Anastasis is a phenomenon described as a cellular escape from ethanol-induced cell death.Although the relevant mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated,anastasis is thought to play a role in drug resistance in canc...Anastasis is a phenomenon described as a cellular escape from ethanol-induced cell death.Although the relevant mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated,anastasis is thought to play a role in drug resistance in cancer cells.To date,the regulation of anastasis in normal and cancerous cells has not been clarified.展开更多
Objective:To develop a rapid diagnostic kit for identifying snake venom types,aimed at providing a basis for clinical diagnosis and laying a foundation for early treatment through quick blood testing of injured patien...Objective:To develop a rapid diagnostic kit for identifying snake venom types,aimed at providing a basis for clinical diagnosis and laying a foundation for early treatment through quick blood testing of injured patients.Methods:Anti-snake venom immunoglobulin(IgG)was prepared,biotinylated specific IgG was screened,detection enzyme-labeled strips were produced,and rapid identification of snakebites was performed.Pre-experimental verification was conducted to establish standard curves and confirm specificity.The kit was tested on clinical samples and the results were analyzed.Repeatability and stability were evaluated through multiple repeated tests and experiments under different storage conditions.Finally,sensitivity and specificity were calculated,receiver operating characteristic curves(ROC curves)were drawn,and statistical analysis software was used for data analysis to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of the kit.Results:The test showed high sensitivity and specificity.Conclusion:The rapid diagnostic kit for identifying snake venom types in blood tests demonstrates high reliability and effectiveness in clinical diagnosis.展开更多
Snake venoms,especially those from the two subfamilies,Crotalinae and Viperinae,contained a lot of serine proteases. They were responsible for the hemorrhage,shock,or disorder of blood coagulation after envenomation. ...Snake venoms,especially those from the two subfamilies,Crotalinae and Viperinae,contained a lot of serine proteases. They were responsible for the hemorrhage,shock,or disorder of blood coagulation after envenomation. They acted,by activating,inactivating,or other converting effects,on almost all the components of hemostatic and fibrinolytic systems. Their sequences were homologous to trypsin-kallikrein serine proteases. Variation of primary sequences out of active center results in the difference of substrate specificities and the further difference of biological and pharmacological activities. Because of their common and unique properties compared to their physiological corresponding factors,snake venom proteases are proved to be an excellent model for the study of protease substrate discriminating mechanism. Furthermore,they have found an important position both in basic research and application of hemostasis and thrombosis in clinic.展开更多
Aim To investigate the anticancer activity of two new cytotoxins from thevenom of Agkistrodon acutus. Methods The venom was isolated by FPLC column chromatography consistingof DEAE Sepharose FF and Source 30S. The cyt...Aim To investigate the anticancer activity of two new cytotoxins from thevenom of Agkistrodon acutus. Methods The venom was isolated by FPLC column chromatography consistingof DEAE Sepharose FF and Source 30S. The cytotoxic activity on tumor cells was detected by MITmethod. Purity and molecular weight were determined by SDS-PAGE (silver staining). Their stabilitiesto temperature and pH were also detected. Results Two pure cytotoxins named ACTX-6 and ACTX-8 wereobtained. Their molecular weights are 98 kDa and 27 kDa, respectively. ACTX-6 consists of twosubunits bonded together by disulfide bonds. Conclusion ACTX-6 and ATCX-8 have highest inhibitoryactivity on lung cancer cell A549. ACTX-6 is stable to heat while ACTX-8 not. ACTX-6 is stablebetween pH 7-9 and ACTX-8 between pH 6 - 9.展开更多
Aim To study whether antivenom from laying hens can be used for the detection of venom antigens, Methods Chickens （white Leghorn） were immunized with detoxicated king cobra venom by formaldehyde and egg yolk immunog...Aim To study whether antivenom from laying hens can be used for the detection of venom antigens, Methods Chickens （white Leghorn） were immunized with detoxicated king cobra venom by formaldehyde and egg yolk immunoglobulin （IgY） isolated from yolk; IgY was labelled with the horseradish peroxidase （HRP）. Experimental condition and parameters were determined by chessboard test. The specificity, sensitivity, precision, and stability of this method were assayed in the experiment. Results This method could detect as low as 32 μg· L^-1 of the king cobra antigens. A good linear relation was found within 32 ～ 750 μg· L^-1 of king cobra venom concentrations （ r = 0. 963）. There was no cross reactivity for the reagents with Agkistrodon acutus Guenther venom or Vipera russelli siamensis Smith venom;slight cross reactivity .with Bungarus multicinctus Blyth venom or Bungarus fasciatus Chmeider venom; and notable cross reactivity with cobra venom. The average intra-assay relative standard deviation （RSD） was 1% - 3%, and the inter-assay RSD was less than 8%. The reagents （including IgY and HRP-IgY） were stable; no differences （P 〉 0.05） were observed for the detection of venom antigens when the reagents were stored at 37 ℃ up to 6 d. Conclusion IgY is a good reagent for diagnosis of snakebite after eliminating the genus cross reactivity.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the fauna of a highly venomous marine species group, the cone snails(Family Conidae), in the shores of Qeshm Island, of evaluating the possibility of envenomation in the area and summarize re...Objective: To investigate the fauna of a highly venomous marine species group, the cone snails(Family Conidae), in the shores of Qeshm Island, of evaluating the possibility of envenomation in the area and summarize recommendations for emergency first aid.Methods: Shores surrounding Qeshm Island were surveyed to collect cone snails during cold(February and March) and warm(May and June) seasons of 2017. Collected snails were identified to the species level. Abundance and species richness were estimated in shores of different structures, including muddy and sandy-rocky shores. Also, the most updated medical literature was reviewed to summarize related emergency first aid.Results: Three cone snail species were recorded from southern sandy-rocky shores of the Island, in decreasing order of abundance, included crowned cone(Conus coronatus)(65%), feathered cone(Conus pennaceus)(28%), and frigid cone(Conus frigidus)(7%).Abundance of these species were significantly higher in cold season compared to the warm season(P < 0.05). No cone snails were recorded along the northern muddy shores of the Island.Conclusions: Envenomation can cause various symptoms ranging from minor local pain to systemic paralysis and death due to respiratory failure. We recommend an awareness programme for the seashore visiting public.展开更多
