In the context of urban-rural integration development in China,the distribution of value-added income of rural land collective ownership is related to the protection of farmers rights and interests and the specific im...In the context of urban-rural integration development in China,the distribution of value-added income of rural land collective ownership is related to the protection of farmers rights and interests and the specific implementation of rural revitalization strategy.Based on the entry of rural collectively-owned construction land into the market and the compensation system for land expropriation,this paper discusses in detail the distribution of value-added income of rural land collective ownership,analyzes the current situation,existing problems and causes of the current distribution mechanism,and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for optimizing the distribution mechanism.Through literature research and case analysis,this paper reveals the unfair phenomenon in the distribution of value-added income of rural land,and discusses the roles and responsibilities of government,collective organizations and individual farmers in the distribution of income.The results show that establishing a fair and reasonable income distribution mechanism,strengthening the construction of laws and regulations,improving farmers participation and protecting their rights and interests are the key to optimizing the distribution of rural land value-added income.In addition,it is expected that this paper will provide some theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving the distribution mechanism of value-added income of rural land collective ownership.展开更多
In order to promote the revitalization and development of rural areas and protect the property rights of farmers,it is necessary to explore the reasonable distribution ratio of land value-added income in collective op...In order to promote the revitalization and development of rural areas and protect the property rights of farmers,it is necessary to explore the reasonable distribution ratio of land value-added income in collective operating construction land.Under the existing land value-added income distribution model,the land value-added income obtained by the government is much greater than that of village collectives,and it is difficult for village collectives and farmers to enjoy greater benefits.This distribution model is not conducive to protecting the property rights of farmers.The results show that there was a positive correlation between land value-added income and land level,that is,the higher the land level was,the higher the value-added income and its ratio to the market transaction price were.According to calculation,the reasonable distribution ratio of the value-added income of collective operating construction land entering the market among the government,village collectives and farmers was 28.6%,51.1%,and 20.3%respectively.The actual land value-added income obtained by farmers was greatly improved compared with the current situation.In actual operation,this distribution mode has universal applicability.The reform of entering the market in the future also needs to raise the standards for entering the market,explore diversified interest protection channels,and strengthen the construction of rural collective management system.展开更多
In the 1990s, China＇s urban housing reform in full swing. With the development of housing commercialization, the housing accumulation fund system in our country has come into being, which rapidly focus on development...In the 1990s, China＇s urban housing reform in full swing. With the development of housing commercialization, the housing accumulation fund system in our country has come into being, which rapidly focus on development and perfection. At the same time, the public accumulation fund for housing construction funds collection amount has reached a certain scale, which not only effectively play the function of housing security, but also precipitate more balance a lot of money.The appreciation will to be solved.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the associations of baseline income,cumulative income exposure,and income volatility with the incidence of pancreatic and biliary tract cancers in a nationwide Korean cohort.Meth...Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the associations of baseline income,cumulative income exposure,and income volatility with the incidence of pancreatic and biliary tract cancers in a nationwide Korean cohort.Methods:We analyzed 3,361,091 adults aged 30-65 years who underwent the 2012 National Health Insurance Service(NHIS)health screening.Income level was derived from insurance premium data assessed over the five years preceding baseline(2008-2012)and categorized into baseline income quartiles,cumulative exposure to low or high income,and income volatility based on annual percentage changes.Incident pancreatic and biliary tract cancers were identified using diagnostic codes and the copayment reduction registry.Associations were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for demographic,lifestyle,and clinical covariates,and cumulative incidence was compared using Kaplan-Meier curves.Results:During a median follow-up of 9.6 years,14,469 pancreatic cancers and 6,647 biliary tract cancers were newly diagnosed.Lower baseline income was associated with a higher risk of pancreatic and biliary tract cancers,whereas sustained high-income exposure was associated with reduced risk.Cumulative low-income exposure showed a positive linear trend with pancreatic cancer incidence.Income volatility was modestly associated with pancreatic cancer and was positively associated with biliary tract cancer in the fully adjusted model.These associations were generally consistent across subgroups,with a stronger inverse association between prolonged high-income exposure and pancreatic cancer among individuals without diabetes.Conclusions:Income level and income stability were significantly associated with the incidence of pancreatic and biliary tract cancers.Lower baseline income was associated with higher risk,whereas sustained high-income exposure was protective.Income volatility was associated with increased cancer risk,particularly for biliary tract cancer.These findings highlight the importance of incorporating income dynamics into cancer prevention strategies and addressing socioeconomic instability among vulnerable populations.展开更多
Resourceful food waste treatment is essential for promoting the sustainable development of anaerobic digestion and realizing a circular economy.In this study,biogas residue(BR)was used as a feedstock to produce highva...Resourceful food waste treatment is essential for promoting the sustainable development of anaerobic digestion and realizing a circular economy.In this study,biogas residue(BR)was used as a feedstock to produce highvalue-added products(gas,tar,and char-derived high-performance adsorbents)using pyrolysis technology(at 400–800℃).CaCO_(3),the major component of ash,significantly improved the quality of the pyrolysis product by decomposing into CO_(2) and CaO.The gasification reaction of CO_(2) with coke generated substantial CO and facilitated the formation of a rich pore structure in the char.CaO improved tar quality by contributing to secondary cracking reactions and reducing water content.The composite material formed exhibited excellent performance in wastewater treatment,with a maximum methylene blue adsorption capacity of 969.30 mg/g.The maximum adsorption of heavy metals Cu^(2+),Pb^(2+),and Cd^(2+)was 175.44,244.93,and 199.50 mg/g,respectively.The ash fraction on the ash-biochar composite material adsorbent surface enhanced pollutant removal by providing an alkaline adsorption environment and more oxygen-based n-π interaction sites.The economic analysis showed that the high value-added products obtained from the pyrolysis of BR make this process more productive than land use.展开更多
The electromagnetic wave absorption of silicon carbide nanowires is improved by their uniform and diverse cross-structures.This study introduces a sustainable and high value-added method for synthesizing silicon carbi...The electromagnetic wave absorption of silicon carbide nanowires is improved by their uniform and diverse cross-structures.This study introduces a sustainable and high value-added method for synthesizing silicon carbide nanowires using lignite and waste silicon powder as raw materials through carbothermal reduction.The staggered structure of nanowires promotes the creation of interfacial polarization,impedance matching,and multiple loss mechanisms,leading to enhanced electromagnetic absorption performance.The silicon carbide nanowires demonstrate outstanding electromagnetic absorption capabilities with the minimum reflection loss of-48.09 d B at10.08 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth(the reflection loss less than-10 d B)ranging from 8.54 to 16.68 GHz with a thickness of 2.17 mm.This research presents an innovative approach for utilizing solid waste in an environmentally friendly manner to produce broadband silicon carbide composite absorbers.展开更多
The electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol(EG)into high-value chemicals like glycolic acid(GA)is a crucial step for upcycling waste plastics.However,catalyst deactivation and low selectivity pose significant ch...The electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol(EG)into high-value chemicals like glycolic acid(GA)is a crucial step for upcycling waste plastics.However,catalyst deactivation and low selectivity pose significant challenges.This work presents the low-coordination PtBi nanosheets(LC-PtBi NSs),featuring a unique amorphous-crystalline heterostructure with a low coordination number of 2.3-2.5.They can exhibit exceptional mass activity(8.3 A mg_(Pt)^(-1))and stability(maintaining 88.7%of initial activity after running for 3600 s)of the EG oxidation reaction(EGOR).They also achieve over 90%apparent selectivity for EG-to-GA conversion at low potentials(<0.7 V vs.RHE)and even more than 100-h continuous electrolysis.Density fu nctional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the low-coordination PtBi heterogeneous interface is responsible for the high coverage of OH_(ad) species and weakened adsorption of carbonaceous intermediates on LC-PtBi NSs,thereby promoting the direct oxidation of C_(2) intermediates to GA.This work demonstrates a strategy of doping-mediated catalytic interface regulation and electron density rearrangement,offering insights for designing efficient Pt-based electrocatalysts toward selective oxidation of small molecules.展开更多
The Chinese government’s common prosperity policy has inspired a series of rural development initiatives aimed at reducing income disparities between urban and rural areas.Zhejiang Province was designated as the firs...The Chinese government’s common prosperity policy has inspired a series of rural development initiatives aimed at reducing income disparities between urban and rural areas.Zhejiang Province was designated as the first demonstration zone in China’s pursuit of common prosperity.To explore the demonstration effect of rural development on narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas,this study adopts the Theil index to measure urban-rural income disparity levels and explores spatial evolution patterns of the income disparity in 52 counties of Zhejiang Province,China from 2011 to 2020.The spatial Durbin model is also used to investigate the impact of rural development on the urban-rural income disparity.The results show that:1)Urban-rural income disparities have gradually narrowed.Moreover,income disparities across the province are spatially clustered from north to south.Narrowing the gap between mountainous and non-mountainous counties is imperative for resolving these spatial imbalances in the short term.2)Rural development reduces urban-rural income disparity levels and generates economic and technological spillover effects,as evidenced by the phenomenon where development in one county leads to reduced income disparities in neighboring counties.3)The technological innovation enhances the co-development of rural industries through technological diffusion effects,further strengthening rural development.Finally,enhancing the ecological environment synergizes with rural development to reduce urban-rural income disparities.The research results provide policy implications for narrowing the urban-rural income disparity and promoting common prosperity.展开更多
Taking the rural low-income population of Zhejiang Province as its subject, this paper examines how to build a sustainable income-growth mechanism and identify feasible implementation paths within the context of the c...Taking the rural low-income population of Zhejiang Province as its subject, this paper examines how to build a sustainable income-growth mechanism and identify feasible implementation paths within the context of the common prosperity strategy. The research identifies key obstacles to income expansion, including an undiversified industrial structure, insufficient human capital, and a lack of robust social protection. These call for systemic solutions featuring institutional innovation, resource consolidation, and capability enhancement. Building on Zhejiang's experience as a common prosperity demonstration zone, the article constructs an integrated framework centered on four pillars: industrial empowerment, education upgrading, social security reinforcement, and digital coordination. It further offers concrete policy proposals involving the cultivation of localized industries, vocational skill training, enhanced safety nets, and the adoption of digital tools. The study thus offers both theoretical insights and practical paradigms for tackling the challenge of raising incomes in low-income rural areas.展开更多
Value-added evaluation focuses on individual student growth by tracking changes in academic performance,skills,literacy,etc.,at different time points.It weakens horizontal comparisons and emphasizes vertical progress ...Value-added evaluation focuses on individual student growth by tracking changes in academic performance,skills,literacy,etc.,at different time points.It weakens horizontal comparisons and emphasizes vertical progress to more fairly reflect educational effectiveness.This evaluation method is particularly suitable for vocational education,effectively motivating students’learning enthusiasm and enhancing their self-confidence.Foreign research is represented by the Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System(TVAAS),widely used in evaluating school quality and teacher performance.Domestic research currently focuses on the theoretical construction,model establishment,optimization,and practical application of value-added evaluation,still facing significant challenges in data collection comprehensiveness and model adaptability.Aiming at current issues,this study focuses on exploring the application of artificial intelligence large models in student value-added evaluation from an evidence-based perspective,committed to constructing an innovative evidence-based value-added evaluation system.It aims to achieve precise assessment of students’learning effect“net value-added”through multi-source data collection,intelligent analysis,and personalized feedback.The system integrates outcome evaluation,process evaluation,value-added evaluation,and comprehensive evaluation to form a“four-in-one”dynamic evaluation framework,considering students’starting points,process performance,and final achievements.In the future,value-added evaluation needs to further expand the assessment of non-academic dimensions(such as professional literacy and social-emotional skills)and explore the application of non-linear models to promote the deepening and innovation of educational evaluation reform.展开更多
Based on the educational evaluation reform,this study explores the construction of an evidence-based value-added evaluation system based on data-driven,aiming to solve the limitations of traditional evaluation methods...Based on the educational evaluation reform,this study explores the construction of an evidence-based value-added evaluation system based on data-driven,aiming to solve the limitations of traditional evaluation methods.The research adopts the method of combining theoretical analysis and practical application,and designs the evidence-based value-added evaluation framework,which includes the core elements of a multi-source heterogeneous data acquisition and processing system,a value-added evaluation agent based on a large model,and an evaluation implementation and application mechanism.Through empirical research verification,the evaluation system has remarkable effects in improving learning participation,promoting ability development,and supporting teaching decision-making,and provides a theoretical reference and practical path for educational evaluation reform in the new era.The research shows that the evidence-based value-added evaluation system based on data-driven can reflect students’actual progress more fairly and objectively by accurately measuring the difference in starting point and development range of students,and provide strong support for the realization of high-quality education development.展开更多
