The implementation of long-term shelterbelt programs in the middle reaches of the Yellow River(MRYR),China not only has improved the overall ecological environment,but also has led to the changes of land use pattern,c...The implementation of long-term shelterbelt programs in the middle reaches of the Yellow River(MRYR),China not only has improved the overall ecological environment,but also has led to the changes of land use pattern,causing carbon storage exchanges.However,the relationship between carbon storage and land use change in the MRYR is not concerned,which results in the uncertainty in the simulation of carbon storage in this area.Land use changes directly affect the carbon storage capacity of ecosystems,and as an indicator reflecting the overall state of land use,land use degree has an important relationship with carbon storage.In this study,land use data and the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs(InVEST)model were used to assess the trends in land use degree and carbon storage in the MRYR during 1980-2020.The potential impact index and the standard deviation ellipse(SDE)algorithm were applied to quantify and analyze the characteristics of the impact of land use changes on carbon storage.Subsequently,land use transitions that led to carbon storage variations and their spatial variations were determined.The results showed that:(1)the most significant periods of carbon storage changes and land use transitions were observed during 1990-1995 and 1995-2020,with the most changed areas locating in the east of Fenhe River and in northwestern Henan Province;(2)the positive impact of land use degree on carbon storage may be related to the environmental protection measures implemented along the Yellow River,while the negative impact may be associated with the expansion of construction land in plain areas;and(3)the conversion of other land use types to grassland was the primary factor affecting carbon storage changes during 1980-2020.In future land use planning,attention should be given to the direction of grassland conversion,and focus on reasonably limiting the development of construction land.To enhance carbon storage,it will be crucial to increase the area of high-carbon-density land types,such as forest land and grassland under the condition that the area of permanent farmland does not decrease.展开更多
Scientific reforms proposed in response to moral concerns about corrupted science are reminiscent of the Christian Reformation,which similarly formed a moral reorientation as a reaction to malpractices.In this study,w...Scientific reforms proposed in response to moral concerns about corrupted science are reminiscent of the Christian Reformation,which similarly formed a moral reorientation as a reaction to malpractices.In this study,we compare these moral reorientation processes to contextualize two different moral programmes of the scientific reform movement and their sociopolitical conditions.We argue that such an explication of moral programmes is vital to build legitimacy and reflect on value-prioritization.While epistemic programmes are foregrounded,moral programmes also play a crucial role in shaping science,and different moral programmes offer different promises for the sustained support of credible,reliable,fair and equitable science.We discuss the virtue and equity programmes,and through interrogating both programmes in relation to the Reformation,we display the relevance of sociopolitical contexts to how key values operate in science and generate orders of worth.These insights aim to stimulate debate about the conditions for opting for either of these moral programmes.In our view,not all moral programmes offer equal promise for the sustained support of credible,equitable and fair science.展开更多
This research investigates token dormancy as a fundamental metric for evaluating cryptocurrency assets and presents a methodology for its measurement.The valuation method involves 4 distinct parameters and utilizes a ...This research investigates token dormancy as a fundamental metric for evaluating cryptocurrency assets and presents a methodology for its measurement.The valuation method involves 4 distinct parameters and utilizes a 3.5-year daily dataset for the“Chainlink”token.The results are used in optimized ARIMA-GARCH models to analyze the first differences between the variables;the out-of-sample forecasts were assessed with performance metrics.Furthermore,this study introduces a novel fundamental value derived from these approaches,the basis for generating selling signals in a backtested trading strategy.The trading strategy results are compared to a benchmark buy-and-hold strategy and a non-selling dollar-cost-averaging strategy for evaluation.Employing the dollar-cost averaging approach for purchase frequency and utilizing the“isolation forest”technique for identifying selling signals within the trading strategy yielded positive results.展开更多
This study focuses on the risks associated with the on-balance sheet recognition of data resources.At the legal level,disputes over ownership often arise due to unclear data property rights,while privacy protection,cy...This study focuses on the risks associated with the on-balance sheet recognition of data resources.At the legal level,disputes over ownership often arise due to unclear data property rights,while privacy protection,cybersecurity,and cross-border data flows create additional compliance challenges.In terms of recognition,the subjectivity of traditional valuation methods,the lack of active markets,and the rapid depreciation of data value caused by technological iteration hinder reliable measurement.With respect to disclosure,organizations face a dilemma between transparency and confidentiality.Collectively,these issues exacerbate audit risks.It is therefore imperative to establish an appropriate legal,accounting,and auditing framework to mitigate such risks and remove barriers to the proper recognition of data assets on balance sheets.展开更多
Urbanization and environmental degradation have led to significant declines in water quality and aquatic ecosystem health,highlighting the urgent need for effective restoration efforts.This study applies an integrated...Urbanization and environmental degradation have led to significant declines in water quality and aquatic ecosystem health,highlighting the urgent need for effective restoration efforts.This study applies an integrated analysis approach to estimate the economic value and benefits of improvements in water quality and aquatic ecosystem services resulting from the Ecological Stream Restoration Project.Using survey data analyzed through the choice experiment(CE)method,we assessed respondents’preferences for various ecosystem services,including water-friendly services,ecological functions,water-level control,and water-quality purification.Three empirical analysis models—the Conditional Logit Model(CLM),Nested Logit Model(NL),and Error Component Logit Model(ECL)—were applied,with the ECL model identified as the most suitable for this study.From the physical impact assessment,we derived compensating variations to estimate the annual economic benefits of the project.The estimated annual economic value of water quality improvement due to the Anyangcheon Ecological Stream Restoration Project ranged from approximately KRW 10.54 billion to KRW 21.44 billion,while the economic value of aquatic ecosystem improvement was estimated to range from KRW 6.05 billion to KRW 12.30 billion annually.This study provides analytic framework that can inform future ecological restoration projects and sustainable water management policies.展开更多
