BACKGROUND While varices and variceal bleeds are well-known and feared complications of advanced cirrhosis and portal hypertension,omental variceal bleed are a rare sequala even in patients with known esophageal or ga...BACKGROUND While varices and variceal bleeds are well-known and feared complications of advanced cirrhosis and portal hypertension,omental variceal bleed are a rare sequala even in patients with known esophageal or gastric varices.While rare,omental varices pose a risk for hemoperitoneum if ruptured,which is a lifethreatening complication with high mortality rates despite surgical intervention.CASE SUMMARY This report reviews the case of a patient 36-year-old female with alcohol related cirrhosis decompensated by ascites,but no history of varices admitted for hemorrhagic shock from spontaneous rupture of omental varices requiring emergency surgery.She underwent the first documented successful orthotopic liver transplantation the same admission.CONCLUSION This case report and literature review stresses the importance of early consideration and identification of intraabdominal variceal sources in cirrhotic patients with refractory shock.展开更多
BACKGROUND Rebleeding after recovery from esophagogastric variceal bleeding(EGVB)is a severe complication that is associated with high rates of both incidence and mortality.Despite its clinical importance,recognized p...BACKGROUND Rebleeding after recovery from esophagogastric variceal bleeding(EGVB)is a severe complication that is associated with high rates of both incidence and mortality.Despite its clinical importance,recognized prognostic models that can effectively predict esophagogastric variceal rebleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis are lacking.AIM To construct and externally validate a reliable prognostic model for predicting the occurrence of esophagogastric variceal rebleeding.METHODS This study included 477 EGVB patients across 2 cohorts:The derivation cohort(n=322)and the validation cohort(n=155).The primary outcome was rebleeding events within 1 year.The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator was applied for predictor selection,and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to construct the prognostic model.Internal validation was performed with bootstrap resampling.We assessed the discrimination,calibration and accuracy of the model,and performed patient risk stratification.RESULTS Six predictors,including albumin and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations,white blood cell count,and the presence of ascites,portal vein thrombosis,and bleeding signs,were selected for the rebleeding event prediction following endoscopic treatment(REPET)model.In predicting rebleeding within 1 year,the REPET model ex-hibited a concordance index of 0.775 and a Brier score of 0.143 in the derivation cohort,alongside 0.862 and 0.127 in the validation cohort.Furthermore,the REPET model revealed a significant difference in rebleeding rates(P<0.01)between low-risk patients and intermediate-to high-risk patients in both cohorts.CONCLUSION We constructed and validated a new prognostic model for variceal rebleeding with excellent predictive per-formance,which will improve the clinical management of rebleeding in EGVB patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Acute variceal bleeding(AVB)represents a life-threatening complication in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients undergoing systemic therapy,mainly including immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)and antivascula...BACKGROUND Acute variceal bleeding(AVB)represents a life-threatening complication in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients undergoing systemic therapy,mainly including immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)and antivascular drugs used alone or in combination.The pathogenesis of AVB in this population may involve tumor-related factors,treatment-induced effects,or progression of underlying portal hypertension.Identifying high-risk factors for AVB is crucial for the management of this patient population.AIM To develop and validate a risk prediction model for AVB occurrence in cirrhotic HCC patients receiving ICI-based systemic therapy.METHODS This retrospective study analyzed 286 HCC patients(2021-2022)receiving ICIs(mono-/combination therapy),randomly split into training(n=184)and validation(n=102)cohorts.In the training cohort,bleeding vs nonbleeding groups were compared for general information,etiological data,laboratory indicators,tumor staging,systemic treatment drugs,variceal bleeding history,and endoscopic treatment history.Risk factors for AVB were identified and used to establish a logistic regression model for predicting bleeding,which was further validated in the validation cohort.RESULTS The bleeding group had significantly higher proportions of patients with platelet count≥100×10^(9)/L,alphafetoprotein≥400 ng/mL,tumor diameter≥5 cm,portal vein tumor thrombosis,ascites,bleeding history,prior endoscopic treatment,albumin-bilirubin grade level 2-3,fibrosis-4 index(FIB-4)≥4.57,and prognostic nutritional index<45 compared to the non-bleeding group.Multivariate analysis identified tumor diameter≥5 cm,portal vein thrombosis,bleeding history,and elevated FIB-4 as independent risk factors for bleeding(P<0.05).A predictive model based on these factors showed good discrimination,with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.861(training)and 0.816(validation).CONCLUSION A history of pre-ICI bleeding significantly increases recurrent bleeding risk,necessitating close monitoring.The FIB-4 fibrosis model,combined with tumor features,can also serve as a predictive factor for bleeding.展开更多
BACKGROUND Esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding is a catastrophic complication of portal hypertension,most commonly caused by cirrhosis of various etiologies.Although a considerable body of research has been condu...BACKGROUND Esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding is a catastrophic complication of portal hypertension,most commonly caused by cirrhosis of various etiologies.Although a considerable body of research has been conducted in this area,the complexity of the disease and the lack of standardized treatment strategies have led to fragmented findings,insufficient information,and a lack of systematic investigation.Bibliometric analysis can help clarify research trends,identify core topics,and reveal potential future directions.Therefore,this study aims to use bibliometric methods to conduct an in-depth exploration of research progress in this field,with the expectation of providing new insights for both clinical practice and scientific research.AIM To evaluate research trends and advancements in esophagogastric variceal bleeding(EGVB)over the past twenty years.METHODS Relevant publications on EGVB were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection.VOSviewer,Pajek,CiteSpace,and the bibliometrix package were then employed to perform bibliometric visualizations of publication volume,countries,institutions,journals,authors,keywords,and citation counts.RESULTS The analysis focused on original research articles and review papers.From 2004 to 2023,a total of 2097 records on EGVB were retrieved.The number of relevant publications has increased significantly over the past two decades,especially in China and the United States.The leading contributors in this field,in terms of countries,institutions,authors,and journals,were China,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris,Bosch Jaime,and World Journal of Gastroenterology,respectively.Core keywords in this field include portal hypertension,management,liver cirrhosis,risk,prevention,and diagnosis.Future research directions may focus on optimizing diagnostic methods,personalized treatment,and multidisciplinary collaboration.CONCLUSION Using bibliometric methods,this study reveals the developmental trajectory and trends in research on EGVB,underscoring risk assessment and diagnostic optimization as the core areas of current focus.The study provides an innovative and systematic perspective for this field,indicating that future research could center on multidisciplinary collaboration,personalized treatment approaches,and the development of new diagnostic tools.Moreover,this work offers practical research directions for both the academic community and clinical practice,driving continued advancement in this domain.展开更多
A recent study by Peng et al developed a predictive model for first-instance secondary esophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients by integrating clinical and multi-organ radiomic features.The combined radiomic...A recent study by Peng et al developed a predictive model for first-instance secondary esophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients by integrating clinical and multi-organ radiomic features.The combined radiomic-clinical model demonstrated strong predictive capabilities,achieving an area under the curve of 0.951 in the training cohort and 0.930 in the validation cohort.The results highlight the potential of noninvasive prediction models in assessing esophageal variceal bleeding risk,aiding in timely clinical decision-making.Additionally,manual delineation of regions of interest raises the risk of observer bias despite efforts to minimize it.The study adjusted for clinical covariates,while some potential confounders,such as socioeconomic status,alcohol use,and liver function scores,were not included.Additionally,an imbalance in cohort sizes between the training and validation groups may reduce the statistical power of validation.Expanding the validation cohort and incorporating multi-center external validation would improve generalizability.Future studies should focus on incorporating long-term patient outcomes,exploring additional imaging modalities,and integrating automated segmentation techniques to refine the predictive model.展开更多
