[Objective]Traditional structural geology textbooks often provide outdated treatments of joints and veins,failing to reflect the significant advances made in the past three decades.This review seeks to address part of...[Objective]Traditional structural geology textbooks often provide outdated treatments of joints and veins,failing to reflect the significant advances made in the past three decades.This review seeks to address part of this gap by highlighting the significance of barren joints and veins in reconstructing both the directions and magnitudes of geological paleostresses.[Conclusion]Conjugate shear joints not only indicate the orientation of the three effective principal stresses but also imply differential stresses at least four times greater than the tensile strength of the brittle host rock.Exfoliation joints form under stress states ofσ_(1)≈σ_(2)>0>σ_(3),whereas polygonal columnar joints in sedimentary rocks reflectσ_(1)^(*)>>σ_(2)^(*)=σ_(3)^(*),allowing the tensile strength of rocks to be estimated.Tensile joints in brittle strong beds interlayered with ductile soft layers are primarily driven by tensile stresses transferred from interfacial shear stresses between the hard and soft layers,with joint saturation mainly controlled by tectonic strain.Under natural strain-rate conditions,the Weibull modulus and tensile strength of the strong layers,as well as the shear-flow strength of the ductile layers,can be inferred from the nonlinear relationship between joint spacing and bed thickness.Ladder-like orthogonal joints,which form under a stress state ofσ_(1)^(*)>>σ_(2)^(*)>σ_(3)^(*),divide strata into blocky units and,after weathering and erosion,give rise to characteristic castle-and tower-like landforms.Veins,as mineral-filled joints,provide spacing and thickness data that allow estimates of layer strain.Moreover,the nonlinear relationship between vein spacing and bed thickness permits quantification of the extent to which mineral precipitation restores the tensile strength of rock beds.The absence of ladder-like orthogonal veins is attributed to this strength recovery.[Significance]Collectively,these observations demonstrate the critical role of joints and veins in constraining both the magnitudes and orientations of geological paleostress fields.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of endovenous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and laser ablation (EVLA) in the treatment of superficial varicose veins of the lower extremities. Methods: Seventy-eight patients with s...Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of endovenous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and laser ablation (EVLA) in the treatment of superficial varicose veins of the lower extremities. Methods: Seventy-eight patients with superficial varicose veins treated at a hospital between April 2022 and May 2023 were selected and divided into a radiofrequency ablation group (RFA group;39 cases) and a laser ablation group (EVLA group;39 cases) based on the treatment method. Operation time, postoperative recovery duration, venous clinical severity score (VCSS) changes, complication rates, closure rates, and recurrence rates were compared between the groups at 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months postoperatively. The postoperative therapeutic outcomes were comprehensively evaluated. Results: No significant differences in age, gender, disease grade, or disease course were observed between the groups (P > 0.05). The superficial varicose vein closure rate was 100% in both groups at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. At 12 months, the closure rate was 94.87% in the RFA group and 97.43% in the EVLA group, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). No significant differences were observed in VCSS changes or complication incidence between the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Radiofrequency ablation and laser ablation demonstrate comparable efficacy and safety in the treatment of superficial varicose veins of the lower extremities.展开更多
BACKGROUND Idiopathic myointimal hyperplasia of the mesenteric veins(IMHMV)is a rare disease characterized by narrowing of the lumen caused by mesenteric vein intimal hyperplasia,resulting in chronic intestinal ischem...BACKGROUND Idiopathic myointimal hyperplasia of the mesenteric veins(IMHMV)is a rare disease characterized by narrowing of the lumen caused by mesenteric vein intimal hyperplasia,resulting in chronic intestinal ischemia.Although the colorectum is the primary site affected by this condition,involvement of the small intestine is even more rare.Recurrence of IMHMV after surgical resection of the affected bowel is uncommon.CASE SUMMARY In this case report,we present a unique instance of IMHMV exclusively occurring in the small intestine.The patient experienced small intestinal perforation,infarction,and obstruction before receiving a clear diagnosis,which was achieved only during the third operation.In this review,we analyzed 84 reported cases to summarize the etiology,clinical manifestations,and diagnostic challenges of IMHMV,with the aim of raising awareness regarding this rare condition among clinicians.CONCLUSION Notably,IMHMV can also affect the small intestine alone.When refractory enteritis with endoscopic findings of nonspecific ischemic changes is encountered,IMHMV should be considered for potential diagnosis.展开更多
Varicose veins of the lower limbs are a cosmopolitan condition, thought to be rare in Africa but widespread in Europe. The aim of this study is to analyze the indications and evaluate the results of surgical managemen...Varicose veins of the lower limbs are a cosmopolitan condition, thought to be rare in Africa but widespread in Europe. The aim of this study is to analyze the indications and evaluate the results of surgical management of varicose pathology of the IM in Dakar. We enrolled 280 patients, with a mean age of 36 and a sex ratio of 2. Factors favouring venous disease were dominated by prolonged orthostatism and multiparity. The average consultation time was 6 years. The reasons for consultation were functional manifestations, progressive complications and aesthetics. The venous trunks concerned were the great saphenous vein (GSV) in 58.9% of cases, the small saphenous vein (SSV) in 29% of cases, perforating veins and varicose veins were unsystematized in 28.5% of cases. Surgery was performed under spinal anaesthesia. Surgical procedures were dominated by stripping of the GSV, crossectomy of the SSV and staged ligations. One patient developed meningismus immediately after the operation. Average follow-up was 2 years. Mortality was null.展开更多
