Oxidative stress is a key physiological mechanism underlying life-history tradeoffs. Here, I use meta-analytic techniques to test whether sexual differences in oxidative balance are common in vertebrates and to identi...Oxidative stress is a key physiological mechanism underlying life-history tradeoffs. Here, I use meta-analytic techniques to test whether sexual differences in oxidative balance are common in vertebrates and to identify which factors are associated with such differences. The dataset included 732 effect size estimates from 100 articles （82 species）. Larger unsigned effect size （meaning larger sexual differences in a given marker） occurred in： reptiles and fish; those species that do not pro- vide parental care; and oviparous species. Estimates of signed effect size （positive values meaning higher oxidative stress in males） indicated that females were less resistant to oxidative stress than males in： reptiles while males and females were similar in fish, birds, and mammals; those species that do not provide parental care; and oviparous species. There was no evidence for a significant sexual differentiation in oxidative balance in fish, birds, and mammals. Effect size was not associ- ated with： the number of offspring; whether the experimental animals were reproducing or not; biomarker （oxidative damage, non-enzymatic, or enzymatic antioxidant）, the species body mass; the strain （wild vs. domestic）; or the study environment （wild vs. captivity）. Oxidative stress tended to be higher in females than males across most of the tissues analyzed. Levels of residual heterogeneity were high in all models tested. The findings of this meta-analysis indicate that diversification of reproductive strategies might be associated with sexual differences in oxidative balance. This explorative meta-analysis offers a starting platform for future research to investigate the rela-tionship between sex and oxidative balance further.展开更多
Antarctica has significant environmental,scientific,historic,and intrinsic values,all of which are worth protecting into the future.This continent has a discrete number of places of scientific interest that exhibit gr...Antarctica has significant environmental,scientific,historic,and intrinsic values,all of which are worth protecting into the future.This continent has a discrete number of places of scientific interest that exhibit great potential as natural heritage sites;its geodiversity is of fundamental importance to scientific values of the continent,and the pursuit of geological and paleontological knowledge has had a strong influence on its historical values.Seymour Island was once called the‘Rosetta Stone’of Southern Hemisphere paleobiology,because this small island provides the most complete and richly fossiliferous Late Cretaceous–Paleogene sequence in Antarctica.In particular,fossil vertebrates form part of the evidence used in reconstructing the history of life on Antarctica.Paleontological heritage is considered a subset of geo-heritage that embodies both natural and historical components which has received only indirect recognition.Seymour Island is an outstanding paleontological area with high heritage value of its Late Cretaceous/Paleogene vertebrates and should be considered for geo-conservation and protection.This paper reviews vertebrate fossil occurrences and outcrops on Seymour Island and discusses some threats to these fossil sites.展开更多
The enormous eruptive volume of India's Deccan continental flood basalts has been linked to global mass extinction at Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and destablilisation of both marine and terrestrial ecosystems be...The enormous eruptive volume of India's Deccan continental flood basalts has been linked to global mass extinction at Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and destablilisation of both marine and terrestrial ecosystems before and after the Chicxulub bolide impact. Deccan Volcanic Province(DVP) currently covers around 500 000 km^2 of land between latitude 15°10′-24°30′N and longitude 70°10′-82°10′E over central India towards the west coast. The pre-erosional volume is estimated at around 1.6 million km^3 which is one of the largest volcanic eruptions on the Earth. The Deccan lava flows in geographically separated areas in DVP are considered to have separate sources and sites of eruptions and were outpoured in different magnetochrons viz. C30 n to C28 n of Maastrichtian to Paleocene. The Deccan volcanic sequences(DVS) in different provinces are associated with(i) sediments deposited before the arrival(Ground Zero) of the first lava flows-designated as infratrappean or Lameta sediments and(ii) sediments between the lava flows deposited during the period of quiescence at different stratigraphic levels designated as intertrappean(interflow) sediments. The Ground Zero Lameta sediments are the major dinosaur bearing sediments deposited in six inland basins viz. 1. Balasinor-Jhabua;2. Sagar;3. Jabalpur;4. Ambikapur-Amarkantak;5. Salburdi;6. Nand-Dongargaon. The sediments represent mainly the terrestrial ecosystems destabilised by the volcanism and they record history of biotic and environmental changes impacted by the volcanism across the Deccan volcanic eruptions. The titanosaurs, crocodylimorphs and bothremydid turtles survived across the first flows in the region in the C30 n. The skeletal remains of the surviving reptiles are preserved in the Deccan volcanic associated intertrappean lake sediments at different stratigraphic levels higher-up in the sequence. Locally, in the Malwa region the Scincomorp and Anguimorph lizards make their first appearance during the earlier phase of volcanic eruptions in C30 n wherein their well preserved bones are found in the intertrappean/inter lsva lake sediments deposited between the lava flows. The lizard fauna is indicated to have better flourished after the initial Deccan eruptions possibly owing to increased humidity.展开更多