BACKGROUND Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS)is caused by obstruction of the hepatic veins or suprahepatic inferior vena cava,leading to portal hypertension and the development of gastroesophageal varices(GEVs),which are assoc...BACKGROUND Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS)is caused by obstruction of the hepatic veins or suprahepatic inferior vena cava,leading to portal hypertension and the development of gastroesophageal varices(GEVs),which are associated with an increased risk of bleeding.Existing risk models for variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients have limited applicability to BCS due to differences in pathophysiology.Radiomics,as a noninvasive technique,holds promise as a tool for more accurate prediction of bleeding risk in BCS-related GEVs.AIM To develop and validate a personalized risk model for predicting variceal bleeding in BCS patients with GEVs.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 444 BCS patients with GEVs in two centers.Radiomic features were extracted from portal venous phase computed tomography(CT)scans.A training cohort of 334 patients was used to develop the model,with 110 patients serving as an external validation cohort.LASSO Cox regression was used to select radiomic features for constructing a radiomics score(Radscore).Univariate and multivariate Cox regression identified independent clinical predictors.A combined radiomics+clinical(R+C)model was developed using stepwise regression.Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),calibration plots,and decision curve analysis(DCA),with external validation to evaluate generalizability.RESULTS The Radscore comprised four hepatic and six splenic CT features,which predicted the risk of variceal bleeding.Multivariate analysis identified invasive treatment to relieve hepatic venous outflow obstruction,anticoagulant therapy,and hemoglobin levels as independent clinical predictors.The R+C model achieved C-indices of 0.906(training)and 0.859(validation),outperforming the radiomics and clinical models alone(AUC:training 0.936 vs 0.845 vs 0.823;validation 0.876 vs 0.712 vs 0.713).DCA showed higher clinical net benefit across the thresholds.The model stratified patients into low-,medium-and high-risk groups with significant differences in bleeding rates(P<0.001).An online tool is available at https://bcsvh.shinyapps.io/BCS_Variceal_Bleeding_Risk_Tool/.CONCLUSION We developed and validated a novel radiomics-based model that noninvasively and conveniently predicted risk of variceal bleeding in BCS patients with GEVs,aiding early identification and management of high-risk patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection remains a major public health issue in Egypt,with a high prevalence of genotype 4.Direct-acting antivirals(DAAs)achieve>95%sustained virologic response(SVR),but their impa...BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection remains a major public health issue in Egypt,with a high prevalence of genotype 4.Direct-acting antivirals(DAAs)achieve>95%sustained virologic response(SVR),but their impact on variceal rebleeding in genotype 4 cirrhotic patients is underexplored.This study evaluated the association between DAA therapy and variceal rebleeding in Egyptian patients with HCV-related cirrhosis.AIM To evaluate the association between DAA therapy and variceal rebleeding in Egyptian patients with HCV-related cirrhosis.METHODS A multicenter retrospective cohort study included HCV genotype 4 cirrhotic patients from five Egyptian centers with a first variceal bleeding episode.Patients were divided into DAA-treated(Group A)and non-treated(Group B)groups and followed for 5 years.Propensity score matching(PSM),Cox regression,and competing risk analysis were adjusted for confounders.RESULTS DAA treatment significantly reduced variceal rebleeding(HR 2.57;95%CI:1.39-4.72;P=0.002),ascites development over 5 years(6.8%vs 27.1%,P=0.006),and hepatic dysfunction progression.During treatment,it improved liver function[lower model for end-stage liver disease(MELD),stable Child-Pugh class]and reduced complications.All Group A patients achieved SVR by PCR,while Group B remained HCV-positive,likely contributing to the observed reductions in rebleeding and hepatic decompensation.These benefits persisted over 5 years,with longer survival without rebleeding(4.5 years vs 3.2 years),lower MELD(7 vs 12,P<0.001),and reduced hepatic decompensation(Child-Pugh progression:5.1%vs 35.6%,P<0.001).At 5 years,the DAA group had better liver function(higher albumin,lower international normalized ratio,improved platelets),while the non-DAA group worsened.PSM confirmed these findings(HR:0.45,95%CI:0.27-0.75,P=0.002),and competing risk analysis showed sustained protection(sub-distribution HR:0.44,95%CI:0.26-0.74,P=0.002).Endoscopy revealed variceal regression with DAA but progression in the non-DAA group.DAA therapy significantly reduced variceal rebleeding,hepatic decompensation,and mortality(8.5%vs 20.3%,P=0.045),with survival benefits linked to SVR.Additionally,it was associated with improved survival,with a lower 5-year mortality rate in the DAA group(8.5%vs 20.3%,P=0.045).The protective effect of DAA therapy remained consistent across multivariable Cox regression,time-dependent modeling,and competing risk analyses.CONCLUSION DAA treatment in HCV-related cirrhosis significantly reduces variceal rebleeding,ascites development,and hepatic dysfunction progression.The 5-year follow-up data demonstrate sustained improvements in liver function and hematologic parameters,underscoring the long-term benefits of DAA therapy.展开更多
A multicenter study recently published introduced a novel prognostic model for predicting esophagogastric variceal rebleeding after endoscopic treatment in patients with cirrhosis.The model incorporated six readily av...A multicenter study recently published introduced a novel prognostic model for predicting esophagogastric variceal rebleeding after endoscopic treatment in patients with cirrhosis.The model incorporated six readily available clinical variables—albumin level,aspartate aminotransferase level,white blood cell count,ascites,portal vein thrombosis,and bleeding signs—and demonstrated promising predictive performance.However,limitations,including the retrospective design and exclusion of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma,may affect the generaliz-ability of the model.Additionally,further improvement is needed in the model’s discrimination between intermediate-and high-risk groups in external.Prospec-tive validation and inclusion of additional variables are recommended to enhan-ce predictive accuracy across diverse clinical scenarios.展开更多
BACKGROUND Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis suffering from esophagogastric variceal bleeding(EGVB)face high mortality.AIM To investigate the risk factors for EGVB in patients with liver cirrhosis and establ...BACKGROUND Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis suffering from esophagogastric variceal bleeding(EGVB)face high mortality.AIM To investigate the risk factors for EGVB in patients with liver cirrhosis and establish a diagnostic nomogram.METHODS Patients with liver cirrhosis who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into training and validation cohorts in a 6:4 ratio in this retrospective research.Univariate analysis,least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression,and multivariate analysis were employed to establish the nomogram model.Calibration curve,the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),and decision curve analysis(DCA)were applied to assess the discrimination,accuracy,and clinical practicability of the nomogram,respectively.RESULTS A total of 1115 patients were enrolled in this study.The nomogram was established based on white blood cells(P<0.001),hemoglobin(P<0.001),fibrinogen(P<0.001),total bilirubin(P=0.007),activated partial thromboplastin time(P=0.002),total bile acid(P=0.012),and ascites(P=0.006).The calibration curve indicated that the actual observation results were in good agreement with the prediction results of the model.The AUC values of the diagnostic model were 0.861 and 0.859 in the training and validation cohorts,respectively,which were higher than that of the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index,fibrosis index based on 4 factors,and aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio.Additionally,DCA indicated that the net benefit value of the model was higher than that of the other models.CONCLUSION This research constructed and validated a nomogram with perfect performance for predicting EGVB events in patients with liver cirrhosis,which could help clinicians with timely diagnosis,individualized treatment,and follow-up.展开更多
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis-related upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB)poses a fatal risk,and endoscopic ligation as a sole intervention shows inadequate effectiveness.AIM To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic...BACKGROUND Cirrhosis-related upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB)poses a fatal risk,and endoscopic ligation as a sole intervention shows inadequate effectiveness.AIM To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)plus pro-pranolol vs EVL monotherapy in patients with cirrhosis complicated with acute UGIB and identify predictors for clinical outcomes.METHODS This study enrolled 99 consecutive patients with cirrhosis presenting with acute UGIB between January 2024 and January 2025.Participants were allocated to either the control group(n=49)receiving EVL alone or(2)the research group(n=50)receiving EVL plus propranolol.Primary outcomes included treatment efficacy,venous blood flow[portal venous flow(PVF)/splenic venous flow(SVF)],and postoperative outcomes(hemostasis time,length of hospital stay,and rebleeding rates).Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to determine independent predictors of treatment response.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the research group demonstrated significantly better outcomes,including higher overall treatment efficacy,greater reductions in PVF and SVF,shorter hemostasis time and hospital stay,and lower rebleeding rates.Univariate analysis demonstrated significant associations between treatment efficacy and age,cirrhosis duration,Child-Pugh grade,bleeding duration,and treatment approach in patients with cirrhosis complicated with acute UGIB.Multivariate logistic regression identified three independent risk factors for poor outcomes,namely,advanced age(>55 years),prolonged cirrhosis duration(≥4 years),and delayed bleeding intervention(>24 hours).CONCLUSION The EVL plus propranolol regimen demonstrates significant efficacy in treating UGIB in cirrhosis,outperforming EVL alone in improving hemodynamics(PVF/SVF),shortening hemostasis and hospitalization duration,and reducing rebleeding rates.Moreover,advanced age,prolonged disease duration,and longer bleeding times are independent risk factors for poor therapeutic outcomes.展开更多