With the rapid development of the Chinese market economy system,income tax as an economic lever has become more and more prominent in regulating the economy.Since the beginning of the accounting reform,the Ministry of...With the rapid development of the Chinese market economy system,income tax as an economic lever has become more and more prominent in regulating the economy.Since the beginning of the accounting reform,the Ministry of Finance has promulgated the accounting standards for income tax and put forward the corresponding procedures and methods,which is a leap forward in the development process of domestic income tax accounting.The relationship between income tax and accounting,the nature of income tax,and the basic characteristics and the apportionment of income tax accounting are expounded in this paper.Payable tax with impact accounting regulations,deferred with debt regulations,and balance sheet debt with income statement debt regulations are compared given the existing problems in the accounting treatment of domestic income tax,and the choice of applicable treatment methods are discussed.Finally,the accounting treatment of important income tax such as consolidated accounting statements,construction enterprises,tax losses,and discount of income tax liabilities are analyzed,and the treatment methods and corresponding countermeasures are put forward to improve the domestic income tax accounting problems.展开更多
As the enlightenment stage of students’Chinese learning,primary school Chinese education plays a key role in cultivating students’language ability,thinking development,and humanistic literacy.Value-added evaluation,...As the enlightenment stage of students’Chinese learning,primary school Chinese education plays a key role in cultivating students’language ability,thinking development,and humanistic literacy.Value-added evaluation,as an evaluation method that focuses on the changes in students’individual development and attaches importance to the learning process,has gradually attracted attention in the application of primary school Chinese education.This paper first analyzes the problems existing in the current implementation of value-added evaluation in primary school Chinese,and then explores the countermeasures to improve the effectiveness of value-added evaluation in primary school Chinese from the aspects of evaluation concept,evaluation content,evaluation method,evaluation subject,and application of evaluation results.The purpose is to provide strong support for the improvement of primary school Chinese teaching quality and the all-round development of students.展开更多
Maize value-added products play a crucial role in reducing post-harvest losses, enhancing food security, and generating income. While extensive research has focused on maize production in Cameroon, the exploration of ...Maize value-added products play a crucial role in reducing post-harvest losses, enhancing food security, and generating income. While extensive research has focused on maize production in Cameroon, the exploration of its value-added products and their profitability in the North-West Region remains underexplored. This study examined the profitability of maize value-added products in Mezam Division, with the objectives to: 1) identify various maize-based products, 2) assess the diversity of these products, 3) conduct a cost-benefit analysis of selected products, 4) examine the relationship between profitability and product diversity, and 5) identify key constraints impacting profitability. To achieve these objectives, structured questionnaires were administered to 500 small-scale maize entrepreneurs randomly selected from five subdivisions. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze objective 1 and 5, while the Shannon Diversity Index was employed to assess product diversity. Additionally, a cost-benefit analysis was conducted on four selected products namely pap, parched corn, peeled parboiled corn, and corn beer, and a correlation analysis was used to examine objective 4. In total, 13 maize value-added products were identified, with a diversity index of 4.4. The total cost of processing the four selected products per entrepreneur using 18 kg of maize per product was FCFA 83631.5 (US $132.75), while the total revenue was FCFA 121864.5 (US $193.43), resulting in an economic profit of FCFA 38,233 (US $60.69). Pap emerged as the most profitable product, with an economic profit of FCFA 27,875 (US $44.24), while corn beer was the least profitable, with an economic profit of FCFA 2133.46 (US $3.39). The correlation analysis revealed a strong negative relationship between product diversity and profitability (r = −0.91), indicating that entrepreneurs can maximize profitability by focusing on a few high-demand products like pap and parched corn. Key constraints to profitability included fluctuating market prices, high production costs, limited access to finance, and inadequate storage facilities. Despite these challenges, our findings indicate that maize value addition is profitable in Mezam Division. Entrepreneurs can leverage this data for informed decision-making and future investments. It is recommended that the government promote maize value addition and provide financial support for modern processing equipment to boost profitability and income generation.展开更多
Electrochemical synthesis of value-added chemicals represents a promising approach to address multidisciplinary demands.This technology establishes direct pathways for electricity-to-chemical conversion while signific...Electrochemical synthesis of value-added chemicals represents a promising approach to address multidisciplinary demands.This technology establishes direct pathways for electricity-to-chemical conversion while significantly reducing the carbon footprint of chemical manufacturing.It simultaneously optimizes chemical energy storage and grid management,offering sustainable solutions for renewable energy utilization and overcoming geographical constraints in energy distribution.As a critical nexus between renewable energy and green chemistry,electrochemical synthesis serves dual roles in energy transformation and chemical production,emerging as a vital component in developing carbon-neutral circular economies.Focusing on key small molecules(H_(2)O,CO_(2),N_(2),O_(2)),this comment examines fundamental scientific challenges and practical barriers in electrocatalytic conversion processes,bridging laboratory innovations with industrial-scale implementation.展开更多
Gender equalization has progressed considerably in all areas but has prolonged domestic work.Previous research suggests that income is essential in the distribution of time spent on housework between couples.However,t...Gender equalization has progressed considerably in all areas but has prolonged domestic work.Previous research suggests that income is essential in the distribution of time spent on housework between couples.However,there is still debate about how income works within Chinese households.Therefore,it is necessary to study how income influences the time spent on housework by Chinese couples.This paper uses data from The China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2022 and selected married two-income households aged 18-65 as our study population.Based on the results of the study and the Nash cooperative game‘divorce-threat’model,the hypotheses were then regressed using the Tobit model.Robustness tests were then conducted using the OLS regression model and the replacement variables method.Finally,the impact of income on the distribution of household work time of Chinese couples was analyzed,followed by conclusions.Firstly,the allocation of housework time during working days is influenced by income factors,while the distribution of housework time on rest days is not influenced by income.Secondly,individual income is negatively related to own time spent on housework,while the spouse’s income is positively associated with wife/husband time.Thirdly,the wife’s relative income is“U”shaped,and the relative gain of the husband is“inverted U”shaped.展开更多