BACKGROUND Living donor liver transplantation(LDLT)is a crucial alternative to deceased donor transplantation,especially in regions with limited access to cadaveric organs.Right lobe graft implantation into the inferi...BACKGROUND Living donor liver transplantation(LDLT)is a crucial alternative to deceased donor transplantation,especially in regions with limited access to cadaveric organs.Right lobe graft implantation into the inferior vena cava(IVC)requires advanced surgical techniques to optimize outcomes and reduce complications.AIM To compare two venous anastomosis techniques—direct polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)grafting of V5-V8 veins to the IVC vs triangulation to the right hepatic vein(RHV)—in terms of graft viability and postoperative outcomes.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 96 patients who underwent LDLT with right lobe grafts between 2014 and 2023.Patients were divided into three groups:(1)No venous outflow reconstruction;(2)PTFE graft direct anastomosis to the IVC;and(3)PTFE graft anastomosis using triangulation to the RHV.Perioperative and postoperative outcomes,including bile duct complications,alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase levels,and graft perfusion,were compared across groups.RESULTS Group 3(triangulation to RHV)showed significantly improved venous outflow,fewer complications,and faster normalization of liver function tests.Bile duct complications were highest in group 1(12.8%)and lowest in group 3(7%).Doppler ultrasonography revealed better graft perfusion in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2.CONCLUSION Triangulation to the RHV improves graft viability,reduces biliary complications,and enhances early postoperative outcomes compared to direct PTFE grafting to the IVC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Wedged hepatic venous pressure(WHVP)is a crucial variable for accurately assessing the hepatic venous pressure gradient(HVPG)and is vital for the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of patients with portal ...BACKGROUND Wedged hepatic venous pressure(WHVP)is a crucial variable for accurately assessing the hepatic venous pressure gradient(HVPG)and is vital for the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of patients with portal hypertension(PH).AIM To investigate the anatomical characteristics of balloon-occluded hepatic venous angiography in patients with PH and analyze the relationship between the WHVP and portal venous pressure(PVP).METHODS This retrospective study included 877 patients with PH who met the inclusion criteria from January 2020 to June 2024.Routine and innovative hepatic venous angiography was performed during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedures to measure hepatic venous and PVPs.All patients'angiographic images were collected for analysis.The associations between WHVP and PVP in each group were analyzed via linear regression analysis,and a predictive model was established.RESULTS The 877 patients had a mean age of 52.6±13.0 years,with 582 males and 295 females.Patients were categorized into four groups on the basis of their anatomical structure.All groups showed strong correlations between WHVP and PVP.The regression coefficient between the WHVP and PVP in the hepatic right vein-portal venous angiography group was 0.884(P<0.05);in the hepatic right vein-accessory hepatic venous angiography group,it was 0.721(P<0.05);in the hepatic right vein-middle hepatic venous angiography group,it was 0.344(P<0.05);and in the hepatic right vein-nonangiography group,it was 0.293(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The presence and anatomical classification of hepatic venous collaterals are key factors influencing the relationship between WHVP with and PVP.Based on the different anatomical classifications of hepatic veins,WHVP can be used to estimate PVP,improving the accuracy of PVP prediction.展开更多
Lamellar calcite veins are prevalent in carbonate-rich,lacustrine dark shale.The formation mechanisms of these veins have been extensively debated,focusing on factors such as timing,depth,material source,and driving f...Lamellar calcite veins are prevalent in carbonate-rich,lacustrine dark shale.The formation mechanisms of these veins have been extensively debated,focusing on factors such as timing,depth,material source,and driving forces.This paper examines dark lacustrine shale lamellar calcite veins in the Paleogene strata of Dongying Depression,using various analytical techniques:petrography,isotope geochemistry,cathodoluminescence,inclusion thermometry,and electron probe micro-analysis.Two distinct types of calcite veins have been identified:granular calcite veins and sparry calcite veins.These two types differ significantly in color,grain structure,morphology,and inclusions.Through further investigation,it was observed that vein generation occurred from the shallow burial period to the maturation of organic matter,with a transition from granular calcite veins to sparry calcite veins.The granular calcite veins exhibit characteristics associated with the shallow burial period,including plastically deformed laminae and veins,the development of strawberry pyrite,the absence of oil and gas,weak fractionation in oxygen isotopes,and their contact relationship with sparry calcite veins.These granular calcite veins were likely influenced by the reduction of sulfate bacteria.On the other hand,sparry calcite veins with fibrous grains are antitaxial and closely linked to the evolution and maturation of organic matter.They contain oil and gas inclusions and show a distribution range of homogenization temperature between 90℃ and 120℃ and strong fractionation in oxygen isotopes,indicating formation during the hydrocarbon expulsion period.The carbon isotope analysis of the surrounding rocks and veins suggests that the material for vein formation originates from the shale itself,specifically authigenic micritic calcite modified by the action of methanogens.The opening of horizontal fractures and vein formation is likely driven by fluid overpressure resulting from undercompaction and hydrocarbon expulsion.Veins may form rapidly or through multi-stage composite processes.Early veins are predominantly formed in situ,while late veins are a result of continuous fluid migration and convergence.Furthermore,the veins continue to undergo modification even after formation.This study emphasizes that the formation of lamellar calcite veins in shale is a complex diagenetic process influenced by multiple factors:biology,organic matter,and inorganic processes,all operating at various stages throughout the shale's diagenetic history.展开更多
