming have been introduced.展开更多
Greenhouse cultivation has evolved from simple covered rows of open-fields crops to highly sophisticated controlled environment agriculture(CEA)facilities that projected the image of plant factories for urban agricult...Greenhouse cultivation has evolved from simple covered rows of open-fields crops to highly sophisticated controlled environment agriculture(CEA)facilities that projected the image of plant factories for urban agriculture.The advances and improvements in CEA have promoted the scientific solutions for the efficient production of plants in populated cities and multi-story buildings.Successful deployment of CEA for urban agriculture requires many components and subsystems,as well as the understanding of the external influencing factors that should be systematically considered and integrated.This review is an attempt to highlight some of the most recent advances in greenhouse technology and CEA in order to raise the awareness for technology transfer and adaptation,which is necessary for a successful transition to urban agriculture.This study reviewed several aspects of a high-tech CEA system including improvements in the frame and covering materials,environment perception and data sharing,and advanced microclimate control and energy optimization models.This research highlighted urban agriculture and its derivatives,including vertical farming,rooftop greenhouses and plant factories which are the extensions of CEA and have emerged as a response to the growing population,environmental degradation,and urbanization that are threatening food security.Finally,several opportunities and challenges have been identified in implementing the integrated CEA and vertical farming for urban agriculture.展开更多
基金the National Research Foundation(NRF),Prime Minister’s Office,Singapore,under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise(CREATE)program(A-0001032-01-00)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52376011).
文摘The increasing population and continuous urbanization make food security a key consideration in sustainable development.Efficient farming strategies with low environmental footprints are thus increasingly required to meet food demands.This study presents a design for environmentally friendly,economical,and modular vertical farming systems,in which vegetables are cultivated in a carbon dioxide(CO_(2))-enriched atmosphere enabled by direct air capture(DAC)and subjected to artificial light exposure.We established a vertical farming setup and conducted experiments to identify productive cultivation strategies by regulating lighting,CO_(2)concentration,biochar application,and plant species.Additionally,a self-developed DAC rotary adsorber was utilized to achieve stable and efficient CO_(2)enrichment.Compared with the control group,the fresh weight of the vegetables in the experimental groups increased by up to 57.5%.Furthermore,we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the design and demonstrated that integrating photovoltaic-thermal(PVT)and DAC units increased the system’s net present value(NPV)by 157%compared with a conventional design without these units.Importantly,we found it possible to maintain the low carbon footprint of the system(0.468 kg-CO_(2)equivalent·kg−1(CO_(2)eq·kg−1)-vegetable)in the production process.Parametric studies and an application analysis on a global scale reveal the wide adaptability of this strategy to diverse conditions.These findings,together with the modular characteristics of vertical farming systems,highlight the promising potential of this design to increase food security and foster sustainable agriculture.
文摘The study aimed to develop a vertical crop cultivation system for leafy plants based on cylindrical hydroponics and light emitting diode （LED） technology. Investigations were conducted on growing lettuce （Lactuca sativa cv. ＂Rex＂, ＂Nanda＂ and ＂Canasta＂） indoors in a rotary system and Chinese cabbage （Brassica chinensis） in a multi-tier cylindrical hydroponics system under red and blue （RB） LED lightings. Light intensity from different light sources have an influence on the yield and growth behaviour of indoor lettuce. Photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） levels at 63 μmol/m2·s produced low fresh weights （FW） and leaf areas of lettuce ＂Rex＂ and ＂Nanda＂ were grown under rotating conditions. The effect was, however, different on the better developed ＂Canasta＂. Stem etiolation was a common occurrence under such influence. Chlorosis was not observed on all plant types grown under the LEDs. Cultivating Chinese cabbage plants （FW： 28 g/plant） in cylindrical units stacked vertically above another, increased planting density by 47% when compared to the rotary system,
基金supported by the Cooperation Project of China,the Netherlands(CAS-NWO)(151111KYSB20210001)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-078)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32225045)to C.X.
文摘Vertical farming offers significant potential to tackle global challenges like urbanization,food security,and climate change.However,its widespread adoption is hindered by high costs,substantial energy demands,and thus low production efficiency.The limited range of economically viable crops further compounds these challenges.Beyond advancing infrastructure,rapidly developing crop cultivars tailored for vertical farming(VF)are essential to enhancing production efficiency.The gibberellin biosynthesis genes GA20-oxidase fueled the Green Revolution in cereals,while the anti-florigen genes SELF-PRUNING(SP)and SELF-PRUNING 5G(SP5G)revolutionized tomato production.Here,we engineer tomato germplasm optimized for VF by leveraging genome editing to integrate Green Revolution gene homologs and anti-florigen genes.Knocking out the tomato SlGA20ox1 gene,but not SlGA20ox2,results in a promising VF-suitable plant architecture featuring short stems and a compact canopy.When cultivated in a commercial vertical farm with multi-layered,LED-equipped automated hydroponic growth systems,slga20ox1 mutants saved space occupation by 75%,achieving a 38%-69%fruit yield increase with higher planting density,less space occupation,and lower lighting power consumption.Stacking SlGA20ox1 with SP and SP5G genes created a more compact plant architecture with accelerated flowering and synchronized fruit ripening.In commercial vertical farms,the sp sp5g slga20ox1 triple mutant reduced space occupation by 85%,shortened the harvest cycle by 16%and increased effective yield by 180%,significantly enhancing production efficiency.Our study demonstrates the potential of integrating agriculture practice-validated genes to rapidly develop tomato cultivars tailored for VF,providing a proof-of-concept for leveraging genome editing to boost production efficiency in VF.