The results of mass appraisal in many countries are used as a basis for calculating the amount of real estate tax,therefore,regardless of the methods used to calculate it,the resulting value should be as close as poss...The results of mass appraisal in many countries are used as a basis for calculating the amount of real estate tax,therefore,regardless of the methods used to calculate it,the resulting value should be as close as possible to the market value of the real estate to maintain a balance of interests between the state and the rights holders.In practice,this condition is not always met,since,firstly,the quality of market data is often very low,and secondly,some markets are characterized by low activity,which is expressed in a deficit of information on asking prices.The aim of the work is ecological valuation of land use:how regression-based mass appraisal can inform ecological conservation,land degradation,and sustainable land management.Four multiple regression models were constructed for AI generated map of land plots for recreational use in St.Petersburg(Russia)with different volumes of market information(32,30,20 and 15 units of market information with four price-forming factors).During the analysis of the quality of the models,it was revealed that the best result is shown by the model built on the maximum sample size,then the model based on 15 analogs,which proves that a larger number of analog objects does not always allow us to achieve better results,since the more analog objects there are.展开更多
Objective:To estimate the willingness to pay(WTP)of Ho Chi Minh City residents for the hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD)vaccine and its associated factors using the contingent valuation method.Methods:This cross-secti...Objective:To estimate the willingness to pay(WTP)of Ho Chi Minh City residents for the hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD)vaccine and its associated factors using the contingent valuation method.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024,involved face-to-face interviews with 423 participants in Ho Chi Minh City.The participants were divided into two groups:parents of children under six and individuals without young children.WTP for the HFMD vaccine was assessed using the Krinsky and Robb procedure and the double-bound dichotomous choice technique.A probit regression model was used to analyze factors influencing WTP.Results:The participants had a mean age of(34.0±10.3)years,and the majority of them were female,resided in urban areas,and held a university degree.54.6%had children under six years of age,and 63.8%had never heard of the EV71 vaccine.The mean WTP for two doses of the HFMD vaccine was VND 1240000(USD 51.66).Parents of children under six years old had a mean WTP of USD 49.16,while individuals without young children had a mean WTP of USD 56.25.Significant factors that were positively associated with WTP included vaccine price,younger age,higher income,and greater knowledge about vaccines.Conclusions:The study indicates a relatively high willingness to pay for HFMD vaccination in Ho Chi Minh City,suggesting strong potential for vaccine implementation.It is recommended that the government disseminate vaccine-related information to enhance public awareness and understanding.展开更多
This study examines the empirical feasibility of quantitatively integrating environmental value information into Strategic Environmental Assessment(SEA).An analytical framework was established to incorporate environme...This study examines the empirical feasibility of quantitatively integrating environmental value information into Strategic Environmental Assessment(SEA).An analytical framework was established to incorporate environmental cost estimates into the SEA process by utilizing ecosystem service unit values provided by the Environmental Valuation Information System(EVIS),a national platform developed to support the evaluation of policies and projects.The framework was applied to a case study involving a multipurpose rural water development project in South Korea.Ecosystem service losses resulting from the project were quantified using biophysical indicators,such as vegetation biomass,forest area,and hydrological functions,and subsequently monetized through the application of the market price method,replacement cost method,and contingent valuation method.The total annual environmental cost was estimated to be approximately KRW 56.18 billion,with the majority attributable to losses in forest conservation and climate regulation services.These findings demonstrate that quantified environmental data can serve as a robust basis for alternative comparison and site evaluation within SEA.The study provides empirical evidence supporting the advancement of SEA from a predominantly procedural tool focused on environmental protection to a more comprehensive sustainability assessment framework that integrates environmental,economic,and social considerations.Furthermore,the results suggest that EVIS-based quantitative information holds potential for broader application in other national evaluation systems,such as preliminary feasibility studies and regulatory impact assessments.展开更多
The Liaohe River Basin(LRB)in Northeast China,a critical agricultural and industrial zone,has faced escalating water resource pressures in recent decades due to rapid urbanization,intensified land use changes,and clim...The Liaohe River Basin(LRB)in Northeast China,a critical agricultural and industrial zone,has faced escalating water resource pressures in recent decades due to rapid urbanization,intensified land use changes,and climate variability.Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of water yield and its driving factors is essential for sustainable water resource management in this ecologically sensitive region.This study employed the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model to quantify the spatiotemporal patterns of water yield in the LRB(dividing into six sub-basins from east to west:East Liaohe River Basin(ELRB),Taizi River Basin(TRB),Middle Liaohe River Basin(MLRB),West Liaohe River Basin(WLRB),Xinkai River Basin(XRB),and Wulijimuren River Basin(WRB))from 1993 to 2022,with a focus on the impacts of climate change and land use cover change(LUCC).Results revealed that the LRB had an average annual precipitation of 483.15 mm,with an average annual water yield of 247.54 mm,both showing significant upward trend over the 30-a period.Spatially,water yield demonstrated significant heterogeneity,with higher values in southeastern sub-basins and lower values in northwestern sub-basins.The TRB exhibited the highest water yield due to abundant precipitation and favorable topography,while the WRB recorded the lowest water yield owing to arid conditions and sparse vegetation.Precipitation played a significant role in shaping the annual fluctuations and total volume of water yield,with its variability exerting substantially greater impacts than actual evapotranspiration(AET)and LUCC.However,LUCC,particularly cultivated land expansion and grassland reduction,significantly reshaped the spatial distribution of water yield by modifying surface runoff and infiltration patterns.This study provides critical insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of water yield in the LRB,emphasizing the synergistic effects of climate change and land use change,which are pivotal for optimizing water resource management and advancing regional ecological conservation.展开更多
The Three Gorges Project,the largest water conservation initiative globally,is located within the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA),a critical zone for water conservation and ecological protection.There is an urgent n...The Three Gorges Project,the largest water conservation initiative globally,is located within the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA),a critical zone for water conservation and ecological protection.There is an urgent need to better understand and protect the evolving water conservation functions of the TGRA,alongside identifying the driving mechanisms within its ecological barrier re-gion.This paper explores the spatial and temporal evolution of water conservation function in the TGRA from 1990 to 2020 and its fu-ture trends under different development scenarios from 2020 to 2030.Key driving factors influencing the water conservation function are identified,and a comprehensive development scenario is proposed.The findings indicate a general upward trend in the water conser-vation function of the TGRA,characterized by an initial increase,a subsequent decline,and a final recovery.Moreover,land use changes are found to be the primary factor driving these variations,followed by climatic factors such as precipitation.Under various de-velopment scenarios,the prioritization of water conservation outcomes is ranked as follows:ecological protection>cropland protec-tion>natural development>urban development.The results of this study offer valuable insights for balancing economic development with ecological preservation.展开更多
Carbon storage serves as a key indicator of ecosystem services and plays a vital role in maintaining the global carbon balance.Land use and cover change(LUCC)is one of the primary drivers influencing carbon storage va...Carbon storage serves as a key indicator of ecosystem services and plays a vital role in maintaining the global carbon balance.Land use and cover change(LUCC)is one of the primary drivers influencing carbon storage variations in terrestrial ecosystems.Therefore,evaluating the impacts of LUCC on carbon storage is crucial for achieving strategic goals such as the China’s dual carbon goals(including carbon peaking and carbon neutrality).This study focuses on the Aral Irrigation Area in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,to assess the impacts of LUCC on regional carbon storage and their spatiotemporal dynamics.A comprehensive LUCC database from 2000 to 2020 was developed using Landsat satellite imagery and the random forest classification algorithm.The integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs(InVEST)model was applied to quantify carbon storage and analyze its response to LUCC.Additionally,future LUCC patterns for 2030 were projected under multiple development scenarios using the patch-generating land use simulation(PLUS)model.These future LUCC scenarios were integrated with the InVEST model to simulate carbon storage trends under different land management pathways.Between 2000 and 2020,the dominant land use types in the study area were cropland(area proportion of 35.52%),unused land(34.80%),and orchard land(12.19%).The conversion of unused land and orchard land significantly expanded the area of cropland,which increased by 115,742.55 hm^(2).During this period,total carbon storage and carbon density increased by 7.87×10^(6) Mg C and 20.19 Mg C/hm^(2),respectively.The primary driver of this increase was the conversion of unused land into cropland,accounting for 49.28%of the total carbon storage gain.Carbon storage was notably lower along the northeastern and southeastern edges.By 2030,the projected carbon storage is expected to increase by 0.99×10^(6),1.55×10^(6),and 1.71×10^(6) Mg C under the natural development,cropland protection,and ecological conservation scenarios,respectively.In contrast,under the urban development scenario,carbon storage is projected to decline by 0.40×10^(6) Mg C.In line with China’s dual carbon goals,the ecological conservation scenario emerges as the most effective strategy for enhancing carbon storage.Accordingly,strict enforcement of the cropland red line is recommended.This study provides a valuable scientific foundation for regional ecosystem restoration and sustainable development in arid regions.展开更多
Seagrass bed ecosystem is a coastal ecosystem with abundant biodiversity and high production. It is also an important system for the sustainable development of human society and economy. Based on the local research, s...Seagrass bed ecosystem is a coastal ecosystem with abundant biodiversity and high production. It is also an important system for the sustainable development of human society and economy. Based on the local research, statistical data and prevenient research results, the main services of Hepu seagrass ecosystem were analyzed in the paper, including fishing production, nutrient cycling, scientific research, protecting the coast from eroding, climate regulation, biodiversity, culture, bequest valuation, option valuation and existence valuation and so on. At the same time, we used ecological and economic methods for economic evaluation of seagrass in Hepu of Guangxi, including the market valuation method, contingent valuation method, carbon and tax method, benefit transfer method and expert survey method. The results showed that the total valuation of the Hepu seagrass ecosystem service was about 6.29 × 10^5 Yuan RMB/ha in 2005. Among these services, the indirect using valuation is the main aspect, which was 4.47 x 10^5Yuan RMB/ha in 2005, accounting for 70.97 % of the total valuation. The non-using valuation was 1.54 × 10^5 Yuan RMB/ha in 2005, accounting for 24.52 % of the total valuation. The direct using valuation is the least, which was only 2.84 × 10^4 Yuan RMB/ha in 2005, accounting for 4.51% of the total valuation.展开更多