Background: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a widespread and underdiagnosed condition that affects more than 20% of the general population. The most prevalent manifestation of CVI is varicose veins (VVs), which ...Background: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a widespread and underdiagnosed condition that affects more than 20% of the general population. The most prevalent manifestation of CVI is varicose veins (VVs), which affect up to 25% of women and 15% of males. Sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive procedure used primarily in treating telangiectasias, reticular veins, and small varicose veins. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various sclerotherapy techniques in treating varicose veins-related complications. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational interventional study at Jordan University Hospital (JUH) from September 2022 to January 2023. The study involved patients with lower limb varicose veins, assessing their clinical response and monitoring potential treatment complications. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 21.0. Results: Of 567 patients with diagnosed VVs, 544 were female (95.94%), and 23 were male (4.06%). The primary complaints were pain and cosmetic concerns. Treatments included Foam Aethoxysklerol® 3% (polidocanol) and Micro-foam Aethoxysklerol® 1%. Improvement in symptoms was reported by 538 patients (94.89%). The most common adverse event was hyperpigmentation, reported in 120 patients (21.16%), followed by post-procedural pain in 104 patients (18.34%). Notably, one patient (0.18%) experienced deep vein thrombosis (DVT), one (0.18%) reported telangiectatic matting, and there were two cases (0.36%) of visual disturbances and one allergic reaction. Conclusion: Sclerotherapy is effective and safe for treating VVs with minimal adverse events. It is a viable standalone treatment, reducing complications linked to other methods like radiofrequency ablation and surgery.展开更多
Preservation conditions are key to enriching shallow shale gas.Therefore,the veins of two typical wells in the Shixi syncline in northern Guizhou as research objects.Based on core observation,vein thin-section observa...Preservation conditions are key to enriching shallow shale gas.Therefore,the veins of two typical wells in the Shixi syncline in northern Guizhou as research objects.Based on core observation,vein thin-section observation,cathodoluminescence,calcite in situ U-Pb dating,fluid inclusion microthermometry,Raman spectrum shift,single well basin simulation,and C-O isotope geochemical analysis,the researchers clarified the characteristics of the veins and the differences in paleofluid activity,as well as their significance for shale gas preservation.The results showed that:1)a small number of high-angle fractures had developed mainly in the Shixi syncline in northern Guizhou.The width of viens is small and filled primarily with early calcite-quartz and late calcite.The inclusions were mainly methane and brine.The proportion of brine inclusions in the SD1 well was greater than that in the SX1 well.The SD1 well has experienced more intense second-stage uplift and denudation,and the consequent gas loss is serious.2)The results of the C-O isotope analysis showed that most of the vein-forming fluids were derived from marine carbonate rocks.The O_(3)b had obvious negative deviations ofδ^(13)C andδ^(18)O,which were modified by exogenous or deep hydrothermal fluid.The C-O isotope difference between the vein bodies and the surrounding rock of the SX1 well was small,and the preservation conditions were better.3)The difference in gas content in the Shixi syncline depends on the degree of damage to gas reservoir preservation conditions caused by burial depth and other factors.Shixi syncline is a wide and gentle syncline with central retention enrichment mode.Therefore,clarifying the development of shale veins,the characteristics of paleofluid activity,and their significance for shale gas preservation can lay a foundation for studying the enrichment mechanism of shallow shale gas and thus guide further exploration and development.展开更多
Based on the observation and analysis of cores and thin sections,and combined with cathodoluminescence,laser Raman,fluid inclusions,and in-situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating,the genetic mechanism and petroleum geological sign...Based on the observation and analysis of cores and thin sections,and combined with cathodoluminescence,laser Raman,fluid inclusions,and in-situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating,the genetic mechanism and petroleum geological significance of calcite veins in shales of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin were investigated.Macroscopically,the calcite veins are bedding parallel,and show lenticular,S-shaped,cone-in-cone and pinnate structures.Microscopically,they can be divided into syntaxial blocky or columnar calcite veins and antitaxial fibrous calcite veins.The aqueous fluid inclusions in blocky calcite veins have a homogenization temperature of 132.5–145.1℃,the in-situ U-Pb dating age of blocky calcite veins is(69.9±5.2)Ma,suggesting that the middle maturity period of source rocks and the conventional oil formation period in the Qingshankou Formation are the sedimentary period of Mingshui Formation in Late Cretaceous.The aqueous fluid inclusions in fibrous calcite veins with the homogenization temperature of 141.2–157.4℃,yields the U-Pb age of(44.7±6.9)Ma,indicating that the middle-high maturity period of source rocks and the Gulong shale oil formation period in the Qingshankou Formation are the sedimentary period of Paleocene Yi'an Formaiton.The syntaxial blocky or columnar calcite veins were formed sensitively to the diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon generation,mainly in three stages(fracture opening,vein-forming fluid filling,and vein growth).Tectonic extrusion activities and fluid overpressure are induction factors for the formation of fractures,and vein-forming fluid flows mainly as diffusion in a short distance.These veins generally follow a competitive growth mode.The antitaxial fibrous calcite veins were formed under the driving of the force of crystallization in a non-competitive growth environment.It is considered that the calcite veins in organic-rich shale of the Qingshankou Formation in the study area has important implications for local tectonic activities,fluid overpressure,hydrocarbon generation and expulsion,and diagenesis-hydrocarbon accumulation dating of the Songliao Basin.展开更多