Evolution and natural selection have endowed animal venoms,including scorpion venoms,with a wide range of pharmacological properties.Consequently,scorpions,their venoms,and/or their body parts have been used since tim...Evolution and natural selection have endowed animal venoms,including scorpion venoms,with a wide range of pharmacological properties.Consequently,scorpions,their venoms,and/or their body parts have been used since time immemorial in traditional medicines,especially in Africa and Asia.With respect to their pharmacological potential,bioactive peptides from scorpion venoms have become an important source of scientific research.With the rapid increase in the characterization of various components from scorpion venoms,a large number of peptides are identified with an aim of combating a myriad of emerging global health problems.Moreover,some scorpion venom-derived peptides have been established as potential scaffolds helpful for drug development.In this review,we summarize the promising scorpion venoms-derived peptides as drug candidates.Accordingly,we highlight the data and knowledge needed for continuous characterization and development of additional natural peptides from scorpion venoms,as potential drugs that can treat related diseases.展开更多
Background: About 50 species of scorpions cause fatal scorpionism worldwide.Most of these are members of the Buthidae family, and include, among others,Mesobuthus eupeus, Androctonus crassicauda, Leiurus abdullahbayra...Background: About 50 species of scorpions cause fatal scorpionism worldwide.Most of these are members of the Buthidae family, and include, among others,Mesobuthus eupeus, Androctonus crassicauda, Leiurus abdullahbayrami, Leiurus quinquestriatus, Tityus pachyurus and Androctonus australis. Because high doses of scorpion venom and antivenom can cause death and hypersensitive reactions, there is a need to develop a formula that can be used to calculate both lethal and effective doses for scorpion venom and antivenom, respectively, thereby obviating the need for laboratory experiments.Methods: In view of this, a literature search was carried out with the aim of modifying the formula(LD_(50)=ED_(50)/3× W_a × 10^(-4))for calculation of the median lethal dose(LD_(50)) of scorpion venom and the ED_(50) of antivenom. The human equivalent dose(HED) formula was assessed for extrapolation of LD_(50) and ED_(50) from animals to human for comparison and relevance with the new formula.Results: The findings showed that the newly developed formula(LD_(50)= ED_(50)^(1/3)×W_a× 10^(-4)) yielded results that are very close to the reported values. Therefore, the newly developed and HED formulas can be used for calculation of LD_(50) and ED_(50) values for scorpion venom and antivenom, respectively.Conclusion: The new formula yielded better results than the HED formula, confirming its predictive validity, precision, and reliability, thereby obviating the need for rigorous experiments and justifying the principles of reduction, refinement, and replacement(3 Rs).展开更多
Trypanosomiasis afflicts about 6~7 million people globally and to a large extent impedes livestock production in Africa.Naturally,trypanosomal parasites undergo genetic mutation and have developed resistance over a wi...Trypanosomiasis afflicts about 6~7 million people globally and to a large extent impedes livestock production in Africa.Naturally,trypanosomal parasites undergo genetic mutation and have developed resistance over a wide range of therapies.The utilization of animals and plants products has presented therapeutic potential for identifying novel anti-trypanosomal drugs.This study evaluated toad venom for anti-trypanosomal potency in-vivo in Swiss mice.Toads were collected from July to August 2019.The acute oral toxicity and biochemical characterization of the toad venom were determined.The experimental mice were administered various doses(130 mg/kg,173 mg/kg and 217 mg/kg)of the toad venom crude extract and 0.75 mg/mL of Diamizan Plus standard drug for the treatment of trypanosomiasis,once daily for 3 days.The in-vivo anti-trypanosomal activity was evaluated by a curative test,after infecting the mice with Trypanosoma brucei brucei.The pre-patent period was 72 hours before treatment commenced.The overall results showed that trypanosomal load was highest in the control group while the group treated with Diamizan drug had the least trypanosomal load.As such,the mean trypanosomal load in relation to treatments showed a very high significant difference(P<0.05).Also,the mean trypanosomal load in Swiss mice in relation to the highest dosage of toad venom versus Diamizan drug showed a very high significant difference(P<0.05).The mean change in relation to the haematological parameters across treatments groups varied significantly(P<0.05)with the exception of Hb which showed no significant difference(P>0.05)across treatment groups.The over 50%reduction in the trypanosomal load in the 130 mg/kg group in comparison with the control group brings to bare the anti-trypanosomal potency of the toad venom.The anti-trypanosomal activity demonstrated by the toad venom has provided basis for development of new therapeutic agents from different toad species.The study recommends further studies(both in-vivo and in-vitro)followed by the characterization of the active compounds present in the toad venom responsible for the anti-tyrpanosomal activity observed alongside the management and conservation of these species.展开更多
A new fibrinogenase(EC 3.4.2 I.5)was isolated and purified from the venom of Chinese habu snake(Trimeresurus研ucrosg“ama似s)by DEAE—SephadexA-50,DEAE—Sepharose CL一6B,MonoQ(FPLC)CG.1umn chromatography.It showed a s...A new fibrinogenase(EC 3.4.2 I.5)was isolated and purified from the venom of Chinese habu snake(Trimeresurus研ucrosg“ama似s)by DEAE—SephadexA-50,DEAE—Sepharose CL一6B,MonoQ(FPLC)CG.1umn chromatography.It showed a single protein band both in sodium dodeeyl sulfate(SDS)·polyacrylami-de geI electrophoresis and alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The molecular weight was estimated tobe 26000 by SDS·p01yacrylam|de gel electrophoresis.The isoeleetric point was found to be pH 4.7.Itwas a glycoprotein containing 6.4‘%carbohydrate with o.3%neutral sugar,1.2%sialic acid,4.9%he.xosamine.It was composed of about 1 78 amino acid residues and rich in glycine and aspartic acid.Thefibrinogenase of the venom of T.munro$quclmatu$TWV№was heat stable but labile to acid.Its extinctioncoefficient(1mg/m1)at 280rim was 1.558.Purified TMVFg had strong arginine esterase activity·the Kmto benzoylarginine ethylester(BAEE)was 1.4×1 0一M.The enzyme activity could be inhibited by pheny.1mefha口esulfonyfluoride(PMSF),but was not affected by ethylenediamine tetraacetlc acid(EDTA).TMVFghad fibrinogenolytie activityl electrophoresis of fibrinogen degraded with TMVFg revealed the rapiddisappearance of the口(alpba)and B(beta)‘chains and the appearance I】f lower molecular weight frag.merits.TMVFg did not cause fibrinogen solution clotting,nor coagulating plasma and showed n^ither hemorr-hagic activity nor proteolytic activity toward casein.TMVFg had activati^lg fibrinolytic activity展开更多
Many active secretions produced by animals have been employed in the development of new drugs to treat diseases such as hypertension and cancer.Snake venom toxins coutributed significantly to the treatment of many med...Many active secretions produced by animals have been employed in the development of new drugs to treat diseases such as hypertension and cancer.Snake venom toxins coutributed significantly to the treatment of many medical conditions.There are many published studies describing and elucidating the anti-cancer potential of snake venom.Cancer therapy is one of the main areas for the use of protein peptides and enzymes originating from animals of different species.Some of these proteins or peptides and enzymes from snake venom when isolated and evaluated may bind specifically to cancer cell membranes,affecting the migration and proliferation of these cells.Some of substances found in the snake venom present a great potential as anti-tumor agent.In this review,we presented the main results of recent years of research involving the active compounds of snake venom that have anticancer activity.展开更多