[Method] This study aimed to assess the changes in grassland ecosystem Service values in the Three-River Headwaters Region of China, the source of the Yangtze, Yellow （Huang He） and Lantsang （Mekong） rivers. [Meth...[Method] This study aimed to assess the changes in grassland ecosystem Service values in the Three-River Headwaters Region of China, the source of the Yangtze, Yellow （Huang He） and Lantsang （Mekong） rivers. [Method] Biophysical values of four services were monetized within the region, including water regulation, air quality regulation, climate regulation and soil conservation. [Result] The total ESVs were 884.97×10^8 Yuan, 1 302.06×10^8 Yuan and 1 299.49×10^8 Yuan in 2000, 2005 and 2008, respectively. The amount of value per unit area experienced a steep increase from 2000 to 2005（18.10×10^4 Yuan/km2）, and then remained almost unchanged from 2005 to 2008 （-0.31×10^4 Yuan/km2）. The ESV tended to decline from the southeastern to the northwestern. ESV in the eastern and central part increased faster than that in the south-central and western part of the TRHR from 2000 to 2008. It could be seen that the ecosystem condition of grassland in the TRHR improved signifi- cantly over the study period of 2000-2008. [Conelusion] The results provided good information to assess the effectiveness of current ecological protection measures in the TRHR and support regional sustainable management policies.展开更多
Valuated binary tree is emerging its magical characteristics in study of integers. As the father tree of all valuated binary subtrees, T3 tree plays a very important role in studying the odd integers for its owning bo...Valuated binary tree is emerging its magical characteristics in study of integers. As the father tree of all valuated binary subtrees, T3 tree plays a very important role in studying the odd integers for its owning both the common properties of a general valuated binary tree and its own traits of covering all the odd integers bigger than 1. The article investigates the properties of the T3 tree as well as the multiplications on the tree. It exhibits the distribution of a node's multiples, the distribution of the product of two nodes and the distribution of the square of a node. Some other contents such as fundamental properties of the T3 tree and path connecting a product to its divisor-nodes are also investigated with detail mathematical proofs. The theorems and corollaries proved in the article lay a foundation for future work.展开更多
[Obective] This study amied to evaluate the direct usage value of Liangzi Lake, like plants and animal resources and water storage value. [Method] It was measured through the market value method. The physical environm...[Obective] This study amied to evaluate the direct usage value of Liangzi Lake, like plants and animal resources and water storage value. [Method] It was measured through the market value method. The physical environment was introduced and the productivity of the lake was investigated both through the literature materials and the investigations. The market value method was clarified in this paper as well as its operation process and the application fields. [Result] Based on the introduction of the current situation in Liangzi Lake, the direct usage value was estimated as 1.32 billion Yuan/year. Plant resources value was 318 million Yuan/year; animal resources value was 675 million Yuan/year; and water storage value was 325 million Yuan/year for the three parts. [Conclusion] This paper will attract more attention to the emphasis of the reasonable development of nature sources.展开更多
[Objective] This study was to analyze the personal Willingness to Pay （WI-P） on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland and the influential factors. [Method] Questionnaire was designed according to the Contingent ...[Objective] This study was to analyze the personal Willingness to Pay （WI-P） on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland and the influential factors. [Method] Questionnaire was designed according to the Contingent Valuation Method （CVM） to investigate people of different occupations at different ages, based on which the evaluation on non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland was carried out. And the relationship between WTP and social characteristics were analyzed by using non- parametric estimation. [Result] The average WTP on Dianchi lake wetland is 150.03- 217.66 yuan per person every year, and the total WTP is 626-909 million yuan ev- ery year. Age, education and residence of the respondents have remarkable influ- ence on the VVTP. The influence of education level and residence on option value is significant; bequest value is significantly correlated with age; while there is no significant relationship between existence value and social characteristics. [Conclusion] The evaluation on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland is important for the scientific development and utilization of wetland resources.展开更多
The article investigates some properties of square root of T3 tree’s nodes. It first proves several inequalities that are helpful to estimate the square root of a node, and then proves several theorems to describe th...The article investigates some properties of square root of T3 tree’s nodes. It first proves several inequalities that are helpful to estimate the square root of a node, and then proves several theorems to describe the distribution of the square root of the nodes on T3 tree.展开更多
The economic valuation of water quality in a rapidly developing country such as China should be undertaken to determine when the benefits from rapid growth begin to exceed the costs from the same. The best approach is...The economic valuation of water quality in a rapidly developing country such as China should be undertaken to determine when the benefits from rapid growth begin to exceed the costs from the same. The best approach is to ascertain the total economic valuation of the environmental resource. This includes all of the various uses of the resource, and even those values that are unconnected to individual use (e.g. natural and aesthetic values). A method known as contingent valuation (CV) is used to ascertain these forms of value. This approach is demonstrated here in an application to river water quality in the Beijing area. A CV study is reported in which Beijing area citizens reported an average willingness to pay about 1.3% of annual income in order to prevent further deterioration of river water quality. Aggregation over the representative population indicates that the perceived cost of further river quality deterioration is in the neighbourhood of USD 60 million. Such a measure provides some indication of the socially desired “stopping point”—— in the pursuit of economic growth at the expense of environmental quality.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52079103)the Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Xi'an University of Science and Technology(2024YQ2-02).
