The function of the unemployment insurance funds arc： ensuring the basic life and stabling employment, preventing unemployment and promoting employment, on the one hand, it guarantee basic livings of the unemploycd, ...The function of the unemployment insurance funds arc： ensuring the basic life and stabling employment, preventing unemployment and promoting employment, on the one hand, it guarantee basic livings of the unemploycd, in order to reduce the impact on the individual and society. On the other hand, it also has a function of stabling employment, preventing unemployment and promoting unemployed again obtain employment. In recent years, however, the unemployment insurance fund revenue has been greater than its expenditure, balance funds become more and more, it not only faces a risk of depreciation, also will cause the waste of funds. Therefore, improve the utilization rate of the uncmployment insurance fund itself and expand the function of the unemployment insurance fund, realize the sustainable development of unemployment insurance funds is great significance.展开更多
Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of t...Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of this policy on the financial status of the social pooling fund of basic pension insurance for urban employees. Our study suggests the followings. First, under the previous unchanged family planning policy, current deficits and cumulative deficits will occur in the social pooling fund in the year 2047 and 2063 respectively. Second, if lO% to 50% of qualified couples choose to raise a second child, the financial status of the social pooling fund will improve; relative to the previous unchanged family planning policy, the contribution ratio can decrease from 20% to the range between 18.06% and 19.57% without causing any changes to the original financial status of income and expenditure. Third, if the percentage of couples choosing to raise a second child rises to 60% to 100%, the contribution ratio can even decrease to the range between 16.55% and 17. 7% without causing any changes to the financial status as under the previous unchanged family planning policy. The above conclusions have all passed the sensitivity test. Therefore, the ＂two-child policy＂ for qualified couples is favorable to alleviating the payment pressures of pension insurance but the policy effectiveness is subject to fertility desire and the intensity of government implementation.展开更多
The balance of payments is birth insurance fund raising and using the basic principle, from the Angle of the fund balance of payments to the maternity insurance system in China has very strong theory significance and ...The balance of payments is birth insurance fund raising and using the basic principle, from the Angle of the fund balance of payments to the maternity insurance system in China has very strong theory significance and practical significance. Birth insurance is an important part of social security system, has the protection of women＇s health, improve population quality, guarantee the importance of women＇s equal employment, and more attention from the whole society, but there exist many obstacles in the process of implementation and resistance. This article obtains from the national birth insurance fund balance of payments, by combining it with the ginseng of birth insurance, enjoy treatment number, per capita salary level, worker year, per capita average wage level is found hidden in the maternity insurance system in China problems and contradictions, in order to provide feasible Suggestions for maternity insurance system in China.展开更多
the arrival of the aging means being able to direct production value to reduce the proportion of people, the elderly population gradually become pure consumer groups, and the elderly because of its body function gradu...the arrival of the aging means being able to direct production value to reduce the proportion of people, the elderly population gradually become pure consumer groups, and the elderly because of its body function gradually blurred, risk is higher than that of other age members of society, medical consumption occupy a large proportion in the consumption structure. As the degree of aging, the country＇s medical expenses will be bigger, that is to say, in an aging society, may because the elderly medical consumption spending huge, and affect the sustainable development of society. And as countries deeper levels of population aging in our country, can very good deal with the impact of the aging of medical insurance fund, guarantee the sustainability of the medical insurance fund, also determines the sustainable and stable development of our country. Therefore, under the background of aging degree deeper, the development of the medical insurance fund is to seek new paths, to cope with increasing aging population is particularly important展开更多
The sustainable development of the endowment insurance fund is the most basic fulcrum to the healthy development of the pension insurance system.The sustainable development of Chinese endowment insurance fund, we must...The sustainable development of the endowment insurance fund is the most basic fulcrum to the healthy development of the pension insurance system.The sustainable development of Chinese endowment insurance fund, we must adhere to the ＂wide coverage, basic, multi-level, The basic principle of sustainable ＂. In order to achieve the security of endowment insurance fund, sustainable development should be adopted .The countermeasures are： firstly, the implementation of sustainable legal raising mode; secondly, to determine the reasonable payment level, expanding .Large endowment insurance coverage;thirdly, to implement the State Administration by main market managementPrivate management and sustainable.展开更多
Maternity insurance fund is an important part of social insurance fund. It plays an important role in safeguarding the rights and interests of pregnant women and improving the welfare of women. With the expansion of t...Maternity insurance fund is an important part of social insurance fund. It plays an important role in safeguarding the rights and interests of pregnant women and improving the welfare of women. With the expansion of the balance of the birth insurance fund, the balance of income and expenditure has become a difficult goal to be reached. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the operating efficiency of the birth insurance fund, discover the problems of the birth insurance system, and put forward some suggestions to improve the efficiency of the birth insurance fund and promote the perfection of the birth insurance.展开更多