Lamprophyres typically appear in hydrothermal gold deposits.The relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits is investigated widely.Some researchers suggest that the emplacement of lamprophyres triggers gold mi...Lamprophyres typically appear in hydrothermal gold deposits.The relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits is investigated widely.Some researchers suggest that the emplacement of lamprophyres triggers gold mineralization,whereas others hypothesize that the formation of lamprophyres increases the fertility of mantle sources and ore-forming fluids.K-feldspar veins,with ages between those of lamprophyres and gold deposits,appear in lamprophyres in Zhenyuan.Therefore,K-feldspar veins are ideal for investigating the relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits.Phlogopite in K-feldspar veins has lower Mg#,Ni,and Cr contents and higher TiO2,Li,Ba,Sr,Sc,Zr,Nb,and Cs contents than phlogopite in lamprophyres.The in-situ Sr isotopic values of apatites(0.7063–0.7066)in K-feldspar veins are within the range for apatites(0.7064–0.7078)from lamprophyres.High large-ion lithophile element concentrations and low Nb and Ta concentrations in phlogopite from lamprophyres,in addition to high(87Sr/86Sr)i values of apatite(0.7064–0.7078),indicate that the magma parental to these phlogopite and apatite crystals is derived from an enriched mantle.Kfeldspar veins are genetically correlated with lamprophyres,whereas sulfide mineral assemblage and trace element compositions of pyrite in K-feldspar veins suggest that K-feldspar veins in lamprophyres are not directly related to gold mineralization of the Zhenyuan deposit.展开更多
Stretchable electronics that monitor joint activity and treat diseases based on liquid metal could be used in the development of healthcare applications.Such devices can be seamlessly integrated with human skin.Howeve...Stretchable electronics that monitor joint activity and treat diseases based on liquid metal could be used in the development of healthcare applications.Such devices can be seamlessly integrated with human skin.However,most high-precision microstructures and complex patterns are difficult to fabricate due to the limitations of conventional fabrication solutions,resulting in suboptimal performance under practical conditions.Here,a liquid-metal stretchable system utilizing natural leaf veins was reported as microstructures,which was based on a biomimetic concept and utilized an all-solution process for the preparation of complex microstructures.The systems are ultra-high tensile(800%tensile strain),environmentally stable(20 days)and mechanically durable(300-cycle).The system can accurately recognize the wearer's finger bending level as well as simple gesture signals.At the same time,the system acts as a wearable heater,which can realize the fast heating behavior of heating up to 50℃in 3 min under the human body-safe voltage(1.5 V).The tensile stability is demonstrated by the heterogeneous integration of lasers(405 nm)with the system interconnects for a stretchable and wearable light source.展开更多
BACKGROUND Studies on varicose veins have focused its effects on physical function;however,whether nonsurgical treatments alter muscle oxygenation or physical function remains unclear.Moreover,the differences in such ...BACKGROUND Studies on varicose veins have focused its effects on physical function;however,whether nonsurgical treatments alter muscle oxygenation or physical function remains unclear.Moreover,the differences in such functions between individuals with varicose veins and healthy individuals remain unclear.AIM To investigate changes in physical function and the quality of life(QOL)following nonsurgical treatment of patients with varicose veins and determine the changes in their muscle oxygenation during activity.METHODS We enrolled 37 participants(those with varicose veins,n=17;healthy individuals,n=20).We performed the following measurements pre-and post-nonsurgical treatment in the varicose vein patients and healthy individuals:Calf muscle oxygenation during the two-minute step test,open eyes one-leg stance,30 s sit-to-stand test,visual analog scale(VAS)for pain,Pittsburgh sleep quality index,physical activity assessment,and QOL assessment.RESULTS Varicose veins patients and healthy individuals differ in most variables(physical function,sleep quality,and QOL).Varicose veins patients showed significant differences between pre-and post-nonsurgical treatment—results in the 30 sit-to-stand test[14.41(2.45)to 16.35(4.11),P=0.018],two-minute step test[162.29(25.98)to 170.65(23.80),P=0.037],VAS for pain[5.35(1.90)to 3.88(1.73),P=0.004],and QOL[39.34(19.98)to 26.69(17.02),P=0.005];however,no significant difference was observed for muscle oxygenation.CONCLUSION Nonsurgical treatment improved lower extremity function and QOL in varicose veins patients,bringing their condition close to that of healthy individuals.Future studies should include patients with severe varicose veins requiring surgery to confirm our findings.展开更多
BACKGROUND This study aimed to describe the findings of double superior mesenteric veins(SMVs),a rare anatomical variation,on multidetector computer tomography(MDCT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)images.CASE SUMMA...BACKGROUND This study aimed to describe the findings of double superior mesenteric veins(SMVs),a rare anatomical variation,on multidetector computer tomography(MDCT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)images.CASE SUMMARY We describe the case of a 34-year-old male,who underwent both MDC and MRI examinations of the upper abdomen because of liver cirrhosis.MDCT and MRI angiography images of the upper abdomen revealed an anatomic variation of the superior mesenteric vein(SMV),the double SMVs.CONCLUSION The double SMVs are a congenital abnormality without potential clinical manifestation.Physicians need to be aware of this anatomical variation during abdominal surgery to avoid iatrogenic injury.展开更多