99.8% of extant vertebrate species on Earth, including humans, possess jaws(maxilla and mandible). The group which we belong to is accordingly referred to as jawed vertebrates or gnathostomes. The origin and rise of o...99.8% of extant vertebrate species on Earth, including humans, possess jaws(maxilla and mandible). The group which we belong to is accordingly referred to as jawed vertebrates or gnathostomes. The origin and rise of our group is undoubtedly one of the most critical evolutionary milestones in the history of vertebrates from fish to humans.展开更多
How the structure and base composition of genes changed with the evolution of vertebrates remains a puzzling question. Here we analyzed 895 orthologous protein-coding genes in six multicellular animals： human, chicke...How the structure and base composition of genes changed with the evolution of vertebrates remains a puzzling question. Here we analyzed 895 orthologous protein-coding genes in six multicellular animals： human, chicken, zebrafish, sea squirt, fruit fly, and worm. Our analyses reveal that many gene regions, particularly intron and 3~ UTR, gradually expanded throughout the evolution of vertebrates from their invertebrate ancestors, and that the number of exons per gene increased. Studies based on all protein-coding genes in each genome provide consistent results. We also find that GC-content increased in many gene regions （especially 5＇ UTR） in the evolution of endotherms, except in coding-exons. Analysis of individual genomes shows that 3t UTR demonstrated stronger length and GC-content correlation with intron than 5~ UTR, and gene with large intron in all six species demonstrated relatively similar GC-content. Our data indicates a great increase in complexity in vertebrate genes and we propose that the requirement for morphological and functional changes is probably the driving force behind the evolution of structure and base composition complexity in multicellular animal genes.展开更多
The inverted retina is a basic characteristic of the vertebrate eye.This implies that vertebrates must have a common ancestor with an inverted retina.Of the two groups of chordates,cephalochordates have an inverted re...The inverted retina is a basic characteristic of the vertebrate eye.This implies that vertebrates must have a common ancestor with an inverted retina.Of the two groups of chordates,cephalochordates have an inverted retina and urochordates a direct retina.Surprisingly,recent genetics studies favor urochordates as the closest ancestor to vertebrates.The evolution of increasingly complex organs such as the eye implies not only tissular but also structural modifications at the organ level.How these configurational modifications give rise to a functional eye at any step is still subject to debate and speculation.Here we propose an orderly sequence of phylogenetic events that closely follows the sequence of developmental eye formation in extant vertebrates.The progressive structural complexity has been clearly recorded during vertebrate development at the period of organogenesis.Matching the chain of increasing eye complexity in Mollusca that leads to the bicameral eye of the octopus and the developmental sequence in vertebrates,we delineate the parallel evolution of the two-chambered eye of vertebrates starting with an early ectodermal eye.This sequence allows for some interesting predictions regarding the eyes of not preserved intermediary species.The clue to understanding the inverted retina of vertebrates and the similarity between the sequence followed by Mollusca and chordates is the notion that the eye in both cases is an ectodermal structure,in contrast to an exclusively(de novo)neuroectodermal origin in the eye of vertebrates.This analysis places cephalochordates as the closest branch to vertebrates contrary to urochordates,claimed as a closer branch by some researchers that base their proposals in a genetic analysis.展开更多
The distribution and characteristics of LDH isoenzymes in different tissues of 25spe-cies of vertebrats were comparativety analysed by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel diskelectrophoresis,combined with experiments on ...The distribution and characteristics of LDH isoenzymes in different tissues of 25spe-cies of vertebrats were comparativety analysed by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel diskelectrophoresis,combined with experiments on heat and urea inhibition.The result showed that indifferent tissues of Cienopharyngodon idellus,Carassius,ayratus,Trichiurus haumete and Miichihysmiiuy in addition to the distribution of LDH isoenzymes,composed of A and B subuits,a E4isoenzyme band,moving very fast to the positive pole,was detectedin the eye tissue of Trichiurushaumele and a F4 isoenzyme hand,moving very slow to the positive pole,was found in liver andkidney of Cienopharyngodon idellus.The A4 isoenzyme band was found in different tisseues ofPleuronichlhys cornulus,inhabiting on the bottom of the ocean.From the amphition to the mammal,with the exception of Hyta arboreu immaculata,Chinnemys reevesii,Trioyx sinensis,Gallus gallusdomeslicus and Corvus macrorhynchos,which have special electrophoretic behaviours.In展开更多
New findings on the brain and inner ear cavity of a 400-million-year-old platypus-like fish cast light on the evolution of modern jawed vertebrates,according to a study led by Dr.ZHU Youan and Dr.LU Jing from the Inst...New findings on the brain and inner ear cavity of a 400-million-year-old platypus-like fish cast light on the evolution of modern jawed vertebrates,according to a study led by Dr.ZHU Youan and Dr.LU Jing from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).展开更多
In the present paper, 11 species of parasitic nematodes are described, namely: Amidostomum anscris and Ascaridia galli from ducks and fowl; Heteratys golhnae from fowl, H. parisi from pheasants, H. yam sp. nov. from d...In the present paper, 11 species of parasitic nematodes are described, namely: Amidostomum anscris and Ascaridia galli from ducks and fowl; Heteratys golhnae from fowl, H. parisi from pheasants, H. yam sp. nov. from ducks; Cheilospirura hamulosa from fowl; Rhabdias tmnulosa from water snakes, Rh, bicornis and ntpponica from toads; Tanqua anomala from water snakes and Spiroxys japonica from frogs. All specimens were preserved in glycerine-alcohol and studied after clearing in carbol-alcohol.展开更多
