Japanese encephalitis(JE),a vector-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV),remains a major public health concern in South and Southeast Asia[1].JEV,a Flaviviridae family virus,is primarily transmi...Japanese encephalitis(JE),a vector-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV),remains a major public health concern in South and Southeast Asia[1].JEV,a Flaviviridae family virus,is primarily transmitted by Culex mosquitoes,especially the Culex vishnui subgroup,which breeds extensively in rice fields[1].Birds(Ardeidae family)act as natural reservoirs,while pigs serve as amplifying hosts,and humans are incidental hosts[1].展开更多
SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination both trigger immune responses. The former leads to naturally acquired immunity, while the latter induces active immunity through artificial means. However, the distinct immune effe...SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination both trigger immune responses. The former leads to naturally acquired immunity, while the latter induces active immunity through artificial means. However, the distinct immune effects of vaccination and infection, as well as their underlying mechanisms, require further clarification. In this study, we compared the peripheral B cell differentiation, serological differences and the expression level of BCR signaling molecules between the vaccinated and recovered group. The vaccinated group exhibited reduced RBD-specific B cell differentiation and lower CD86 signal intensity on memory B cells, but enhanced BCR signaling in B cells. Regarding metabolic signaling, the vaccinated group had elevated expression levels of pS6, c-Myc, pmTOR, and pSTAT5, suggesting that the STAT5-c-Myc axis plays a role in regulating B cell metabolism. Additionally, proteome microarray analysis revealed that the serum of the vaccinated group contained higher levels of IgG antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 N-Nter protein and IgA antibodies specific to the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein. In summary, these findings indicate that the vaccinated group develops a more robust coronavirus-specific immune response, with enhanced BCR signaling and metabolic activity compared to the recovered group. These insights might contribute to the optimization of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design.展开更多
Objective:To compare limiting dilution assay and real-time PCR methods in Leishmania tropica parasite load measurement in vaccinated mice.Methods:BALB/c mice were vaccinated by Leishmania tropica soluble Leishmania an...Objective:To compare limiting dilution assay and real-time PCR methods in Leishmania tropica parasite load measurement in vaccinated mice.Methods:BALB/c mice were vaccinated by Leishmania tropica soluble Leishmania antigen or recombinant Leishmania tropica stressinducible protein-1 with/without adjuvant.After three vaccinations,mice were challenged by Leishmania tropica promastigotes.Two months after challenge,the draining lymph nodes of mice footpad were removed and parasite load was assayed by limiting dilution assay and real-time PCR methods.Limiting dilution assay was done by diluting tissue samples to extinction in a biphasic medium.For real-time PCR,DNA of the lymph nodes was extracted,equal dilutions of each sample were prepared and hot-start real-time PCR was done using appropriate primers.The data of the two methods were compared by appropriate statistical methods.Results:Both methods were able to measure different levels of parasite load in vaccinated/unvaccinated mice.In addition,wherever parasite load of a group was estimated high(or low)by one method,the estimated parasite load by another method was the same,although statistically significant differences were found between some groups.Conclusions:Both methods lead to approximately similar results in terms of differentiating parasite load of the experimental groups.However,due to the lower errors and faster process,the real-time PCR method is preferred.展开更多
In this study,the decay of maternal peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV) antibodies in kids born to goats vaccinated with Asian lineage IV PPR vaccine and the efficacy of passive immunity against PPRV was assessed t...In this study,the decay of maternal peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV) antibodies in kids born to goats vaccinated with Asian lineage IV PPR vaccine and the efficacy of passive immunity against PPRV was assessed to determine the appropriate period for vaccination in kids.Serum samples collected from kids born to vaccinated,unvaccinated and infected goats at different time intervals were tested by PPR competitive ELISA and serum neutralization test(SNT).Maternal antibodies in kids were detectable up to 6 months with a decline trend from the third month onwards and receded below the protective level by the fourth month.The kid with an SN titre of 1:8 at the time of immunization showed significant PPRV specific antibody response(percentage inhibition of 76;SN titers >1:16),when tested on 21 day post-vaccination and was completely protected from infection upon virulent PPRV challenge.Similarly,the kid with 1:8 SN titers was completely protected from PPR infection on active challenge.Therefore,PPR vaccination is recommended in kids,aged 4 months and born to immunized or exposed goats.This could be a suitable period to avoid window of susceptibility in kids to PPRV and the effort to eliminate PPR infection from susceptible populations.展开更多
Objective:To identify the acceptance of the vaccine based on factors influencing the vaccination program and the side effects from vaccinated people.Methods:A cross-sectional online survey of 1529 Bangladeshi adults(...Objective:To identify the acceptance of the vaccine based on factors influencing the vaccination program and the side effects from vaccinated people.Methods:A cross-sectional online survey of 1529 Bangladeshi adults(≥18 years)was conducted between 17 April,2021 and 26 April,2021.Statistical analysis of the data included Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression analysis.Results:In total,67.04%of the participants were willing to accept a COVID-19 vaccine,and 45.00%of them in our study had already received.Overall Bangladeshi people were more likely to accept COVID-19 vaccine if the vaccine reduces risk of infectious disease and has no associated health risk after receiving it.Among the respondents,religions,education level,living area(urban),belif that vaccines protect against infectious diseases and vaccines do not have health-related risk and vaccination was significantly associated with the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines.Conversely,people’s perception on development of natural immunity rather than receiving vaccines was also positively reflected.More than half(57.41%)reported minor side effects such as fever,muscle pain and headache after getting vaccine shots.Conclusions:This study revealed that the acceptance rate was influenced by socio-demographic and health-related characteristics and people are not afraid of this vaccine if they faced minor side effects after receiving it.These findings might help the government and policymakers of Bangladesh to implement necessary steps to accomplish this vaccination program effectively.展开更多
