As the unique heritage of culture,humor has its own characteristics.Whether the translation of verbal humor can convey the original culture accurately is vital.In this thesis,the author will make a study on the transl...As the unique heritage of culture,humor has its own characteristics.Whether the translation of verbal humor can convey the original culture accurately is vital.In this thesis,the author will make a study on the translation of verbal humor in Yu Hua 's novel Brothers from the perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory,which examines whether the translation version reproduces the style of the original text accurately and adequately.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Previous studies have analyzed cerebral activation and lateralization of cognitive functions, as well as cerebellar function with reference to high-level cognitive processing. However, there has been very...BACKGROUND： Previous studies have analyzed cerebral activation and lateralization of cognitive functions, as well as cerebellar function with reference to high-level cognitive processing. However, there has been very little research on systematization and diversification. In particular, there are no reports on cerebellar lateralization, although reliable results have been reported on cerebral lateralization. OBJECTIVE： This study analyzed cerebellar activation and lateralization in relation to verbal and visuospatial tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI）. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A block design for fMRI observation was performed at the fMRI Laboratory, Brain Science Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology from May 2006 to September 2008. PARTICIPANTS： Sixteen healthy, male, college students, aged （23.3 ± 0.5） years, and 16 healthy, male, college students, aged （21.5 ± 2.3） years, participated in the study, respectively. METHODS： Verbal and visuospatial tasks were presented while functional brain images were acquired using a 3T fMRI system. Verbal analogy testing required the subject to select the word with the same relationship as one of the given words. Verbal antonym testing required the subject to select the word with a different meaning among four words. Visuospatial tasks involved selecting a shape that corresponded to a given figure with four examples, as well as selecting a development figure of a diagram. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Changes in cerebellar activation and lateralization between two cognition tasks. RESULTS： Bilateral hemisphere Iobules VI and IX, right hemisphere Iobule VIII, bilateral hemisphere Iobules Crus I, and vermis Iobule IV, V, and Vl were closely related to verbal tasks in comparison to visuospatial tasks. Conversely, bilateral hemisphere Iobules IV and V, as well as the right hemisphere Iobule VI, were closely related to visuospatial tasks compared to verbal tasks. There was no great difference between the number of activated voxels in the cerebellums during the tasks, and cerebellar lateralization was not observed. CONCLUSION： In the cerebellum, the activation region, but not lateralization, was different between verbal and visuospatial tasks.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the association between atrophy in the prefrontal cortex with executive function and verbal fluency in elderly male and female patients poststroke. Thirty elderly female patients with n...This study aimed to investigate the association between atrophy in the prefrontal cortex with executive function and verbal fluency in elderly male and female patients poststroke. Thirty elderly female patients with non-aphasic ischemic stroke aged -〉 60 years and 30 age-matched non-aphasic male patients with ischemic stroke were recruited. Automatic magnetic resonance imaging segmentation was used to assess the volume of the whole prefrontal cortex, along with its subdivisions： anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The Semantic Verbal Fluency Test was administered at 3 and 15 months poststroke. At 3 months poststroke, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume was significantly correlated with Verbal Fluency Test score in female patients only （partial coefficient = 0.453, P = 0.045）, after controlling for age, education, diabetes, neurological deficit, white matter lesions volume, as well as the location and volume of infarcts. At 15 months poststroke, there remained a significant association between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume and Verbal Fluency Test （partial coefficient = 0.661, P = 0.001） and between the left prefrontal cortex volume and Verbal Fluency Test （partial coefficient = 0.573, P = 0.004） in female patients after the same adjustments. These findings indicate that atrophy of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to the impairment of verbal fluency in elderly female patients with stroke. Sex differences may be present in the neuropsychological mechanisms of verbal fluency impairment in patients with stroke.展开更多