Animals rely on olfaction to detect and process invaluable chemical information about their environment.For olfaction to function,chemicals must first be detected,which leads to the activation of signal-transduction p...Animals rely on olfaction to detect and process invaluable chemical information about their environment.For olfaction to function,chemicals must first be detected,which leads to the activation of signal-transduction pathways at the peripheral olfactory organ.As the olfactory system is in direct contact with the environment,the system is constantly vulnerable to damage by contaminants entering the atmosphere or hydrosphere.Contaminants may have a variety of effects,including disrupting olfactory signals generated during chemical detection,or altering numerous targets along the signal transduction pathway.With any impairment of chemical detection,animals may be unable to rely on olfaction to make correct decisions about their environment and thus their fitness.While other reviews have focussed on olfactory toxicology in general,here we specifically explore how contaminants may affect the signal-transduction pathways at various points and link those changes to olfactory functionality across vertebrates with a focus on fishes.展开更多
Regenerative capacity of the central nervous system(CNS)is unevenly distributed among vertebrates.While most mammalian species including humans elicit limited repair following CNS injury or disease,highly regenerative...Regenerative capacity of the central nervous system(CNS)is unevenly distributed among vertebrates.While most mammalian species including humans elicit limited repair following CNS injury or disease,highly regenerative vertebrates including urodele amphibians and teleost fish spontaneously reverse CNS damage.Teletost zebrafish(danio rerio)are tropical freshwater fish that proved to be an excellent vertebrate model of successful CNS regeneration.Differential neuronal,glial,and immune injury responses underlie disparate injury outcomes between highly regenerative zebrafish and poorly regenerative mammals.This article describes complications associated with neuronal repair following spinal cord injury(SCI)in poorly regenerative mammals and highlights intersecting modes of plasticity and regeneration in highly regenerative zebrafish(Figures 1 and 2).Comparative approaches evaluating immunoglial SCI responses were recently reviewed elsewhere(Reyes and Mokalled,2024).展开更多
Fish are the oldest and most diverse vertebrates on the planet,living in waters around the world,and are very important for maintaining ecological balance,as well as providing rich food resources for human beings.Perh...Fish are the oldest and most diverse vertebrates on the planet,living in waters around the world,and are very important for maintaining ecological balance,as well as providing rich food resources for human beings.Perhaps as far as common people are concerned,fish can be divided into two kinds,edible and non-edible.In fact,there are more than 20,000 fish species in the world,some of which are highly skilled and make people broaden their horizons.展开更多
The lignite deposits of Kutch, India are stratigraphically referred to the Naredi Formation and considered to be Early Eocene in age. The biostratigraphy of the older mine at Panandhro and a newly opened mine at Matan...The lignite deposits of Kutch, India are stratigraphically referred to the Naredi Formation and considered to be Early Eocene in age. The biostratigraphy of the older mine at Panandhro and a newly opened mine at Matanomadh has constrained the upper age limit of lignite to the early Bartonian. Its lower age may extend to the late Lutetian. Temporally the formation of lignite corresponds to the warming event of the Middle Eocene and suggests a humid climate at the onset of the warming. The previous palynological studies have already suggested dominance of tropical angiospermic pollen. A diverse assemblage of fossil whales and other vertebrates, many of them supposedly the oldest representatives, were reported from Panandhro mine. These were initially assigned to the Early Eocene and later to the Lute? tian age. The present biostratigraphic study revises their age to the Early Bartonian.展开更多
BACKGROUND Surgical intervention is a critical treatment approach for symptomatic atlantoaxial dislocation.However,vertebral artery injury remains a significant challenge during such procedures.We present a case of su...BACKGROUND Surgical intervention is a critical treatment approach for symptomatic atlantoaxial dislocation.However,vertebral artery injury remains a significant challenge during such procedures.We present a case of successful treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation with concurrent vertebral artery injury using interlaminar screw technology,and review the relevant literature.CASE SUMMARY A 69-year-old female patient,with no history of trauma,was diagnosed with atlantoaxial dislocation based on X-ray,computed tomography(CT),and magnetic resonance imaging.Preoperative CT angiography(CTA)revealed vertebral artery developmental anomalies,and she underwent posterior cervical surgery.Postoperative follow-up showed improvement in the patient’s clinical symptoms such as unstable walking and dizziness,as well as functional scores compared to pre-surgery.Intraoperative vertebral artery injury was successfully managed,and postoperative CTA review revealed no complications related to vascular damage.CONCLUSION Thorough preoperative evaluation,such as CTA imaging,and the surgeon’s expertise in various spinal screw placement techniques are crucial for improving the success rate of atlantoaxial dislocation surgeries.展开更多