基金This research was funded by the City Developments Limited(CDL)(R-295-000-134-720),SingaporeThe farming system and BIPV systems support were partially financed by the UNISEAL and Wiredbox(WBG(SG)Pte Ltd),respectively.
文摘Buildings could play a critical role in energy and food production while making highdensity cities more resilient.Productive facades(PFs),as flexible and multi-functional systems integrating photovoltaic(PV)and vertical farming(VF)systems,could contribute to transforming buildings and communities from consumers to producers.This study analyses the architectural quality of the developed PF concept drawing on the findings of a web-survey conducted among experts e building professionals in Singapore.The developed design variants are compared with regards to key design aspects such as facade aesthetics,view from the inside,materialisation,ease of operation,functionality and overall architectural quality.The study also compares and discusses the results of the web-survey with the results of a previously conducted door-to-door survey among the potential users-residents of the Housing&Development Board(HDB)blocks.The findings confirm an overall acceptance of the PF concept and reveal a need for synergetic collaboration between architects/designers and other building professionals.Based on the defined PF design framework and the results of the two surveys,a series of recommendations and improved PF prototypes are proposed for further assessment and implementation in order to foster their scalability from buildings into communities and cities.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB3604600)the Local Financial Project of the National Agricultural Science and Technology Center(NASC2023TD01 and NASC2023TD10)+2 种基金the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(S2022006)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2022NSFSC1719)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS(ASTIP-34-IUA-01 and ASTIP-IUA2023002)。
文摘Vertical farming systems,such as sky farms,are a potential type of agricultural system for stable and effective food production.Here,we highlight the potential of the sky farm,denoted as the“skyscraper crop factory”(SCF),for cereal crop production and discuss some nascent technologies that would be applied in this production system.SCFs are ideal crop-production systems for increasing the effective arable area for crops and ensuring food security in times of crises that cause a shock in global trade.They can also provide food in urban areas to meet producers’and consumers’demands for the increased nutrition,taste,and safe production of cereal crops.Moreover,as their use can reduce greenhouse gas emissions,SCFs could be a sustainable addition to conventional agricultural crop production.
文摘Greenhouse farming is considered one of the precision and sustainable forms of smart agriculture.Although greenhouse gases can support off-season crops inside the indoor environment,monitoring,controlling,and managing crop parameters at greenhouse farms more precisely and securely is necessary,even in harsh climate regions.The evolving Internet of Things(IoT)technologies,including smart sensors,devices,network topologies,big data analytics,and intelligent decision-making,are thought to be the solution for automating greenhouse farming parameters like internal atmosphere control,irrigation control,crop growth monitoring,and so on.This paper introduces a comprehensive survey of recent advances in IoT-based greenhouse farming.We summarize the related review articles.The classification of greenhouse farming based on IoT(smart greenhouse,hydroponics greenhouse,and vertical farming)is introduced.Also,we present a detailed architecture for the components of greenhouse agriculture applications based on IoT,including physical devices,communication protocols,and cloud/fog computing technologies.We also present a classification of IoT applications of greenhouse farming,including monitoring,controlling,tracking,and predicting.Furthermore,we present the technical and resource management challenges for optimal greenhouse farming.Moreover,countries already applying IoT in greenhouse farming have been presented.Lastly,future suggestions related to IoT-based greenhouse farming have been introduced.
文摘Greenhouse cultivation has evolved from simple covered rows of open-fields crops to highly sophisticated controlled environment agriculture(CEA)facilities that projected the image of plant factories for urban agriculture.The advances and improvements in CEA have promoted the scientific solutions for the efficient production of plants in populated cities and multi-story buildings.Successful deployment of CEA for urban agriculture requires many components and subsystems,as well as the understanding of the external influencing factors that should be systematically considered and integrated.This review is an attempt to highlight some of the most recent advances in greenhouse technology and CEA in order to raise the awareness for technology transfer and adaptation,which is necessary for a successful transition to urban agriculture.This study reviewed several aspects of a high-tech CEA system including improvements in the frame and covering materials,environment perception and data sharing,and advanced microclimate control and energy optimization models.This research highlighted urban agriculture and its derivatives,including vertical farming,rooftop greenhouses and plant factories which are the extensions of CEA and have emerged as a response to the growing population,environmental degradation,and urbanization that are threatening food security.Finally,several opportunities and challenges have been identified in implementing the integrated CEA and vertical farming for urban agriculture.