AIMTo explore the role of killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) genes in responsiveness or non-responsiveness to vaccination against hepatitis B virus. METHODSWe recruited 101 voluntary participants between March 2010 ...AIMTo explore the role of killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) genes in responsiveness or non-responsiveness to vaccination against hepatitis B virus. METHODSWe recruited 101 voluntary participants between March 2010 and December 2011. Sera samples from vaccinated and non-vaccinated participants were tested for the presence of anti-HBs antibodies as a measure of protection against hepatitis B, hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antibody as indicators of infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. KIR gene frequencies were determined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTSSera samples from 99 participants were tested for the levels of anti-HBs as an indicator of protection (≥ 10 mIU/mL) following vaccination as defined by the World Health Organization international reference standard. Among the vaccinated participants, 47% (35/74) had anti-HBs titers above 100 mIU/mL, 22% (16/74) had anti-HBs ranging between 10-100 mIU/mL, and 20% (15/74) had values of less than 10 mIU/mL. We report the lack of significant association between the number of vaccine dosages and the titer of antibodies among our vaccinated participants. The inhibitory KIR2DL1, KIR2DL4, KIR3DL1, KIR3DL2, and KIR3DL were detected in more than 95%, whereas KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL5 (KR2DL5A and KIR2DL5B) were expressed in 56%, 84% and 42% (25% and 29%) of participants, respectively. The observed frequency of the activating KIR genes ranged between 35% and 55% except for KIR2DS4, detected in 95% of the study participants (40.6% 2DS4*001/002; 82.2% 2DS4*003/007). KIR2DP1 pseudogene was detected in 99% of our participants, whereas KIR3DP*001/02/04 and KIR3DP1*003 had frequencies of 17% and 100%, respectively. No association between the frequency of KIR genes and anti-HBs antibodies was detected. When we compared the frequency of KIR genes between vaccinated individuals with protective antibodies titers and those who lost their protective antibody levels, we did not detect a significant difference. KIR2DL5B was significantly different among different groups of vaccinated participants (group I > 100 mIU/mL, group II 10-100 mIU/mL, group III CONCLUSIONTo our knowledge, this is the first study screening for the possible role of KIR genes among individuals vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Our results can be used to design larger studies to better understand the role of KIR genes in protection against or susceptibility to HBV post vaccination.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate, whether humoral hepatitis-B-vaccine non-responders also fail to mount a T cell response and to compare these results to normal vaccinees. METHODS: Fourty-seven health care employees were enrolled in ...AIM: To evaluate, whether humoral hepatitis-B-vaccine non-responders also fail to mount a T cell response and to compare these results to normal vaccinees. METHODS: Fourty-seven health care employees were enrolled in this study including all available non- responders (n = 13) with an anti-HBsAg titer < 10 kU/L and all available low-responders (n = 12) with an anti- HBsAg titer < 100 kU/L. Also, 12 consecutive anti-HBsAg negative pre-vaccination subjects were enrolled as well as 10 subjects (+7 from the vaccinated group) with titers > 1000 kU/L as controls. PBMC from all subjects were analyzed by IFN-γ and IL-4 ELISPOT assays for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) reactive T cells. RESULTS: Non-responders and low-responders had no or only very limited T cell responses, respectively. Indi- viduals responding to vaccination with the induction of a high anti-HBsAg titer showed a strong T cell response after the third vaccination. Surprisingly, these individuals showed response even before the first vaccination. T cell response to control antigens and mitogens was similar in all groups. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that there is no gen- eral immune deficiency in non-/low-responders. Thus, we hypothesize that the induction of anti-HBsAg re- sponses by vaccination is significantly dependent on the pre-existing T cell repertoire against the specific antigen rather than the presence of a general T cell defect.展开更多
Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease virus（IBDV）causes infectious bursal disease,a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease that affects young chickens and causes economic losses in the poultry industry worldwid...Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease virus（IBDV）causes infectious bursal disease,a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease that affects young chickens and causes economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide.IBDV replicates mainly in actively dividing B lymphocytes within the bursa of Fabricius（BF）,leading to immunosuppression in affected flocks（Mahgoub et al.,2012）.Viral protein 2（VP2）,展开更多
Smallpox eradication was successful via prophylactic administration of live attenuated vaccinia virus. As a result of the discontinuation of the smallpox immunization program, many individuals are now susceptible to s...Smallpox eradication was successful via prophylactic administration of live attenuated vaccinia virus. As a result of the discontinuation of the smallpox immunization program, many individuals are now susceptible to smallpox virus infection should it be used as a biological weapon. Presently, only individuals at high risk for exposure are required to receive smallpox vaccine, such as laboratory personnel that handle variola/vaccinia virus. This study endeavored to investigate a one-year period of vaccinia virus-specific T cell responses using polychromatic flow cytometry and neutralizing (Nt) antibody responses using plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) in individuals receiving primary immunization (n = 5) with ACAM2000<sup>TM</sup> smallpox vaccine. Functional and phenotypic profiles of vaccinia virus-specific T cell responses were characterized. Each single functional measurement {CD107a/b expression, production of interferon g (IFN-g), macrophage inflammatory protein 1b (MIP-1b), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a)} demonstrated that vaccinia virus-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were functional at least one time point after vaccination (p ≤ 0.05). However, vaccinia virus-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells were functional only for MIP-1b production (p ≤ 0.05). Vaccinia virus-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells induced in these individuals showed increased polyfunctionality in at least 2 phenotypes relative to pre-vaccination (p ≤ 0.05). Although only three of five individuals (60%) showed positive Nt antibody (titer ≥ 20) at first month after vaccination, all five individuals (100%) demonstrated Nt antibody at 2 months, post-immunization. Interestingly, all vaccinees could retain the Nt antibody for 6 months after primary vaccination. In conclusion, ACAM2000<sup>TM</sup> smallpox vaccine induced both polyfunctional T cell-and Nt antibody-responses in primary immunized individuals.展开更多
Background:Despite the high efficacy of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),rare breakthrough infections have been reported,including infections among...Background:Despite the high efficacy of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),rare breakthrough infections have been reported,including infections among health care workers.Data are needed to characterize these infections and define correlates of breakthrough and infectivity.展开更多
AIM: Patients with chronic hepatitis C have been recommended to receive vaccinations against hepatitis B. Our study aimed at evaluating the hepatitis B immunogenicity and efficacy against hepatitis B virus infection 4...AIM: Patients with chronic hepatitis C have been recommended to receive vaccinations against hepatitis B. Our study aimed at evaluating the hepatitis B immunogenicity and efficacy against hepatitis B virus infection 4 years after primary immunization series in a group of patients with chronic hepatitis C.METHODS: We recruited 36 out of 48 hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected individuals who were vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (20 μg of recombinant HBsAg at 0-1-6mo schedule) in 1998. Here we measured anti-HBs titers and anti-HBc 4 years after delivery of the third dose of primary immunization series.RESULTS: After 4 years a total of 13/36 (36%) HCV infected patients had seroprotective titers of anti-HBs compared with 9/10 (90%) in the control group, (P＜0.05).Similarly the mean concentration of anti-HBs found in hepatitis C patients was significantly lower than that found in healthy subjects (18.3 and 156.0 mIU/mL respectively (P＜0.05). None of the HCV infected patients or controls became infected with HBV during the study period as confirmed by anti-HBc negativity.CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that 4 years after HBV immunizations' more than 60% of vaccinated HCV patients did not maintain seroprotective levels of anti-HBs, which might put them at risk of clinically significant breakthrough infections. Further follow-up studies are required to clarify whether memory B and T lymphocytes can provideprotection in chronic hepatitis C patients in the absence or inadequate titers of anti-HBs.