A new species of Bothriolepis(Placodermi,Antiarcha),B.zhujiangyuanensis sp.nov.,is described from the Eifelian(Middle Devonian)Shangshuanghe Formation at the Pearl River Source Scenic Area,Qujing,Yunnan Province,south...A new species of Bothriolepis(Placodermi,Antiarcha),B.zhujiangyuanensis sp.nov.,is described from the Eifelian(Middle Devonian)Shangshuanghe Formation at the Pearl River Source Scenic Area,Qujing,Yunnan Province,southwestern China and is characterized by a broad postpineal plate bearing a straight anterior margin,a premedian plate wider than long,and a weakly developed dorsal median ridge of the trunk shield.As the eighth Bothriolepis taxon in China,B.zhujiangyuanensis sp.nov.provides a wealth of morphological data to clarify the intrageneric interrelationships.Maximum parsimony analysis,using a revised data set of the genus with 76 ingroup taxa and 72 characters,yields a well-resolved consensus tree for Bothriolepis.The phylogenetic result shows a sister-group relationship between B.zhujiangyuanensis and B.babichevi from Kazakhstan,corroborating the biogeographic proximity between the South China and Kazakhstania blocks during the Middle Devonian.展开更多
We report a new eusauropod dinosaur,Huashanosaurus qini gen.et sp.nov.,based on a partial skeleton recovered from a bed in the Lower to Middle Jurassic Wangmen Formation(Fm.)from Huqiu Quarry near Mingjiang River,Ning...We report a new eusauropod dinosaur,Huashanosaurus qini gen.et sp.nov.,based on a partial skeleton recovered from a bed in the Lower to Middle Jurassic Wangmen Formation(Fm.)from Huqiu Quarry near Mingjiang River,Ningming County,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,southern China.The new taxon can be diagnosed by the following autapomorphies:posterior process of the ulna hook-shaped;the cross-section of the proximal part of the ulna crescent-shaped;groove structure present at the posterodistal surface of the fibula.Phylogenetic analysis reveals that H.qini is later-diverging than the Middle Jurassic Shunosaurus.Previous work showed that the Wangmen Fm.is early Early Jurassic in age whereas the new eusauropod discovery indicates that the Wangmen Fm.is probably somewhat younger Early-Middle Jurassic in age.The find increases the diversity of Jurassic eusauropods in China.展开更多
We report new material of the zalambdalestid,Zhangolestes jilinensis,from the Quantou Formation(lower Upper Cretaceous,Cenomanian to Turonian),Gongzhuling City,Jilin Province,NE China.Using micro-CT-scan,the material ...We report new material of the zalambdalestid,Zhangolestes jilinensis,from the Quantou Formation(lower Upper Cretaceous,Cenomanian to Turonian),Gongzhuling City,Jilin Province,NE China.Using micro-CT-scan,the material is shown to include dentocranial and postcranial elements recovered from the same matrix block containing the holotype specimen.The CT-images also show the labial and internal structures of the holotype fragment of the lower jaw of Z.jilinensis.Based on the preservation,relative size,and tooth wear,the new material and the holotype lower jaw likely belong to the same individual animal,whereas the hypodigm mandibular fragment assigned to Z.jilinensis in the original study is thought now to belong to a different individual,potentially representing a different species,which,if true,would increase the eutherian diversity in the Late Cretaceous Changchunsaurus Fauna.Furthermore,the new CT-images show that the incisor morphology is diverse within zalambdalestids and probably evolved independently from the enlarged incisors in placental mammals,such as Glires.展开更多
Twelve new dinosaur teeth have recently been recovered from three localities in the Upper Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation of the Songliao Basin.Although fragmentary,the material offers enough evidence to identify the fo...Twelve new dinosaur teeth have recently been recovered from three localities in the Upper Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation of the Songliao Basin.Although fragmentary,the material offers enough evidence to identify the following taxa:tyrannosaurids,dromaeosaurines,velociraptorines,hadrosauroids,and titanosaurs.In addition to the previously known dinosaurs from the basin,several new ones have been identified,extending the paleogeographic range of related taxa.The discovery of these new fossil remains provides valuable insights into dinosaur diversity and sheds light on the terrestrial ecosystem during the Late Cretaceous in the Songliao Basin.展开更多
BACKGROUND Epithelioid angiosarcoma(EA)is an aggressive,malignant endothelial-cell tumor of vascular or lymphatic origin.EA often arises from deep soft tissues such as pleura,breast,bone and gastrointestinal tract.It ...BACKGROUND Epithelioid angiosarcoma(EA)is an aggressive,malignant endothelial-cell tumor of vascular or lymphatic origin.EA often arises from deep soft tissues such as pleura,breast,bone and gastrointestinal tract.It usually affects patients aged 60-70 years and is associated with high recurrence and metastasis rates with surgical resection as the primary treatment of choice.Overall survivals are generally poor,ranging from 6 to 16 months.More than 50%of patients died of disease within 2 to 3 years of diagnosis.CASE SUMMARY We present a rare case of EA of the cervical spine causing a C6 pathological fracture complicated by severe kyphosis.The patient received C4-7 posterior laminectomy and C2/3/4/7/T1 transpedicular screw fixation,followed by anterior C5-6 corpectomy with allograft bone fusion and cervical plate fixation.Postoperative radiotherapy was administered without delay.However,the patient died of rapidly progressive acute respiratory distress syndrome 3 weeks after the second surgery.CONCLUSION EA with spinal involvement is extremely rare.Early detection and cord decompression may prevent neurological deterioration and preserve better quality of life.展开更多