Objective:To explore the associations between income levels,employment risk,lifestyles,occupational stress,and male fertility.Methods:This cross-sectional study analyzed 294 men seeking fertility treatment at fertilit...Objective:To explore the associations between income levels,employment risk,lifestyles,occupational stress,and male fertility.Methods:This cross-sectional study analyzed 294 men seeking fertility treatment at fertility clinics in Terengganu,Pahang,and Kuala Lumpur from November 2021 to June 2023.Data were collected through structured questionnaires covering income levels,lifestyles,employment risks,occupational stress,and semen quality.Multinomial logistic regression was employed to assess predictors of semen quality,with crude and adjusted odds ratios(OR)reported.Results:The lower-income group exhibited higher odds of having abnormal semen quality compared to normal semen quality.Specifically,these participants were more likely to experience azoospermia[crude OR 6.68,95%confidence interval(CI)1.84-52.63;adjusted OR 6.26,95%CI 1.76-51.38],indicating a link between low income and infertility issues.Lifestyle factors did not show significant associations with semen abnormalities after adjustment.High employment risks had significant associations with oligozoospermia after adjustment(crude OR 5.50,95%CI 2.14-14.11;adjusted OR 5.15,95%CI 1.93-13.71),while high occupational stress was linked to asthenozoospermia(crude OR 2.26,95%CI 1.09-4.68;adjusted OR 2.25,95%CI 1.07-4.69).Conclusions:The findings underscore the influence of socioeconomic and occupational factors on male fertility,showing associations between lower income levels,high-risk occupations,and semen abnormalities.In contrast,lifestyle factors did not show significant associations with semen abnormalities after adjustment.Nevertheless,the current findings should be further confirmed through more extensive studies focusing on abnormal semen and lifestyle factors.展开更多
About 44%of the world’s cocoa is produced in one single country,Côte d’Ivoire.Providing this important raw material,most Ivorian cocoa farmers live in severe poverty,which,despite a multitude of sector interven...About 44%of the world’s cocoa is produced in one single country,Côte d’Ivoire.Providing this important raw material,most Ivorian cocoa farmers live in severe poverty,which,despite a multitude of sector interventions,is still widespread,affecting social and environmental sustainability in cocoa production.In this context,cocoa farmers are still often treated as a homogeneous group of small-scale producers(mainly males),resulting in interventions being conceptualized as one-size-fits-all approaches and failing to deliver support schemes that take farmers’specific conditions appropriately into account.Applying a broader typology approach that combines farm characteristics with farmers’characteristics,this study aims to delineate Ivorian cocoa farmers and their farms into specific types in order to improve advice for targeted sustainability interventions and living income(LI)potentials.Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis of a household dataset collected in 2022 in five cocoa-growing regions of Côte d’Ivoire were chosen to identify types of male-headed farms.To assure gender sensitive analysis,a female-headed farm type was created artificially.The specific characteristics of the identified types were captured using descriptive analysis.Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were then applied to examine the relationships between these farm types and various outcomes.Additionally,a binary logistic model was used to estimate the probability of these links in relation to variables relevant for achieving a LI.Finally,Spearman non-parametric correlation was used to identify eventual differences in the strength of relationships between key variables per farm type.Three different types of male-headed farms are identified:type 1(the most productive and diversified farms with larger size),type 2(middle-sized farms with strong focus on cash crops),and type 3(small-sized farms with a good level of diversification for self-consumption).The artificially created type 4 represents female-headed farms with the smallest size.On average,none of these farm types achieves a LI.However,type 1 shows the smallest LI gap,while type 4 is by far the worst.Our analyses reveal underlying socio-economic factors systematically disadvantaging female-headed cocoa farms,most notably limited access to land and other material assets.The key contribution of this study lies in the empirical identification of the different characteristics of farms in a given farming system,thereby identifying the need for targeted support interventions.Type-specific recommendations are made,showing pathways to provide tailored programs to farmers of different types in order to reduce their LI gaps.展开更多
Based on the empirical analysis of the income and consumption of rural residents,the present paper discusses the reasons for the weak growth of income and the lagging consumption of rural residents in China.Finally,it...Based on the empirical analysis of the income and consumption of rural residents,the present paper discusses the reasons for the weak growth of income and the lagging consumption of rural residents in China.Finally,it comes up with some recommendations and measures to increase the income of rural residents,promote the consumption of rural residents,and open up the rural market.展开更多
Continuously broadening the channels for farmers’income growth and effectively narrowing the urban-rural income gap is the central task in the new development stage to comprehensively promote rural revitalization and...Continuously broadening the channels for farmers’income growth and effectively narrowing the urban-rural income gap is the central task in the new development stage to comprehensively promote rural revitalization and achieve the common prosperity of farmers and rural areas.The promotion of rural e-commerce and the enhancement of farmers’digital skills provide potential for this endeavor.Taking Zhejiang province,a demonstration area for common prosperity,as the research object,this study collected 1,119 valid questionnaires through field surveys.Based on the reconstruction of a comprehensive evaluation index for farmers’digital skills using principal component analysis,this paper further investigates the relationship between the level of farmers’digital skills and their income by employing the CRITIC weighting method,mediating mechanism testing,and grouped regression analysis.The research finds that improving digital skills can significantly enhance farmers’income levels,with the income growth effect being more pronounced among older groups with lower educational levels and limited digital skills.Digital skills not only directly promote farmers’income growth but also indirectly further enhance their income level by increasing their use of rural e-commerce,and thus the use of rural e-commerce serves as a significant mediating variable in the relationship between digital skills and farmers’income growth.These conclusions remain valid after a series of robustness tests,including endogeneity tests,the replacement of weight designs for digital skills,and the exclusion of outlier samples.Finally,the paper proposes policy recommendations such as offering more digital skills and e-commerce training,encouraging the return of new rural elites to promote regional clusters of rural e-commerce,and providing targeted policy support for the development of rural e-commerce.展开更多
文摘In the context of urban-rural integration development in China,the distribution of value-added income of rural land collective ownership is related to the protection of farmers rights and interests and the specific implementation of rural revitalization strategy.Based on the entry of rural collectively-owned construction land into the market and the compensation system for land expropriation,this paper discusses in detail the distribution of value-added income of rural land collective ownership,analyzes the current situation,existing problems and causes of the current distribution mechanism,and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for optimizing the distribution mechanism.Through literature research and case analysis,this paper reveals the unfair phenomenon in the distribution of value-added income of rural land,and discusses the roles and responsibilities of government,collective organizations and individual farmers in the distribution of income.The results show that establishing a fair and reasonable income distribution mechanism,strengthening the construction of laws and regulations,improving farmers participation and protecting their rights and interests are the key to optimizing the distribution of rural land value-added income.In addition,it is expected that this paper will provide some theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving the distribution mechanism of value-added income of rural land collective ownership.