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to observe the clinical and immune response characteristics of vaccinated persons infected with the delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in Yangzhou,Ch...Objective:This study aimed to observe the clinical and immune response characteristics of vaccinated persons infected with the delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in Yangzhou,China.Methods:We extracted the medical data of 129 patients with delta-variant infection who were admitted to Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital(Yangzhou,China)between August and September,2021.The patients were grouped according to the number of vaccine doses received into an unvaccinated group:a one-dose group and a two-dose group.The vaccine used was SARS-CoV-2-inactivated vaccine developed by Sinovac.We retrospectively analyzed the patients’epidemiological,clinical,laboratory,and imaging data.Results:Almost all patients with delta-variant infection in Yangzhou were elderly,and patients with severe/critical illness were over 70 years of age.The rates of severe/critical illness(P=0.006),fever(P=0.025),and dyspnea(P=0.045)were lower in the two-dose group than in the unvaccinated group.Compared to the unvaccinated group,the two-dose group showed significantly higher lymphocyte counts and significantly lower levels of C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin-6(IL-6),and D-dimer during hospitalization and a significantly higher positive rate of immunoglobulin G(IgG)antibodies at admission(all P<0.05).The cumulative probabilities of hospital discharge and negative virus conversion were also higher in the two-dose group than in the unvaccinated group(P<0.05).Conclusions:Two doses of the SARS-CoV-2-inactivated vaccine were highly effective at limiting symptomatic disease and reducing immune response,while a single dose did not seem to be effective.展开更多
Hepatic impairment in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)may derive from cholangiocyte damage in the beginning,but not from direct infection of hepatocytes.Chronic liver disease patients co-infected with severe acute r...Hepatic impairment in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)may derive from cholangiocyte damage in the beginning,but not from direct infection of hepatocytes.Chronic liver disease patients co-infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)exhibited overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors and overwhelming cytokine storm.Consensus has been reached that we should encourage as many people as possible to be vaccinated in order to achieve herd immunity.SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can prevent or alleviate severe infection and cytokine storm.It is recommended that all adult patients with chronic liver diseases and liver transplant recipients should receive COVID-19 vaccines using the standard dose and schedule.Data is not yet sufficient to compare the efficacy of different types of vaccines used in chronic liver disease patients.展开更多
Standard schedules for equine influenza vaccinations have been published in Finland. However, no knowledge about the actual number of vaccinations has been available. Based on previous preliminary studies in slaughter...Standard schedules for equine influenza vaccinations have been published in Finland. However, no knowledge about the actual number of vaccinations has been available. Based on previous preliminary studies in slaughterhouses and among horse owners, it was suspected that vaccination recommendations are not always followed. The aims were to investigate vaccination status against equine influenza among Finnish racehorses in regional competitions. Vaccination status was investigated： （1） by utilizing database vaccination information of show jumping and dressage horses and （2） by carrying out a survey among horse industry experts. A total of 400 horses were selected at the beginning of the Finnish competition season in 2012 and five experts （key persons） were invited to a repeated survey implemented by Delphi techniques. Overall, 50%-100% of horses were properly vaccinated depending on the source available. Thirty-four percent （34%） of the horses had the competition license but no vaccination markings in the database. Differences between types of competition （show jumping and dressage） and between Southern and Northern parts of Finland were found. Vaccinations of show jumping horses were registered more often than vaccinations of dressage horses. Ninety percent （90%） of unvaccinated horses in the database were eight years or older. It can be concluded that equine influenza vaccination registry coverage among racehorses in Finland is incomplete. This poses a risk of misunderstanding, and the growing responsibility of competition organizers.展开更多
Background: the hepatitis B virus infection remains a major public health problem worldwide. It can lead to a liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended the im...Background: the hepatitis B virus infection remains a major public health problem worldwide. It can lead to a liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended the implementation of generalised vaccination programs against hepatitis B. In Cameroon, this vaccine was introduced in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) in 2005, but few studies have assessed the immune response. Objective: the general objective of this study was to identify factors associated with antibody levels among children aged from 15 to 59 months vaccinated against hepatitis B during the EPI in Cameroon. Method: this was a cross-sectional study carried out from December 2021 to June 2022 in a paediatric centre of Yaoundé (Cameroon). We analysed the antibody level in children vaccinated against hepatitis B within the framework of the EPI. We enrolled children who had received a series of 3 intramuscular doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 6, 10 and 14 weeks after birth. Some children could receive a 4<sup>th</sup> booster dose between 12 months. The antibody level was assessed by measuring the anti-HBs in such children, aged 15 - 59 months. A good immunization was defined as a serum level of anti-HBs antibody level above 100 IU/mL;a poor immunization, for an anti-HBs antibody level between 10 and 100 IU/mL;and a non-immunization, for an anti-HBs antibody level < 10 IU/mL. Association between explored factors and poor or non-immunization was evaluated through the Chi square test. The significance threshold was defined at p < 0.05. Results: sixty subjects were included in the study with a slight female majority: 31 cases (52%). The average age was 38.5 ± 15.7 months (range 15 - 59 months). We found 32 (53%) cases of good immunization;21 (35%) of poor immunization;and 7 children (12%) with a non-immunization. The only factor associated with poor or non-immunization was the age between 37 - 59 months (p = 0.016). Conclusion: Anti HBs Antibody levels in children vaccinated against hepatitis B virus were globally satisfactory in our series. Results show an association between low antibody levels with older age (over 36 months), suggesting a circulating antibodies levels decrease over time, yet deemed protecting until 59 months.展开更多
The experiment was conducted at Veterinary Research Station of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Royal University of Agriculture.The experimental period lasted 60 days,starting from October 1st to November 30th 2022.CRD(...The experiment was conducted at Veterinary Research Station of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Royal University of Agriculture.The experimental period lasted 60 days,starting from October 1st to November 30th 2022.CRD(Completely Randomized Design)was used with 2 treatments/groups,vaccination group and non-vaccination group“control”,and 6 replications.The vaccination groups received two times of vaccination by dropping into the ocular at 7 days and 21 days.Meanwhile,blood samples were collected 3 times to detect the antibody level of ND(Newcastle Disease)and contained 21 days old,35 days old and 49 days old chicks.The ELISA(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)was performed to detect the antibody of those 2 groups.The result of finding showed that the S/P(Sample to Positive)ratio of control at 21 days,was very low,even in 3rd quartile,which was below the threshold.However,the vaccination group was relatively high,even in 1st quartile,which was higher than the threshold.At 35 days,S/P ratio of control group was still very low,but a bit higher than at 21 days.Meanwhile,the vaccination group was still high,even in 1st quartile,and two-time higher than at 21 days,but an increasing number of samples developed less antibody than threshold,accounting for 12.22%.At 49 days,the control group was still very low,even in 3rd quartile,but a bit higher than at 21 days and 35 days,and was close to the threshold.The vaccination group was still relatively high,even in 1st quartile but lower than three times comparing to 35 days.However,in this age,the number of chickens that developed antibody seemed to be increased in the control group,vice versa for vaccination group.The average S/P ratio was different significant(p<0.001),where vaccination had higher S/P ratio than control.It was similar finding for log-titer,the vaccination had higher figure(p<0.001).The risk of infection of ND was higher in control group,but it will reduce by increasing the age of chicken,while vaccination group was decreased by increasing age,especially at 49 days and we need to consider another vaccination to get full protection.展开更多