Scientists have suspected for a while that Greenland sharks live extremely long lives,but they didnt have a way to determine how long.The age of other shark species can be estimated by counting growth bands on fin spi...Scientists have suspected for a while that Greenland sharks live extremely long lives,but they didnt have a way to determine how long.The age of other shark species can be estimated by counting growth bands on fin spines(鳍脊)or on the sharksvertebrae(脊椎),much like rings of a tree.Greenland sharks,however,have no fin spines and no hard tissues in their bodies.Their vertebrae are too soft to form the growth bands seen in other sharks.Scientists could only guess that the sharks lived a long time based on what they knew—the sharks grow at a very slow rate and they can reach 6 meters in size.展开更多
文摘Oxidative stress is a key physiological mechanism underlying life-history tradeoffs. Here, I use meta-analytic techniques to test whether sexual differences in oxidative balance are common in vertebrates and to identify which factors are associated with such differences. The dataset included 732 effect size estimates from 100 articles （82 species）. Larger unsigned effect size （meaning larger sexual differences in a given marker） occurred in： reptiles and fish; those species that do not pro- vide parental care; and oviparous species. Estimates of signed effect size （positive values meaning higher oxidative stress in males） indicated that females were less resistant to oxidative stress than males in： reptiles while males and females were similar in fish, birds, and mammals; those species that do not provide parental care; and oviparous species. There was no evidence for a significant sexual differentiation in oxidative balance in fish, birds, and mammals. Effect size was not associ- ated with： the number of offspring; whether the experimental animals were reproducing or not; biomarker （oxidative damage, non-enzymatic, or enzymatic antioxidant）, the species body mass; the strain （wild vs. domestic）; or the study environment （wild vs. captivity）. Oxidative stress tended to be higher in females than males across most of the tissues analyzed. Levels of residual heterogeneity were high in all models tested. The findings of this meta-analysis indicate that diversification of reproductive strategies might be associated with sexual differences in oxidative balance. This explorative meta-analysis offers a starting platform for future research to investigate the rela-tionship between sex and oxidative balance further.
基金Funding for this study was provided by PICT 0607-2018 and UNLP 11N812
文摘Antarctica has significant environmental,scientific,historic,and intrinsic values,all of which are worth protecting into the future.This continent has a discrete number of places of scientific interest that exhibit great potential as natural heritage sites;its geodiversity is of fundamental importance to scientific values of the continent,and the pursuit of geological and paleontological knowledge has had a strong influence on its historical values.Seymour Island was once called the‘Rosetta Stone’of Southern Hemisphere paleobiology,because this small island provides the most complete and richly fossiliferous Late Cretaceous–Paleogene sequence in Antarctica.In particular,fossil vertebrates form part of the evidence used in reconstructing the history of life on Antarctica.Paleontological heritage is considered a subset of geo-heritage that embodies both natural and historical components which has received only indirect recognition.Seymour Island is an outstanding paleontological area with high heritage value of its Late Cretaceous/Paleogene vertebrates and should be considered for geo-conservation and protection.This paper reviews vertebrate fossil occurrences and outcrops on Seymour Island and discusses some threats to these fossil sites.
基金the Research Grant ( MoES / PO ( GEOSCI ) /49 /2015 ) of Ministry of Earth Sciences,Government of India,New Delhi
文摘The enormous eruptive volume of India's Deccan continental flood basalts has been linked to global mass extinction at Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and destablilisation of both marine and terrestrial ecosystems before and after the Chicxulub bolide impact. Deccan Volcanic Province(DVP) currently covers around 500 000 km^2 of land between latitude 15°10′-24°30′N and longitude 70°10′-82°10′E over central India towards the west coast. The pre-erosional volume is estimated at around 1.6 million km^3 which is one of the largest volcanic eruptions on the Earth. The Deccan lava flows in geographically separated areas in DVP are considered to have separate sources and sites of eruptions and were outpoured in different magnetochrons viz. C30 n to C28 n of Maastrichtian to Paleocene. The Deccan volcanic sequences(DVS) in different provinces are associated with(i) sediments deposited before the arrival(Ground Zero) of the first lava flows-designated as infratrappean or Lameta sediments and(ii) sediments between the lava flows deposited during the period of quiescence at different stratigraphic levels designated as intertrappean(interflow) sediments. The Ground Zero Lameta sediments are the major dinosaur bearing sediments deposited in six inland basins viz. 1. Balasinor-Jhabua;2. Sagar;3. Jabalpur;4. Ambikapur-Amarkantak;5. Salburdi;6. Nand-Dongargaon. The sediments represent mainly the terrestrial ecosystems destabilised by the volcanism and they record history of biotic and environmental changes impacted by the volcanism across the Deccan volcanic eruptions. The titanosaurs, crocodylimorphs and bothremydid turtles survived across the first flows in the region in the C30 n. The skeletal remains of the surviving reptiles are preserved in the Deccan volcanic associated intertrappean lake sediments at different stratigraphic levels higher-up in the sequence. Locally, in the Malwa region the Scincomorp and Anguimorph lizards make their first appearance during the earlier phase of volcanic eruptions in C30 n wherein their well preserved bones are found in the intertrappean/inter lsva lake sediments deposited between the lava flows. The lizard fauna is indicated to have better flourished after the initial Deccan eruptions possibly owing to increased humidity.