This paper models the giraffe’s jugular veins as a uniform collapsible tube from a rigid skull. The equations governing one-dimensional steady flow through such a tube for various conditions have been developed. The ...This paper models the giraffe’s jugular veins as a uniform collapsible tube from a rigid skull. The equations governing one-dimensional steady flow through such a tube for various conditions have been developed. The effects of inertial and inclination angles that have not been discussed previously have been included. It has been shown that different flows for a uniform tube (vein) are possible. However, this flow matches that of a jugular vein which is supercritical, and the steady solution has been given by the balance between the driving forces of gravity and the viscous resistance to the flow at the right atrium of the heart must be sub-critical for a fixed right-atrium pressure which means that an elastic jump is required to return the flow to sub-critical from the supercritical flow upstream this type of relationship gives rise to flow limitation at the same time given any right atrium fixed pressure there exists a maximum flow rate which when exceeded the boundary conditions of the flow do not hold boundary conditions at the right atrium are not satisfied hence making the steady flow impossible this mechanism of flow limitation is slightly different from the other one in that causes airways through forced expiration from the observation made it is clearly shown that there is an intravascular pressure difference with a change in height.展开更多
The detection and characterization of human veins using infrared (IR) image processing have gained significant attention due to its potential applications in biometric identification, medical diagnostics, and vein-bas...The detection and characterization of human veins using infrared (IR) image processing have gained significant attention due to its potential applications in biometric identification, medical diagnostics, and vein-based authentication systems. This paper presents a low-cost approach for automatic detection and characterization of human veins from IR images. The proposed method uses image processing techniques including segmentation, feature extraction, and, pattern recognition algorithms. Initially, the IR images are preprocessed to enhance vein structures and reduce noise. Subsequently, a CLAHE algorithm is employed to extract vein regions based on their unique IR absorption properties. Features such as vein thickness, orientation, and branching patterns are extracted using mathematical morphology and directional filters. Finally, a classification framework is implemented to categorize veins and distinguish them from surrounding tissues or artifacts. A setup based on Raspberry Pi was used. Experimental results of IR images demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach in accurately detecting and characterizing human. The developed system shows promising for integration into applications requiring reliable and secure identification based on vein patterns. Our work provides an effective and low-cost solution for nursing staff in low and middle-income countries to perform a safe and accurate venipuncture.展开更多
In a bid to identify features useful in discriminating barren from gold-bearing veins and thus assist in the training of locals on site suitability selection for shallow-depth gold exploitation from weathered veins,we...In a bid to identify features useful in discriminating barren from gold-bearing veins and thus assist in the training of locals on site suitability selection for shallow-depth gold exploitation from weathered veins,we investigated a major vein set in the Batouri gold district of eastern Cameroon hereafter referred to as the Mama vein system.The mineralized veins trend NE-SW and are foliated with sericitic,carbonate,sulphides and hematitic alterations.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to explore the related mechanisms of the breaking of flue-cured tobacco leaves. [Method] Anti-breaking models of the main veins of flue-cured tobacco leaves were constructed for principal ...[Objective] This study aimed to explore the related mechanisms of the breaking of flue-cured tobacco leaves. [Method] Anti-breaking models of the main veins of flue-cured tobacco leaves were constructed for principal component analysis on the anti-breaking index, leaf traits and cellulose contents. [Result] The results showed that the growth traits had certain relevance with the cellulose contents while the leaf weight assumed a significant negative correlation with the anti-breaking index, indicating that the heavier the leaf weight was, the weaker the anti-breaking capacity of flue-cured tobacco would be; the cross-sectional area of main veins and the cellulose contents had shown a positive correlation with the anti-breaking index, indicating that the thicker the main vein of flue-cured tobacco was, the higher the cellulose contents would be, and the stronger the anti-breaking capacity of flue-cured tobacco leaves would be. [Conclusion] This study provided theoretical basis and reference to improve tobacco production and enhance the quality of flue-cured tobacco.展开更多
文摘[Objective]Traditional structural geology textbooks often provide outdated treatments of joints and veins,failing to reflect the significant advances made in the past three decades.This review seeks to address part of this gap by highlighting the significance of barren joints and veins in reconstructing both the directions and magnitudes of geological paleostresses.[Conclusion]Conjugate shear joints not only indicate the orientation of the three effective principal stresses but also imply differential stresses at least four times greater than the tensile strength of the brittle host rock.Exfoliation joints form under stress states ofσ_(1)≈σ_(2)>0>σ_(3),whereas polygonal columnar joints in sedimentary rocks reflectσ_(1)^(*)>>σ_(2)^(*)=σ_(3)^(*),allowing the tensile strength of rocks to be estimated.Tensile joints in brittle strong beds interlayered with ductile soft layers are primarily driven by tensile stresses transferred from interfacial shear stresses between the hard and soft layers,with joint saturation mainly controlled by tectonic strain.Under natural strain-rate conditions,the Weibull modulus and tensile strength of the strong layers,as well as the shear-flow strength of the ductile layers,can be inferred from the nonlinear relationship between joint spacing and bed thickness.Ladder-like orthogonal joints,which form under a stress state ofσ_(1)^(*)>>σ_(2)^(*)>σ_(3)^(*),divide strata into blocky units and,after weathering and erosion,give rise to characteristic castle-and tower-like landforms.Veins,as mineral-filled joints,provide spacing and thickness data that allow estimates of layer strain.Moreover,the nonlinear relationship between vein spacing and bed thickness permits quantification of the extent to which mineral precipitation restores the tensile strength of rock beds.The absence of ladder-like orthogonal veins is attributed to this strength recovery.[Significance]Collectively,these observations demonstrate the critical role of joints and veins in constraining both the magnitudes and orientations of geological paleostress fields.