BACKGROUND Globally,Liver cirrhosis is the 14th leading cause of death and poses a significant threat to human health.AIM To investigate the effects of a multidisciplinary collaboration model on postoperative recovery...BACKGROUND Globally,Liver cirrhosis is the 14th leading cause of death and poses a significant threat to human health.AIM To investigate the effects of a multidisciplinary collaboration model on postoperative recovery and psychological stress in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing esophageal variceal bleeding(EVB)surgery within an integrated healthcare system.METHODS Between January 2022 and March 2024,a total of 180 patients with cirrhosis and EVB were admitted and randomly assigned to either a control group(standard care)or an observation group(standard care plus the multidisciplinary collaboration model),with 90 patients in each group.Postoperative recovery indicators(time to symptom improvement,time to start eating,time to bowel sound recovery,time to first flatus,and hospital stay),psychological stress responses[selfrating anxiety scale(SAS);self-rating depression scale(SDS)],subjective wellbeing,and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups.RESULTS Compared to the control group,the observation group showed earlier symptom improvement,earlier return to eating,bowel sound recovery,first flatus,and a shorter hospital stay.Pre-intervention SAS and SDS scores were not significantly different between the groups,but post-intervention scores were significantly lower in the observation group.Similarly,there was no significant difference in the subjective well-being scores before the intervention between the two groups.After the intervention,both groups showed improved scores,with the observation group scoring significantly higher than the control group.CONCLUSION The observation group also had a lower incidence of complications.Therefore,for patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing EVB surgery,a multidisciplinary collaboration model within an integrated healthcare system can promote early postoperative recovery,reduces psychological stress,improves subjective well-being,and reduces complications and rebleeding.展开更多
BACKGROUND Acute variceal bleeding(AVB)in patients with cirrhosis remains life-threatening;moreover,the current risk stratification methods have certain limitations.Rebleeding and mortality after AVB remain major chal...BACKGROUND Acute variceal bleeding(AVB)in patients with cirrhosis remains life-threatening;moreover,the current risk stratification methods have certain limitations.Rebleeding and mortality after AVB remain major challenges.Although preemptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(p-TIPS)can improve outcomes,not all patients benefit equally.Accurate risk stratification is needed to guide treatment decisions and identify those most likely to benefit from p-TIPS.AIM To develop an artificial intelligence(AI)-driven model to guide AVB treatment decisions,and identify candidates eligible for p-TIPS.METHODS Patients with cirrhosis and AVB,from two multicenter retrospective cohorts in China,who received endoscopic variceal ligation plus pharmacotherapy(n=1227)or p-TIPS(n=1863)were included.Baseline data within 24 hours of hospital admission were obtained.The AI-AVB model,based on the six-week failure and one-year mortality rates,was developed to predict treatment efficacy and compared with standard risk scores.Outcomes and adverse events of the treatments were compared across the high-and low-risk subgroups stratified using the AI-AVB model.RESULTS The AI-AVB model demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to traditional risk stratification methods.In the internal validation cohort,the model achieved an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.842 for predicting six-week treatment failure and 0.954 for one-year mortality.In the external validation cohort,the AUCs were 0.814 and 0.889,respectively.The model effectively identified patients at high risk of first-line treatment failure who may benefit from aggressive interventions such as p-TIPS.In contrast,advancing the treatment strategy for low-risk patients did not notably improve the short-term prognosis.CONCLUSION The AI-AVB model can predict treatment outcomes,stratify the failure risk in cirrhotic patients with AVB,aid in clinical decisions,identify p-TIPS beneficiaries,and optimize personalized treatment strategies.展开更多
BACKGROUND Early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts(TIPS)is a therapeutic option for acute variceal bleeding(AVB),offering a low risk of rebleeding.However,the long-term outcomes of early TIPS remain uncle...BACKGROUND Early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts(TIPS)is a therapeutic option for acute variceal bleeding(AVB),offering a low risk of rebleeding.However,the long-term outcomes of early TIPS remain unclear.AIM To evaluate the long-term outcomes for early TIPS compared with standard treatment in patients with cirrhosis and AVB.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients with AVB who underwent early TIPS or standard treatment between January 2014 and December 2023.The primary outcome was overall survival(OS).RESULTS A total of 37 patients with AVB underwent early TIPS,while 65 patients received standard treatment.Compared with the standard treatment group,the rates of uncontrolled bleeding or rebleeding in the early TIPS group were significantly lower(10.8%vs 50.8%,P<0.001).Over a median follow-up of 46 months,no statistically significant differences were observed in terms of OS(P=0.507).The presence of comorbidities was identified as an independent predictor of OS(adjusted hazard ratio=3.81;95%confidence interval:1.16-12.46).Notably,new or worsening ascites occurred less frequently in the early TIPS group(13.5%vs 38.5%,P=0.008).There was no significant difference in the rate of overt hepatic encephalopathy between the two groups(45.9%vs 36.9%,P=0.372).CONCLUSION While early TIPS is not associated with a long-term survival benefit compared with standard treatment for AVB,it is associated with reduced risks of rebleeding and ascites.展开更多
BACKGROUND Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)is an effective intervention for managing complications of portal hypertension,particularly acute variceal bleeding(AVB).While effective in reducing portal...BACKGROUND Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)is an effective intervention for managing complications of portal hypertension,particularly acute variceal bleeding(AVB).While effective in reducing portal pressure and preventing rebleeding,TIPS is associated with a considerable risk of overt hepatic encephalopathy(OHE),a complication that significantly elevates mortality rates.AIM To develop a machine learning(ML)model to predict OHE occurrence post-TIPS in patients with AVB using a 5-year dataset.METHODS This retrospective single-center study included 218 patients with AVB who underwent TIPS.The dataset was divided into training(70%)and testing(30%)sets.Critical features were identified using embedded methods and recursive feature elimination.Three ML algorithms-random forest,extreme gradient boosting,and logistic regression-were validated via 10-fold cross-validation.SHapley Additive exPlanations analysis was employed to interpret the model’s predictions.Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier curves and stepwise Cox regression analysis to compare overall survival(OS)between patients with and without OHE.RESULTS The median OS of the study cohort was 47.83±22.95 months.Among the models evaluated,logistic regression demonstrated the highest performance with an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.825.Key predictors identified were Child-Pugh score,age,and portal vein thrombosis.Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients without OHE had a significantly longer OS(P=0.005).The 5-year survival rate was 78.4%,with an OHE incidence of 15.1%.Both actual OHE status and predicted OHE value were significant predictors in each Cox model,with model-predicted OHE achieving an AUC of 88.1 in survival prediction.CONCLUSION The ML model accurately predicts post-TIPS OHE and outperforms traditional models,supporting its use in improving outcomes in patients with AVB.展开更多
BACKGROUND Bleeding esophageal varices(BEV)is a potentially life-threatening complication in patients with portal hypertension with mortality rates as high as 25%within six weeks of the index variceal bleed.After cont...BACKGROUND Bleeding esophageal varices(BEV)is a potentially life-threatening complication in patients with portal hypertension with mortality rates as high as 25%within six weeks of the index variceal bleed.After control of the initial bleeding episode patients should enter a long-term surveillance program with endoscopic intervention combined with non-selectiveβ-blockers to prevent further bleeding and eradicate EV.AIM To assess the efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)in controlling acute variceal bleeding,preventing variceal recurrence and rebleeding and achieving complete eradication of esophageal varices(EV)in patients who present with BEV.METHODS A prospectively documented single-center database was used to retrospectively identify all patients with BEV who were treated with EVL between 2000 and 2018.Control of acute bleeding,variceal recurrence,rebleeding,eradication and survival were analyzed using Baveno assessment criteria.RESULTS One hundred and forty patients(100 men,40 women;mean age 50 years;range,21-84 years;Child-Pugh grade A=32;B=48;C=60)underwent 160 emergency and 298 elective EVL interventions during a total of 928 endoscopy sessions.One hundred and fourteen(81%)of the 140 patients had variceal bleeding that was effectively controlled during the index banding procedure and never bled again from EV,while 26(19%)patients had complicated and refractory variceal bleeding.EVL controlled the acute sentinel variceal bleed during the first endoscopic intervention in 134 of 140 patients(95.7%).Six patients required balloon tamponade for control and 4 other patients rebled in hospital.Overall 5-d endoscopic failure to control variceal bleeding was 7.1%(n=10)and four patients required a salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.Index admission mortality was 14.2%(n=20).EV were completely eradicated in 50 of 111 patients(45%)who survived>3 mo of whom 31 recurred and 3 rebled.Sixteen(13.3%)of 120 surviving patients subsequently had 21 EV rebleeding episodes and 10 patients bled from other sources after discharge from hospital.Overall rebleeding from all sources after 2 years was 21.7%(n=26).Sixty-nine(49.3%)of the 140 patients died,mainly due to liver failure(n=46)during follow-up.Cumulative survival for the 140 patients was 71.4%at 1 year,65%at 3 years,60%at 5 years and 52.1%at 10 years.CONCLUSION EVL was highly effective in controlling the sentinel variceal bleed with an overall 5-day failure to control bleeding of 7.1%.Although repeated EVL achieved complete variceal eradication in less than half of patients with BEV,of whom 62%recurred,there was a significant reduction in subsequent rebleeding.展开更多
BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is the main cause of portal hypertension.The leading cause of death in patients with liver cirrhosis is its most common complication,esophageal variceal bleeding(EVB).Endoscopic variceal lig...BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is the main cause of portal hypertension.The leading cause of death in patients with liver cirrhosis is its most common complication,esophageal variceal bleeding(EVB).Endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)is recommended by many guidelines to treat EVB and prevent rebleeding;however,esophageal ulcers occur after treatment.Delayed healing of ulcers and unhealed ulcers lead to high rebleeding and mortality rates.Thus,the prevention of early postoperative rebleeding is of great significance in improving the quality of life and prognosis of patients.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of aluminum phosphate gel(APG)plus a proton pump inhibitor(PPI)in the prevention of early rebleeding after EVL in patients with EVB.METHODS The medical records of 792 patients who were diagnosed with EVB and in whom bleeding was successfully stopped by EVL at Shenzhen People’s Hospital,Guangdong Province,China from January 2015 to December 2020 were collected.According to the study inclusion and exclusion criteria,401 cases were included in a PPI-monotherapy group(PPI group),and 377 cases were included in a PPI and APG combination therapy(PPI+APG)group.We compared the incidence rates of early rebleeding and other complications within 6 wk after treatment between the two groups.The two-sample t-test,Wilcoxon rank-sum test,and chisquared test were adopted for statistical analyses.RESULTS No significant differences in age,sex,model for end-stage liver disease score,coagulation function,serum albumin level,or hemoglobin level were found between the two groups.The incidence of early rebleeding in the PPI+APG group(9/337;2.39%)was significantly lower than that in the PPI group(30/401;7.48%)(P=0.001).Causes of early rebleeding in the PPI group were esophageal ulcer(3.99%,16/401)and esophageal varices(3.49%,14/401),while those in the PPI+APG group were also esophageal ulcers(5/377;1.33%)and esophageal varices(4/377;1.06%);such causes were significantly less frequent in the PPI+APG group than in the PPI group(P=0.022 and 0.024,respectively).The early mortality rate within 6 wk in both groups was 0%,which was correlated with the timely rehospitalization of all patients with rebleeding and the conduct of emergency endoscopic therapy.The incidence of adverse events other than early bleeding in the PPI+APG group(28/377;7.43%)was significantly lower than that in the PPI group(63/401;15.71%)(P<0.001).The incidence of chest pain in the PPI+APG group(9/377;2.39%)was significantly lower than that in the PPI group(56/401;13.97%)(P<0.001).The incidence of constipation in the PPI+APG group(16/377;4.24%)was significantly higher than that in the PPI group(3/401;0.75%)(P=0.002)but constipation was relieved after patients drank more water or took lactulose.In the PPI and PPI+APG groups,the incidence rates of spontaneous peritonitis within 6 wk after discharge were 0.50%(2/401)and 0.53%(2/377),respectively,and those of hepatic encephalopathy were 0.50%(2/401)and 0.27%(1/377),respectively,presenting no significant difference(P>0.999).CONCLUSION PPI+APG combination therapy significantly reduces the incidence of early rebleeding and chest pain in patients with EVB after EVL.展开更多
AIM: To analyze the clinical risk factors for early variceal rebleeding after endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL).METHODS: 342 cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices who received elective EVL to prevent bleeding or...AIM: To analyze the clinical risk factors for early variceal rebleeding after endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL).METHODS: 342 cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices who received elective EVL to prevent bleeding or rebleeding at our endoscopy center between January 2005 and July 2010.were included in this study.The early rebleeding cases after EVL were confirmed by clinical signs or endoscopy.A case-control study was performed comparing the patients presenting with early rebleeding with those without this complication.RESULTS: The incidence of early rebleeding after EVL was 7.60%,and the morbidity of rebleeding was 26.9%.Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that four variables were independent risk factors for early rebleeding: moderate to excessive ascites [odds ratio (OR) 62.83,95% CI: 9.39-420.56,P < 0.001],the number of bands placed (OR 17.36,95% CI: 4.00-75.34,P < 0.001),the extent of varices (OR 15.41,95% CI: 2.84-83.52,P = 0.002) and prothrombin time (PT) > 18 s (OR 11.35,95% CI: 1.93-66.70,P = 0.007).CONCLUSION: The early rebleeding rate after EVL is mainly affected by the volume of ascites,number of rubber bands used to ligate,severity of varices and prolonged PT.Effective measures for prevention and treatment should be adopted before and after EVL.展开更多
AIM:To explore the effect of intravariceal-mucosal sclerotherapy using small dose of sclerosant on the recurrence of esophageal varices.METHODS:We randomly assigned 38 cirrhotic patients with previous variceal bleedin...AIM:To explore the effect of intravariceal-mucosal sclerotherapy using small dose of sclerosant on the recurrence of esophageal varices.METHODS:We randomly assigned 38 cirrhotic patients with previous variceal bleeding and high variceal pressure(> 15.2 mm Hg) to receive endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL) and combined intravariceal and esophageal mucosal sclerotherapy(combined group) using small-volume sclerosant.The end-points of the study were rebleeding and recurrence of esophageal varices.RESULTS:During a median follow-up period of 16 mo,varices recurred in 1 patient in the combined group as compared with 7 patients in the EVL group(P =0.045).Rebleeding occurred in 3 patients in the EVL group as compared with 1 patient in the combined group(P=0.687).No patient died in the two groups.No significant differences were observed between the two groups with respect to serious adverse events.CONCLUSION:Intravariceal-mucosal sclerotherapy using small dose of sclerosant is more effective than EVL in decreasing the incidence of variceal recurrence for cirrhotic patients.展开更多
AIM： To identify clinical parameters, and develop an Upper Gastrointesinal Bleeding （UGIB） Etiology Score for predicting the types of UGIB and validate the score. METHODS： Patients with UGIB who underwent endoscop...AIM： To identify clinical parameters, and develop an Upper Gastrointesinal Bleeding （UGIB） Etiology Score for predicting the types of UGIB and validate the score. METHODS： Patients with UGIB who underwent endoscopy within 72 h were enrolled. Clinical and basic laboratory parameters were prospectively collected. Predictive factors for the types of UGIB were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses and were used to generate the UGIB Etiology Score. The best cutoff of the score was defined from the receiver operating curve and prospectively validated in another set of patients with UGIB. RESULTS： Among 261 patients with UGIB, 47 （18%） had variceal and 214 （82%） had non-variceal bleeding. Univariate analysis identified 27 distinct parameters significantly associated with the types of UGIB. Logistic regression analysis identified only 3 independent factors for predicting variceal bleeding; previous diagnosis of cirrhosis or signs of chronic liver disease （OR 22.4, 95% CI 8.3-60.4, P 〈 0.001）, red vomitus （OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.8-11.9, P = 0.02）, and red nasogastric （NG） aspirate （OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.3-8.3, P = 0.011）. The UGIB Etiology Score was calculated from （3.1× previous diagnosis of cirrhosis or signs of chronic liver disease） ＋ （1.5× red vomitus） ＋ （1.2× red NG aspirate）, when 1 and 0 are used for the presence and absence of each factor, respectively. Using a cutoff ≥ 3.1, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value （PPV）, and negative predictive value （NPV） in predicting variceal bleeding were 85%, 81%, 82%, 50%, and 96%, respectively. The score was prospectively validated in cases （46 variceal and 149 another set of 195 UGIB non-variceal bleeding）. The PPV and NPV of a score ≥ 3.1 for variceal bleeding were 79% and 97%, respectively. CONCLUSION： The UGIB Etiology Score, composed of 3 parameters, using a cutoff ≥ 3.1 accurately predicted variceal bleeding and may help to guide the choice of initial therapy for UGIB before endoscopy.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the risk factors for 6-wk rebleeding and mortality in acute variceal hemorrhage (AVH) patients treated by percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization (PTVE).