A mathematical model of management of a social insurance fund with exponential insurance reimburse and financing determined social programs is represented and analyzed; A probability density function and fund＇s funct...A mathematical model of management of a social insurance fund with exponential insurance reimburse and financing determined social programs is represented and analyzed; A probability density function and fund＇s functioning probabilistic characteristics are obtained, that makes it possible to determine the sufficiency of fund capital at all levels of its management. With the help of conclusion it is possible for particular period of time determine in insurance fund change of cash flow movement speed, on what basis in determined from state tax revenues assigns acceptance necessity and capacity.展开更多
Social health insurance is an important part of the social security system. It is the ＂stabilizer＂ of social and economic development and the ＂buffer＂ of reform. It is of great significance and function to the con...Social health insurance is an important part of the social security system. It is the ＂stabilizer＂ of social and economic development and the ＂buffer＂ of reform. It is of great significance and function to the construction of economic development, social progrcss and harmonious society. However, due to many factors, the operation of the social health insurance fund is facing greater risk. Although the balance is rich, but the general talk about the ＂balance＂, inevitably fall into the ＂too optimistic, ignore the risk＂ of the errors, the current basic medical insurance system, compared with working employees, retirement elderly people do not pay, personal accounts into more, The overall proportion of individual funds to pay lower policy concessions. Although there is a large amount of surplus in the annual health insurance fund, a large part of the balance is due to the relatively young age structure of the insured population and the low consumption of health insurance funds. With the increasing level of the aging of the insured population, the ratio of on-the-job and the backward is gradually reduced, the effect of these preferential policies will continue to enlarge, making the total fund expenditure increased significantly. Therefore, it is an important task to reform the basic medical insurance system in China to strengthen the research on risk control in the medical insurance fund of urban workers, to prevent and control the risks faced by the fund and to ensure the safety of the fund.展开更多
Objective To explore the impact of population aging on the expenditures of medical insurance funds against the background that great changes in population structure influences economic development.Methods Through anal...Objective To explore the impact of population aging on the expenditures of medical insurance funds against the background that great changes in population structure influences economic development.Methods Through analyzing the impact of the population aging,the income and accumulated balance of the medical insurance fund,and other related factors on the expenditure of the medical insurance fund,development status of the medical insurance fund for urban employees in China since 2003 was obtained.Stata 16.0 was used to perform multiple linear regression analysis on related factors to determine the correlation between population aging and the change in medical insurance expenditures.Results and Conclusion The factors that have a greater impact on the expenditure of the medical insurance fund are the amount of income from the medical insurance,followed by the number of people over the age of 65 in China and the urban retired employees participating in medical insurance.We should focus on the sustainable development of the urban employee medical insurance fund to deal with the threat of aging.展开更多
Objective To provide a reference for future budget of health insurance fund for the COVID-19 pandemic in other parts of China or other major public health events.Meanwhile,it also offers a reference for the government...Objective To provide a reference for future budget of health insurance fund for the COVID-19 pandemic in other parts of China or other major public health events.Meanwhile,it also offers a reference for the government to introduce and adjust the policy of health insurance funds after the pandemic.Methods Models of the income,expenditure and cumulative balance of health insurance fund in Hubei Province in 2020 were established and compared.The former was mainly established and tested using SPSS 26.0 and Excel,while the latter was obtained by inferential analysis.Results and Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic reduced the income and increased expenditure of the health insurance fund in Hubei Province in 2020,resulting in a deficit.The COVID-19 outbreak has caused a deficit in health insurance fund of Hubei Province in the short term,but in the long term,the outbreak will not have a major impact on the health insurance fund.展开更多
Pension insurance is a vital component of China's social security system,ensuring the welfare of the general publie.This study centers on the revenue and expenses of City S's urban employee basic pension insur...Pension insurance is a vital component of China's social security system,ensuring the welfare of the general publie.This study centers on the revenue and expenses of City S's urban employee basic pension insurance fund.It introduces and analyzes the fund's accounting status from four key perspectives:fund raising.expenditure,financial statement system,and accounting information disclosure.The research identifes existing problems in City S's accounting system and conducts in-depth research on these issues.Furthermore,an empirical analysis is conducted on the management of the pension insurance fund.Through this empirical study,the paper aims to offer insights and recommendations for promoting stable and healthy development measures for City S'8 urban employee basic pension insurance fund.展开更多