文摘In order to promote the revitalization and development of rural areas and protect the property rights of farmers,it is necessary to explore the reasonable distribution ratio of land value-added income in collective operating construction land.Under the existing land value-added income distribution model,the land value-added income obtained by the government is much greater than that of village collectives,and it is difficult for village collectives and farmers to enjoy greater benefits.This distribution model is not conducive to protecting the property rights of farmers.The results show that there was a positive correlation between land value-added income and land level,that is,the higher the land level was,the higher the value-added income and its ratio to the market transaction price were.According to calculation,the reasonable distribution ratio of the value-added income of collective operating construction land entering the market among the government,village collectives and farmers was 28.6%,51.1%,and 20.3%respectively.The actual land value-added income obtained by farmers was greatly improved compared with the current situation.In actual operation,this distribution mode has universal applicability.The reform of entering the market in the future also needs to raise the standards for entering the market,explore diversified interest protection channels,and strengthen the construction of rural collective management system.
文摘In the 1990s, China＇s urban housing reform in full swing. With the development of housing commercialization, the housing accumulation fund system in our country has come into being, which rapidly focus on development and perfection. At the same time, the public accumulation fund for housing construction funds collection amount has reached a certain scale, which not only effectively play the function of housing security, but also precipitate more balance a lot of money.The appreciation will to be solved.
基金supported and funded by Korea University Guro Hospital(KOREA RESEARCH-DRIVEN HOSPITAL)(No.O2208261)supported by the Korea University Guro Hospital(KOREA RESEARCH-DRIVEN HOSPITAL)+1 种基金grant funded by Korea University Medicine(No.K2313971)by Korea University。
文摘Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the associations of baseline income,cumulative income exposure,and income volatility with the incidence of pancreatic and biliary tract cancers in a nationwide Korean cohort.Methods:We analyzed 3,361,091 adults aged 30-65 years who underwent the 2012 National Health Insurance Service(NHIS)health screening.Income level was derived from insurance premium data assessed over the five years preceding baseline(2008-2012)and categorized into baseline income quartiles,cumulative exposure to low or high income,and income volatility based on annual percentage changes.Incident pancreatic and biliary tract cancers were identified using diagnostic codes and the copayment reduction registry.Associations were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for demographic,lifestyle,and clinical covariates,and cumulative incidence was compared using Kaplan-Meier curves.Results:During a median follow-up of 9.6 years,14,469 pancreatic cancers and 6,647 biliary tract cancers were newly diagnosed.Lower baseline income was associated with a higher risk of pancreatic and biliary tract cancers,whereas sustained high-income exposure was associated with reduced risk.Cumulative low-income exposure showed a positive linear trend with pancreatic cancer incidence.Income volatility was modestly associated with pancreatic cancer and was positively associated with biliary tract cancer in the fully adjusted model.These associations were generally consistent across subgroups,with a stronger inverse association between prolonged high-income exposure and pancreatic cancer among individuals without diabetes.Conclusions:Income level and income stability were significantly associated with the incidence of pancreatic and biliary tract cancers.Lower baseline income was associated with higher risk,whereas sustained high-income exposure was protective.Income volatility was associated with increased cancer risk,particularly for biliary tract cancer.These findings highlight the importance of incorporating income dynamics into cancer prevention strategies and addressing socioeconomic instability among vulnerable populations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52192684,52270136,and U2340214).