文摘BACKGROUND While varices and variceal bleeds are well-known and feared complications of advanced cirrhosis and portal hypertension,omental variceal bleed are a rare sequala even in patients with known esophageal or gastric varices.While rare,omental varices pose a risk for hemoperitoneum if ruptured,which is a lifethreatening complication with high mortality rates despite surgical intervention.CASE SUMMARY This report reviews the case of a patient 36-year-old female with alcohol related cirrhosis decompensated by ascites,but no history of varices admitted for hemorrhagic shock from spontaneous rupture of omental varices requiring emergency surgery.She underwent the first documented successful orthotopic liver transplantation the same admission.CONCLUSION This case report and literature review stresses the importance of early consideration and identification of intraabdominal variceal sources in cirrhotic patients with refractory shock.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81874390 and No.81573948Shanghai Natural Science Foundation,No.21ZR1464100+1 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission,No.22S11901700the Shanghai Key Specialty of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine,No.shslczdzk01201.
文摘BACKGROUND Rebleeding after recovery from esophagogastric variceal bleeding(EGVB)is a severe complication that is associated with high rates of both incidence and mortality.Despite its clinical importance,recognized prognostic models that can effectively predict esophagogastric variceal rebleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis are lacking.AIM To construct and externally validate a reliable prognostic model for predicting the occurrence of esophagogastric variceal rebleeding.METHODS This study included 477 EGVB patients across 2 cohorts:The derivation cohort(n=322)and the validation cohort(n=155).The primary outcome was rebleeding events within 1 year.The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator was applied for predictor selection,and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to construct the prognostic model.Internal validation was performed with bootstrap resampling.We assessed the discrimination,calibration and accuracy of the model,and performed patient risk stratification.RESULTS Six predictors,including albumin and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations,white blood cell count,and the presence of ascites,portal vein thrombosis,and bleeding signs,were selected for the rebleeding event prediction following endoscopic treatment(REPET)model.In predicting rebleeding within 1 year,the REPET model ex-hibited a concordance index of 0.775 and a Brier score of 0.143 in the derivation cohort,alongside 0.862 and 0.127 in the validation cohort.Furthermore,the REPET model revealed a significant difference in rebleeding rates(P<0.01)between low-risk patients and intermediate-to high-risk patients in both cohorts.CONCLUSION We constructed and validated a new prognostic model for variceal rebleeding with excellent predictive per-formance,which will improve the clinical management of rebleeding in EGVB patients.
基金Supported by Tianjin Key Medical Discipline(Specialty)Construction Project,No.TJYXZDXK-034AHebei Province 2025 Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Project Plan,No.T2025008.
文摘BACKGROUND Acute variceal bleeding(AVB)represents a life-threatening complication in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients undergoing systemic therapy,mainly including immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)and antivascular drugs used alone or in combination.The pathogenesis of AVB in this population may involve tumor-related factors,treatment-induced effects,or progression of underlying portal hypertension.Identifying high-risk factors for AVB is crucial for the management of this patient population.AIM To develop and validate a risk prediction model for AVB occurrence in cirrhotic HCC patients receiving ICI-based systemic therapy.METHODS This retrospective study analyzed 286 HCC patients(2021-2022)receiving ICIs(mono-/combination therapy),randomly split into training(n=184)and validation(n=102)cohorts.In the training cohort,bleeding vs nonbleeding groups were compared for general information,etiological data,laboratory indicators,tumor staging,systemic treatment drugs,variceal bleeding history,and endoscopic treatment history.Risk factors for AVB were identified and used to establish a logistic regression model for predicting bleeding,which was further validated in the validation cohort.RESULTS The bleeding group had significantly higher proportions of patients with platelet count≥100×10^(9)/L,alphafetoprotein≥400 ng/mL,tumor diameter≥5 cm,portal vein tumor thrombosis,ascites,bleeding history,prior endoscopic treatment,albumin-bilirubin grade level 2-3,fibrosis-4 index(FIB-4)≥4.57,and prognostic nutritional index<45 compared to the non-bleeding group.Multivariate analysis identified tumor diameter≥5 cm,portal vein thrombosis,bleeding history,and elevated FIB-4 as independent risk factors for bleeding(P<0.05).A predictive model based on these factors showed good discrimination,with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.861(training)and 0.816(validation).CONCLUSION A history of pre-ICI bleeding significantly increases recurrent bleeding risk,necessitating close monitoring.The FIB-4 fibrosis model,combined with tumor features,can also serve as a predictive factor for bleeding.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81874390 and No.81573948Shanghai Natural Science Foundation,No.21ZR1464100+1 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission,No.22S11901700the Shanghai Key Specialty of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine,No.shslczdzk01201.
文摘BACKGROUND Esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding is a catastrophic complication of portal hypertension,most commonly caused by cirrhosis of various etiologies.Although a considerable body of research has been conducted in this area,the complexity of the disease and the lack of standardized treatment strategies have led to fragmented findings,insufficient information,and a lack of systematic investigation.Bibliometric analysis can help clarify research trends,identify core topics,and reveal potential future directions.Therefore,this study aims to use bibliometric methods to conduct an in-depth exploration of research progress in this field,with the expectation of providing new insights for both clinical practice and scientific research.AIM To evaluate research trends and advancements in esophagogastric variceal bleeding(EGVB)over the past twenty years.METHODS Relevant publications on EGVB were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection.VOSviewer,Pajek,CiteSpace,and the bibliometrix package were then employed to perform bibliometric visualizations of publication volume,countries,institutions,journals,authors,keywords,and citation counts.RESULTS The analysis focused on original research articles and review papers.From 2004 to 2023,a total of 2097 records on EGVB were retrieved.The number of relevant publications has increased significantly over the past two decades,especially in China and the United States.The leading contributors in this field,in terms of countries,institutions,authors,and journals,were China,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris,Bosch Jaime,and World Journal of Gastroenterology,respectively.Core keywords in this field include portal hypertension,management,liver cirrhosis,risk,prevention,and diagnosis.Future research directions may focus on optimizing diagnostic methods,personalized treatment,and multidisciplinary collaboration.CONCLUSION Using bibliometric methods,this study reveals the developmental trajectory and trends in research on EGVB,underscoring risk assessment and diagnostic optimization as the core areas of current focus.The study provides an innovative and systematic perspective for this field,indicating that future research could center on multidisciplinary collaboration,personalized treatment approaches,and the development of new diagnostic tools.Moreover,this work offers practical research directions for both the academic community and clinical practice,driving continued advancement in this domain.
文摘A recent study by Peng et al developed a predictive model for first-instance secondary esophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients by integrating clinical and multi-organ radiomic features.The combined radiomic-clinical model demonstrated strong predictive capabilities,achieving an area under the curve of 0.951 in the training cohort and 0.930 in the validation cohort.The results highlight the potential of noninvasive prediction models in assessing esophageal variceal bleeding risk,aiding in timely clinical decision-making.Additionally,manual delineation of regions of interest raises the risk of observer bias despite efforts to minimize it.The study adjusted for clinical covariates,while some potential confounders,such as socioeconomic status,alcohol use,and liver function scores,were not included.Additionally,an imbalance in cohort sizes between the training and validation groups may reduce the statistical power of validation.Expanding the validation cohort and incorporating multi-center external validation would improve generalizability.Future studies should focus on incorporating long-term patient outcomes,exploring additional imaging modalities,and integrating automated segmentation techniques to refine the predictive model.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province,China,No.232300420232Henan Provincial Key Research and Development Project,No.231111313500.