Objective To study the protective effects of naja naja atra venom （NNAV） in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy （DN）. Methods The rat diabetes model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （STZ...Objective To study the protective effects of naja naja atra venom （NNAV） in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy （DN）. Methods The rat diabetes model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （STZ）. Thirty-two model rats were randomly divided into one DN group （n=8） and three treatment groups （n=8 each） that received NNAV at doses of 30, 90, or 270 I^g/（ks.day） via oral gavage, another eight rats as normal controls. After 12 weeks, all rats were sacrificed and the changes in serum and urine biological index levels were determined by colorimetric assay. Microalbumin （mALB）, N-acetyl-13- glucosaminidase （NAG） and cystatin C （CysC） concentrations were measured by ELISA. Renal tissues were sliced for pathological and immunohistochemical observations. Results Comparied with the DN group, serum glucose was decreased by 31.04%, total cholesterol 21.96%, triglyceride 23.78%, serum creatinine 19.83%, blood urea nitrogen 31.28%, urinary protein excretion 45.42%, mALB 10.42%, NAG 20.65%, CysC 19.57%, whereas albumin increased by 5.55%, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol 59.09%, creatinine clearance 19.05% in the treatment group by NNAV administration at dose of 90 μg/（kg-day）. NNAV also reduced the levels of malondialdehyde in serum （22.56%） and kidney tissue （9.79%）, and increased superoxide dismutase concentration in serum （15%） and decreased it in renal tissue （8.85%）. In addition, under light microscopy kidney structure was improved and glomerular hypertrophy decreased by 8.29%. As shown by immunohistochemistry, NNAV inhibited transforming growth factorl by 6.70% and nuclear actor-KB by 5.15%.展开更多
Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide(SVHRP)is a component purified from Buthus martensii Karsch scorpion venom.Our previous studies have shown that SVHRP is neuroprotective in models of Alzheimer’s disease and Parki...Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide(SVHRP)is a component purified from Buthus martensii Karsch scorpion venom.Our previous studies have shown that SVHRP is neuroprotective in models of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.The present study aimed to explore the potential neuroprotective effects of SVHRP on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury,using a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion(MCAO/R)and a cellular model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R).Our results showed that SVHRP treatment decreased the neurological deficit scores,edema formation,infarct volume and neuronal loss in the MCAO/R mice,and protected primary neurons against OGD/R insult.SVHRP pretreatment suppressed the alterations in protein levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors(NMDARs)and phosphorylated p38 MAPK as well as some proinflammatory factors in both the animal and cellular models.These results suggest that SVHRP has neuroprotective effects against cerebral I/R injury,which might be associated with inhibition of the NMDA-MAPKmediated excitotoxicity.展开更多
Prophenoloxidase (PPO) plays an important role in melanization, necessary for defense against intruding parasitoids. Parasitoids have evolved to inject maternal virulence factors into the host hemocoel to suppress hem...Prophenoloxidase (PPO) plays an important role in melanization, necessary for defense against intruding parasitoids. Parasitoids have evolved to inject maternal virulence factors into the host hemocoel to suppress hemolymph melanization for the successful development of their progeny. In this study, the full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of a Pieris rapae PPO was cloned. Its cDNA contained a 2 076-base pair (bp) open reading frame (ORF) encoding 691 amino acids (aa). Two putative copper-binding sites, a proteolytic activation site, three conserved hemocyanin domains, and a thiol ester motif were found in the deduced amino acid sequence. According to both multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis, P. rapae PPO gene cloned here is a member of the lepidopteran PPO-2 family. Injection of Cotesia glomerata venom or calyx fluid resulted in reduction of P. rapae hemolymph phenoloxidase activity, demonstrating the ability to inhibit the host's melanization. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that transcripts of P. rapae PPO-2 in the haemocytes from larvae had not significantly changed following venom injection, suggesting that the regulation of PPO messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by venom was not employed by C. glomerata to cause failure of melanization in parasitized host. While decreased P. rapae PPO-2 gene expression was observed in the haemocytes after calyx fluid injection, no detectable transcriptional change was induced by parasitization, indicating that transcriptional down-regulation of PPO by calyx fluid might play a minor role involved in inhibiting the host's melanization.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of bee venom acupuncture in humeroscapularis(PHS)patients.METHODS:One hundred and twenty patients diagnosed with PHS were assigned into four groups:BV1(0.01 mg/kg),BV2(0.005 mg/kg),B...OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of bee venom acupuncture in humeroscapularis(PHS)patients.METHODS:One hundred and twenty patients diagnosed with PHS were assigned into four groups:BV1(0.01 mg/kg),BV2(0.005 mg/kg),BV3(0.0025 mg/kg),and control group(vitamin B1 plus novocain 3%injection)with 15 d of treatment.The outcomes of the study including visual analogue scale(VAS)score andβ-endorphin,inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-10(IL-10),IL-1βand tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)and shoulder function score were assessed at baseline,after 10 and 15 d of treatment.RESULTS:All four groups reported statistically significant improvement in VAS score,motion range,and shoulder function score(P<0.01),only the BV3 group showed significant increase of anti-inflammatory(IL-10)and decrease of pro-inflammatory(IL-1β,TNF-α)cytokines after treatment(P<0.05).The BV3 group presented a significant difference between all outcomes compared to the control and other groups.CONCLUSION:BV3 groups showed better recovery including reduced pain,improved motor function and normalized inflammatory cytokines than current therapy used in Vietnam and other groups.展开更多
Amphibian skin contains rich bioactive peptides. Especially, a large amount of antimicrobial peptides have been identified from amphibian skin secretions. Antimicrobial peptides display potent cytolytic activities aga...Amphibian skin contains rich bioactive peptides. Especially, a large amount of antimicrobial peptides have been identified from amphibian skin secretions. Antimicrobial peptides display potent cytolytic activities against a range of pathogenic bacteria and fungi and play important defense roles. No antimicrobial peptides have been reported from toads belonging to the family of Pelobatidae. In this work, two novel antimicrobial peptides(Megin 1 and Megin 2) were purified and characterized from the skin venoms of spadefoot toad Megophrys minor(Pelobatidae, Anura, Amphibia). Megin 1 had an amino acid sequence of FLKGCWTKWYSLKPKCPF-NH2, which was composed of 18 amino acid residues and contained an intra-molecular disulfide bridge and an amidated C-terminus. Megin 2 had an amino acid sequence of FFVLKFLLKWAGKVGLEHLACKFKNWC, which was composed of 27 amino acid residues and contained an intra-molecular disulfide bridge. Both Megin 1 and Megin 2 showed potential antimicrobial abilities against bacteria and fungi. The MICs of Megin 1 against Escherichia coli, Bacillus dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans were 25, 3, 6.25, 3, and 50 μg·m L^(-1), respectively. The corresponding MICs for Megin 2 were 6.25, 1.5, 12.5, 1.5, and 12.5 μg·m L^(-1), respectively. They also exerted strong hemolytic activity against human and rabbit red cells. The results suggested that megin peptides in the toad skin of M. minor displayed toxic effects on both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This was the first report of antimicrobial peptides from amphibians belonging to the family of Pelobatidae.展开更多