文摘99.8% of extant vertebrate species on Earth, including humans, possess jaws(maxilla and mandible). The group which we belong to is accordingly referred to as jawed vertebrates or gnathostomes. The origin and rise of our group is undoubtedly one of the most critical evolutionary milestones in the history of vertebrates from fish to humans.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30930049 and 30870176(gsl))to D.T.or J-Q.C
文摘How the structure and base composition of genes changed with the evolution of vertebrates remains a puzzling question. Here we analyzed 895 orthologous protein-coding genes in six multicellular animals： human, chicken, zebrafish, sea squirt, fruit fly, and worm. Our analyses reveal that many gene regions, particularly intron and 3~ UTR, gradually expanded throughout the evolution of vertebrates from their invertebrate ancestors, and that the number of exons per gene increased. Studies based on all protein-coding genes in each genome provide consistent results. We also find that GC-content increased in many gene regions （especially 5＇ UTR） in the evolution of endotherms, except in coding-exons. Analysis of individual genomes shows that 3t UTR demonstrated stronger length and GC-content correlation with intron than 5~ UTR, and gene with large intron in all six species demonstrated relatively similar GC-content. Our data indicates a great increase in complexity in vertebrate genes and we propose that the requirement for morphological and functional changes is probably the driving force behind the evolution of structure and base composition complexity in multicellular animal genes.
文摘The inverted retina is a basic characteristic of the vertebrate eye.This implies that vertebrates must have a common ancestor with an inverted retina.Of the two groups of chordates,cephalochordates have an inverted retina and urochordates a direct retina.Surprisingly,recent genetics studies favor urochordates as the closest ancestor to vertebrates.The evolution of increasingly complex organs such as the eye implies not only tissular but also structural modifications at the organ level.How these configurational modifications give rise to a functional eye at any step is still subject to debate and speculation.Here we propose an orderly sequence of phylogenetic events that closely follows the sequence of developmental eye formation in extant vertebrates.The progressive structural complexity has been clearly recorded during vertebrate development at the period of organogenesis.Matching the chain of increasing eye complexity in Mollusca that leads to the bicameral eye of the octopus and the developmental sequence in vertebrates,we delineate the parallel evolution of the two-chambered eye of vertebrates starting with an early ectodermal eye.This sequence allows for some interesting predictions regarding the eyes of not preserved intermediary species.The clue to understanding the inverted retina of vertebrates and the similarity between the sequence followed by Mollusca and chordates is the notion that the eye in both cases is an ectodermal structure,in contrast to an exclusively(de novo)neuroectodermal origin in the eye of vertebrates.This analysis places cephalochordates as the closest branch to vertebrates contrary to urochordates,claimed as a closer branch by some researchers that base their proposals in a genetic analysis.
文摘The distribution and characteristics of LDH isoenzymes in different tissues of 25spe-cies of vertebrats were comparativety analysed by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel diskelectrophoresis,combined with experiments on heat and urea inhibition.The result showed that indifferent tissues of Cienopharyngodon idellus,Carassius,ayratus,Trichiurus haumete and Miichihysmiiuy in addition to the distribution of LDH isoenzymes,composed of A and B subuits,a E4isoenzyme band,moving very fast to the positive pole,was detectedin the eye tissue of Trichiurushaumele and a F4 isoenzyme hand,moving very slow to the positive pole,was found in liver andkidney of Cienopharyngodon idellus.The A4 isoenzyme band was found in different tisseues ofPleuronichlhys cornulus,inhabiting on the bottom of the ocean.From the amphition to the mammal,with the exception of Hyta arboreu immaculata,Chinnemys reevesii,Trioyx sinensis,Gallus gallusdomeslicus and Corvus macrorhynchos,which have special electrophoretic behaviours.In
文摘New findings on the brain and inner ear cavity of a 400-million-year-old platypus-like fish cast light on the evolution of modern jawed vertebrates,according to a study led by Dr.ZHU Youan and Dr.LU Jing from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).