文摘The implementation of long-term shelterbelt programs in the middle reaches of the Yellow River(MRYR),China not only has improved the overall ecological environment,but also has led to the changes of land use pattern,causing carbon storage exchanges.However,the relationship between carbon storage and land use change in the MRYR is not concerned,which results in the uncertainty in the simulation of carbon storage in this area.Land use changes directly affect the carbon storage capacity of ecosystems,and as an indicator reflecting the overall state of land use,land use degree has an important relationship with carbon storage.In this study,land use data and the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs(InVEST)model were used to assess the trends in land use degree and carbon storage in the MRYR during 1980-2020.The potential impact index and the standard deviation ellipse(SDE)algorithm were applied to quantify and analyze the characteristics of the impact of land use changes on carbon storage.Subsequently,land use transitions that led to carbon storage variations and their spatial variations were determined.The results showed that:(1)the most significant periods of carbon storage changes and land use transitions were observed during 1990-1995 and 1995-2020,with the most changed areas locating in the east of Fenhe River and in northwestern Henan Province;(2)the positive impact of land use degree on carbon storage may be related to the environmental protection measures implemented along the Yellow River,while the negative impact may be associated with the expansion of construction land in plain areas;and(3)the conversion of other land use types to grassland was the primary factor affecting carbon storage changes during 1980-2020.In future land use planning,attention should be given to the direction of grassland conversion,and focus on reasonably limiting the development of construction land.To enhance carbon storage,it will be crucial to increase the area of high-carbon-density land types,such as forest land and grassland under the condition that the area of permanent farmland does not decrease.
基金supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)through their award of the K?te Hamburger Kolleg‘Cultures of Research’Senior Research Fellowship to Bart Penders
文摘Scientific reforms proposed in response to moral concerns about corrupted science are reminiscent of the Christian Reformation,which similarly formed a moral reorientation as a reaction to malpractices.In this study,we compare these moral reorientation processes to contextualize two different moral programmes of the scientific reform movement and their sociopolitical conditions.We argue that such an explication of moral programmes is vital to build legitimacy and reflect on value-prioritization.While epistemic programmes are foregrounded,moral programmes also play a crucial role in shaping science,and different moral programmes offer different promises for the sustained support of credible,reliable,fair and equitable science.We discuss the virtue and equity programmes,and through interrogating both programmes in relation to the Reformation,we display the relevance of sociopolitical contexts to how key values operate in science and generate orders of worth.These insights aim to stimulate debate about the conditions for opting for either of these moral programmes.In our view,not all moral programmes offer equal promise for the sustained support of credible,equitable and fair science.
文摘This research investigates token dormancy as a fundamental metric for evaluating cryptocurrency assets and presents a methodology for its measurement.The valuation method involves 4 distinct parameters and utilizes a 3.5-year daily dataset for the“Chainlink”token.The results are used in optimized ARIMA-GARCH models to analyze the first differences between the variables;the out-of-sample forecasts were assessed with performance metrics.Furthermore,this study introduces a novel fundamental value derived from these approaches,the basis for generating selling signals in a backtested trading strategy.The trading strategy results are compared to a benchmark buy-and-hold strategy and a non-selling dollar-cost-averaging strategy for evaluation.Employing the dollar-cost averaging approach for purchase frequency and utilizing the“isolation forest”technique for identifying selling signals within the trading strategy yielded positive results.
文摘This study focuses on the risks associated with the on-balance sheet recognition of data resources.At the legal level,disputes over ownership often arise due to unclear data property rights,while privacy protection,cybersecurity,and cross-border data flows create additional compliance challenges.In terms of recognition,the subjectivity of traditional valuation methods,the lack of active markets,and the rapid depreciation of data value caused by technological iteration hinder reliable measurement.With respect to disclosure,organizations face a dilemma between transparency and confidentiality.Collectively,these issues exacerbate audit risks.It is therefore imperative to establish an appropriate legal,accounting,and auditing framework to mitigate such risks and remove barriers to the proper recognition of data assets on balance sheets.
基金funded by Korea Environmental Industry&Technology Institute(KEITI)through Wetland Ecosystem Value Evaluation and Carbon Absorption Value Promotion Technology Development Project of Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE)(RS-2022-KE002025).