Poisonous organisms are represented in many taxa, including kingdom Animalia. During evolution, animals have developed special organs for production and injection of venoms. Animal venoms are complex mixtures, composi...Poisonous organisms are represented in many taxa, including kingdom Animalia. During evolution, animals have developed special organs for production and injection of venoms. Animal venoms are complex mixtures, compositions of which depend on species producing venom. The most known and studied poisonous terrestrial animals are snakes, scorpions and spiders. Among marine animals, these are jellyfishes, anemones and cone snails. The toxic substances in the venom ofthese animals are mainly of protein and peptide origin. Recent studies have indicated that the single venom may contain up to several hundred different components producing diverse physiological effects. Bites or stings by certain poisonous species result in severe envenomations leading in some cases to death. This raises the problem of bite treatment. The most effective treatment so far is the application of antivenoms. To enhance the effectiveness of such treatments, the knowledge of venom composition is needed. On the other hand, venoms contain substances with unique biological properties, which can be used both in basic science and in clinical applications. The best example of toxin application in basic science is α-bungarotoxin the discovery of which made a big impact on the studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Today compositions of venom from many species have already been examined. Based on these data, one can conclude that venoms contain a large number of individual components belonging to a limited number of structural types. Often minor changes in the amino acid sequence give rise to new biological properties. Change in the living conditions of poisonous animals lead to alterations in the composition of venoms resulting in appearance of new toxins. At the same time introduction of new methods of proteomics and genomics lead to discoveries of new compounds, which may serve as research tools or as templates for the development of novel drugs. The application of these sensitive and comprehensive methods allows studying either of venoms available in tiny amounts or of low abundant components in already known venoms.展开更多
Two species of jellyfish, Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye and Nemopilema nomurai Kishinouye, have occurred offcoastal areas of the northeastern China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Sea in recent years. They influence marine eco...Two species of jellyfish, Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye and Nemopilema nomurai Kishinouye, have occurred offcoastal areas of the northeastern China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Sea in recent years. They influence marine ecosystem safety and fishery production, and also pose a risk to human health. The current study examined the hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of crude venoms extracted from the nematocysts of C. nozakii and N. nomurai. The results showed that there were more nematocysts on tentacles from C. nozakii than on tentacles of the same length from N. nomurai. The protein concentration per nematocyst extracted from N. nomurai was higher than that from C. nozakii. Both nematocyst venoms showed dose-and timedependent hemolytic activity on erythrocytes from chicken, pigeon, and sheep, with sheep erythrocytes being the most sensitive, with EC 50 values of 69.69 and 63.62 μg/m L over a 30-min exposure with N. nomurai and C. nozakii nematocyst venoms, respectively. A cytotoxic assay of both jellyfish venoms on A431 human epidermal carcinoma cells resulted in IC 50 values of 68.6 and 40.9 μg/mL after 24-h incubation, respectively, with venom from C. nozakii showing stronger cytotoxic activity than that from N. nomurai. The results of current study indicate that nematocyst venom from C. nozakii had stronger hemolytic and cytotoxic activities than that from N. nomurai and, thus, C. nozakii might be more harmful to the health of humans and other species than are N. nomurai when they appear in coastal waters.展开更多
Snake venoms are folk medicines used since ages. The components of snake venoms have high specific affinity and actions on cells and cell components. Also snake venoms are largely cytotoxic to tumor cells than normal ...Snake venoms are folk medicines used since ages. The components of snake venoms have high specific affinity and actions on cells and cell components. Also snake venoms are largely cytotoxic to tumor cells than normal cells. In addition to these, they have several therapeutic actions that make them an attractive option in the management of cancer. The advent of modern technologies has greatly helped in extracting and identifying new components of therapeutic interests in short time. The article highlights the importance of snake venoms in the management of cancer, so as to motivate curious researchers to devote their skills in this fascinating area. This in turn may bring hope, smile and relief to several cancer patients in future.展开更多
Dengue virus(DENV) and Zika virus(ZIKV) have spread throughout many countries in the developing world and infect millions of people every year, causing severe harm to human health and the economy. Unfortunately, there...Dengue virus(DENV) and Zika virus(ZIKV) have spread throughout many countries in the developing world and infect millions of people every year, causing severe harm to human health and the economy. Unfortunately, there are few effective vaccines and therapies available against these viruses. Therefore, the discovery of new antiviral agents is critical.Herein, a scorpion venom peptide(Smp76) characterized from Scorpio maurus palmatus was successfully expressed and purified in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant Smp76(rSmp76) was found to effectively inhibit DENV and ZIKV infections in a dose-dependent manner in both cultured cell lines and primary mouse macrophages. Interestingly,rSmp76 did not inactivate the viral particles directly but suppressed the established viral infection, similar to the effect of interferon(IFN)-b. Mechanistically, rSmp76 was revealed to upregulate the expression of IFN-b by activating interferon regulatory transcription factor 3(IRF3) phosphorylation, enhancing the type-Ⅰ IFN response and inhibiting viral infection.This mechanism is significantly different from traditional virucidal antimicrobial peptides(AMPs). Overall, the scorpion venom peptide Smp76 is a potential new antiviral agent with a unique mechanism involving type-Ⅰ IFN responses,demonstrating that natural AMPs can enhance immunity by functioning as immunomodulators.展开更多
基金supported by the Karadeniz Technical University(Nos.FBA-2018-7951 and FYL-2019-8116)the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye(TUBITAK)(No.123Z002).