文摘BACKGROUND Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS)is caused by obstruction of the hepatic veins or suprahepatic inferior vena cava,leading to portal hypertension and the development of gastroesophageal varices(GEVs),which are associated with an increased risk of bleeding.Existing risk models for variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients have limited applicability to BCS due to differences in pathophysiology.Radiomics,as a noninvasive technique,holds promise as a tool for more accurate prediction of bleeding risk in BCS-related GEVs.AIM To develop and validate a personalized risk model for predicting variceal bleeding in BCS patients with GEVs.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 444 BCS patients with GEVs in two centers.Radiomic features were extracted from portal venous phase computed tomography(CT)scans.A training cohort of 334 patients was used to develop the model,with 110 patients serving as an external validation cohort.LASSO Cox regression was used to select radiomic features for constructing a radiomics score(Radscore).Univariate and multivariate Cox regression identified independent clinical predictors.A combined radiomics+clinical(R+C)model was developed using stepwise regression.Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),calibration plots,and decision curve analysis(DCA),with external validation to evaluate generalizability.RESULTS The Radscore comprised four hepatic and six splenic CT features,which predicted the risk of variceal bleeding.Multivariate analysis identified invasive treatment to relieve hepatic venous outflow obstruction,anticoagulant therapy,and hemoglobin levels as independent clinical predictors.The R+C model achieved C-indices of 0.906(training)and 0.859(validation),outperforming the radiomics and clinical models alone(AUC:training 0.936 vs 0.845 vs 0.823;validation 0.876 vs 0.712 vs 0.713).DCA showed higher clinical net benefit across the thresholds.The model stratified patients into low-,medium-and high-risk groups with significant differences in bleeding rates(P<0.001).An online tool is available at https://bcsvh.shinyapps.io/BCS_Variceal_Bleeding_Risk_Tool/.CONCLUSION We developed and validated a novel radiomics-based model that noninvasively and conveniently predicted risk of variceal bleeding in BCS patients with GEVs,aiding early identification and management of high-risk patients.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection remains a major public health issue in Egypt,with a high prevalence of genotype 4.Direct-acting antivirals(DAAs)achieve>95%sustained virologic response(SVR),but their impact on variceal rebleeding in genotype 4 cirrhotic patients is underexplored.This study evaluated the association between DAA therapy and variceal rebleeding in Egyptian patients with HCV-related cirrhosis.AIM To evaluate the association between DAA therapy and variceal rebleeding in Egyptian patients with HCV-related cirrhosis.METHODS A multicenter retrospective cohort study included HCV genotype 4 cirrhotic patients from five Egyptian centers with a first variceal bleeding episode.Patients were divided into DAA-treated(Group A)and non-treated(Group B)groups and followed for 5 years.Propensity score matching(PSM),Cox regression,and competing risk analysis were adjusted for confounders.RESULTS DAA treatment significantly reduced variceal rebleeding(HR 2.57;95%CI:1.39-4.72;P=0.002),ascites development over 5 years(6.8%vs 27.1%,P=0.006),and hepatic dysfunction progression.During treatment,it improved liver function[lower model for end-stage liver disease(MELD),stable Child-Pugh class]and reduced complications.All Group A patients achieved SVR by PCR,while Group B remained HCV-positive,likely contributing to the observed reductions in rebleeding and hepatic decompensation.These benefits persisted over 5 years,with longer survival without rebleeding(4.5 years vs 3.2 years),lower MELD(7 vs 12,P<0.001),and reduced hepatic decompensation(Child-Pugh progression:5.1%vs 35.6%,P<0.001).At 5 years,the DAA group had better liver function(higher albumin,lower international normalized ratio,improved platelets),while the non-DAA group worsened.PSM confirmed these findings(HR:0.45,95%CI:0.27-0.75,P=0.002),and competing risk analysis showed sustained protection(sub-distribution HR:0.44,95%CI:0.26-0.74,P=0.002).Endoscopy revealed variceal regression with DAA but progression in the non-DAA group.DAA therapy significantly reduced variceal rebleeding,hepatic decompensation,and mortality(8.5%vs 20.3%,P=0.045),with survival benefits linked to SVR.Additionally,it was associated with improved survival,with a lower 5-year mortality rate in the DAA group(8.5%vs 20.3%,P=0.045).The protective effect of DAA therapy remained consistent across multivariable Cox regression,time-dependent modeling,and competing risk analyses.CONCLUSION DAA treatment in HCV-related cirrhosis significantly reduces variceal rebleeding,ascites development,and hepatic dysfunction progression.The 5-year follow-up data demonstrate sustained improvements in liver function and hematologic parameters,underscoring the long-term benefits of DAA therapy.
文摘A multicenter study recently published introduced a novel prognostic model for predicting esophagogastric variceal rebleeding after endoscopic treatment in patients with cirrhosis.The model incorporated six readily available clinical variables—albumin level,aspartate aminotransferase level,white blood cell count,ascites,portal vein thrombosis,and bleeding signs—and demonstrated promising predictive performance.However,limitations,including the retrospective design and exclusion of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma,may affect the generaliz-ability of the model.Additionally,further improvement is needed in the model’s discrimination between intermediate-and high-risk groups in external.Prospec-tive validation and inclusion of additional variables are recommended to enhan-ce predictive accuracy across diverse clinical scenarios.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82270594the National Natural Science Foundation for Youths of China,No.82103151+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University,No.2022ZZTS0265the Graduate Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province,No.CX20220347.
文摘BACKGROUND Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis suffering from esophagogastric variceal bleeding(EGVB)face high mortality.AIM To investigate the risk factors for EGVB in patients with liver cirrhosis and establish a diagnostic nomogram.METHODS Patients with liver cirrhosis who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into training and validation cohorts in a 6:4 ratio in this retrospective research.Univariate analysis,least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression,and multivariate analysis were employed to establish the nomogram model.Calibration curve,the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),and decision curve analysis(DCA)were applied to assess the discrimination,accuracy,and clinical practicability of the nomogram,respectively.RESULTS A total of 1115 patients were enrolled in this study.The nomogram was established based on white blood cells(P<0.001),hemoglobin(P<0.001),fibrinogen(P<0.001),total bilirubin(P=0.007),activated partial thromboplastin time(P=0.002),total bile acid(P=0.012),and ascites(P=0.006).The calibration curve indicated that the actual observation results were in good agreement with the prediction results of the model.The AUC values of the diagnostic model were 0.861 and 0.859 in the training and validation cohorts,respectively,which were higher than that of the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index,fibrosis index based on 4 factors,and aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio.Additionally,DCA indicated that the net benefit value of the model was higher than that of the other models.CONCLUSION This research constructed and validated a nomogram with perfect performance for predicting EGVB events in patients with liver cirrhosis,which could help clinicians with timely diagnosis,individualized treatment,and follow-up.
文摘BACKGROUND Cirrhosis-related upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB)poses a fatal risk,and endoscopic ligation as a sole intervention shows inadequate effectiveness.AIM To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)plus pro-pranolol vs EVL monotherapy in patients with cirrhosis complicated with acute UGIB and identify predictors for clinical outcomes.METHODS This study enrolled 99 consecutive patients with cirrhosis presenting with acute UGIB between January 2024 and January 2025.Participants were allocated to either the control group(n=49)receiving EVL alone or(2)the research group(n=50)receiving EVL plus propranolol.Primary outcomes included treatment efficacy,venous blood flow[portal venous flow(PVF)/splenic venous flow(SVF)],and postoperative outcomes(hemostasis time,length of hospital stay,and rebleeding rates).Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to determine independent predictors of treatment response.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the research group demonstrated significantly better outcomes,including higher overall treatment efficacy,greater reductions in PVF and SVF,shorter hemostasis time and hospital stay,and lower rebleeding rates.Univariate analysis demonstrated significant associations between treatment efficacy and age,cirrhosis duration,Child-Pugh grade,bleeding duration,and treatment approach in patients with cirrhosis complicated with acute UGIB.Multivariate logistic regression identified three independent risk factors for poor outcomes,namely,advanced age(>55 years),prolonged cirrhosis duration(≥4 years),and delayed bleeding intervention(>24 hours).CONCLUSION The EVL plus propranolol regimen demonstrates significant efficacy in treating UGIB in cirrhosis,outperforming EVL alone in improving hemodynamics(PVF/SVF),shortening hemostasis and hospitalization duration,and reducing rebleeding rates.Moreover,advanced age,prolonged disease duration,and longer bleeding times are independent risk factors for poor therapeutic outcomes.