Since 2009, the new rural pension insurance in Heilongjiang Province has obtained certain achievements, but the effects are not obvious. Reflection on the development process, we find that there are a lot of problems....Since 2009, the new rural pension insurance in Heilongjiang Province has obtained certain achievements, but the effects are not obvious. Reflection on the development process, we find that there are a lot of problems. Therefore, in order to guarantee the smooth implementation of new rural social pension insurance work in Heilongjiang Province, this paper combined with the reality to provide several suggestions for improving the new rural social pension insurance system in Heilongjiang Province.展开更多
The most recent trends in population dynamics have provoked a rigorous debate whether the private or the public pension insurance system should be predominant. The pay-as-you-go system is dominated by the state that g...The most recent trends in population dynamics have provoked a rigorous debate whether the private or the public pension insurance system should be predominant. The pay-as-you-go system is dominated by the state that guarantees its stability. Private pension insurance provides personal retirement accounts and proper ownership of the accumulated funds, but its sustainability during prolonged market crises and inadequate risk sharing are often questioned. In order to address this issue, this paper makes both an assessment and analysis of the arguments put forward in favor of the preservation of the pay-as-you-go system and a comparison of this system with some of the main characteristics of the private accounts system. This is the basis for seeking the objectively defined role of the pay-as-you-go system in the conditions of the market economy. A couple of conclusions that have been formulated might be of interest for the future improvement of the organization and management of pension insurance.展开更多
Since Shandong restarted its insurance industry in 1980, it has set up 180 domestic insurance businesses in four categories, namely property, Iife, liability and guaranty. And insurance for foreigners has been expande...Since Shandong restarted its insurance industry in 1980, it has set up 180 domestic insurance businesses in four categories, namely property, Iife, liability and guaranty. And insurance for foreigners has been expanded to all parts of the province from Qingdao to Yentai. There are now 31.400 enterprises, 620,000 vehicles, and 11.5 million households involved in property insurance and 20展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Inappro...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Inappropriate use of medicines is a global concern with serious con</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sequences related to prescribing, dispensing, and use. WHO estimate</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d that 50% of medicines are not used correctly on their journey from the facility to home. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: To assess medicines use using WHO drug core indicators rega</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rding prescribing, patient, and facilities. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Setting</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Outpatients, Hea</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lth centers in Wadmadani locality (Urban area) in Gezira State, Sudan. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: A cross-sectional, prospective, analytical study was conducted in 30 health centers and 60 patients from each center were selected using a simple random sampling technique. WHO indicators form was used to collect data containing different variables. T-test at a level of confidence of 95% was used to test differences between indicators. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used for data analysis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The main prescribing indicators were 2.5 ± 0.6 for drugs per encounter, 44.1% ± 14.2%. Generic 54 ± 18.0 antibiotics, 12.0% ± 9.3% injectable, and 95.2% ± 11.5% of drugs were prescribed according to the NHIF-EML. The main patient’s indicators were, 2.9 ± 0.8 minutes for consultation time, 99.5 ± 36.8 seconds for dispensing time, and 72.5% ± 16.0% for medicines actually dispensed, 49.0% ± 18.0% for medicines adequately labeled, and 22.5% ± 7.3% of the patient’s knowledge about the correct dose. The Facility specific indicators were 66.7% for the availability of a copy of EML, while the percentage of key drugs in the stock was 75.3% ± 11.6%. No statistically significant differences were found between direct and indirect facilities except in generic prescribing. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Main Outcome Measure</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> Interventions to improve Generic and antibiotics prescribing indicators. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The patient-to-physician ratio should be revised to optimize consultation time. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The availability of key drugs should be improved to make sure effective treatment. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The pharmacy cadre should be oriented and trained to improve patients’ compliance. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: The study concluded that there was irrational use of medicines when investigated by WHO drug core indicators. So, the study recommended interventions to improve the rationale prescribing, dispensing, and use of medicines.</span></span>展开更多
With the rapid development of population aging, the proportion of the elderly population in China has been rising, which has brought huge impact on China's pension insurance system. The issue of sustainable develo...With the rapid development of population aging, the proportion of the elderly population in China has been rising, which has brought huge impact on China's pension insurance system. The issue of sustainable development of pension funds has become a huge challenge for Chinese society. Realizing the sustainable development of pension funds is an important way to realize the healthy development of China's pension insurance system. This paper analyzes the operation, supervision and investment of pension insurance funds, and puts forward corresponding development countermeasures.展开更多