文摘Urbanization and environmental degradation have led to significant declines in water quality and aquatic ecosystem health,highlighting the urgent need for effective restoration efforts.This study applies an integrated analysis approach to estimate the economic value and benefits of improvements in water quality and aquatic ecosystem services resulting from the Ecological Stream Restoration Project.Using survey data analyzed through the choice experiment(CE)method,we assessed respondents’preferences for various ecosystem services,including water-friendly services,ecological functions,water-level control,and water-quality purification.Three empirical analysis models—the Conditional Logit Model(CLM),Nested Logit Model(NL),and Error Component Logit Model(ECL)—were applied,with the ECL model identified as the most suitable for this study.From the physical impact assessment,we derived compensating variations to estimate the annual economic benefits of the project.The estimated annual economic value of water quality improvement due to the Anyangcheon Ecological Stream Restoration Project ranged from approximately KRW 10.54 billion to KRW 21.44 billion,while the economic value of aquatic ecosystem improvement was estimated to range from KRW 6.05 billion to KRW 12.30 billion annually.This study provides analytic framework that can inform future ecological restoration projects and sustainable water management policies.
基金financed as part of the project“Development of a methodology for instrumental base formation for analysis and modeling of the spatial socio-economic development of systems based on internal reserves in the context of digitalization”(FSEG-2023-0008)funded by the Russian Science Foundation(Agreement 23-41-10001,https://doi.org/https://rscf.ru/project/23-41-10001/).
文摘The results of mass appraisal in many countries are used as a basis for calculating the amount of real estate tax,therefore,regardless of the methods used to calculate it,the resulting value should be as close as possible to the market value of the real estate to maintain a balance of interests between the state and the rights holders.In practice,this condition is not always met,since,firstly,the quality of market data is often very low,and secondly,some markets are characterized by low activity,which is expressed in a deficit of information on asking prices.The aim of the work is ecological valuation of land use:how regression-based mass appraisal can inform ecological conservation,land degradation,and sustainable land management.Four multiple regression models were constructed for AI generated map of land plots for recreational use in St.Petersburg(Russia)with different volumes of market information(32,30,20 and 15 units of market information with four price-forming factors).During the analysis of the quality of the models,it was revealed that the best result is shown by the model built on the maximum sample size,then the model based on 15 analogs,which proves that a larger number of analog objects does not always allow us to achieve better results,since the more analog objects there are.
文摘Objective:To estimate the willingness to pay(WTP)of Ho Chi Minh City residents for the hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD)vaccine and its associated factors using the contingent valuation method.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024,involved face-to-face interviews with 423 participants in Ho Chi Minh City.The participants were divided into two groups:parents of children under six and individuals without young children.WTP for the HFMD vaccine was assessed using the Krinsky and Robb procedure and the double-bound dichotomous choice technique.A probit regression model was used to analyze factors influencing WTP.Results:The participants had a mean age of(34.0±10.3)years,and the majority of them were female,resided in urban areas,and held a university degree.54.6%had children under six years of age,and 63.8%had never heard of the EV71 vaccine.The mean WTP for two doses of the HFMD vaccine was VND 1240000(USD 51.66).Parents of children under six years old had a mean WTP of USD 49.16,while individuals without young children had a mean WTP of USD 56.25.Significant factors that were positively associated with WTP included vaccine price,younger age,higher income,and greater knowledge about vaccines.Conclusions:The study indicates a relatively high willingness to pay for HFMD vaccination in Ho Chi Minh City,suggesting strong potential for vaccine implementation.It is recommended that the government disseminate vaccine-related information to enhance public awareness and understanding.
基金funded by Korea Environmental Industry&Technology Institute(KEITI)through“Development of Aquatic Ecosystem Service Evaluation Indicators and Valuation Technology”of the Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE)(RS-2025-02214985).
文摘This study examines the empirical feasibility of quantitatively integrating environmental value information into Strategic Environmental Assessment(SEA).An analytical framework was established to incorporate environmental cost estimates into the SEA process by utilizing ecosystem service unit values provided by the Environmental Valuation Information System(EVIS),a national platform developed to support the evaluation of policies and projects.The framework was applied to a case study involving a multipurpose rural water development project in South Korea.Ecosystem service losses resulting from the project were quantified using biophysical indicators,such as vegetation biomass,forest area,and hydrological functions,and subsequently monetized through the application of the market price method,replacement cost method,and contingent valuation method.The total annual environmental cost was estimated to be approximately KRW 56.18 billion,with the majority attributable to losses in forest conservation and climate regulation services.These findings demonstrate that quantified environmental data can serve as a robust basis for alternative comparison and site evaluation within SEA.The study provides empirical evidence supporting the advancement of SEA from a predominantly procedural tool focused on environmental protection to a more comprehensive sustainability assessment framework that integrates environmental,economic,and social considerations.Furthermore,the results suggest that EVIS-based quantitative information holds potential for broader application in other national evaluation systems,such as preliminary feasibility studies and regulatory impact assessments.
基金funded by the Liaoning Provincial Social Science Planning Fund(L22AYJ010).