文摘BACKGROUND Globally,Liver cirrhosis is the 14th leading cause of death and poses a significant threat to human health.AIM To investigate the effects of a multidisciplinary collaboration model on postoperative recovery and psychological stress in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing esophageal variceal bleeding(EVB)surgery within an integrated healthcare system.METHODS Between January 2022 and March 2024,a total of 180 patients with cirrhosis and EVB were admitted and randomly assigned to either a control group(standard care)or an observation group(standard care plus the multidisciplinary collaboration model),with 90 patients in each group.Postoperative recovery indicators(time to symptom improvement,time to start eating,time to bowel sound recovery,time to first flatus,and hospital stay),psychological stress responses[selfrating anxiety scale(SAS);self-rating depression scale(SDS)],subjective wellbeing,and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups.RESULTS Compared to the control group,the observation group showed earlier symptom improvement,earlier return to eating,bowel sound recovery,first flatus,and a shorter hospital stay.Pre-intervention SAS and SDS scores were not significantly different between the groups,but post-intervention scores were significantly lower in the observation group.Similarly,there was no significant difference in the subjective well-being scores before the intervention between the two groups.After the intervention,both groups showed improved scores,with the observation group scoring significantly higher than the control group.CONCLUSION The observation group also had a lower incidence of complications.Therefore,for patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing EVB surgery,a multidisciplinary collaboration model within an integrated healthcare system can promote early postoperative recovery,reduces psychological stress,improves subjective well-being,and reduces complications and rebleeding.
基金Supported by Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province,No.BE2023767Xuzhou Key Research and Development Program under Grant,No.KC23273+1 种基金Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University,No.2022ZL26Construction Project of High-Level Hospital of Jiangsu Province,No.GSPSJ20240802.
文摘BACKGROUND Acute variceal bleeding(AVB)in patients with cirrhosis remains life-threatening;moreover,the current risk stratification methods have certain limitations.Rebleeding and mortality after AVB remain major challenges.Although preemptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(p-TIPS)can improve outcomes,not all patients benefit equally.Accurate risk stratification is needed to guide treatment decisions and identify those most likely to benefit from p-TIPS.AIM To develop an artificial intelligence(AI)-driven model to guide AVB treatment decisions,and identify candidates eligible for p-TIPS.METHODS Patients with cirrhosis and AVB,from two multicenter retrospective cohorts in China,who received endoscopic variceal ligation plus pharmacotherapy(n=1227)or p-TIPS(n=1863)were included.Baseline data within 24 hours of hospital admission were obtained.The AI-AVB model,based on the six-week failure and one-year mortality rates,was developed to predict treatment efficacy and compared with standard risk scores.Outcomes and adverse events of the treatments were compared across the high-and low-risk subgroups stratified using the AI-AVB model.RESULTS The AI-AVB model demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to traditional risk stratification methods.In the internal validation cohort,the model achieved an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.842 for predicting six-week treatment failure and 0.954 for one-year mortality.In the external validation cohort,the AUCs were 0.814 and 0.889,respectively.The model effectively identified patients at high risk of first-line treatment failure who may benefit from aggressive interventions such as p-TIPS.In contrast,advancing the treatment strategy for low-risk patients did not notably improve the short-term prognosis.CONCLUSION The AI-AVB model can predict treatment outcomes,stratify the failure risk in cirrhotic patients with AVB,aid in clinical decisions,identify p-TIPS beneficiaries,and optimize personalized treatment strategies.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,No.23ZR1458300the Key Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Health System,No.2024ZDXK0004the Doctoral Innovation Talent Base Project for Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases,No.RCJD2021B02.
文摘BACKGROUND Early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts(TIPS)is a therapeutic option for acute variceal bleeding(AVB),offering a low risk of rebleeding.However,the long-term outcomes of early TIPS remain unclear.AIM To evaluate the long-term outcomes for early TIPS compared with standard treatment in patients with cirrhosis and AVB.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients with AVB who underwent early TIPS or standard treatment between January 2014 and December 2023.The primary outcome was overall survival(OS).RESULTS A total of 37 patients with AVB underwent early TIPS,while 65 patients received standard treatment.Compared with the standard treatment group,the rates of uncontrolled bleeding or rebleeding in the early TIPS group were significantly lower(10.8%vs 50.8%,P<0.001).Over a median follow-up of 46 months,no statistically significant differences were observed in terms of OS(P=0.507).The presence of comorbidities was identified as an independent predictor of OS(adjusted hazard ratio=3.81;95%confidence interval:1.16-12.46).Notably,new or worsening ascites occurred less frequently in the early TIPS group(13.5%vs 38.5%,P=0.008).There was no significant difference in the rate of overt hepatic encephalopathy between the two groups(45.9%vs 36.9%,P=0.372).CONCLUSION While early TIPS is not associated with a long-term survival benefit compared with standard treatment for AVB,it is associated with reduced risks of rebleeding and ascites.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2024A1515013069.
文摘BACKGROUND Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)is an effective intervention for managing complications of portal hypertension,particularly acute variceal bleeding(AVB).While effective in reducing portal pressure and preventing rebleeding,TIPS is associated with a considerable risk of overt hepatic encephalopathy(OHE),a complication that significantly elevates mortality rates.AIM To develop a machine learning(ML)model to predict OHE occurrence post-TIPS in patients with AVB using a 5-year dataset.METHODS This retrospective single-center study included 218 patients with AVB who underwent TIPS.The dataset was divided into training(70%)and testing(30%)sets.Critical features were identified using embedded methods and recursive feature elimination.Three ML algorithms-random forest,extreme gradient boosting,and logistic regression-were validated via 10-fold cross-validation.SHapley Additive exPlanations analysis was employed to interpret the model’s predictions.Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier curves and stepwise Cox regression analysis to compare overall survival(OS)between patients with and without OHE.RESULTS The median OS of the study cohort was 47.83±22.95 months.Among the models evaluated,logistic regression demonstrated the highest performance with an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.825.Key predictors identified were Child-Pugh score,age,and portal vein thrombosis.Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients without OHE had a significantly longer OS(P=0.005).The 5-year survival rate was 78.4%,with an OHE incidence of 15.1%.Both actual OHE status and predicted OHE value were significant predictors in each Cox model,with model-predicted OHE achieving an AUC of 88.1 in survival prediction.CONCLUSION The ML model accurately predicts post-TIPS OHE and outperforms traditional models,supporting its use in improving outcomes in patients with AVB.
文摘BACKGROUND Bleeding esophageal varices(BEV)is a potentially life-threatening complication in patients with portal hypertension with mortality rates as high as 25%within six weeks of the index variceal bleed.After control of the initial bleeding episode patients should enter a long-term surveillance program with endoscopic intervention combined with non-selectiveβ-blockers to prevent further bleeding and eradicate EV.AIM To assess the efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)in controlling acute variceal bleeding,preventing variceal recurrence and rebleeding and achieving complete eradication of esophageal varices(EV)in patients who present with BEV.METHODS A prospectively documented single-center database was used to retrospectively identify all patients with BEV who were treated with EVL between 2000 and 2018.Control of acute bleeding,variceal recurrence,rebleeding,eradication and survival were analyzed using Baveno assessment criteria.RESULTS One hundred and forty patients(100 men,40 women;mean age 50 years;range,21-84 years;Child-Pugh grade A=32;B=48;C=60)underwent 160 emergency and 298 elective EVL interventions during a total of 928 endoscopy sessions.One hundred and fourteen(81%)of the 140 patients had variceal bleeding that was effectively controlled during the index banding procedure and never bled again from EV,while 26(19%)patients had complicated and refractory variceal bleeding.EVL controlled the acute sentinel variceal bleed during the first endoscopic intervention in 134 of 140 patients(95.7%).Six patients required balloon tamponade for control and 4 other patients rebled in hospital.Overall 5-d endoscopic failure to control variceal bleeding was 7.1%(n=10)and four patients required a salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.Index admission mortality was 14.2%(n=20).EV were completely eradicated in 50 of 111 patients(45%)who survived>3 mo of whom 31 recurred and 3 rebled.Sixteen(13.3%)of 120 surviving patients subsequently had 21 EV rebleeding episodes and 10 patients bled from other sources after discharge from hospital.Overall rebleeding from all sources after 2 years was 21.7%(n=26).Sixty-nine(49.3%)of the 140 patients died,mainly due to liver failure(n=46)during follow-up.Cumulative survival for the 140 patients was 71.4%at 1 year,65%at 3 years,60%at 5 years and 52.1%at 10 years.CONCLUSION EVL was highly effective in controlling the sentinel variceal bleed with an overall 5-day failure to control bleeding of 7.1%.Although repeated EVL achieved complete variceal eradication in less than half of patients with BEV,of whom 62%recurred,there was a significant reduction in subsequent rebleeding.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.2018A0303130278.