文摘Anastasis is a phenomenon described as a cellular escape from ethanol-induced cell death.Although the relevant mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated,anastasis is thought to play a role in drug resistance in cancer cells.To date,the regulation of anastasis in normal and cancerous cells has not been clarified.
基金Rapid Identification and Analysis of Snake Venom Types in Snakebites in Renshou County,(Project No.:2024KJZD072)。
文摘Objective:To develop a rapid diagnostic kit for identifying snake venom types,aimed at providing a basis for clinical diagnosis and laying a foundation for early treatment through quick blood testing of injured patients.Methods:Anti-snake venom immunoglobulin(IgG)was prepared,biotinylated specific IgG was screened,detection enzyme-labeled strips were produced,and rapid identification of snakebites was performed.Pre-experimental verification was conducted to establish standard curves and confirm specificity.The kit was tested on clinical samples and the results were analyzed.Repeatability and stability were evaluated through multiple repeated tests and experiments under different storage conditions.Finally,sensitivity and specificity were calculated,receiver operating characteristic curves(ROC curves)were drawn,and statistical analysis software was used for data analysis to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of the kit.Results:The test showed high sensitivity and specificity.Conclusion:The rapid diagnostic kit for identifying snake venom types in blood tests demonstrates high reliability and effectiveness in clinical diagnosis.
文摘Snake venoms,especially those from the two subfamilies,Crotalinae and Viperinae,contained a lot of serine proteases. They were responsible for the hemorrhage,shock,or disorder of blood coagulation after envenomation. They acted,by activating,inactivating,or other converting effects,on almost all the components of hemostatic and fibrinolytic systems. Their sequences were homologous to trypsin-kallikrein serine proteases. Variation of primary sequences out of active center results in the difference of substrate specificities and the further difference of biological and pharmacological activities. Because of their common and unique properties compared to their physiological corresponding factors,snake venom proteases are proved to be an excellent model for the study of protease substrate discriminating mechanism. Furthermore,they have found an important position both in basic research and application of hemostasis and thrombosis in clinic.
文摘Aim To investigate the anticancer activity of two new cytotoxins from thevenom of Agkistrodon acutus. Methods The venom was isolated by FPLC column chromatography consistingof DEAE Sepharose FF and Source 30S. The cytotoxic activity on tumor cells was detected by MITmethod. Purity and molecular weight were determined by SDS-PAGE (silver staining). Their stabilitiesto temperature and pH were also detected. Results Two pure cytotoxins named ACTX-6 and ACTX-8 wereobtained. Their molecular weights are 98 kDa and 27 kDa, respectively. ACTX-6 consists of twosubunits bonded together by disulfide bonds. Conclusion ACTX-6 and ATCX-8 have highest inhibitoryactivity on lung cancer cell A549. ACTX-6 is stable to heat while ACTX-8 not. ACTX-6 is stablebetween pH 7-9 and ACTX-8 between pH 6 - 9.
文摘Aim To study whether antivenom from laying hens can be used for the detection of venom antigens, Methods Chickens （white Leghorn） were immunized with detoxicated king cobra venom by formaldehyde and egg yolk immunoglobulin （IgY） isolated from yolk; IgY was labelled with the horseradish peroxidase （HRP）. Experimental condition and parameters were determined by chessboard test. The specificity, sensitivity, precision, and stability of this method were assayed in the experiment. Results This method could detect as low as 32 μg· L^-1 of the king cobra antigens. A good linear relation was found within 32 ～ 750 μg· L^-1 of king cobra venom concentrations （ r = 0. 963）. There was no cross reactivity for the reagents with Agkistrodon acutus Guenther venom or Vipera russelli siamensis Smith venom;slight cross reactivity .with Bungarus multicinctus Blyth venom or Bungarus fasciatus Chmeider venom; and notable cross reactivity with cobra venom. The average intra-assay relative standard deviation （RSD） was 1% - 3%, and the inter-assay RSD was less than 8%. The reagents （including IgY and HRP-IgY） were stable; no differences （P 〉 0.05） were observed for the detection of venom antigens when the reagents were stored at 37 ℃ up to 6 d. Conclusion IgY is a good reagent for diagnosis of snakebite after eliminating the genus cross reactivity.
基金partially funded by Environmental Management Office of Qeshm Free Area Organization (Qeshm Island, Iran)Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran)
文摘Objective: To investigate the fauna of a highly venomous marine species group, the cone snails(Family Conidae), in the shores of Qeshm Island, of evaluating the possibility of envenomation in the area and summarize recommendations for emergency first aid.Methods: Shores surrounding Qeshm Island were surveyed to collect cone snails during cold(February and March) and warm(May and June) seasons of 2017. Collected snails were identified to the species level. Abundance and species richness were estimated in shores of different structures, including muddy and sandy-rocky shores. Also, the most updated medical literature was reviewed to summarize related emergency first aid.Results: Three cone snail species were recorded from southern sandy-rocky shores of the Island, in decreasing order of abundance, included crowned cone(Conus coronatus)(65%), feathered cone(Conus pennaceus)(28%), and frigid cone(Conus frigidus)(7%).Abundance of these species were significantly higher in cold season compared to the warm season(P < 0.05). No cone snails were recorded along the northern muddy shores of the Island.Conclusions: Envenomation can cause various symptoms ranging from minor local pain to systemic paralysis and death due to respiratory failure. We recommend an awareness programme for the seashore visiting public.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31930015,31900332 and 31900375)the Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB31000000)+1 种基金the Biological Resources Program,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KFJ-BRP-008-003)the KC Wong Education Foundation and Yunnan Province Grant(Nos.2019ZF003,2019YT053,202003AD150008,202001AT070121,202001AW-070015,202001AT070106,2021000097 and 202101AS070057).