文摘Resourceful food waste treatment is essential for promoting the sustainable development of anaerobic digestion and realizing a circular economy.In this study,biogas residue(BR)was used as a feedstock to produce highvalue-added products(gas,tar,and char-derived high-performance adsorbents)using pyrolysis technology(at 400–800℃).CaCO_(3),the major component of ash,significantly improved the quality of the pyrolysis product by decomposing into CO_(2) and CaO.The gasification reaction of CO_(2) with coke generated substantial CO and facilitated the formation of a rich pore structure in the char.CaO improved tar quality by contributing to secondary cracking reactions and reducing water content.The composite material formed exhibited excellent performance in wastewater treatment,with a maximum methylene blue adsorption capacity of 969.30 mg/g.The maximum adsorption of heavy metals Cu^(2+),Pb^(2+),and Cd^(2+)was 175.44,244.93,and 199.50 mg/g,respectively.The ash fraction on the ash-biochar composite material adsorbent surface enhanced pollutant removal by providing an alkaline adsorption environment and more oxygen-based n-π interaction sites.The economic analysis showed that the high value-added products obtained from the pyrolysis of BR make this process more productive than land use.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52436008)the Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Projects,China(Nos.JMRHZX20210003 and 2023YFCY0009)+3 种基金the Huaneng Group Co Ltd.,China(No.HNKJ23-H50)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22408044)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M761877)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.SQ2024YFD2200039)。
文摘The electromagnetic wave absorption of silicon carbide nanowires is improved by their uniform and diverse cross-structures.This study introduces a sustainable and high value-added method for synthesizing silicon carbide nanowires using lignite and waste silicon powder as raw materials through carbothermal reduction.The staggered structure of nanowires promotes the creation of interfacial polarization,impedance matching,and multiple loss mechanisms,leading to enhanced electromagnetic absorption performance.The silicon carbide nanowires demonstrate outstanding electromagnetic absorption capabilities with the minimum reflection loss of-48.09 d B at10.08 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth(the reflection loss less than-10 d B)ranging from 8.54 to 16.68 GHz with a thickness of 2.17 mm.This research presents an innovative approach for utilizing solid waste in an environmentally friendly manner to produce broadband silicon carbide composite absorbers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.22172121)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.ZYN2025267)Southwest Minzu University。
文摘The electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol(EG)into high-value chemicals like glycolic acid(GA)is a crucial step for upcycling waste plastics.However,catalyst deactivation and low selectivity pose significant challenges.This work presents the low-coordination PtBi nanosheets(LC-PtBi NSs),featuring a unique amorphous-crystalline heterostructure with a low coordination number of 2.3-2.5.They can exhibit exceptional mass activity(8.3 A mg_(Pt)^(-1))and stability(maintaining 88.7%of initial activity after running for 3600 s)of the EG oxidation reaction(EGOR).They also achieve over 90%apparent selectivity for EG-to-GA conversion at low potentials(<0.7 V vs.RHE)and even more than 100-h continuous electrolysis.Density fu nctional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the low-coordination PtBi heterogeneous interface is responsible for the high coverage of OH_(ad) species and weakened adsorption of carbonaceous intermediates on LC-PtBi NSs,thereby promoting the direct oxidation of C_(2) intermediates to GA.This work demonstrates a strategy of doping-mediated catalytic interface regulation and electron density rearrangement,offering insights for designing efficient Pt-based electrocatalysts toward selective oxidation of small molecules.
基金Under the auspices of Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education(No.23YJC790127)Major projects of the National Social Science Fund(No.18ZDA045)。
文摘The Chinese government’s common prosperity policy has inspired a series of rural development initiatives aimed at reducing income disparities between urban and rural areas.Zhejiang Province was designated as the first demonstration zone in China’s pursuit of common prosperity.To explore the demonstration effect of rural development on narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas,this study adopts the Theil index to measure urban-rural income disparity levels and explores spatial evolution patterns of the income disparity in 52 counties of Zhejiang Province,China from 2011 to 2020.The spatial Durbin model is also used to investigate the impact of rural development on the urban-rural income disparity.The results show that:1)Urban-rural income disparities have gradually narrowed.Moreover,income disparities across the province are spatially clustered from north to south.Narrowing the gap between mountainous and non-mountainous counties is imperative for resolving these spatial imbalances in the short term.2)Rural development reduces urban-rural income disparity levels and generates economic and technological spillover effects,as evidenced by the phenomenon where development in one county leads to reduced income disparities in neighboring counties.3)The technological innovation enhances the co-development of rural industries through technological diffusion effects,further strengthening rural development.Finally,enhancing the ecological environment synergizes with rural development to reduce urban-rural income disparities.The research results provide policy implications for narrowing the urban-rural income disparity and promoting common prosperity.
文摘Taking the rural low-income population of Zhejiang Province as its subject, this paper examines how to build a sustainable income-growth mechanism and identify feasible implementation paths within the context of the common prosperity strategy. The research identifies key obstacles to income expansion, including an undiversified industrial structure, insufficient human capital, and a lack of robust social protection. These call for systemic solutions featuring institutional innovation, resource consolidation, and capability enhancement. Building on Zhejiang's experience as a common prosperity demonstration zone, the article constructs an integrated framework centered on four pillars: industrial empowerment, education upgrading, social security reinforcement, and digital coordination. It further offers concrete policy proposals involving the cultivation of localized industries, vocational skill training, enhanced safety nets, and the adoption of digital tools. The study thus offers both theoretical insights and practical paradigms for tackling the challenge of raising incomes in low-income rural areas.
基金Artificial Intelligence Education Research Project of Shandong Provincial Audio-Visual Education Center“Exploration of the Application of Large-scale AI Models in Student Value-added Evaluation from an Evidence-based Perspective”(SDDJ202501035)。
文摘Value-added evaluation focuses on individual student growth by tracking changes in academic performance,skills,literacy,etc.,at different time points.It weakens horizontal comparisons and emphasizes vertical progress to more fairly reflect educational effectiveness.This evaluation method is particularly suitable for vocational education,effectively motivating students’learning enthusiasm and enhancing their self-confidence.Foreign research is represented by the Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System(TVAAS),widely used in evaluating school quality and teacher performance.Domestic research currently focuses on the theoretical construction,model establishment,optimization,and practical application of value-added evaluation,still facing significant challenges in data collection comprehensiveness and model adaptability.Aiming at current issues,this study focuses on exploring the application of artificial intelligence large models in student value-added evaluation from an evidence-based perspective,committed to constructing an innovative evidence-based value-added evaluation system.It aims to achieve precise assessment of students’learning effect“net value-added”through multi-source data collection,intelligent analysis,and personalized feedback.The system integrates outcome evaluation,process evaluation,value-added evaluation,and comprehensive evaluation to form a“four-in-one”dynamic evaluation framework,considering students’starting points,process performance,and final achievements.In the future,value-added evaluation needs to further expand the assessment of non-academic dimensions(such as professional literacy and social-emotional skills)and explore the application of non-linear models to promote the deepening and innovation of educational evaluation reform.