In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) to investigate longitudinal changes in brain activation during a verbal working memory(VWM) task performed by patients who had experienced a transient...In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) to investigate longitudinal changes in brain activation during a verbal working memory(VWM) task performed by patients who had experienced a transient ischemic attack(TIA). Twenty-five first-ever TIA patients without visible lesions in conventional MRI and 25 healthy volunteers were enrolled. VWM task-related fMRI was conducted 1 week and 3 months post-TIA. The brain activity evoked by the task and changes over time were assessed. We found that, compared with controls, patients exhibited an increased activation in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus(IFG), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC), insula, inferior parietal lobe(IPL), and cerebellum during the task performed 1 week post-TIA. But only the right IFG still exhibited an increased activation at 3 months post-TIA. A direct comparison of fMRI data between 1 week and 3 months post-TIA showed greater activation in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus, right DLPFC, IPL, cerebellum, and left IFG in patients at 1 week post-TIA. We conclude that brain activity patterns induced by a VWM task remain dynamic for a period of time after a TIA, despite the cessation of clinical symptoms. Normalization of the VWM activation pattern may be progressively achieved after transient episodes of ischemia in TIA patients.展开更多
The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between cognitive function and employment in Japanese schizophrenia patients. Subjects were 61 outpatients. Cognitive function was assessed using the Br...The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between cognitive function and employment in Japanese schizophrenia patients. Subjects were 61 outpatients. Cognitive function was assessed using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. Clinical symptoms were also evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia. Verbal memory (F(1, 58) = 5.50, p = 0.02) and attention and speed of information processing scores (F(1, 58) = 4.92, p = 0.03) showed significant differences between employment and unemployment groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that employment was significantly predicted by verbal memory (x<sup>2</sup> = 16.09, df = 2, p = 0.01) and depression scores (x<sup>2</sup> = 16.09, df = 2, p = 0.02). The results suggest that improving verbal memory and depression may lead to employment in Japanese schizophrenia patients.展开更多
It remains unclear whether language tasks in one＇s first （L1） or second （L2） language can cause stress responses and whether frontal, autonomic and behavioral responses to stressful tasks are correlated. In this ...It remains unclear whether language tasks in one＇s first （L1） or second （L2） language can cause stress responses and whether frontal, autonomic and behavioral responses to stressful tasks are correlated. In this study, we studied 22 Chinese subjects whose L2 was English and measured the cerebral blood oxygenation in their frontal lobe by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy （fNIRS） as par- ticipants engaged in a mental arithmetic task （MAT） and verbal fluency tasks （VFTs） in L1 （Chinese） and L2 （English）. To examine the activated cortical areas, we estimated the channel location based on Montreal Neurological Institute （MNI） standard brain space by using a-probabilistic estimation method. We evaluated heart rate （HR） changes to analyze autonomic nervous system （ANS） functioning. We found that the MAT and VFTs induced greater increases in HR than did the control （Ctrl） task. Further- more, subjects developed greater increases in HR in the MAT and VFTt~ than they did in the VFTL1. Compared with the Ctrl task, the MAT and both VFTLland VFTL2 produced robust and widespread bi- lateral activation of the frontal cortex. Interestingly, partial correlation analysis indicated that the activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus （LIFG） [Brodmarm＇s area （BA） 47] was consistently correlated with the increases in HR across the three tasks （MAT, VFTL2, and VFTL1）, after controlling for the performance data. The present results suggested that a VFT in L2 may be more stressful than in L1. The LIFG may affect the activation of the sympathetic system induced by stressful tasks, includin~ MATs and VFTs.展开更多
