In this study, the concentration of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were determined in fish samples, Labeo umbratus and Carp, collected from the Vaal River in South Africa. Ultras...In this study, the concentration of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were determined in fish samples, Labeo umbratus and Carp, collected from the Vaal River in South Africa. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique was used to extract the organic contaminants from fish samples, and the resulting extract was purified by sulphuric acid lipid removal followed by Strata X-cartridge SPE clean-up. The APEs and BFRs were derivatized using heptafluorobutyric anhydride before analysis with GC-MS. In both types of fish samples, lower oligomers of APEs were more abundant than the higher oligomers, while HBCD, BDE99 and PBB101 were the dominant BFRs. The concentrations of these pollutants ranged from 1.061 ng/g lipids (t-BP) in Labeo umbratus to 11.860 ng/g lipids (HBCD) in Carp.展开更多
The occurrence,distribution and ecological risk assessment of twelve(12)organophosphorus flame retardants(OPFRs)were investigated in sediments from the Vaal River,South Africa.Six halogenated OPFRs[tris-(2-chloroethyl...The occurrence,distribution and ecological risk assessment of twelve(12)organophosphorus flame retardants(OPFRs)were investigated in sediments from the Vaal River,South Africa.Six halogenated OPFRs[tris-(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP),three isomers of tris-(chloropropyl)phosphate(TCiPPs),tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate(TDCiPP)and tris-(2,3 dibromopropyl)phosphate(TDBPP)]and six non-halogenated OPFRs[tris-(n-butyl)phosphate(TBP),tris-(phenyl)phosphate(TPhP),tris-(butyl ethoxy)phosphate(TBOEP),tris-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate(TEHP),diphenyl-2-ethylhexyl phosphate(DPEHP)and tris-(m-cresyl)phosphate(m-TCP)]were detected in this study.The concentrations of twelve OPFRs in total(S12OPFRs)ranged from 68 to 278 ng g^-1 dry weight(dw)with the mean and median of 138 and 120 ng g^-1;respectively.The non-halogenated OPFRs showed more abundances than the halogenated OPFRs with TDBPP,TBP,and TBOEP the most abundant compounds.Generally,concentrations of OPFRs in more urbanized region were higher than those in less urbanized regions.When the concentrations of OPFRs and total organic carbon(TOC)were correlated,a moderate and significant correlation(p<0.05)was observed.Ecological risk were estimated and our results showed that m-TCP poses high risk(HQ>1)while TBOEP,TPhP,and TBP posed medium risk(0.1<HQ<1)with the remainder posing negligible risk(HQ<0.01).The data obtained in this study provides valuable information on the occurrence and risks of the investigated OPFRs within Vaal River.展开更多
Brominated flame retardants(BFRs)compounds have been widely added in a number of products to reduce their flammability.In the present study,the concentrations and distribution of tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)and its de...Brominated flame retardants(BFRs)compounds have been widely added in a number of products to reduce their flammability.In the present study,the concentrations and distribution of tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)and its derivatives,i.e.tribromophenol dibromopropyl ether(TBPDBPE),tetrabromobisphenol A bis-dibromopropyl ether(TBBPA BDBPE),tetrabromobisphenol A bis-allyl ether(TBBPA BAE)were investigated in sediment samples collected from the Vaal River catchment,South Africa.The results showed that all these pollutants were detected in sediments with TBBPA BAE being the most abundant contaminant.The TBBPA BAE concentrations ranged from 3.5 to 44.4 ng/g(mean 16 ng/g)while the concentration ranged from not detected(nd)to 2.4 ng/g(mean 0.6 ng/g),nd-21.0 ng/g(mean 6 ng/g)and nd-2.0 ng/g(mean 0.2 ng/g)for TBPDBPE,TBBPA and TBBPA BDBPE;respectively.Higher concentrations of these pollutants were found in sampling sites receiving effluents of wastewater treatment works(WWTWs)treating some industrial wastewater suggesting effluents might play an important role in the contamination of BFRs in the environment.Negative correlation between TBBPA and TBBPA BAE was observed implying different sources or environmental fates between these pollutants.Overall,the results showed a need for further studies to be undertaken in investigating the presence,fate and sources of alternative halogenated flame retardants in the environment.展开更多
基金The authors are indebted to Rand Water for providing the technical environment and funding for this project which is part of Mr.Chokwe’s doctoral degree and Tshwane University of Technology for support
文摘In this study, the concentration of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were determined in fish samples, Labeo umbratus and Carp, collected from the Vaal River in South Africa. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique was used to extract the organic contaminants from fish samples, and the resulting extract was purified by sulphuric acid lipid removal followed by Strata X-cartridge SPE clean-up. The APEs and BFRs were derivatized using heptafluorobutyric anhydride before analysis with GC-MS. In both types of fish samples, lower oligomers of APEs were more abundant than the higher oligomers, while HBCD, BDE99 and PBB101 were the dominant BFRs. The concentrations of these pollutants ranged from 1.061 ng/g lipids (t-BP) in Labeo umbratus to 11.860 ng/g lipids (HBCD) in Carp.