基金This paper is the research result of“Research on Innovation of Evidence-Based Teaching Paradigm in Vocational Education under the Background of New Quality Productivity”(2024JXQ176)the Shandong Province Artificial Intelligence Education Research Project(SDDJ202501035),which explores the application of artificial intelligence big models in student value-added evaluation from an evidence-based perspective。
文摘Based on the educational evaluation reform,this study explores the construction of an evidence-based value-added evaluation system based on data-driven,aiming to solve the limitations of traditional evaluation methods.The research adopts the method of combining theoretical analysis and practical application,and designs the evidence-based value-added evaluation framework,which includes the core elements of a multi-source heterogeneous data acquisition and processing system,a value-added evaluation agent based on a large model,and an evaluation implementation and application mechanism.Through empirical research verification,the evaluation system has remarkable effects in improving learning participation,promoting ability development,and supporting teaching decision-making,and provides a theoretical reference and practical path for educational evaluation reform in the new era.The research shows that the evidence-based value-added evaluation system based on data-driven can reflect students’actual progress more fairly and objectively by accurately measuring the difference in starting point and development range of students,and provide strong support for the realization of high-quality education development.
文摘With the rapid development of the Chinese market economy system,income tax as an economic lever has become more and more prominent in regulating the economy.Since the beginning of the accounting reform,the Ministry of Finance has promulgated the accounting standards for income tax and put forward the corresponding procedures and methods,which is a leap forward in the development process of domestic income tax accounting.The relationship between income tax and accounting,the nature of income tax,and the basic characteristics and the apportionment of income tax accounting are expounded in this paper.Payable tax with impact accounting regulations,deferred with debt regulations,and balance sheet debt with income statement debt regulations are compared given the existing problems in the accounting treatment of domestic income tax,and the choice of applicable treatment methods are discussed.Finally,the accounting treatment of important income tax such as consolidated accounting statements,construction enterprises,tax losses,and discount of income tax liabilities are analyzed,and the treatment methods and corresponding countermeasures are put forward to improve the domestic income tax accounting problems.
基金Shandong Provincial Education and Teaching Research Topic“Research on Student Value-Added Evaluation for Promoting Deep Learning”(2023JXY500)。
文摘As the enlightenment stage of students’Chinese learning,primary school Chinese education plays a key role in cultivating students’language ability,thinking development,and humanistic literacy.Value-added evaluation,as an evaluation method that focuses on the changes in students’individual development and attaches importance to the learning process,has gradually attracted attention in the application of primary school Chinese education.This paper first analyzes the problems existing in the current implementation of value-added evaluation in primary school Chinese,and then explores the countermeasures to improve the effectiveness of value-added evaluation in primary school Chinese from the aspects of evaluation concept,evaluation content,evaluation method,evaluation subject,and application of evaluation results.The purpose is to provide strong support for the improvement of primary school Chinese teaching quality and the all-round development of students.
文摘Maize value-added products play a crucial role in reducing post-harvest losses, enhancing food security, and generating income. While extensive research has focused on maize production in Cameroon, the exploration of its value-added products and their profitability in the North-West Region remains underexplored. This study examined the profitability of maize value-added products in Mezam Division, with the objectives to: 1) identify various maize-based products, 2) assess the diversity of these products, 3) conduct a cost-benefit analysis of selected products, 4) examine the relationship between profitability and product diversity, and 5) identify key constraints impacting profitability. To achieve these objectives, structured questionnaires were administered to 500 small-scale maize entrepreneurs randomly selected from five subdivisions. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze objective 1 and 5, while the Shannon Diversity Index was employed to assess product diversity. Additionally, a cost-benefit analysis was conducted on four selected products namely pap, parched corn, peeled parboiled corn, and corn beer, and a correlation analysis was used to examine objective 4. In total, 13 maize value-added products were identified, with a diversity index of 4.4. The total cost of processing the four selected products per entrepreneur using 18 kg of maize per product was FCFA 83631.5 (US $132.75), while the total revenue was FCFA 121864.5 (US $193.43), resulting in an economic profit of FCFA 38,233 (US $60.69). Pap emerged as the most profitable product, with an economic profit of FCFA 27,875 (US $44.24), while corn beer was the least profitable, with an economic profit of FCFA 2133.46 (US $3.39). The correlation analysis revealed a strong negative relationship between product diversity and profitability (r = −0.91), indicating that entrepreneurs can maximize profitability by focusing on a few high-demand products like pap and parched corn. Key constraints to profitability included fluctuating market prices, high production costs, limited access to finance, and inadequate storage facilities. Despite these challenges, our findings indicate that maize value addition is profitable in Mezam Division. Entrepreneurs can leverage this data for informed decision-making and future investments. It is recommended that the government promote maize value addition and provide financial support for modern processing equipment to boost profitability and income generation.
文摘Electrochemical synthesis of value-added chemicals represents a promising approach to address multidisciplinary demands.This technology establishes direct pathways for electricity-to-chemical conversion while significantly reducing the carbon footprint of chemical manufacturing.It simultaneously optimizes chemical energy storage and grid management,offering sustainable solutions for renewable energy utilization and overcoming geographical constraints in energy distribution.As a critical nexus between renewable energy and green chemistry,electrochemical synthesis serves dual roles in energy transformation and chemical production,emerging as a vital component in developing carbon-neutral circular economies.Focusing on key small molecules(H_(2)O,CO_(2),N_(2),O_(2)),this comment examines fundamental scientific challenges and practical barriers in electrocatalytic conversion processes,bridging laboratory innovations with industrial-scale implementation.
文摘Gender equalization has progressed considerably in all areas but has prolonged domestic work.Previous research suggests that income is essential in the distribution of time spent on housework between couples.However,there is still debate about how income works within Chinese households.Therefore,it is necessary to study how income influences the time spent on housework by Chinese couples.This paper uses data from The China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2022 and selected married two-income households aged 18-65 as our study population.Based on the results of the study and the Nash cooperative game‘divorce-threat’model,the hypotheses were then regressed using the Tobit model.Robustness tests were then conducted using the OLS regression model and the replacement variables method.Finally,the impact of income on the distribution of household work time of Chinese couples was analyzed,followed by conclusions.Firstly,the allocation of housework time during working days is influenced by income factors,while the distribution of housework time on rest days is not influenced by income.Secondly,individual income is negatively related to own time spent on housework,while the spouse’s income is positively associated with wife/husband time.Thirdly,the wife’s relative income is“U”shaped,and the relative gain of the husband is“inverted U”shaped.