目的研究单次或两次非关键部位脑梗死（包括皮质下梗死和脑干小脑梗死）的患者其认知功能表现与正常对照之间的差异，了解非关键部位脑梗死患者认知功能受损情况。方法选取符合入组标准的、性别、年龄和受教育年数一一匹配的单次或两次...目的研究单次或两次非关键部位脑梗死（包括皮质下梗死和脑干小脑梗死）的患者其认知功能表现与正常对照之间的差异，了解非关键部位脑梗死患者认知功能受损情况。方法选取符合入组标准的、性别、年龄和受教育年数一一匹配的单次或两次发病的非关键部位脑梗死后5～6个月的患者和正常对照各30例，进行日常生活自理能力量表（ADL）、Hamilton抑郁量表17项评分（HAMD-17）、简易精神状态检查法（MMSE）、加利福尼亚词语学习（CVLT）、逻辑记忆（LM）、复杂图形（FC）、词语流畅性（VF）、结构实例（CP）、数字广度（DS）的评定。结果卒中组患者MMSE总分显著低于对照组（2．7．8±2．4 vs 28．9±0．9，P=0．021）；在CVLT总分、VF、认知总分方面与对照组相比存在统计学差异（38．2±7．0 vs 43．1±8．0，P=0．016；43．8±10．6 vs 53．6±11．3，P=0．001；168．3±24．0 vs 188．8±25．4，P=0．002），而在FC、LM、CP、DS方面两组相比没有统计学差异（41．2±7．1 vs 43.4±5．5，P=0．185；21．6±5．6 vs 24．1±5．1，P=0．078；11．0 vs 11．0，P=0．775；13．0±2．4 vs 13．9±2．8，P=0．171）。另外卒中组ADL和HAMD-17的得分显著高于对照组（26±9 vs 20±0，P=0．001；2．00 vs0．00，P=0．000）。结论单次或两次非关键部位脑梗死的患者存在一定的认知功能障碍，主要表现为词语记忆和执行功能方面，尤其以执行功能为著。展开更多
根据传统语法和形式语法分析,英语中的try to do这类结构通常被认为是“动+宾”结构。本文以韩礼德的功能语法理论为基础,把这类结构看作是“从属型动词词组复合体”。文章首先从相互依赖情况角度讨论这类结构中两个成分之间的关系,并...根据传统语法和形式语法分析,英语中的try to do这类结构通常被认为是“动+宾”结构。本文以韩礼德的功能语法理论为基础,把这类结构看作是“从属型动词词组复合体”。文章首先从相互依赖情况角度讨论这类结构中两个成分之间的关系,并认为“扩展”型与“投射”型中的相互依赖关系是不相同的。接着文章讨论了“扩展”型复合体中次要成分所表示的几种意义。然后作者就“扩展”与“投射”的差异进行了探讨。最后通过实例分析比较了传统语法和功能语法在句法结构分析方面的差异,从而表明了功能句法分析的特点。展开更多
文摘As the unique heritage of culture,humor has its own characteristics.Whether the translation of verbal humor can convey the original culture accurately is vital.In this thesis,the author will make a study on the translation of verbal humor in Yu Hua 's novel Brothers from the perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory,which examines whether the translation version reproduces the style of the original text accurately and adequately.
文摘BACKGROUND： Previous studies have analyzed cerebral activation and lateralization of cognitive functions, as well as cerebellar function with reference to high-level cognitive processing. However, there has been very little research on systematization and diversification. In particular, there are no reports on cerebellar lateralization, although reliable results have been reported on cerebral lateralization. OBJECTIVE： This study analyzed cerebellar activation and lateralization in relation to verbal and visuospatial tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI）. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A block design for fMRI observation was performed at the fMRI Laboratory, Brain Science Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology from May 2006 to September 2008. PARTICIPANTS： Sixteen healthy, male, college students, aged （23.3 ± 0.5） years, and 16 healthy, male, college students, aged （21.5 ± 2.3） years, participated in the study, respectively. METHODS： Verbal and visuospatial tasks were presented while functional brain images were acquired using a 3T fMRI system. Verbal analogy testing required the subject to select the word with the same relationship as one of the given words. Verbal antonym testing required the subject to select the word with a different meaning among four words. Visuospatial tasks involved selecting a shape that corresponded to a given figure with four examples, as well as selecting a development figure of a diagram. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Changes in cerebellar activation and lateralization between two cognition tasks. RESULTS： Bilateral hemisphere Iobules VI and IX, right hemisphere Iobule VIII, bilateral hemisphere Iobules Crus I, and vermis Iobule IV, V, and Vl were closely related to verbal tasks in comparison to visuospatial tasks. Conversely, bilateral hemisphere Iobules IV and V, as well as the right hemisphere Iobule VI, were closely related to visuospatial tasks compared to verbal tasks. There was no great difference between the number of activated voxels in the cerebellums during the tasks, and cerebellar lateralization was not observed. CONCLUSION： In the cerebellum, the activation region, but not lateralization, was different between verbal and visuospatial tasks.