基金supported by the 2024 University Scientific Research Project of Guangzhou Education Bureau(Project No.24312286Certificate No.gd20249983112).
文摘Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of endovenous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and laser ablation (EVLA) in the treatment of superficial varicose veins of the lower extremities. Methods: Seventy-eight patients with superficial varicose veins treated at a hospital between April 2022 and May 2023 were selected and divided into a radiofrequency ablation group (RFA group;39 cases) and a laser ablation group (EVLA group;39 cases) based on the treatment method. Operation time, postoperative recovery duration, venous clinical severity score (VCSS) changes, complication rates, closure rates, and recurrence rates were compared between the groups at 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months postoperatively. The postoperative therapeutic outcomes were comprehensively evaluated. Results: No significant differences in age, gender, disease grade, or disease course were observed between the groups (P > 0.05). The superficial varicose vein closure rate was 100% in both groups at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. At 12 months, the closure rate was 94.87% in the RFA group and 97.43% in the EVLA group, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). No significant differences were observed in VCSS changes or complication incidence between the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Radiofrequency ablation and laser ablation demonstrate comparable efficacy and safety in the treatment of superficial varicose veins of the lower extremities.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81970493 and No.82270590.
文摘BACKGROUND Idiopathic myointimal hyperplasia of the mesenteric veins(IMHMV)is a rare disease characterized by narrowing of the lumen caused by mesenteric vein intimal hyperplasia,resulting in chronic intestinal ischemia.Although the colorectum is the primary site affected by this condition,involvement of the small intestine is even more rare.Recurrence of IMHMV after surgical resection of the affected bowel is uncommon.CASE SUMMARY In this case report,we present a unique instance of IMHMV exclusively occurring in the small intestine.The patient experienced small intestinal perforation,infarction,and obstruction before receiving a clear diagnosis,which was achieved only during the third operation.In this review,we analyzed 84 reported cases to summarize the etiology,clinical manifestations,and diagnostic challenges of IMHMV,with the aim of raising awareness regarding this rare condition among clinicians.CONCLUSION Notably,IMHMV can also affect the small intestine alone.When refractory enteritis with endoscopic findings of nonspecific ischemic changes is encountered,IMHMV should be considered for potential diagnosis.
文摘Varicose veins of the lower limbs are a cosmopolitan condition, thought to be rare in Africa but widespread in Europe. The aim of this study is to analyze the indications and evaluate the results of surgical management of varicose pathology of the IM in Dakar. We enrolled 280 patients, with a mean age of 36 and a sex ratio of 2. Factors favouring venous disease were dominated by prolonged orthostatism and multiparity. The average consultation time was 6 years. The reasons for consultation were functional manifestations, progressive complications and aesthetics. The venous trunks concerned were the great saphenous vein (GSV) in 58.9% of cases, the small saphenous vein (SSV) in 29% of cases, perforating veins and varicose veins were unsystematized in 28.5% of cases. Surgery was performed under spinal anaesthesia. Surgical procedures were dominated by stripping of the GSV, crossectomy of the SSV and staged ligations. One patient developed meningismus immediately after the operation. Average follow-up was 2 years. Mortality was null.
文摘BACKGROUND Living donor liver transplantation(LDLT)is a crucial alternative to deceased donor transplantation,especially in regions with limited access to cadaveric organs.Right lobe graft implantation into the inferior vena cava(IVC)requires advanced surgical techniques to optimize outcomes and reduce complications.AIM To compare two venous anastomosis techniques—direct polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)grafting of V5-V8 veins to the IVC vs triangulation to the right hepatic vein(RHV)—in terms of graft viability and postoperative outcomes.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 96 patients who underwent LDLT with right lobe grafts between 2014 and 2023.Patients were divided into three groups:(1)No venous outflow reconstruction;(2)PTFE graft direct anastomosis to the IVC;and(3)PTFE graft anastomosis using triangulation to the RHV.Perioperative and postoperative outcomes,including bile duct complications,alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase levels,and graft perfusion,were compared across groups.RESULTS Group 3(triangulation to RHV)showed significantly improved venous outflow,fewer complications,and faster normalization of liver function tests.Bile duct complications were highest in group 1(12.8%)and lowest in group 3(7%).Doppler ultrasonography revealed better graft perfusion in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2.CONCLUSION Triangulation to the RHV improves graft viability,reduces biliary complications,and enhances early postoperative outcomes compared to direct PTFE grafting to the IVC.
基金Supported by Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital Talent Development Program during the 14th Five-Year Plan,No.2023 LJRCLFQ.