The supply of basic pension is seriously lacking, the personal accounts is operated with no money. This is a problem belonging to conversion cost in essence. This paper points out that the government should undertake ...The supply of basic pension is seriously lacking, the personal accounts is operated with no money. This is a problem belonging to conversion cost in essence. This paper points out that the government should undertake the responsibility to solve the problem by using the increment method and stock method to repay the latent liability; then the government can enrich the personal accounts in response to the aging population crisis and the concussion brought by the endowment insurance system＇s conversion.展开更多
文摘The function of the unemployment insurance funds arc： ensuring the basic life and stabling employment, preventing unemployment and promoting employment, on the one hand, it guarantee basic livings of the unemploycd, in order to reduce the impact on the individual and society. On the other hand, it also has a function of stabling employment, preventing unemployment and promoting unemployed again obtain employment. In recent years, however, the unemployment insurance fund revenue has been greater than its expenditure, balance funds become more and more, it not only faces a risk of depreciation, also will cause the waste of funds. Therefore, improve the utilization rate of the uncmployment insurance fund itself and expand the function of the unemployment insurance fund, realize the sustainable development of unemployment insurance funds is great significance.
基金sponsored by the National Social Sciences Foundation Program,An Evaluation of the Impact of China’s Family Planning Policy Adjustment on the Sustainability of the Social Security Fund and A Study of the Relevant Countermeasures(Grant No.15XRK005,chaired by:Zeng Yi)
文摘Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of this policy on the financial status of the social pooling fund of basic pension insurance for urban employees. Our study suggests the followings. First, under the previous unchanged family planning policy, current deficits and cumulative deficits will occur in the social pooling fund in the year 2047 and 2063 respectively. Second, if lO% to 50% of qualified couples choose to raise a second child, the financial status of the social pooling fund will improve; relative to the previous unchanged family planning policy, the contribution ratio can decrease from 20% to the range between 18.06% and 19.57% without causing any changes to the original financial status of income and expenditure. Third, if the percentage of couples choosing to raise a second child rises to 60% to 100%, the contribution ratio can even decrease to the range between 16.55% and 17. 7% without causing any changes to the financial status as under the previous unchanged family planning policy. The above conclusions have all passed the sensitivity test. Therefore, the ＂two-child policy＂ for qualified couples is favorable to alleviating the payment pressures of pension insurance but the policy effectiveness is subject to fertility desire and the intensity of government implementation.
文摘The balance of payments is birth insurance fund raising and using the basic principle, from the Angle of the fund balance of payments to the maternity insurance system in China has very strong theory significance and practical significance. Birth insurance is an important part of social security system, has the protection of women＇s health, improve population quality, guarantee the importance of women＇s equal employment, and more attention from the whole society, but there exist many obstacles in the process of implementation and resistance. This article obtains from the national birth insurance fund balance of payments, by combining it with the ginseng of birth insurance, enjoy treatment number, per capita salary level, worker year, per capita average wage level is found hidden in the maternity insurance system in China problems and contradictions, in order to provide feasible Suggestions for maternity insurance system in China.
文摘the arrival of the aging means being able to direct production value to reduce the proportion of people, the elderly population gradually become pure consumer groups, and the elderly because of its body function gradually blurred, risk is higher than that of other age members of society, medical consumption occupy a large proportion in the consumption structure. As the degree of aging, the country＇s medical expenses will be bigger, that is to say, in an aging society, may because the elderly medical consumption spending huge, and affect the sustainable development of society. And as countries deeper levels of population aging in our country, can very good deal with the impact of the aging of medical insurance fund, guarantee the sustainability of the medical insurance fund, also determines the sustainable and stable development of our country. Therefore, under the background of aging degree deeper, the development of the medical insurance fund is to seek new paths, to cope with increasing aging population is particularly important
文摘The sustainable development of the endowment insurance fund is the most basic fulcrum to the healthy development of the pension insurance system.The sustainable development of Chinese endowment insurance fund, we must adhere to the ＂wide coverage, basic, multi-level, The basic principle of sustainable ＂. In order to achieve the security of endowment insurance fund, sustainable development should be adopted .The countermeasures are： firstly, the implementation of sustainable legal raising mode; secondly, to determine the reasonable payment level, expanding .Large endowment insurance coverage;thirdly, to implement the State Administration by main market managementPrivate management and sustainable.