文摘The Liaohe River Basin(LRB)in Northeast China,a critical agricultural and industrial zone,has faced escalating water resource pressures in recent decades due to rapid urbanization,intensified land use changes,and climate variability.Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of water yield and its driving factors is essential for sustainable water resource management in this ecologically sensitive region.This study employed the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model to quantify the spatiotemporal patterns of water yield in the LRB(dividing into six sub-basins from east to west:East Liaohe River Basin(ELRB),Taizi River Basin(TRB),Middle Liaohe River Basin(MLRB),West Liaohe River Basin(WLRB),Xinkai River Basin(XRB),and Wulijimuren River Basin(WRB))from 1993 to 2022,with a focus on the impacts of climate change and land use cover change(LUCC).Results revealed that the LRB had an average annual precipitation of 483.15 mm,with an average annual water yield of 247.54 mm,both showing significant upward trend over the 30-a period.Spatially,water yield demonstrated significant heterogeneity,with higher values in southeastern sub-basins and lower values in northwestern sub-basins.The TRB exhibited the highest water yield due to abundant precipitation and favorable topography,while the WRB recorded the lowest water yield owing to arid conditions and sparse vegetation.Precipitation played a significant role in shaping the annual fluctuations and total volume of water yield,with its variability exerting substantially greater impacts than actual evapotranspiration(AET)and LUCC.However,LUCC,particularly cultivated land expansion and grassland reduction,significantly reshaped the spatial distribution of water yield by modifying surface runoff and infiltration patterns.This study provides critical insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of water yield in the LRB,emphasizing the synergistic effects of climate change and land use change,which are pivotal for optimizing water resource management and advancing regional ecological conservation.
基金Under the auspices of Key Project of the Ministry of Water Resources(No.E202291801,E203101901)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019QZKK0401)。
文摘The Three Gorges Project,the largest water conservation initiative globally,is located within the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA),a critical zone for water conservation and ecological protection.There is an urgent need to better understand and protect the evolving water conservation functions of the TGRA,alongside identifying the driving mechanisms within its ecological barrier re-gion.This paper explores the spatial and temporal evolution of water conservation function in the TGRA from 1990 to 2020 and its fu-ture trends under different development scenarios from 2020 to 2030.Key driving factors influencing the water conservation function are identified,and a comprehensive development scenario is proposed.The findings indicate a general upward trend in the water conser-vation function of the TGRA,characterized by an initial increase,a subsequent decline,and a final recovery.Moreover,land use changes are found to be the primary factor driving these variations,followed by climatic factors such as precipitation.Under various de-velopment scenarios,the prioritization of water conservation outcomes is ranked as follows:ecological protection>cropland protec-tion>natural development>urban development.The results of this study offer valuable insights for balancing economic development with ecological preservation.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1900503).
文摘Carbon storage serves as a key indicator of ecosystem services and plays a vital role in maintaining the global carbon balance.Land use and cover change(LUCC)is one of the primary drivers influencing carbon storage variations in terrestrial ecosystems.Therefore,evaluating the impacts of LUCC on carbon storage is crucial for achieving strategic goals such as the China’s dual carbon goals(including carbon peaking and carbon neutrality).This study focuses on the Aral Irrigation Area in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,to assess the impacts of LUCC on regional carbon storage and their spatiotemporal dynamics.A comprehensive LUCC database from 2000 to 2020 was developed using Landsat satellite imagery and the random forest classification algorithm.The integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs(InVEST)model was applied to quantify carbon storage and analyze its response to LUCC.Additionally,future LUCC patterns for 2030 were projected under multiple development scenarios using the patch-generating land use simulation(PLUS)model.These future LUCC scenarios were integrated with the InVEST model to simulate carbon storage trends under different land management pathways.Between 2000 and 2020,the dominant land use types in the study area were cropland(area proportion of 35.52%),unused land(34.80%),and orchard land(12.19%).The conversion of unused land and orchard land significantly expanded the area of cropland,which increased by 115,742.55 hm^(2).During this period,total carbon storage and carbon density increased by 7.87×10^(6) Mg C and 20.19 Mg C/hm^(2),respectively.The primary driver of this increase was the conversion of unused land into cropland,accounting for 49.28%of the total carbon storage gain.Carbon storage was notably lower along the northeastern and southeastern edges.By 2030,the projected carbon storage is expected to increase by 0.99×10^(6),1.55×10^(6),and 1.71×10^(6) Mg C under the natural development,cropland protection,and ecological conservation scenarios,respectively.In contrast,under the urban development scenario,carbon storage is projected to decline by 0.40×10^(6) Mg C.In line with China’s dual carbon goals,the ecological conservation scenario emerges as the most effective strategy for enhancing carbon storage.Accordingly,strict enforcement of the cropland red line is recommended.This study provides a valuable scientific foundation for regional ecosystem restoration and sustainable development in arid regions.
文摘Seagrass bed ecosystem is a coastal ecosystem with abundant biodiversity and high production. It is also an important system for the sustainable development of human society and economy. Based on the local research, statistical data and prevenient research results, the main services of Hepu seagrass ecosystem were analyzed in the paper, including fishing production, nutrient cycling, scientific research, protecting the coast from eroding, climate regulation, biodiversity, culture, bequest valuation, option valuation and existence valuation and so on. At the same time, we used ecological and economic methods for economic evaluation of seagrass in Hepu of Guangxi, including the market valuation method, contingent valuation method, carbon and tax method, benefit transfer method and expert survey method. The results showed that the total valuation of the Hepu seagrass ecosystem service was about 6.29 × 10^5 Yuan RMB/ha in 2005. Among these services, the indirect using valuation is the main aspect, which was 4.47 x 10^5Yuan RMB/ha in 2005, accounting for 70.97 % of the total valuation. The non-using valuation was 1.54 × 10^5 Yuan RMB/ha in 2005, accounting for 24.52 % of the total valuation. The direct using valuation is the least, which was only 2.84 × 10^4 Yuan RMB/ha in 2005, accounting for 4.51% of the total valuation.