文摘BACKGROUND Wedged hepatic venous pressure(WHVP)is a crucial variable for accurately assessing the hepatic venous pressure gradient(HVPG)and is vital for the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of patients with portal hypertension(PH).AIM To investigate the anatomical characteristics of balloon-occluded hepatic venous angiography in patients with PH and analyze the relationship between the WHVP and portal venous pressure(PVP).METHODS This retrospective study included 877 patients with PH who met the inclusion criteria from January 2020 to June 2024.Routine and innovative hepatic venous angiography was performed during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedures to measure hepatic venous and PVPs.All patients'angiographic images were collected for analysis.The associations between WHVP and PVP in each group were analyzed via linear regression analysis,and a predictive model was established.RESULTS The 877 patients had a mean age of 52.6±13.0 years,with 582 males and 295 females.Patients were categorized into four groups on the basis of their anatomical structure.All groups showed strong correlations between WHVP and PVP.The regression coefficient between the WHVP and PVP in the hepatic right vein-portal venous angiography group was 0.884(P<0.05);in the hepatic right vein-accessory hepatic venous angiography group,it was 0.721(P<0.05);in the hepatic right vein-middle hepatic venous angiography group,it was 0.344(P<0.05);and in the hepatic right vein-nonangiography group,it was 0.293(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The presence and anatomical classification of hepatic venous collaterals are key factors influencing the relationship between WHVP with and PVP.Based on the different anatomical classifications of hepatic veins,WHVP can be used to estimate PVP,improving the accuracy of PVP prediction.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(project number:41572123)。
文摘Lamellar calcite veins are prevalent in carbonate-rich,lacustrine dark shale.The formation mechanisms of these veins have been extensively debated,focusing on factors such as timing,depth,material source,and driving forces.This paper examines dark lacustrine shale lamellar calcite veins in the Paleogene strata of Dongying Depression,using various analytical techniques:petrography,isotope geochemistry,cathodoluminescence,inclusion thermometry,and electron probe micro-analysis.Two distinct types of calcite veins have been identified:granular calcite veins and sparry calcite veins.These two types differ significantly in color,grain structure,morphology,and inclusions.Through further investigation,it was observed that vein generation occurred from the shallow burial period to the maturation of organic matter,with a transition from granular calcite veins to sparry calcite veins.The granular calcite veins exhibit characteristics associated with the shallow burial period,including plastically deformed laminae and veins,the development of strawberry pyrite,the absence of oil and gas,weak fractionation in oxygen isotopes,and their contact relationship with sparry calcite veins.These granular calcite veins were likely influenced by the reduction of sulfate bacteria.On the other hand,sparry calcite veins with fibrous grains are antitaxial and closely linked to the evolution and maturation of organic matter.They contain oil and gas inclusions and show a distribution range of homogenization temperature between 90℃ and 120℃ and strong fractionation in oxygen isotopes,indicating formation during the hydrocarbon expulsion period.The carbon isotope analysis of the surrounding rocks and veins suggests that the material for vein formation originates from the shale itself,specifically authigenic micritic calcite modified by the action of methanogens.The opening of horizontal fractures and vein formation is likely driven by fluid overpressure resulting from undercompaction and hydrocarbon expulsion.Veins may form rapidly or through multi-stage composite processes.Early veins are predominantly formed in situ,while late veins are a result of continuous fluid migration and convergence.Furthermore,the veins continue to undergo modification even after formation.This study emphasizes that the formation of lamellar calcite veins in shale is a complex diagenetic process influenced by multiple factors:biology,organic matter,and inorganic processes,all operating at various stages throughout the shale's diagenetic history.
文摘Background: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a widespread and underdiagnosed condition that affects more than 20% of the general population. The most prevalent manifestation of CVI is varicose veins (VVs), which affect up to 25% of women and 15% of males. Sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive procedure used primarily in treating telangiectasias, reticular veins, and small varicose veins. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various sclerotherapy techniques in treating varicose veins-related complications. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational interventional study at Jordan University Hospital (JUH) from September 2022 to January 2023. The study involved patients with lower limb varicose veins, assessing their clinical response and monitoring potential treatment complications. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 21.0. Results: Of 567 patients with diagnosed VVs, 544 were female (95.94%), and 23 were male (4.06%). The primary complaints were pain and cosmetic concerns. Treatments included Foam Aethoxysklerol® 3% (polidocanol) and Micro-foam Aethoxysklerol® 1%. Improvement in symptoms was reported by 538 patients (94.89%). The most common adverse event was hyperpigmentation, reported in 120 patients (21.16%), followed by post-procedural pain in 104 patients (18.34%). Notably, one patient (0.18%) experienced deep vein thrombosis (DVT), one (0.18%) reported telangiectatic matting, and there were two cases (0.36%) of visual disturbances and one allergic reaction. Conclusion: Sclerotherapy is effective and safe for treating VVs with minimal adverse events. It is a viable standalone treatment, reducing complications linked to other methods like radiofrequency ablation and surgery.