文摘Maternity insurance fund is an important part of social insurance fund. It plays an important role in safeguarding the rights and interests of pregnant women and improving the welfare of women. With the expansion of the balance of the birth insurance fund, the balance of income and expenditure has become a difficult goal to be reached. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the operating efficiency of the birth insurance fund, discover the problems of the birth insurance system, and put forward some suggestions to improve the efficiency of the birth insurance fund and promote the perfection of the birth insurance.
文摘A mathematical model of management of a social insurance fund with exponential insurance reimburse and financing determined social programs is represented and analyzed; A probability density function and fund＇s functioning probabilistic characteristics are obtained, that makes it possible to determine the sufficiency of fund capital at all levels of its management. With the help of conclusion it is possible for particular period of time determine in insurance fund change of cash flow movement speed, on what basis in determined from state tax revenues assigns acceptance necessity and capacity.
文摘Social health insurance is an important part of the social security system. It is the ＂stabilizer＂ of social and economic development and the ＂buffer＂ of reform. It is of great significance and function to the construction of economic development, social progrcss and harmonious society. However, due to many factors, the operation of the social health insurance fund is facing greater risk. Although the balance is rich, but the general talk about the ＂balance＂, inevitably fall into the ＂too optimistic, ignore the risk＂ of the errors, the current basic medical insurance system, compared with working employees, retirement elderly people do not pay, personal accounts into more, The overall proportion of individual funds to pay lower policy concessions. Although there is a large amount of surplus in the annual health insurance fund, a large part of the balance is due to the relatively young age structure of the insured population and the low consumption of health insurance funds. With the increasing level of the aging of the insured population, the ratio of on-the-job and the backward is gradually reduced, the effect of these preferential policies will continue to enlarge, making the total fund expenditure increased significantly. Therefore, it is an important task to reform the basic medical insurance system in China to strengthen the research on risk control in the medical insurance fund of urban workers, to prevent and control the risks faced by the fund and to ensure the safety of the fund.
文摘Objective To explore the impact of population aging on the expenditures of medical insurance funds against the background that great changes in population structure influences economic development.Methods Through analyzing the impact of the population aging,the income and accumulated balance of the medical insurance fund,and other related factors on the expenditure of the medical insurance fund,development status of the medical insurance fund for urban employees in China since 2003 was obtained.Stata 16.0 was used to perform multiple linear regression analysis on related factors to determine the correlation between population aging and the change in medical insurance expenditures.Results and Conclusion The factors that have a greater impact on the expenditure of the medical insurance fund are the amount of income from the medical insurance,followed by the number of people over the age of 65 in China and the urban retired employees participating in medical insurance.We should focus on the sustainable development of the urban employee medical insurance fund to deal with the threat of aging.
文摘Objective To provide a reference for future budget of health insurance fund for the COVID-19 pandemic in other parts of China or other major public health events.Meanwhile,it also offers a reference for the government to introduce and adjust the policy of health insurance funds after the pandemic.Methods Models of the income,expenditure and cumulative balance of health insurance fund in Hubei Province in 2020 were established and compared.The former was mainly established and tested using SPSS 26.0 and Excel,while the latter was obtained by inferential analysis.Results and Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic reduced the income and increased expenditure of the health insurance fund in Hubei Province in 2020,resulting in a deficit.The COVID-19 outbreak has caused a deficit in health insurance fund of Hubei Province in the short term,but in the long term,the outbreak will not have a major impact on the health insurance fund.
文摘Pension insurance is a vital component of China's social security system,ensuring the welfare of the general publie.This study centers on the revenue and expenses of City S's urban employee basic pension insurance fund.It introduces and analyzes the fund's accounting status from four key perspectives:fund raising.expenditure,financial statement system,and accounting information disclosure.The research identifes existing problems in City S's accounting system and conducts in-depth research on these issues.Furthermore,an empirical analysis is conducted on the management of the pension insurance fund.Through this empirical study,the paper aims to offer insights and recommendations for promoting stable and healthy development measures for City S'8 urban employee basic pension insurance fund.