<strong>Introduction:</strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Rotavirus infection is a leading cause of severe diarrhea culminating to d...<strong>Introduction:</strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Rotavirus infection is a leading cause of severe diarrhea culminating to dehydration among children under five years of age. Understanding trends and factors that could assist towards devising effective preventive strategies of Rotavirus infection beyond vaccination is crucial. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objectives: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study was done in an attempt to determine the prevalence and associated factors of Rotavirus infection among vaccinated children aged between 6 weeks and 24 months admitted with acute diarrhea Mwanza, Tanzania. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Material and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Across sectional study involving vaccinated children aged 6 weeks to 24 months was conducted in three selected hospitals from July 2017 to January 2018. Socio-demographic and other relevant clinical information were collected using a standardized data collection tool adopted from WHO Rotavirus surveillance tool. Rotavirus infection from the stool was detected using an enzyme immunoassay. Data were analyzed using STATA version 13. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A total of 301 vaccinated children with acute diarrhea with a median age of 12 [IQR: 8 </span></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 17] months were enrolled. Nine (3.0%) and 292 (97.0%) had received one dose and two doses of Rotavirus vaccine, respectively. The prevalence of Rotavirus infection was 74 (24.6%) [95% CI: 20.0 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 29.8]. Independent predictors of Rotavirus infection were: dry season (OR 6.9;95% CI: 2.9 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 16.0;p < 0.001), 3 ≥ children indwelling in the same house (OR 2.1;95% CI: 1.1 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 4.2;p = 0.043) and vomiting (OR 3.6;95% CI 1.1 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 12.6;p = 0.045). Children with Rotavirus infection had a significantly shorter hospital stay than those without Rotavirus infection (3 [2 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 4] days versus 3 [3 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 5] days;p = 0.0297). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The prevalence of Rotavirus infection has declined among vaccinated children in Mwanza, Tanzania with significant decrease in the hospital stay. Dry seasons, three or more children indwelling in the same house and vomiting were independent predictors of Rotavirus infection. There is a need to sustain the coverage of rotavirus vaccination in low-income countries in order to significantly reduce associated morbidity and mortality.</span></span></span>展开更多
Introduction: Viral hepatitis B (VHL) is a public health problem, particularly in sub-Sahara Africa. The aim of this study was to assess vaccination coverage against HBV in children in Brazzaville. Patients and Method...Introduction: Viral hepatitis B (VHL) is a public health problem, particularly in sub-Sahara Africa. The aim of this study was to assess vaccination coverage against HBV in children in Brazzaville. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted in Brazzaville health centres from January to September 2019. It involved children aged between six months and six years who received a vaccination against HBV. Sampling was exhaustive and based on stratified sampling. Results: The overall prevalence of children vaccinated against HBV in Brazzaville was 96.2%. It was insufficient in the Talangai health district (79%). The pentavalent vaccine was administered to 97.7% of children, 85% of whom had received all three doses. The reasons for incomplete vaccination were parents’ ignorance of HVB (85.6%) and of vaccination (14.3%). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of vaccinated children is high in Brazzaville, it is still insufficient in some health districts, particularly Talangai, because parents are unaware of the disease and of vaccination. Pentavalent is the only vaccine available in the national vaccination programme, which is why an effective national vaccination policy needs to be put in place. .展开更多
Objective: To analyze the severe cases of COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 and compare those vaccinated and unvaccinated against influenza in invasive ventilation, admission in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and deaths. Method: ...Objective: To analyze the severe cases of COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 and compare those vaccinated and unvaccinated against influenza in invasive ventilation, admission in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and deaths. Method: Cross-sectional study with public data from the OpenDataSUS platform, regarding confirmed severe cases for COVID-19 in Brazil in the year 2020. Data were analyzed by SPSS, from the chi-square test of independence and binary logistic regression. Results: The population was 472,688 cases and 177,640 deaths, with a lethality of 37.58% in severe cases. The test of independence was highly significant in vaccinated survivors (<0.0001), and regression showed an almost twofold odds ratio for invasive ventilation, ICU admission, and death in unvaccinated cases. Conclusion: We recommend mass influenza vaccination as an adjuvant in combating the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.展开更多
The study was to determine the appropriate dose and administration route of Ornitin Triple vaccine in cross-breed coloured broilers in Vietnam by evaluating the antibody titer against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale(O...The study was to determine the appropriate dose and administration route of Ornitin Triple vaccine in cross-breed coloured broilers in Vietnam by evaluating the antibody titer against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale(ORT)and local reactions at injection sites on chickens after vaccination.The study was divided into 2 trials.Both trials were designed with 3 vaccine dose groups:0.0ml(control group),0.25ml and 0.5ml and 2 different administration routes:subcutaneous at neck(SC)and intramuscular at breast(IM)injection.The result showed that,no statistically significant difference was found between antibody titer of two administration routes as well as 2 vaccine doses until 13-week-old.Local reactions at the injection sites of IM route was less severe than SC at neck and in higher dose would produce a more severe swelling reaction.Daily weight gain was found to have a slight decrease in the vaccinated groups within 2 weeks after vaccination,however,no statistically significant difference was found in later stage(P>0.05).In conclusion,Ornitin Triple can be used to vaccinate by IM with the dose of 0.25ml for coloured broilers at early age(3-week-old),or 0.5ml for older birds and should be careful for some reactions at the injection sites.展开更多
文摘Japanese encephalitis(JE),a vector-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV),remains a major public health concern in South and Southeast Asia[1].JEV,a Flaviviridae family virus,is primarily transmitted by Culex mosquitoes,especially the Culex vishnui subgroup,which breeds extensively in rice fields[1].Birds(Ardeidae family)act as natural reservoirs,while pigs serve as amplifying hosts,and humans are incidental hosts[1].