文摘In the present paper, 11 species of parasitic nematodes are described, namely: Amidostomum anscris and Ascaridia galli from ducks and fowl; Heteratys golhnae from fowl, H. parisi from pheasants, H. yam sp. nov. from ducks; Cheilospirura hamulosa from fowl; Rhabdias tmnulosa from water snakes, Rh, bicornis and ntpponica from toads; Tanqua anomala from water snakes and Spiroxys japonica from frogs. All specimens were preserved in glycerine-alcohol and studied after clearing in carbol-alcohol.
基金support by a grant from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council to K.B.T.
文摘Animals rely on olfaction to detect and process invaluable chemical information about their environment.For olfaction to function,chemicals must first be detected,which leads to the activation of signal-transduction pathways at the peripheral olfactory organ.As the olfactory system is in direct contact with the environment,the system is constantly vulnerable to damage by contaminants entering the atmosphere or hydrosphere.Contaminants may have a variety of effects,including disrupting olfactory signals generated during chemical detection,or altering numerous targets along the signal transduction pathway.With any impairment of chemical detection,animals may be unable to rely on olfaction to make correct decisions about their environment and thus their fitness.While other reviews have focussed on olfactory toxicology in general,here we specifically explore how contaminants may affect the signal-transduction pathways at various points and link those changes to olfactory functionality across vertebrates with a focus on fishes.
文摘Regenerative capacity of the central nervous system(CNS)is unevenly distributed among vertebrates.While most mammalian species including humans elicit limited repair following CNS injury or disease,highly regenerative vertebrates including urodele amphibians and teleost fish spontaneously reverse CNS damage.Teletost zebrafish(danio rerio)are tropical freshwater fish that proved to be an excellent vertebrate model of successful CNS regeneration.Differential neuronal,glial,and immune injury responses underlie disparate injury outcomes between highly regenerative zebrafish and poorly regenerative mammals.This article describes complications associated with neuronal repair following spinal cord injury(SCI)in poorly regenerative mammals and highlights intersecting modes of plasticity and regeneration in highly regenerative zebrafish(Figures 1 and 2).Comparative approaches evaluating immunoglial SCI responses were recently reviewed elsewhere(Reyes and Mokalled,2024).
文摘Fish are the oldest and most diverse vertebrates on the planet,living in waters around the world,and are very important for maintaining ecological balance,as well as providing rich food resources for human beings.Perhaps as far as common people are concerned,fish can be divided into two kinds,edible and non-edible.In fact,there are more than 20,000 fish species in the world,some of which are highly skilled and make people broaden their horizons.
文摘The lignite deposits of Kutch, India are stratigraphically referred to the Naredi Formation and considered to be Early Eocene in age. The biostratigraphy of the older mine at Panandhro and a newly opened mine at Matanomadh has constrained the upper age limit of lignite to the early Bartonian. Its lower age may extend to the late Lutetian. Temporally the formation of lignite corresponds to the warming event of the Middle Eocene and suggests a humid climate at the onset of the warming. The previous palynological studies have already suggested dominance of tropical angiospermic pollen. A diverse assemblage of fossil whales and other vertebrates, many of them supposedly the oldest representatives, were reported from Panandhro mine. These were initially assigned to the Early Eocene and later to the Lute? tian age. The present biostratigraphic study revises their age to the Early Bartonian.
基金Supported by Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Yunnan Province of China,No.202401AY070001-158.
文摘BACKGROUND Surgical intervention is a critical treatment approach for symptomatic atlantoaxial dislocation.However,vertebral artery injury remains a significant challenge during such procedures.We present a case of successful treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation with concurrent vertebral artery injury using interlaminar screw technology,and review the relevant literature.CASE SUMMARY A 69-year-old female patient,with no history of trauma,was diagnosed with atlantoaxial dislocation based on X-ray,computed tomography(CT),and magnetic resonance imaging.Preoperative CT angiography(CTA)revealed vertebral artery developmental anomalies,and she underwent posterior cervical surgery.Postoperative follow-up showed improvement in the patient’s clinical symptoms such as unstable walking and dizziness,as well as functional scores compared to pre-surgery.Intraoperative vertebral artery injury was successfully managed,and postoperative CTA review revealed no complications related to vascular damage.CONCLUSION Thorough preoperative evaluation,such as CTA imaging,and the surgeon’s expertise in various spinal screw placement techniques are crucial for improving the success rate of atlantoaxial dislocation surgeries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(4213020942002015)+3 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2021070)General Project of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department(202101BA070001-076)Project of Young and Middle-aged Academic and Technical Talents(202405AC350098)Meemann Chang Academician Workstation in Yunnan Province(202205AF150002)。
文摘A new species of Bothriolepis(Placodermi,Antiarcha),B.zhujiangyuanensis sp.nov.,is described from the Eifelian(Middle Devonian)Shangshuanghe Formation at the Pearl River Source Scenic Area,Qujing,Yunnan Province,southwestern China and is characterized by a broad postpineal plate bearing a straight anterior margin,a premedian plate wider than long,and a weakly developed dorsal median ridge of the trunk shield.As the eighth Bothriolepis taxon in China,B.zhujiangyuanensis sp.nov.provides a wealth of morphological data to clarify the intrageneric interrelationships.Maximum parsimony analysis,using a revised data set of the genus with 76 ingroup taxa and 72 characters,yields a well-resolved consensus tree for Bothriolepis.The phylogenetic result shows a sister-group relationship between B.zhujiangyuanensis and B.babichevi from Kazakhstan,corroborating the biogeographic proximity between the South China and Kazakhstania blocks during the Middle Devonian.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(Grant No.2023GXNSFAA026496)the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42288201)the Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program(Grant No.202305AB350006).