基金supported by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR,No. 452906
文摘This study aimed to investigate the association between atrophy in the prefrontal cortex with executive function and verbal fluency in elderly male and female patients poststroke. Thirty elderly female patients with non-aphasic ischemic stroke aged -〉 60 years and 30 age-matched non-aphasic male patients with ischemic stroke were recruited. Automatic magnetic resonance imaging segmentation was used to assess the volume of the whole prefrontal cortex, along with its subdivisions： anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The Semantic Verbal Fluency Test was administered at 3 and 15 months poststroke. At 3 months poststroke, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume was significantly correlated with Verbal Fluency Test score in female patients only （partial coefficient = 0.453, P = 0.045）, after controlling for age, education, diabetes, neurological deficit, white matter lesions volume, as well as the location and volume of infarcts. At 15 months poststroke, there remained a significant association between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume and Verbal Fluency Test （partial coefficient = 0.661, P = 0.001） and between the left prefrontal cortex volume and Verbal Fluency Test （partial coefficient = 0.573, P = 0.004） in female patients after the same adjustments. These findings indicate that atrophy of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to the impairment of verbal fluency in elderly female patients with stroke. Sex differences may be present in the neuropsychological mechanisms of verbal fluency impairment in patients with stroke.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81300943 and 81472162)the Postdoctoral Science Special Foundation of China (2014T70867)
文摘In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) to investigate longitudinal changes in brain activation during a verbal working memory(VWM) task performed by patients who had experienced a transient ischemic attack(TIA). Twenty-five first-ever TIA patients without visible lesions in conventional MRI and 25 healthy volunteers were enrolled. VWM task-related fMRI was conducted 1 week and 3 months post-TIA. The brain activity evoked by the task and changes over time were assessed. We found that, compared with controls, patients exhibited an increased activation in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus(IFG), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC), insula, inferior parietal lobe(IPL), and cerebellum during the task performed 1 week post-TIA. But only the right IFG still exhibited an increased activation at 3 months post-TIA. A direct comparison of fMRI data between 1 week and 3 months post-TIA showed greater activation in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus, right DLPFC, IPL, cerebellum, and left IFG in patients at 1 week post-TIA. We conclude that brain activity patterns induced by a VWM task remain dynamic for a period of time after a TIA, despite the cessation of clinical symptoms. Normalization of the VWM activation pattern may be progressively achieved after transient episodes of ischemia in TIA patients.