基金supported by grants from R&D Program of Guangzhou Laboratory(SRPG22-006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82371784,92374110)+2 种基金the R&D Program of Guangzhou National Laboratory(No.GZNL2023A01005)the Fourteenth Five-Year National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC2307200)the State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Program(1640282).
文摘SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination both trigger immune responses. The former leads to naturally acquired immunity, while the latter induces active immunity through artificial means. However, the distinct immune effects of vaccination and infection, as well as their underlying mechanisms, require further clarification. In this study, we compared the peripheral B cell differentiation, serological differences and the expression level of BCR signaling molecules between the vaccinated and recovered group. The vaccinated group exhibited reduced RBD-specific B cell differentiation and lower CD86 signal intensity on memory B cells, but enhanced BCR signaling in B cells. Regarding metabolic signaling, the vaccinated group had elevated expression levels of pS6, c-Myc, pmTOR, and pSTAT5, suggesting that the STAT5-c-Myc axis plays a role in regulating B cell metabolism. Additionally, proteome microarray analysis revealed that the serum of the vaccinated group contained higher levels of IgG antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 N-Nter protein and IgA antibodies specific to the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein. In summary, these findings indicate that the vaccinated group develops a more robust coronavirus-specific immune response, with enhanced BCR signaling and metabolic activity compared to the recovered group. These insights might contribute to the optimization of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design.
基金supported by Pasteur Institute of Iran(funding No 754)Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences(funding No 980467).
文摘Objective:To compare limiting dilution assay and real-time PCR methods in Leishmania tropica parasite load measurement in vaccinated mice.Methods:BALB/c mice were vaccinated by Leishmania tropica soluble Leishmania antigen or recombinant Leishmania tropica stressinducible protein-1 with/without adjuvant.After three vaccinations,mice were challenged by Leishmania tropica promastigotes.Two months after challenge,the draining lymph nodes of mice footpad were removed and parasite load was assayed by limiting dilution assay and real-time PCR methods.Limiting dilution assay was done by diluting tissue samples to extinction in a biphasic medium.For real-time PCR,DNA of the lymph nodes was extracted,equal dilutions of each sample were prepared and hot-start real-time PCR was done using appropriate primers.The data of the two methods were compared by appropriate statistical methods.Results:Both methods were able to measure different levels of parasite load in vaccinated/unvaccinated mice.In addition,wherever parasite load of a group was estimated high(or low)by one method,the estimated parasite load by another method was the same,although statistically significant differences were found between some groups.Conclusions:Both methods lead to approximately similar results in terms of differentiating parasite load of the experimental groups.However,due to the lower errors and faster process,the real-time PCR method is preferred.
基金Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance(PD_ADMAS)
文摘In this study,the decay of maternal peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV) antibodies in kids born to goats vaccinated with Asian lineage IV PPR vaccine and the efficacy of passive immunity against PPRV was assessed to determine the appropriate period for vaccination in kids.Serum samples collected from kids born to vaccinated,unvaccinated and infected goats at different time intervals were tested by PPR competitive ELISA and serum neutralization test(SNT).Maternal antibodies in kids were detectable up to 6 months with a decline trend from the third month onwards and receded below the protective level by the fourth month.The kid with an SN titre of 1:8 at the time of immunization showed significant PPRV specific antibody response(percentage inhibition of 76;SN titers >1:16),when tested on 21 day post-vaccination and was completely protected from infection upon virulent PPRV challenge.Similarly,the kid with 1:8 SN titers was completely protected from PPR infection on active challenge.Therefore,PPR vaccination is recommended in kids,aged 4 months and born to immunized or exposed goats.This could be a suitable period to avoid window of susceptibility in kids to PPRV and the effort to eliminate PPR infection from susceptible populations.
文摘Objective:To identify the acceptance of the vaccine based on factors influencing the vaccination program and the side effects from vaccinated people.Methods:A cross-sectional online survey of 1529 Bangladeshi adults(≥18 years)was conducted between 17 April,2021 and 26 April,2021.Statistical analysis of the data included Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression analysis.Results:In total,67.04%of the participants were willing to accept a COVID-19 vaccine,and 45.00%of them in our study had already received.Overall Bangladeshi people were more likely to accept COVID-19 vaccine if the vaccine reduces risk of infectious disease and has no associated health risk after receiving it.Among the respondents,religions,education level,living area(urban),belif that vaccines protect against infectious diseases and vaccines do not have health-related risk and vaccination was significantly associated with the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines.Conversely,people’s perception on development of natural immunity rather than receiving vaccines was also positively reflected.More than half(57.41%)reported minor side effects such as fever,muscle pain and headache after getting vaccine shots.Conclusions:This study revealed that the acceptance rate was influenced by socio-demographic and health-related characteristics and people are not afraid of this vaccine if they faced minor side effects after receiving it.These findings might help the government and policymakers of Bangladesh to implement necessary steps to accomplish this vaccination program effectively.