文摘BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is the main cause of portal hypertension.The leading cause of death in patients with liver cirrhosis is its most common complication,esophageal variceal bleeding(EVB).Endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)is recommended by many guidelines to treat EVB and prevent rebleeding;however,esophageal ulcers occur after treatment.Delayed healing of ulcers and unhealed ulcers lead to high rebleeding and mortality rates.Thus,the prevention of early postoperative rebleeding is of great significance in improving the quality of life and prognosis of patients.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of aluminum phosphate gel(APG)plus a proton pump inhibitor(PPI)in the prevention of early rebleeding after EVL in patients with EVB.METHODS The medical records of 792 patients who were diagnosed with EVB and in whom bleeding was successfully stopped by EVL at Shenzhen People’s Hospital,Guangdong Province,China from January 2015 to December 2020 were collected.According to the study inclusion and exclusion criteria,401 cases were included in a PPI-monotherapy group(PPI group),and 377 cases were included in a PPI and APG combination therapy(PPI+APG)group.We compared the incidence rates of early rebleeding and other complications within 6 wk after treatment between the two groups.The two-sample t-test,Wilcoxon rank-sum test,and chisquared test were adopted for statistical analyses.RESULTS No significant differences in age,sex,model for end-stage liver disease score,coagulation function,serum albumin level,or hemoglobin level were found between the two groups.The incidence of early rebleeding in the PPI+APG group(9/337;2.39%)was significantly lower than that in the PPI group(30/401;7.48%)(P=0.001).Causes of early rebleeding in the PPI group were esophageal ulcer(3.99%,16/401)and esophageal varices(3.49%,14/401),while those in the PPI+APG group were also esophageal ulcers(5/377;1.33%)and esophageal varices(4/377;1.06%);such causes were significantly less frequent in the PPI+APG group than in the PPI group(P=0.022 and 0.024,respectively).The early mortality rate within 6 wk in both groups was 0%,which was correlated with the timely rehospitalization of all patients with rebleeding and the conduct of emergency endoscopic therapy.The incidence of adverse events other than early bleeding in the PPI+APG group(28/377;7.43%)was significantly lower than that in the PPI group(63/401;15.71%)(P<0.001).The incidence of chest pain in the PPI+APG group(9/377;2.39%)was significantly lower than that in the PPI group(56/401;13.97%)(P<0.001).The incidence of constipation in the PPI+APG group(16/377;4.24%)was significantly higher than that in the PPI group(3/401;0.75%)(P=0.002)but constipation was relieved after patients drank more water or took lactulose.In the PPI and PPI+APG groups,the incidence rates of spontaneous peritonitis within 6 wk after discharge were 0.50%(2/401)and 0.53%(2/377),respectively,and those of hepatic encephalopathy were 0.50%(2/401)and 0.27%(1/377),respectively,presenting no significant difference(P>0.999).CONCLUSION PPI+APG combination therapy significantly reduces the incidence of early rebleeding and chest pain in patients with EVB after EVL.
文摘AIM: To analyze the clinical risk factors for early variceal rebleeding after endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL).METHODS: 342 cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices who received elective EVL to prevent bleeding or rebleeding at our endoscopy center between January 2005 and July 2010.were included in this study.The early rebleeding cases after EVL were confirmed by clinical signs or endoscopy.A case-control study was performed comparing the patients presenting with early rebleeding with those without this complication.RESULTS: The incidence of early rebleeding after EVL was 7.60%,and the morbidity of rebleeding was 26.9%.Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that four variables were independent risk factors for early rebleeding: moderate to excessive ascites [odds ratio (OR) 62.83,95% CI: 9.39-420.56,P < 0.001],the number of bands placed (OR 17.36,95% CI: 4.00-75.34,P < 0.001),the extent of varices (OR 15.41,95% CI: 2.84-83.52,P = 0.002) and prothrombin time (PT) > 18 s (OR 11.35,95% CI: 1.93-66.70,P = 0.007).CONCLUSION: The early rebleeding rate after EVL is mainly affected by the volume of ascites,number of rubber bands used to ligate,severity of varices and prolonged PT.Effective measures for prevention and treatment should be adopted before and after EVL.
基金Supported by Educational and Health Department of Anhui Province,No.KJ2010A158,No.KJ2012Z189 and No.2010B018National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81271736
文摘AIM:To explore the effect of intravariceal-mucosal sclerotherapy using small dose of sclerosant on the recurrence of esophageal varices.METHODS:We randomly assigned 38 cirrhotic patients with previous variceal bleeding and high variceal pressure(> 15.2 mm Hg) to receive endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL) and combined intravariceal and esophageal mucosal sclerotherapy(combined group) using small-volume sclerosant.The end-points of the study were rebleeding and recurrence of esophageal varices.RESULTS:During a median follow-up period of 16 mo,varices recurred in 1 patient in the combined group as compared with 7 patients in the EVL group(P =0.045).Rebleeding occurred in 3 patients in the EVL group as compared with 1 patient in the combined group(P=0.687).No patient died in the two groups.No significant differences were observed between the two groups with respect to serious adverse events.CONCLUSION:Intravariceal-mucosal sclerotherapy using small dose of sclerosant is more effective than EVL in decreasing the incidence of variceal recurrence for cirrhotic patients.
文摘AIM： To identify clinical parameters, and develop an Upper Gastrointesinal Bleeding （UGIB） Etiology Score for predicting the types of UGIB and validate the score. METHODS： Patients with UGIB who underwent endoscopy within 72 h were enrolled. Clinical and basic laboratory parameters were prospectively collected. Predictive factors for the types of UGIB were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses and were used to generate the UGIB Etiology Score. The best cutoff of the score was defined from the receiver operating curve and prospectively validated in another set of patients with UGIB. RESULTS： Among 261 patients with UGIB, 47 （18%） had variceal and 214 （82%） had non-variceal bleeding. Univariate analysis identified 27 distinct parameters significantly associated with the types of UGIB. Logistic regression analysis identified only 3 independent factors for predicting variceal bleeding; previous diagnosis of cirrhosis or signs of chronic liver disease （OR 22.4, 95% CI 8.3-60.4, P 〈 0.001）, red vomitus （OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.8-11.9, P = 0.02）, and red nasogastric （NG） aspirate （OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.3-8.3, P = 0.011）. The UGIB Etiology Score was calculated from （3.1× previous diagnosis of cirrhosis or signs of chronic liver disease） ＋ （1.5× red vomitus） ＋ （1.2× red NG aspirate）, when 1 and 0 are used for the presence and absence of each factor, respectively. Using a cutoff ≥ 3.1, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value （PPV）, and negative predictive value （NPV） in predicting variceal bleeding were 85%, 81%, 82%, 50%, and 96%, respectively. The score was prospectively validated in cases （46 variceal and 149 another set of 195 UGIB non-variceal bleeding）. The PPV and NPV of a score ≥ 3.1 for variceal bleeding were 79% and 97%, respectively. CONCLUSION： The UGIB Etiology Score, composed of 3 parameters, using a cutoff ≥ 3.1 accurately predicted variceal bleeding and may help to guide the choice of initial therapy for UGIB before endoscopy.
文摘AIM: To investigate the risk factors for 6-wk rebleeding and mortality in acute variceal hemorrhage (AVH) patients treated by percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization (PTVE).