文摘The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between cognitive function and employment in Japanese schizophrenia patients. Subjects were 61 outpatients. Cognitive function was assessed using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. Clinical symptoms were also evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia. Verbal memory (F(1, 58) = 5.50, p = 0.02) and attention and speed of information processing scores (F(1, 58) = 4.92, p = 0.03) showed significant differences between employment and unemployment groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that employment was significantly predicted by verbal memory (x<sup>2</sup> = 16.09, df = 2, p = 0.01) and depression scores (x<sup>2</sup> = 16.09, df = 2, p = 0.02). The results suggest that improving verbal memory and depression may lead to employment in Japanese schizophrenia patients.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China("863"Program,No.2012AA020905)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81171143)+1 种基金the Project of International Cooperation and Exchanges of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81161160570)the Zhou Dafu Medical Research Fund(No.202836019-03)
文摘It remains unclear whether language tasks in one＇s first （L1） or second （L2） language can cause stress responses and whether frontal, autonomic and behavioral responses to stressful tasks are correlated. In this study, we studied 22 Chinese subjects whose L2 was English and measured the cerebral blood oxygenation in their frontal lobe by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy （fNIRS） as par- ticipants engaged in a mental arithmetic task （MAT） and verbal fluency tasks （VFTs） in L1 （Chinese） and L2 （English）. To examine the activated cortical areas, we estimated the channel location based on Montreal Neurological Institute （MNI） standard brain space by using a-probabilistic estimation method. We evaluated heart rate （HR） changes to analyze autonomic nervous system （ANS） functioning. We found that the MAT and VFTs induced greater increases in HR than did the control （Ctrl） task. Further- more, subjects developed greater increases in HR in the MAT and VFTt~ than they did in the VFTL1. Compared with the Ctrl task, the MAT and both VFTLland VFTL2 produced robust and widespread bi- lateral activation of the frontal cortex. Interestingly, partial correlation analysis indicated that the activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus （LIFG） [Brodmarm＇s area （BA） 47] was consistently correlated with the increases in HR across the three tasks （MAT, VFTL2, and VFTL1）, after controlling for the performance data. The present results suggested that a VFT in L2 may be more stressful than in L1. The LIFG may affect the activation of the sympathetic system induced by stressful tasks, includin~ MATs and VFTs.
文摘目的研究单次或两次非关键部位脑梗死（包括皮质下梗死和脑干小脑梗死）的患者其认知功能表现与正常对照之间的差异，了解非关键部位脑梗死患者认知功能受损情况。方法选取符合入组标准的、性别、年龄和受教育年数一一匹配的单次或两次发病的非关键部位脑梗死后5～6个月的患者和正常对照各30例，进行日常生活自理能力量表（ADL）、Hamilton抑郁量表17项评分（HAMD-17）、简易精神状态检查法（MMSE）、加利福尼亚词语学习（CVLT）、逻辑记忆（LM）、复杂图形（FC）、词语流畅性（VF）、结构实例（CP）、数字广度（DS）的评定。结果卒中组患者MMSE总分显著低于对照组（2．7．8±2．4 vs 28．9±0．9，P=0．021）；在CVLT总分、VF、认知总分方面与对照组相比存在统计学差异（38．2±7．0 vs 43．1±8．0，P=0．016；43．8±10．6 vs 53．6±11．3，P=0．001；168．3±24．0 vs 188．8±25．4，P=0．002），而在FC、LM、CP、DS方面两组相比没有统计学差异（41．2±7．1 vs 43.4±5．5，P=0．185；21．6±5．6 vs 24．1±5．1，P=0．078；11．0 vs 11．0，P=0．775；13．0±2．4 vs 13．9±2．8，P=0．171）。另外卒中组ADL和HAMD-17的得分显著高于对照组（26±9 vs 20±0，P=0．001；2．00 vs0．00，P=0．000）。结论单次或两次非关键部位脑梗死的患者存在一定的认知功能障碍，主要表现为词语记忆和执行功能方面，尤其以执行功能为著。
文摘根据传统语法和形式语法分析,英语中的try to do这类结构通常被认为是“动+宾”结构。本文以韩礼德的功能语法理论为基础,把这类结构看作是“从属型动词词组复合体”。文章首先从相互依赖情况角度讨论这类结构中两个成分之间的关系,并认为“扩展”型与“投射”型中的相互依赖关系是不相同的。接着文章讨论了“扩展”型复合体中次要成分所表示的几种意义。然后作者就“扩展”与“投射”的差异进行了探讨。最后通过实例分析比较了传统语法和功能语法在句法结构分析方面的差异,从而表明了功能句法分析的特点。