基金Supported by The University Review Board at the American University of Beirut,No.A88507the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research,No.A522185
文摘AIMTo explore the role of killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) genes in responsiveness or non-responsiveness to vaccination against hepatitis B virus. METHODSWe recruited 101 voluntary participants between March 2010 and December 2011. Sera samples from vaccinated and non-vaccinated participants were tested for the presence of anti-HBs antibodies as a measure of protection against hepatitis B, hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antibody as indicators of infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. KIR gene frequencies were determined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTSSera samples from 99 participants were tested for the levels of anti-HBs as an indicator of protection (≥ 10 mIU/mL) following vaccination as defined by the World Health Organization international reference standard. Among the vaccinated participants, 47% (35/74) had anti-HBs titers above 100 mIU/mL, 22% (16/74) had anti-HBs ranging between 10-100 mIU/mL, and 20% (15/74) had values of less than 10 mIU/mL. We report the lack of significant association between the number of vaccine dosages and the titer of antibodies among our vaccinated participants. The inhibitory KIR2DL1, KIR2DL4, KIR3DL1, KIR3DL2, and KIR3DL were detected in more than 95%, whereas KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL5 (KR2DL5A and KIR2DL5B) were expressed in 56%, 84% and 42% (25% and 29%) of participants, respectively. The observed frequency of the activating KIR genes ranged between 35% and 55% except for KIR2DS4, detected in 95% of the study participants (40.6% 2DS4*001/002; 82.2% 2DS4*003/007). KIR2DP1 pseudogene was detected in 99% of our participants, whereas KIR3DP*001/02/04 and KIR3DP1*003 had frequencies of 17% and 100%, respectively. No association between the frequency of KIR genes and anti-HBs antibodies was detected. When we compared the frequency of KIR genes between vaccinated individuals with protective antibodies titers and those who lost their protective antibody levels, we did not detect a significant difference. KIR2DL5B was significantly different among different groups of vaccinated participants (group I > 100 mIU/mL, group II 10-100 mIU/mL, group III CONCLUSIONTo our knowledge, this is the first study screening for the possible role of KIR genes among individuals vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Our results can be used to design larger studies to better understand the role of KIR genes in protection against or susceptibility to HBV post vaccination.
基金Supported by Sofia-Kovalevskaja Award of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (JL Schultze), No. 37888309, Koeln Fortune (MR Weihrauch)
文摘AIM: To evaluate, whether humoral hepatitis-B-vaccine non-responders also fail to mount a T cell response and to compare these results to normal vaccinees. METHODS: Fourty-seven health care employees were enrolled in this study including all available non- responders (n = 13) with an anti-HBsAg titer < 10 kU/L and all available low-responders (n = 12) with an anti- HBsAg titer < 100 kU/L. Also, 12 consecutive anti-HBsAg negative pre-vaccination subjects were enrolled as well as 10 subjects (+7 from the vaccinated group) with titers > 1000 kU/L as controls. PBMC from all subjects were analyzed by IFN-γ and IL-4 ELISPOT assays for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) reactive T cells. RESULTS: Non-responders and low-responders had no or only very limited T cell responses, respectively. Indi- viduals responding to vaccination with the induction of a high anti-HBsAg titer showed a strong T cell response after the third vaccination. Surprisingly, these individuals showed response even before the first vaccination. T cell response to control antigens and mitogens was similar in all groups. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that there is no gen- eral immune deficiency in non-/low-responders. Thus, we hypothesize that the induction of anti-HBsAg re- sponses by vaccination is significantly dependent on the pre-existing T cell repertoire against the specific antigen rather than the presence of a general T cell defect.
基金supported by grants AERG 232141/PNBIO 1131032 from the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria(INTA)PICT 2008-0400 from the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica(ANPCyT),Argentina
文摘Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease virus（IBDV）causes infectious bursal disease,a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease that affects young chickens and causes economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide.IBDV replicates mainly in actively dividing B lymphocytes within the bursa of Fabricius（BF）,leading to immunosuppression in affected flocks（Mahgoub et al.,2012）.Viral protein 2（VP2）,
文摘Smallpox eradication was successful via prophylactic administration of live attenuated vaccinia virus. As a result of the discontinuation of the smallpox immunization program, many individuals are now susceptible to smallpox virus infection should it be used as a biological weapon. Presently, only individuals at high risk for exposure are required to receive smallpox vaccine, such as laboratory personnel that handle variola/vaccinia virus. This study endeavored to investigate a one-year period of vaccinia virus-specific T cell responses using polychromatic flow cytometry and neutralizing (Nt) antibody responses using plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) in individuals receiving primary immunization (n = 5) with ACAM2000<sup>TM</sup> smallpox vaccine. Functional and phenotypic profiles of vaccinia virus-specific T cell responses were characterized. Each single functional measurement {CD107a/b expression, production of interferon g (IFN-g), macrophage inflammatory protein 1b (MIP-1b), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a)} demonstrated that vaccinia virus-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were functional at least one time point after vaccination (p ≤ 0.05). However, vaccinia virus-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells were functional only for MIP-1b production (p ≤ 0.05). Vaccinia virus-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells induced in these individuals showed increased polyfunctionality in at least 2 phenotypes relative to pre-vaccination (p ≤ 0.05). Although only three of five individuals (60%) showed positive Nt antibody (titer ≥ 20) at first month after vaccination, all five individuals (100%) demonstrated Nt antibody at 2 months, post-immunization. Interestingly, all vaccinees could retain the Nt antibody for 6 months after primary vaccination. In conclusion, ACAM2000<sup>TM</sup> smallpox vaccine induced both polyfunctional T cell-and Nt antibody-responses in primary immunized individuals.
文摘Background:Despite the high efficacy of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),rare breakthrough infections have been reported,including infections among health care workers.Data are needed to characterize these infections and define correlates of breakthrough and infectivity.