文摘We report a new eusauropod dinosaur,Huashanosaurus qini gen.et sp.nov.,based on a partial skeleton recovered from a bed in the Lower to Middle Jurassic Wangmen Formation(Fm.)from Huqiu Quarry near Mingjiang River,Ningming County,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,southern China.The new taxon can be diagnosed by the following autapomorphies:posterior process of the ulna hook-shaped;the cross-section of the proximal part of the ulna crescent-shaped;groove structure present at the posterodistal surface of the fibula.Phylogenetic analysis reveals that H.qini is later-diverging than the Middle Jurassic Shunosaurus.Previous work showed that the Wangmen Fm.is early Early Jurassic in age whereas the new eusauropod discovery indicates that the Wangmen Fm.is probably somewhat younger Early-Middle Jurassic in age.The find increases the diversity of Jurassic eusauropods in China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42122010,42072017)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(Y2023017)+1 种基金the National Mineral Rock and Fossil Specimens Resource Center(NCSTI-RMF20240203)China Geological Survey(DD20230221)。
文摘We report new material of the zalambdalestid,Zhangolestes jilinensis,from the Quantou Formation(lower Upper Cretaceous,Cenomanian to Turonian),Gongzhuling City,Jilin Province,NE China.Using micro-CT-scan,the material is shown to include dentocranial and postcranial elements recovered from the same matrix block containing the holotype specimen.The CT-images also show the labial and internal structures of the holotype fragment of the lower jaw of Z.jilinensis.Based on the preservation,relative size,and tooth wear,the new material and the holotype lower jaw likely belong to the same individual animal,whereas the hypodigm mandibular fragment assigned to Z.jilinensis in the original study is thought now to belong to a different individual,potentially representing a different species,which,if true,would increase the eutherian diversity in the Late Cretaceous Changchunsaurus Fauna.Furthermore,the new CT-images show that the incisor morphology is diverse within zalambdalestids and probably evolved independently from the enlarged incisors in placental mammals,such as Glires.
基金supported financially by China Geological Survey(Grant No.DD20230221)the Key Laboratory of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology,Ministry of Natural Resources(Grant No.KLSP SP202301)National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41202012).
文摘Twelve new dinosaur teeth have recently been recovered from three localities in the Upper Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation of the Songliao Basin.Although fragmentary,the material offers enough evidence to identify the following taxa:tyrannosaurids,dromaeosaurines,velociraptorines,hadrosauroids,and titanosaurs.In addition to the previously known dinosaurs from the basin,several new ones have been identified,extending the paleogeographic range of related taxa.The discovery of these new fossil remains provides valuable insights into dinosaur diversity and sheds light on the terrestrial ecosystem during the Late Cretaceous in the Songliao Basin.
文摘BACKGROUND Epithelioid angiosarcoma(EA)is an aggressive,malignant endothelial-cell tumor of vascular or lymphatic origin.EA often arises from deep soft tissues such as pleura,breast,bone and gastrointestinal tract.It usually affects patients aged 60-70 years and is associated with high recurrence and metastasis rates with surgical resection as the primary treatment of choice.Overall survivals are generally poor,ranging from 6 to 16 months.More than 50%of patients died of disease within 2 to 3 years of diagnosis.CASE SUMMARY We present a rare case of EA of the cervical spine causing a C6 pathological fracture complicated by severe kyphosis.The patient received C4-7 posterior laminectomy and C2/3/4/7/T1 transpedicular screw fixation,followed by anterior C5-6 corpectomy with allograft bone fusion and cervical plate fixation.Postoperative radiotherapy was administered without delay.However,the patient died of rapidly progressive acute respiratory distress syndrome 3 weeks after the second surgery.CONCLUSION EA with spinal involvement is extremely rare.Early detection and cord decompression may prevent neurological deterioration and preserve better quality of life.
文摘Scientists have suspected for a while that Greenland sharks live extremely long lives,but they didnt have a way to determine how long.The age of other shark species can be estimated by counting growth bands on fin spines(鳍脊)or on the sharksvertebrae(脊椎),much like rings of a tree.Greenland sharks,however,have no fin spines and no hard tissues in their bodies.Their vertebrae are too soft to form the growth bands seen in other sharks.Scientists could only guess that the sharks lived a long time based on what they knew—the sharks grow at a very slow rate and they can reach 6 meters in size.