文摘Evolution and natural selection have endowed animal venoms,including scorpion venoms,with a wide range of pharmacological properties.Consequently,scorpions,their venoms,and/or their body parts have been used since time immemorial in traditional medicines,especially in Africa and Asia.With respect to their pharmacological potential,bioactive peptides from scorpion venoms have become an important source of scientific research.With the rapid increase in the characterization of various components from scorpion venoms,a large number of peptides are identified with an aim of combating a myriad of emerging global health problems.Moreover,some scorpion venom-derived peptides have been established as potential scaffolds helpful for drug development.In this review,we summarize the promising scorpion venoms-derived peptides as drug candidates.Accordingly,we highlight the data and knowledge needed for continuous characterization and development of additional natural peptides from scorpion venoms,as potential drugs that can treat related diseases.
文摘Background: About 50 species of scorpions cause fatal scorpionism worldwide.Most of these are members of the Buthidae family, and include, among others,Mesobuthus eupeus, Androctonus crassicauda, Leiurus abdullahbayrami, Leiurus quinquestriatus, Tityus pachyurus and Androctonus australis. Because high doses of scorpion venom and antivenom can cause death and hypersensitive reactions, there is a need to develop a formula that can be used to calculate both lethal and effective doses for scorpion venom and antivenom, respectively, thereby obviating the need for laboratory experiments.Methods: In view of this, a literature search was carried out with the aim of modifying the formula(LD_(50)=ED_(50)/3× W_a × 10^(-4))for calculation of the median lethal dose(LD_(50)) of scorpion venom and the ED_(50) of antivenom. The human equivalent dose(HED) formula was assessed for extrapolation of LD_(50) and ED_(50) from animals to human for comparison and relevance with the new formula.Results: The findings showed that the newly developed formula(LD_(50)= ED_(50)^(1/3)×W_a× 10^(-4)) yielded results that are very close to the reported values. Therefore, the newly developed and HED formulas can be used for calculation of LD_(50) and ED_(50) values for scorpion venom and antivenom, respectively.Conclusion: The new formula yielded better results than the HED formula, confirming its predictive validity, precision, and reliability, thereby obviating the need for rigorous experiments and justifying the principles of reduction, refinement, and replacement(3 Rs).
文摘Trypanosomiasis afflicts about 6~7 million people globally and to a large extent impedes livestock production in Africa.Naturally,trypanosomal parasites undergo genetic mutation and have developed resistance over a wide range of therapies.The utilization of animals and plants products has presented therapeutic potential for identifying novel anti-trypanosomal drugs.This study evaluated toad venom for anti-trypanosomal potency in-vivo in Swiss mice.Toads were collected from July to August 2019.The acute oral toxicity and biochemical characterization of the toad venom were determined.The experimental mice were administered various doses(130 mg/kg,173 mg/kg and 217 mg/kg)of the toad venom crude extract and 0.75 mg/mL of Diamizan Plus standard drug for the treatment of trypanosomiasis,once daily for 3 days.The in-vivo anti-trypanosomal activity was evaluated by a curative test,after infecting the mice with Trypanosoma brucei brucei.The pre-patent period was 72 hours before treatment commenced.The overall results showed that trypanosomal load was highest in the control group while the group treated with Diamizan drug had the least trypanosomal load.As such,the mean trypanosomal load in relation to treatments showed a very high significant difference(P<0.05).Also,the mean trypanosomal load in Swiss mice in relation to the highest dosage of toad venom versus Diamizan drug showed a very high significant difference(P<0.05).The mean change in relation to the haematological parameters across treatments groups varied significantly(P<0.05)with the exception of Hb which showed no significant difference(P>0.05)across treatment groups.The over 50%reduction in the trypanosomal load in the 130 mg/kg group in comparison with the control group brings to bare the anti-trypanosomal potency of the toad venom.The anti-trypanosomal activity demonstrated by the toad venom has provided basis for development of new therapeutic agents from different toad species.The study recommends further studies(both in-vivo and in-vitro)followed by the characterization of the active compounds present in the toad venom responsible for the anti-tyrpanosomal activity observed alongside the management and conservation of these species.
文摘A new fibrinogenase(EC 3.4.2 I.5)was isolated and purified from the venom of Chinese habu snake(Trimeresurus研ucrosg“ama似s)by DEAE—SephadexA-50,DEAE—Sepharose CL一6B,MonoQ(FPLC)CG.1umn chromatography.It showed a single protein band both in sodium dodeeyl sulfate(SDS)·polyacrylami-de geI electrophoresis and alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The molecular weight was estimated tobe 26000 by SDS·p01yacrylam|de gel electrophoresis.The isoeleetric point was found to be pH 4.7.Itwas a glycoprotein containing 6.4‘%carbohydrate with o.3%neutral sugar,1.2%sialic acid,4.9%he.xosamine.It was composed of about 1 78 amino acid residues and rich in glycine and aspartic acid.Thefibrinogenase of the venom of T.munro$quclmatu$TWV№was heat stable but labile to acid.Its extinctioncoefficient(1mg/m1)at 280rim was 1.558.Purified TMVFg had strong arginine esterase activity·the Kmto benzoylarginine ethylester(BAEE)was 1.4×1 0一M.The enzyme activity could be inhibited by pheny.1mefha口esulfonyfluoride(PMSF),but was not affected by ethylenediamine tetraacetlc acid(EDTA).TMVFghad fibrinogenolytie activityl electrophoresis of fibrinogen degraded with TMVFg revealed the rapiddisappearance of the口(alpba)and B(beta)‘chains and the appearance I】f lower molecular weight frag.merits.TMVFg did not cause fibrinogen solution clotting,nor coagulating plasma and showed n^ither hemorr-hagic activity nor proteolytic activity toward casein.TMVFg had activati^lg fibrinolytic activity
文摘Many active secretions produced by animals have been employed in the development of new drugs to treat diseases such as hypertension and cancer.Snake venom toxins coutributed significantly to the treatment of many medical conditions.There are many published studies describing and elucidating the anti-cancer potential of snake venom.Cancer therapy is one of the main areas for the use of protein peptides and enzymes originating from animals of different species.Some of these proteins or peptides and enzymes from snake venom when isolated and evaluated may bind specifically to cancer cell membranes,affecting the migration and proliferation of these cells.Some of substances found in the snake venom present a great potential as anti-tumor agent.In this review,we presented the main results of recent years of research involving the active compounds of snake venom that have anticancer activity.