文摘AIM: Patients with chronic hepatitis C have been recommended to receive vaccinations against hepatitis B. Our study aimed at evaluating the hepatitis B immunogenicity and efficacy against hepatitis B virus infection 4 years after primary immunization series in a group of patients with chronic hepatitis C.METHODS: We recruited 36 out of 48 hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected individuals who were vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (20 μg of recombinant HBsAg at 0-1-6mo schedule) in 1998. Here we measured anti-HBs titers and anti-HBc 4 years after delivery of the third dose of primary immunization series.RESULTS: After 4 years a total of 13/36 (36%) HCV infected patients had seroprotective titers of anti-HBs compared with 9/10 (90%) in the control group, (P＜0.05).Similarly the mean concentration of anti-HBs found in hepatitis C patients was significantly lower than that found in healthy subjects (18.3 and 156.0 mIU/mL respectively (P＜0.05). None of the HCV infected patients or controls became infected with HBV during the study period as confirmed by anti-HBc negativity.CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that 4 years after HBV immunizations' more than 60% of vaccinated HCV patients did not maintain seroprotective levels of anti-HBs, which might put them at risk of clinically significant breakthrough infections. Further follow-up studies are required to clarify whether memory B and T lymphocytes can provideprotection in chronic hepatitis C patients in the absence or inadequate titers of anti-HBs.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82171207 and 82172190)the Jiangsu Association for Science and Technology Young Scientific and Technological Talents Support Project(No.2021008)+1 种基金the Jiangsu Province“333”High-level Talents Training Project(No.2022-3-6-146)the Yangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(Nos.YZ2021088 and YZ2021148)。
文摘Objective:This study aimed to observe the clinical and immune response characteristics of vaccinated persons infected with the delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in Yangzhou,China.Methods:We extracted the medical data of 129 patients with delta-variant infection who were admitted to Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital(Yangzhou,China)between August and September,2021.The patients were grouped according to the number of vaccine doses received into an unvaccinated group:a one-dose group and a two-dose group.The vaccine used was SARS-CoV-2-inactivated vaccine developed by Sinovac.We retrospectively analyzed the patients’epidemiological,clinical,laboratory,and imaging data.Results:Almost all patients with delta-variant infection in Yangzhou were elderly,and patients with severe/critical illness were over 70 years of age.The rates of severe/critical illness(P=0.006),fever(P=0.025),and dyspnea(P=0.045)were lower in the two-dose group than in the unvaccinated group.Compared to the unvaccinated group,the two-dose group showed significantly higher lymphocyte counts and significantly lower levels of C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin-6(IL-6),and D-dimer during hospitalization and a significantly higher positive rate of immunoglobulin G(IgG)antibodies at admission(all P<0.05).The cumulative probabilities of hospital discharge and negative virus conversion were also higher in the two-dose group than in the unvaccinated group(P<0.05).Conclusions:Two doses of the SARS-CoV-2-inactivated vaccine were highly effective at limiting symptomatic disease and reducing immune response,while a single dose did not seem to be effective.
文摘Hepatic impairment in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)may derive from cholangiocyte damage in the beginning,but not from direct infection of hepatocytes.Chronic liver disease patients co-infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)exhibited overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors and overwhelming cytokine storm.Consensus has been reached that we should encourage as many people as possible to be vaccinated in order to achieve herd immunity.SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can prevent or alleviate severe infection and cytokine storm.It is recommended that all adult patients with chronic liver diseases and liver transplant recipients should receive COVID-19 vaccines using the standard dose and schedule.Data is not yet sufficient to compare the efficacy of different types of vaccines used in chronic liver disease patients.
文摘Standard schedules for equine influenza vaccinations have been published in Finland. However, no knowledge about the actual number of vaccinations has been available. Based on previous preliminary studies in slaughterhouses and among horse owners, it was suspected that vaccination recommendations are not always followed. The aims were to investigate vaccination status against equine influenza among Finnish racehorses in regional competitions. Vaccination status was investigated： （1） by utilizing database vaccination information of show jumping and dressage horses and （2） by carrying out a survey among horse industry experts. A total of 400 horses were selected at the beginning of the Finnish competition season in 2012 and five experts （key persons） were invited to a repeated survey implemented by Delphi techniques. Overall, 50%-100% of horses were properly vaccinated depending on the source available. Thirty-four percent （34%） of the horses had the competition license but no vaccination markings in the database. Differences between types of competition （show jumping and dressage） and between Southern and Northern parts of Finland were found. Vaccinations of show jumping horses were registered more often than vaccinations of dressage horses. Ninety percent （90%） of unvaccinated horses in the database were eight years or older. It can be concluded that equine influenza vaccination registry coverage among racehorses in Finland is incomplete. This poses a risk of misunderstanding, and the growing responsibility of competition organizers.
文摘Background: the hepatitis B virus infection remains a major public health problem worldwide. It can lead to a liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended the implementation of generalised vaccination programs against hepatitis B. In Cameroon, this vaccine was introduced in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) in 2005, but few studies have assessed the immune response. Objective: the general objective of this study was to identify factors associated with antibody levels among children aged from 15 to 59 months vaccinated against hepatitis B during the EPI in Cameroon. Method: this was a cross-sectional study carried out from December 2021 to June 2022 in a paediatric centre of Yaoundé (Cameroon). We analysed the antibody level in children vaccinated against hepatitis B within the framework of the EPI. We enrolled children who had received a series of 3 intramuscular doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 6, 10 and 14 weeks after birth. Some children could receive a 4<sup>th</sup> booster dose between 12 months. The antibody level was assessed by measuring the anti-HBs in such children, aged 15 - 59 months. A good immunization was defined as a serum level of anti-HBs antibody level above 100 IU/mL;a poor immunization, for an anti-HBs antibody level between 10 and 100 IU/mL;and a non-immunization, for an anti-HBs antibody level < 10 IU/mL. Association between explored factors and poor or non-immunization was evaluated through the Chi square test. The significance threshold was defined at p < 0.05. Results: sixty subjects were included in the study with a slight female majority: 31 cases (52%). The average age was 38.5 ± 15.7 months (range 15 - 59 months). We found 32 (53%) cases of good immunization;21 (35%) of poor immunization;and 7 children (12%) with a non-immunization. The only factor associated with poor or non-immunization was the age between 37 - 59 months (p = 0.016). Conclusion: Anti HBs Antibody levels in children vaccinated against hepatitis B virus were globally satisfactory in our series. Results show an association between low antibody levels with older age (over 36 months), suggesting a circulating antibodies levels decrease over time, yet deemed protecting until 59 months.