基金We would like to acknowledge Rand Water-Analytical Services for providing technical environment as well as funding of the project,Mr SM Mporetji for sediment samples collection,Mr M Mohotsi for his contribution in statistical analysis and Dr A Swanepoel for fruitful discussions.
文摘The occurrence,distribution and ecological risk assessment of twelve(12)organophosphorus flame retardants(OPFRs)were investigated in sediments from the Vaal River,South Africa.Six halogenated OPFRs[tris-(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP),three isomers of tris-(chloropropyl)phosphate(TCiPPs),tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate(TDCiPP)and tris-(2,3 dibromopropyl)phosphate(TDBPP)]and six non-halogenated OPFRs[tris-(n-butyl)phosphate(TBP),tris-(phenyl)phosphate(TPhP),tris-(butyl ethoxy)phosphate(TBOEP),tris-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate(TEHP),diphenyl-2-ethylhexyl phosphate(DPEHP)and tris-(m-cresyl)phosphate(m-TCP)]were detected in this study.The concentrations of twelve OPFRs in total(S12OPFRs)ranged from 68 to 278 ng g^-1 dry weight(dw)with the mean and median of 138 and 120 ng g^-1;respectively.The non-halogenated OPFRs showed more abundances than the halogenated OPFRs with TDBPP,TBP,and TBOEP the most abundant compounds.Generally,concentrations of OPFRs in more urbanized region were higher than those in less urbanized regions.When the concentrations of OPFRs and total organic carbon(TOC)were correlated,a moderate and significant correlation(p<0.05)was observed.Ecological risk were estimated and our results showed that m-TCP poses high risk(HQ>1)while TBOEP,TPhP,and TBP posed medium risk(0.1<HQ<1)with the remainder posing negligible risk(HQ<0.01).The data obtained in this study provides valuable information on the occurrence and risks of the investigated OPFRs within Vaal River.
文摘Brominated flame retardants(BFRs)compounds have been widely added in a number of products to reduce their flammability.In the present study,the concentrations and distribution of tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)and its derivatives,i.e.tribromophenol dibromopropyl ether(TBPDBPE),tetrabromobisphenol A bis-dibromopropyl ether(TBBPA BDBPE),tetrabromobisphenol A bis-allyl ether(TBBPA BAE)were investigated in sediment samples collected from the Vaal River catchment,South Africa.The results showed that all these pollutants were detected in sediments with TBBPA BAE being the most abundant contaminant.The TBBPA BAE concentrations ranged from 3.5 to 44.4 ng/g(mean 16 ng/g)while the concentration ranged from not detected(nd)to 2.4 ng/g(mean 0.6 ng/g),nd-21.0 ng/g(mean 6 ng/g)and nd-2.0 ng/g(mean 0.2 ng/g)for TBPDBPE,TBBPA and TBBPA BDBPE;respectively.Higher concentrations of these pollutants were found in sampling sites receiving effluents of wastewater treatment works(WWTWs)treating some industrial wastewater suggesting effluents might play an important role in the contamination of BFRs in the environment.Negative correlation between TBBPA and TBBPA BAE was observed implying different sources or environmental fates between these pollutants.Overall,the results showed a need for further studies to be undertaken in investigating the presence,fate and sources of alternative halogenated flame retardants in the environment.