基金supported by the Research Project of the Jiangsu Province Key Provincial Talents Program,RC2011112
文摘Objective To study the protective effects of naja naja atra venom （NNAV） in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy （DN）. Methods The rat diabetes model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （STZ）. Thirty-two model rats were randomly divided into one DN group （n=8） and three treatment groups （n=8 each） that received NNAV at doses of 30, 90, or 270 I^g/（ks.day） via oral gavage, another eight rats as normal controls. After 12 weeks, all rats were sacrificed and the changes in serum and urine biological index levels were determined by colorimetric assay. Microalbumin （mALB）, N-acetyl-13- glucosaminidase （NAG） and cystatin C （CysC） concentrations were measured by ELISA. Renal tissues were sliced for pathological and immunohistochemical observations. Results Comparied with the DN group, serum glucose was decreased by 31.04%, total cholesterol 21.96%, triglyceride 23.78%, serum creatinine 19.83%, blood urea nitrogen 31.28%, urinary protein excretion 45.42%, mALB 10.42%, NAG 20.65%, CysC 19.57%, whereas albumin increased by 5.55%, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol 59.09%, creatinine clearance 19.05% in the treatment group by NNAV administration at dose of 90 μg/（kg-day）. NNAV also reduced the levels of malondialdehyde in serum （22.56%） and kidney tissue （9.79%）, and increased superoxide dismutase concentration in serum （15%） and decreased it in renal tissue （8.85%）. In addition, under light microscopy kidney structure was improved and glomerular hypertrophy decreased by 8.29%. As shown by immunohistochemistry, NNAV inhibited transforming growth factorl by 6.70% and nuclear actor-KB by 5.15%.
基金by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(81571061 and 81671061)the Scientific Study Project for Institutes of Higher Learning,Ministry of Education,Liaoning Province,China(LZ2017001)+1 种基金Liaoning Provincial Key R&D Program(2019JH2/10300043)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC1808031).
文摘Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide(SVHRP)is a component purified from Buthus martensii Karsch scorpion venom.Our previous studies have shown that SVHRP is neuroprotective in models of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.The present study aimed to explore the potential neuroprotective effects of SVHRP on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury,using a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion(MCAO/R)and a cellular model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R).Our results showed that SVHRP treatment decreased the neurological deficit scores,edema formation,infarct volume and neuronal loss in the MCAO/R mice,and protected primary neurons against OGD/R insult.SVHRP pretreatment suppressed the alterations in protein levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors(NMDARs)and phosphorylated p38 MAPK as well as some proinflammatory factors in both the animal and cellular models.These results suggest that SVHRP has neuroprotective effects against cerebral I/R injury,which might be associated with inhibition of the NMDA-MAPKmediated excitotoxicity.
基金supported by the Applied Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province (No. 2010CD063)the Science Foundation of Southwest Forestry University (No. 110903)+2 种基金the Science Foundation of the Department of Education of Yunnan Province (No. 2010Y294)the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province (No. ZK09A101)the Key Subject of Forest Protection of Yunnan Province (No. XKZ200905),China
文摘Prophenoloxidase (PPO) plays an important role in melanization, necessary for defense against intruding parasitoids. Parasitoids have evolved to inject maternal virulence factors into the host hemocoel to suppress hemolymph melanization for the successful development of their progeny. In this study, the full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of a Pieris rapae PPO was cloned. Its cDNA contained a 2 076-base pair (bp) open reading frame (ORF) encoding 691 amino acids (aa). Two putative copper-binding sites, a proteolytic activation site, three conserved hemocyanin domains, and a thiol ester motif were found in the deduced amino acid sequence. According to both multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis, P. rapae PPO gene cloned here is a member of the lepidopteran PPO-2 family. Injection of Cotesia glomerata venom or calyx fluid resulted in reduction of P. rapae hemolymph phenoloxidase activity, demonstrating the ability to inhibit the host's melanization. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that transcripts of P. rapae PPO-2 in the haemocytes from larvae had not significantly changed following venom injection, suggesting that the regulation of PPO messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by venom was not employed by C. glomerata to cause failure of melanization in parasitized host. While decreased P. rapae PPO-2 gene expression was observed in the haemocytes after calyx fluid injection, no detectable transcriptional change was induced by parasitization, indicating that transcriptional down-regulation of PPO by calyx fluid might play a minor role involved in inhibiting the host's melanization.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of bee venom acupuncture in humeroscapularis(PHS)patients.METHODS:One hundred and twenty patients diagnosed with PHS were assigned into four groups:BV1(0.01 mg/kg),BV2(0.005 mg/kg),BV3(0.0025 mg/kg),and control group(vitamin B1 plus novocain 3%injection)with 15 d of treatment.The outcomes of the study including visual analogue scale(VAS)score andβ-endorphin,inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-10(IL-10),IL-1βand tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)and shoulder function score were assessed at baseline,after 10 and 15 d of treatment.RESULTS:All four groups reported statistically significant improvement in VAS score,motion range,and shoulder function score(P<0.01),only the BV3 group showed significant increase of anti-inflammatory(IL-10)and decrease of pro-inflammatory(IL-1β,TNF-α)cytokines after treatment(P<0.05).The BV3 group presented a significant difference between all outcomes compared to the control and other groups.CONCLUSION:BV3 groups showed better recovery including reduced pain,improved motor function and normalized inflammatory cytokines than current therapy used in Vietnam and other groups.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81273375)Jiangsu Provincial Qing Lan Project
文摘Amphibian skin contains rich bioactive peptides. Especially, a large amount of antimicrobial peptides have been identified from amphibian skin secretions. Antimicrobial peptides display potent cytolytic activities against a range of pathogenic bacteria and fungi and play important defense roles. No antimicrobial peptides have been reported from toads belonging to the family of Pelobatidae. In this work, two novel antimicrobial peptides(Megin 1 and Megin 2) were purified and characterized from the skin venoms of spadefoot toad Megophrys minor(Pelobatidae, Anura, Amphibia). Megin 1 had an amino acid sequence of FLKGCWTKWYSLKPKCPF-NH2, which was composed of 18 amino acid residues and contained an intra-molecular disulfide bridge and an amidated C-terminus. Megin 2 had an amino acid sequence of FFVLKFLLKWAGKVGLEHLACKFKNWC, which was composed of 27 amino acid residues and contained an intra-molecular disulfide bridge. Both Megin 1 and Megin 2 showed potential antimicrobial abilities against bacteria and fungi. The MICs of Megin 1 against Escherichia coli, Bacillus dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans were 25, 3, 6.25, 3, and 50 μg·m L^(-1), respectively. The corresponding MICs for Megin 2 were 6.25, 1.5, 12.5, 1.5, and 12.5 μg·m L^(-1), respectively. They also exerted strong hemolytic activity against human and rabbit red cells. The results suggested that megin peptides in the toad skin of M. minor displayed toxic effects on both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This was the first report of antimicrobial peptides from amphibians belonging to the family of Pelobatidae.