文摘The experiment was conducted at Veterinary Research Station of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Royal University of Agriculture.The experimental period lasted 60 days,starting from October 1st to November 30th 2022.CRD(Completely Randomized Design)was used with 2 treatments/groups,vaccination group and non-vaccination group“control”,and 6 replications.The vaccination groups received two times of vaccination by dropping into the ocular at 7 days and 21 days.Meanwhile,blood samples were collected 3 times to detect the antibody level of ND(Newcastle Disease)and contained 21 days old,35 days old and 49 days old chicks.The ELISA(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)was performed to detect the antibody of those 2 groups.The result of finding showed that the S/P(Sample to Positive)ratio of control at 21 days,was very low,even in 3rd quartile,which was below the threshold.However,the vaccination group was relatively high,even in 1st quartile,which was higher than the threshold.At 35 days,S/P ratio of control group was still very low,but a bit higher than at 21 days.Meanwhile,the vaccination group was still high,even in 1st quartile,and two-time higher than at 21 days,but an increasing number of samples developed less antibody than threshold,accounting for 12.22%.At 49 days,the control group was still very low,even in 3rd quartile,but a bit higher than at 21 days and 35 days,and was close to the threshold.The vaccination group was still relatively high,even in 1st quartile but lower than three times comparing to 35 days.However,in this age,the number of chickens that developed antibody seemed to be increased in the control group,vice versa for vaccination group.The average S/P ratio was different significant(p<0.001),where vaccination had higher S/P ratio than control.It was similar finding for log-titer,the vaccination had higher figure(p<0.001).The risk of infection of ND was higher in control group,but it will reduce by increasing the age of chicken,while vaccination group was decreased by increasing age,especially at 49 days and we need to consider another vaccination to get full protection.
文摘<strong>Introduction:</strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Rotavirus infection is a leading cause of severe diarrhea culminating to dehydration among children under five years of age. Understanding trends and factors that could assist towards devising effective preventive strategies of Rotavirus infection beyond vaccination is crucial. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objectives: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study was done in an attempt to determine the prevalence and associated factors of Rotavirus infection among vaccinated children aged between 6 weeks and 24 months admitted with acute diarrhea Mwanza, Tanzania. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Material and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Across sectional study involving vaccinated children aged 6 weeks to 24 months was conducted in three selected hospitals from July 2017 to January 2018. Socio-demographic and other relevant clinical information were collected using a standardized data collection tool adopted from WHO Rotavirus surveillance tool. Rotavirus infection from the stool was detected using an enzyme immunoassay. Data were analyzed using STATA version 13. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A total of 301 vaccinated children with acute diarrhea with a median age of 12 [IQR: 8 </span></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 17] months were enrolled. Nine (3.0%) and 292 (97.0%) had received one dose and two doses of Rotavirus vaccine, respectively. The prevalence of Rotavirus infection was 74 (24.6%) [95% CI: 20.0 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 29.8]. Independent predictors of Rotavirus infection were: dry season (OR 6.9;95% CI: 2.9 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 16.0;p < 0.001), 3 ≥ children indwelling in the same house (OR 2.1;95% CI: 1.1 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 4.2;p = 0.043) and vomiting (OR 3.6;95% CI 1.1 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 12.6;p = 0.045). Children with Rotavirus infection had a significantly shorter hospital stay than those without Rotavirus infection (3 [2 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 4] days versus 3 [3 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 5] days;p = 0.0297). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The prevalence of Rotavirus infection has declined among vaccinated children in Mwanza, Tanzania with significant decrease in the hospital stay. Dry seasons, three or more children indwelling in the same house and vomiting were independent predictors of Rotavirus infection. There is a need to sustain the coverage of rotavirus vaccination in low-income countries in order to significantly reduce associated morbidity and mortality.</span></span></span>
文摘Introduction: Viral hepatitis B (VHL) is a public health problem, particularly in sub-Sahara Africa. The aim of this study was to assess vaccination coverage against HBV in children in Brazzaville. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted in Brazzaville health centres from January to September 2019. It involved children aged between six months and six years who received a vaccination against HBV. Sampling was exhaustive and based on stratified sampling. Results: The overall prevalence of children vaccinated against HBV in Brazzaville was 96.2%. It was insufficient in the Talangai health district (79%). The pentavalent vaccine was administered to 97.7% of children, 85% of whom had received all three doses. The reasons for incomplete vaccination were parents’ ignorance of HVB (85.6%) and of vaccination (14.3%). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of vaccinated children is high in Brazzaville, it is still insufficient in some health districts, particularly Talangai, because parents are unaware of the disease and of vaccination. Pentavalent is the only vaccine available in the national vaccination programme, which is why an effective national vaccination policy needs to be put in place. .
文摘Objective: To analyze the severe cases of COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 and compare those vaccinated and unvaccinated against influenza in invasive ventilation, admission in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and deaths. Method: Cross-sectional study with public data from the OpenDataSUS platform, regarding confirmed severe cases for COVID-19 in Brazil in the year 2020. Data were analyzed by SPSS, from the chi-square test of independence and binary logistic regression. Results: The population was 472,688 cases and 177,640 deaths, with a lethality of 37.58% in severe cases. The test of independence was highly significant in vaccinated survivors (<0.0001), and regression showed an almost twofold odds ratio for invasive ventilation, ICU admission, and death in unvaccinated cases. Conclusion: We recommend mass influenza vaccination as an adjuvant in combating the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.
文摘The study was to determine the appropriate dose and administration route of Ornitin Triple vaccine in cross-breed coloured broilers in Vietnam by evaluating the antibody titer against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale(ORT)and local reactions at injection sites on chickens after vaccination.The study was divided into 2 trials.Both trials were designed with 3 vaccine dose groups:0.0ml(control group),0.25ml and 0.5ml and 2 different administration routes:subcutaneous at neck(SC)and intramuscular at breast(IM)injection.The result showed that,no statistically significant difference was found between antibody titer of two administration routes as well as 2 vaccine doses until 13-week-old.Local reactions at the injection sites of IM route was less severe than SC at neck and in higher dose would produce a more severe swelling reaction.Daily weight gain was found to have a slight decrease in the vaccinated groups within 2 weeks after vaccination,however,no statistically significant difference was found in later stage(P>0.05).In conclusion,Ornitin Triple can be used to vaccinate by IM with the dose of 0.25ml for coloured broilers at early age(3-week-old),or 0.5ml for older birds and should be careful for some reactions at the injection sites.