基金Supported by the National Key Technologies R & D Program of China(2009BAC61B05)Ministry of Environmental Protection of China through Commonweal Research Funding(201009056)~~
文摘[Method] This study aimed to assess the changes in grassland ecosystem Service values in the Three-River Headwaters Region of China, the source of the Yangtze, Yellow （Huang He） and Lantsang （Mekong） rivers. [Method] Biophysical values of four services were monetized within the region, including water regulation, air quality regulation, climate regulation and soil conservation. [Result] The total ESVs were 884.97×10^8 Yuan, 1 302.06×10^8 Yuan and 1 299.49×10^8 Yuan in 2000, 2005 and 2008, respectively. The amount of value per unit area experienced a steep increase from 2000 to 2005（18.10×10^4 Yuan/km2）, and then remained almost unchanged from 2005 to 2008 （-0.31×10^4 Yuan/km2）. The ESV tended to decline from the southeastern to the northwestern. ESV in the eastern and central part increased faster than that in the south-central and western part of the TRHR from 2000 to 2008. It could be seen that the ecosystem condition of grassland in the TRHR improved signifi- cantly over the study period of 2000-2008. [Conelusion] The results provided good information to assess the effectiveness of current ecological protection measures in the TRHR and support regional sustainable management policies.
文摘Valuated binary tree is emerging its magical characteristics in study of integers. As the father tree of all valuated binary subtrees, T3 tree plays a very important role in studying the odd integers for its owning both the common properties of a general valuated binary tree and its own traits of covering all the odd integers bigger than 1. The article investigates the properties of the T3 tree as well as the multiplications on the tree. It exhibits the distribution of a node's multiples, the distribution of the product of two nodes and the distribution of the square of a node. Some other contents such as fundamental properties of the T3 tree and path connecting a product to its divisor-nodes are also investigated with detail mathematical proofs. The theorems and corollaries proved in the article lay a foundation for future work.
文摘[Obective] This study amied to evaluate the direct usage value of Liangzi Lake, like plants and animal resources and water storage value. [Method] It was measured through the market value method. The physical environment was introduced and the productivity of the lake was investigated both through the literature materials and the investigations. The market value method was clarified in this paper as well as its operation process and the application fields. [Result] Based on the introduction of the current situation in Liangzi Lake, the direct usage value was estimated as 1.32 billion Yuan/year. Plant resources value was 318 million Yuan/year; animal resources value was 675 million Yuan/year; and water storage value was 325 million Yuan/year for the three parts. [Conclusion] This paper will attract more attention to the emphasis of the reasonable development of nature sources.
基金Supported by the "Research on Benefit Evaluation and Management Plan of Dianchi Lake Wetland" Project of Jiuhu Office,Yunnan Province,Chinathe Technology R&D Program for Social Development of Yunnan Province (2008ZC064M),China~~
文摘[Objective] This study was to analyze the personal Willingness to Pay （WI-P） on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland and the influential factors. [Method] Questionnaire was designed according to the Contingent Valuation Method （CVM） to investigate people of different occupations at different ages, based on which the evaluation on non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland was carried out. And the relationship between WTP and social characteristics were analyzed by using non- parametric estimation. [Result] The average WTP on Dianchi lake wetland is 150.03- 217.66 yuan per person every year, and the total WTP is 626-909 million yuan ev- ery year. Age, education and residence of the respondents have remarkable influ- ence on the VVTP. The influence of education level and residence on option value is significant; bequest value is significantly correlated with age; while there is no significant relationship between existence value and social characteristics. [Conclusion] The evaluation on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland is important for the scientific development and utilization of wetland resources.
文摘The article investigates some properties of square root of T3 tree’s nodes. It first proves several inequalities that are helpful to estimate the square root of a node, and then proves several theorems to describe the distribution of the square root of the nodes on T3 tree.
文摘The economic valuation of water quality in a rapidly developing country such as China should be undertaken to determine when the benefits from rapid growth begin to exceed the costs from the same. The best approach is to ascertain the total economic valuation of the environmental resource. This includes all of the various uses of the resource, and even those values that are unconnected to individual use (e.g. natural and aesthetic values). A method known as contingent valuation (CV) is used to ascertain these forms of value. This approach is demonstrated here in an application to river water quality in the Beijing area. A CV study is reported in which Beijing area citizens reported an average willingness to pay about 1.3% of annual income in order to prevent further deterioration of river water quality. Aggregation over the representative population indicates that the perceived cost of further river quality deterioration is in the neighbourhood of USD 60 million. Such a measure provides some indication of the socially desired “stopping point”—— in the pursuit of economic growth at the expense of environmental quality.