基金supported by Malaysia's Ministry of Higher Education through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS)under the reference code FRGS/1/2020/SS0/UMT/02/3 and vote number 59637.
文摘Objective:To explore the associations between income levels,employment risk,lifestyles,occupational stress,and male fertility.Methods:This cross-sectional study analyzed 294 men seeking fertility treatment at fertility clinics in Terengganu,Pahang,and Kuala Lumpur from November 2021 to June 2023.Data were collected through structured questionnaires covering income levels,lifestyles,employment risks,occupational stress,and semen quality.Multinomial logistic regression was employed to assess predictors of semen quality,with crude and adjusted odds ratios(OR)reported.Results:The lower-income group exhibited higher odds of having abnormal semen quality compared to normal semen quality.Specifically,these participants were more likely to experience azoospermia[crude OR 6.68,95%confidence interval(CI)1.84-52.63;adjusted OR 6.26,95%CI 1.76-51.38],indicating a link between low income and infertility issues.Lifestyle factors did not show significant associations with semen abnormalities after adjustment.High employment risks had significant associations with oligozoospermia after adjustment(crude OR 5.50,95%CI 2.14-14.11;adjusted OR 5.15,95%CI 1.93-13.71),while high occupational stress was linked to asthenozoospermia(crude OR 2.26,95%CI 1.09-4.68;adjusted OR 2.25,95%CI 1.07-4.69).Conclusions:The findings underscore the influence of socioeconomic and occupational factors on male fertility,showing associations between lower income levels,high-risk occupations,and semen abnormalities.In contrast,lifestyle factors did not show significant associations with semen abnormalities after adjustment.Nevertheless,the current findings should be further confirmed through more extensive studies focusing on abnormal semen and lifestyle factors.
基金This work was conducted in the frame of the accompanying research on strategies for improving farmer families’incomes and sustainable cocoa production funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development(BMZ).
文摘About 44%of the world’s cocoa is produced in one single country,Côte d’Ivoire.Providing this important raw material,most Ivorian cocoa farmers live in severe poverty,which,despite a multitude of sector interventions,is still widespread,affecting social and environmental sustainability in cocoa production.In this context,cocoa farmers are still often treated as a homogeneous group of small-scale producers(mainly males),resulting in interventions being conceptualized as one-size-fits-all approaches and failing to deliver support schemes that take farmers’specific conditions appropriately into account.Applying a broader typology approach that combines farm characteristics with farmers’characteristics,this study aims to delineate Ivorian cocoa farmers and their farms into specific types in order to improve advice for targeted sustainability interventions and living income(LI)potentials.Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis of a household dataset collected in 2022 in five cocoa-growing regions of Côte d’Ivoire were chosen to identify types of male-headed farms.To assure gender sensitive analysis,a female-headed farm type was created artificially.The specific characteristics of the identified types were captured using descriptive analysis.Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were then applied to examine the relationships between these farm types and various outcomes.Additionally,a binary logistic model was used to estimate the probability of these links in relation to variables relevant for achieving a LI.Finally,Spearman non-parametric correlation was used to identify eventual differences in the strength of relationships between key variables per farm type.Three different types of male-headed farms are identified:type 1(the most productive and diversified farms with larger size),type 2(middle-sized farms with strong focus on cash crops),and type 3(small-sized farms with a good level of diversification for self-consumption).The artificially created type 4 represents female-headed farms with the smallest size.On average,none of these farm types achieves a LI.However,type 1 shows the smallest LI gap,while type 4 is by far the worst.Our analyses reveal underlying socio-economic factors systematically disadvantaging female-headed cocoa farms,most notably limited access to land and other material assets.The key contribution of this study lies in the empirical identification of the different characteristics of farms in a given farming system,thereby identifying the need for targeted support interventions.Type-specific recommendations are made,showing pathways to provide tailored programs to farmers of different types in order to reduce their LI gaps.
基金General Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Jiangsu Universities"Research on the Long-term Mechanism for Expanding Consumption Demand of Rural Residents in Jiangsu Province during the Historical Convergence Period of the Two Centenary Goals"(2022SJYB0493).
文摘Based on the empirical analysis of the income and consumption of rural residents,the present paper discusses the reasons for the weak growth of income and the lagging consumption of rural residents in China.Finally,it comes up with some recommendations and measures to increase the income of rural residents,promote the consumption of rural residents,and open up the rural market.
文摘Continuously broadening the channels for farmers’income growth and effectively narrowing the urban-rural income gap is the central task in the new development stage to comprehensively promote rural revitalization and achieve the common prosperity of farmers and rural areas.The promotion of rural e-commerce and the enhancement of farmers’digital skills provide potential for this endeavor.Taking Zhejiang province,a demonstration area for common prosperity,as the research object,this study collected 1,119 valid questionnaires through field surveys.Based on the reconstruction of a comprehensive evaluation index for farmers’digital skills using principal component analysis,this paper further investigates the relationship between the level of farmers’digital skills and their income by employing the CRITIC weighting method,mediating mechanism testing,and grouped regression analysis.The research finds that improving digital skills can significantly enhance farmers’income levels,with the income growth effect being more pronounced among older groups with lower educational levels and limited digital skills.Digital skills not only directly promote farmers’income growth but also indirectly further enhance their income level by increasing their use of rural e-commerce,and thus the use of rural e-commerce serves as a significant mediating variable in the relationship between digital skills and farmers’income growth.These conclusions remain valid after a series of robustness tests,including endogeneity tests,the replacement of weight designs for digital skills,and the exclusion of outlier samples.Finally,the paper proposes policy recommendations such as offering more digital skills and e-commerce training,encouraging the return of new rural elites to promote regional clusters of rural e-commerce,and providing targeted policy support for the development of rural e-commerce.