基金Supported by The research funding from Russian Foundation for Basic Research,No.15-04-01843
文摘Poisonous organisms are represented in many taxa, including kingdom Animalia. During evolution, animals have developed special organs for production and injection of venoms. Animal venoms are complex mixtures, compositions of which depend on species producing venom. The most known and studied poisonous terrestrial animals are snakes, scorpions and spiders. Among marine animals, these are jellyfishes, anemones and cone snails. The toxic substances in the venom ofthese animals are mainly of protein and peptide origin. Recent studies have indicated that the single venom may contain up to several hundred different components producing diverse physiological effects. Bites or stings by certain poisonous species result in severe envenomations leading in some cases to death. This raises the problem of bite treatment. The most effective treatment so far is the application of antivenoms. To enhance the effectiveness of such treatments, the knowledge of venom composition is needed. On the other hand, venoms contain substances with unique biological properties, which can be used both in basic science and in clinical applications. The best example of toxin application in basic science is α-bungarotoxin the discovery of which made a big impact on the studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Today compositions of venom from many species have already been examined. Based on these data, one can conclude that venoms contain a large number of individual components belonging to a limited number of structural types. Often minor changes in the amino acid sequence give rise to new biological properties. Change in the living conditions of poisonous animals lead to alterations in the composition of venoms resulting in appearance of new toxins. At the same time introduction of new methods of proteomics and genomics lead to discoveries of new compounds, which may serve as research tools or as templates for the development of novel drugs. The application of these sensitive and comprehensive methods allows studying either of venoms available in tiny amounts or of low abundant components in already known venoms.
基金Supported by the NSFC-Shandong Joint Funds Project(No.U1606404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41606140)the National Special Research Fund for Non-Profit Marine Sector(No.201005018)
文摘Two species of jellyfish, Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye and Nemopilema nomurai Kishinouye, have occurred offcoastal areas of the northeastern China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Sea in recent years. They influence marine ecosystem safety and fishery production, and also pose a risk to human health. The current study examined the hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of crude venoms extracted from the nematocysts of C. nozakii and N. nomurai. The results showed that there were more nematocysts on tentacles from C. nozakii than on tentacles of the same length from N. nomurai. The protein concentration per nematocyst extracted from N. nomurai was higher than that from C. nozakii. Both nematocyst venoms showed dose-and timedependent hemolytic activity on erythrocytes from chicken, pigeon, and sheep, with sheep erythrocytes being the most sensitive, with EC 50 values of 69.69 and 63.62 μg/m L over a 30-min exposure with N. nomurai and C. nozakii nematocyst venoms, respectively. A cytotoxic assay of both jellyfish venoms on A431 human epidermal carcinoma cells resulted in IC 50 values of 68.6 and 40.9 μg/mL after 24-h incubation, respectively, with venom from C. nozakii showing stronger cytotoxic activity than that from N. nomurai. The results of current study indicate that nematocyst venom from C. nozakii had stronger hemolytic and cytotoxic activities than that from N. nomurai and, thus, C. nozakii might be more harmful to the health of humans and other species than are N. nomurai when they appear in coastal waters.
文摘Snake venoms are folk medicines used since ages. The components of snake venoms have high specific affinity and actions on cells and cell components. Also snake venoms are largely cytotoxic to tumor cells than normal cells. In addition to these, they have several therapeutic actions that make them an attractive option in the management of cancer. The advent of modern technologies has greatly helped in extracting and identifying new components of therapeutic interests in short time. The article highlights the importance of snake venoms in the management of cancer, so as to motivate curious researchers to devote their skills in this fascinating area. This in turn may bring hope, smile and relief to several cancer patients in future.
基金supported by grants from National Science Fund of China (Nos. 31572289, 31872239 and 81630091)International S&T Cooperation Program of China (No. S2016G3110)+3 种基金Hubei Science Fund (Nos. 2015CFA042 and 2016CFA018)China-Kazakhstan Cooperation Program (No. CK-07-09)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China (Nos. 2042017kf0242 and 2042017kf0199)financial support from Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan
文摘Dengue virus(DENV) and Zika virus(ZIKV) have spread throughout many countries in the developing world and infect millions of people every year, causing severe harm to human health and the economy. Unfortunately, there are few effective vaccines and therapies available against these viruses. Therefore, the discovery of new antiviral agents is critical.Herein, a scorpion venom peptide(Smp76) characterized from Scorpio maurus palmatus was successfully expressed and purified in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant Smp76(rSmp76) was found to effectively inhibit DENV and ZIKV infections in a dose-dependent manner in both cultured cell lines and primary mouse macrophages. Interestingly,rSmp76 did not inactivate the viral particles directly but suppressed the established viral infection, similar to the effect of interferon(IFN)-b. Mechanistically, rSmp76 was revealed to upregulate the expression of IFN-b by activating interferon regulatory transcription factor 3(IRF3) phosphorylation, enhancing the type-Ⅰ IFN response and inhibiting viral infection.This mechanism is significantly different from traditional virucidal antimicrobial peptides(AMPs). Overall, the scorpion venom peptide Smp76 is a potential new antiviral agent with a unique mechanism involving type-Ⅰ IFN responses,demonstrating that natural AMPs can enhance immunity by functioning as immunomodulators.