基金Supported by the Philosophy Social Science Fund Project of Heilongjiang Province (10D061)
文摘Since 2009, the new rural pension insurance in Heilongjiang Province has obtained certain achievements, but the effects are not obvious. Reflection on the development process, we find that there are a lot of problems. Therefore, in order to guarantee the smooth implementation of new rural social pension insurance work in Heilongjiang Province, this paper combined with the reality to provide several suggestions for improving the new rural social pension insurance system in Heilongjiang Province.
文摘The most recent trends in population dynamics have provoked a rigorous debate whether the private or the public pension insurance system should be predominant. The pay-as-you-go system is dominated by the state that guarantees its stability. Private pension insurance provides personal retirement accounts and proper ownership of the accumulated funds, but its sustainability during prolonged market crises and inadequate risk sharing are often questioned. In order to address this issue, this paper makes both an assessment and analysis of the arguments put forward in favor of the preservation of the pay-as-you-go system and a comparison of this system with some of the main characteristics of the private accounts system. This is the basis for seeking the objectively defined role of the pay-as-you-go system in the conditions of the market economy. A couple of conclusions that have been formulated might be of interest for the future improvement of the organization and management of pension insurance.
文摘Since Shandong restarted its insurance industry in 1980, it has set up 180 domestic insurance businesses in four categories, namely property, Iife, liability and guaranty. And insurance for foreigners has been expanded to all parts of the province from Qingdao to Yentai. There are now 31.400 enterprises, 620,000 vehicles, and 11.5 million households involved in property insurance and 20
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Inappropriate use of medicines is a global concern with serious con</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sequences related to prescribing, dispensing, and use. WHO estimate</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d that 50% of medicines are not used correctly on their journey from the facility to home. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: To assess medicines use using WHO drug core indicators rega</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rding prescribing, patient, and facilities. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Setting</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Outpatients, Hea</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lth centers in Wadmadani locality (Urban area) in Gezira State, Sudan. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: A cross-sectional, prospective, analytical study was conducted in 30 health centers and 60 patients from each center were selected using a simple random sampling technique. WHO indicators form was used to collect data containing different variables. T-test at a level of confidence of 95% was used to test differences between indicators. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used for data analysis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The main prescribing indicators were 2.5 ± 0.6 for drugs per encounter, 44.1% ± 14.2%. Generic 54 ± 18.0 antibiotics, 12.0% ± 9.3% injectable, and 95.2% ± 11.5% of drugs were prescribed according to the NHIF-EML. The main patient’s indicators were, 2.9 ± 0.8 minutes for consultation time, 99.5 ± 36.8 seconds for dispensing time, and 72.5% ± 16.0% for medicines actually dispensed, 49.0% ± 18.0% for medicines adequately labeled, and 22.5% ± 7.3% of the patient’s knowledge about the correct dose. The Facility specific indicators were 66.7% for the availability of a copy of EML, while the percentage of key drugs in the stock was 75.3% ± 11.6%. No statistically significant differences were found between direct and indirect facilities except in generic prescribing. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Main Outcome Measure</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> Interventions to improve Generic and antibiotics prescribing indicators. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The patient-to-physician ratio should be revised to optimize consultation time. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The availability of key drugs should be improved to make sure effective treatment. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">•</span></span> The pharmacy cadre should be oriented and trained to improve patients’ compliance. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: The study concluded that there was irrational use of medicines when investigated by WHO drug core indicators. So, the study recommended interventions to improve the rationale prescribing, dispensing, and use of medicines.</span></span>
文摘With the rapid development of population aging, the proportion of the elderly population in China has been rising, which has brought huge impact on China's pension insurance system. The issue of sustainable development of pension funds has become a huge challenge for Chinese society. Realizing the sustainable development of pension funds is an important way to realize the healthy development of China's pension insurance system. This paper analyzes the operation, supervision and investment of pension insurance funds, and puts forward corresponding development countermeasures.
文摘The supply of basic pension is seriously lacking, the personal accounts is operated with no money. This is a problem belonging to conversion cost in essence. This paper points out that the government should undertake the responsibility to solve the problem by using the increment method and stock method to repay the latent liability; then the government can enrich the personal accounts in response to the aging population crisis and the concussion brought by the endowment insurance system＇s conversion.