文摘Preservation conditions are key to enriching shallow shale gas.Therefore,the veins of two typical wells in the Shixi syncline in northern Guizhou as research objects.Based on core observation,vein thin-section observation,cathodoluminescence,calcite in situ U-Pb dating,fluid inclusion microthermometry,Raman spectrum shift,single well basin simulation,and C-O isotope geochemical analysis,the researchers clarified the characteristics of the veins and the differences in paleofluid activity,as well as their significance for shale gas preservation.The results showed that:1)a small number of high-angle fractures had developed mainly in the Shixi syncline in northern Guizhou.The width of viens is small and filled primarily with early calcite-quartz and late calcite.The inclusions were mainly methane and brine.The proportion of brine inclusions in the SD1 well was greater than that in the SX1 well.The SD1 well has experienced more intense second-stage uplift and denudation,and the consequent gas loss is serious.2)The results of the C-O isotope analysis showed that most of the vein-forming fluids were derived from marine carbonate rocks.The O_(3)b had obvious negative deviations ofδ^(13)C andδ^(18)O,which were modified by exogenous or deep hydrothermal fluid.The C-O isotope difference between the vein bodies and the surrounding rock of the SX1 well was small,and the preservation conditions were better.3)The difference in gas content in the Shixi syncline depends on the degree of damage to gas reservoir preservation conditions caused by burial depth and other factors.Shixi syncline is a wide and gentle syncline with central retention enrichment mode.Therefore,clarifying the development of shale veins,the characteristics of paleofluid activity,and their significance for shale gas preservation can lay a foundation for studying the enrichment mechanism of shallow shale gas and thus guide further exploration and development.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei(D2024501002)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2423020)Major Science and Technology Projects of CNPC(2021ZZ10)。
文摘Based on the observation and analysis of cores and thin sections,and combined with cathodoluminescence,laser Raman,fluid inclusions,and in-situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating,the genetic mechanism and petroleum geological significance of calcite veins in shales of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin were investigated.Macroscopically,the calcite veins are bedding parallel,and show lenticular,S-shaped,cone-in-cone and pinnate structures.Microscopically,they can be divided into syntaxial blocky or columnar calcite veins and antitaxial fibrous calcite veins.The aqueous fluid inclusions in blocky calcite veins have a homogenization temperature of 132.5–145.1℃,the in-situ U-Pb dating age of blocky calcite veins is(69.9±5.2)Ma,suggesting that the middle maturity period of source rocks and the conventional oil formation period in the Qingshankou Formation are the sedimentary period of Mingshui Formation in Late Cretaceous.The aqueous fluid inclusions in fibrous calcite veins with the homogenization temperature of 141.2–157.4℃,yields the U-Pb age of(44.7±6.9)Ma,indicating that the middle-high maturity period of source rocks and the Gulong shale oil formation period in the Qingshankou Formation are the sedimentary period of Paleocene Yi'an Formaiton.The syntaxial blocky or columnar calcite veins were formed sensitively to the diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon generation,mainly in three stages(fracture opening,vein-forming fluid filling,and vein growth).Tectonic extrusion activities and fluid overpressure are induction factors for the formation of fractures,and vein-forming fluid flows mainly as diffusion in a short distance.These veins generally follow a competitive growth mode.The antitaxial fibrous calcite veins were formed under the driving of the force of crystallization in a non-competitive growth environment.It is considered that the calcite veins in organic-rich shale of the Qingshankou Formation in the study area has important implications for local tectonic activities,fluid overpressure,hydrocarbon generation and expulsion,and diagenesis-hydrocarbon accumulation dating of the Songliao Basin.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41973045)Basic Science and Technology Research Funding of the CAGS(Grant No.JKYZD202312)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Project of China(Grant No.2022YFF0800903)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41802113,42073053,42273073 and 42261144669).
文摘Lamprophyres typically appear in hydrothermal gold deposits.The relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits is investigated widely.Some researchers suggest that the emplacement of lamprophyres triggers gold mineralization,whereas others hypothesize that the formation of lamprophyres increases the fertility of mantle sources and ore-forming fluids.K-feldspar veins,with ages between those of lamprophyres and gold deposits,appear in lamprophyres in Zhenyuan.Therefore,K-feldspar veins are ideal for investigating the relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits.Phlogopite in K-feldspar veins has lower Mg#,Ni,and Cr contents and higher TiO2,Li,Ba,Sr,Sc,Zr,Nb,and Cs contents than phlogopite in lamprophyres.The in-situ Sr isotopic values of apatites(0.7063–0.7066)in K-feldspar veins are within the range for apatites(0.7064–0.7078)from lamprophyres.High large-ion lithophile element concentrations and low Nb and Ta concentrations in phlogopite from lamprophyres,in addition to high(87Sr/86Sr)i values of apatite(0.7064–0.7078),indicate that the magma parental to these phlogopite and apatite crystals is derived from an enriched mantle.Kfeldspar veins are genetically correlated with lamprophyres,whereas sulfide mineral assemblage and trace element compositions of pyrite in K-feldspar veins suggest that K-feldspar veins in lamprophyres are not directly related to gold mineralization of the Zhenyuan deposit.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFA1401100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61825403 and 61921005)。
文摘Stretchable electronics that monitor joint activity and treat diseases based on liquid metal could be used in the development of healthcare applications.Such devices can be seamlessly integrated with human skin.However,most high-precision microstructures and complex patterns are difficult to fabricate due to the limitations of conventional fabrication solutions,resulting in suboptimal performance under practical conditions.Here,a liquid-metal stretchable system utilizing natural leaf veins was reported as microstructures,which was based on a biomimetic concept and utilized an all-solution process for the preparation of complex microstructures.The systems are ultra-high tensile(800%tensile strain),environmentally stable(20 days)and mechanically durable(300-cycle).The system can accurately recognize the wearer's finger bending level as well as simple gesture signals.At the same time,the system acts as a wearable heater,which can realize the fast heating behavior of heating up to 50℃in 3 min under the human body-safe voltage(1.5 V).The tensile stability is demonstrated by the heterogeneous integration of lasers(405 nm)with the system interconnects for a stretchable and wearable light source.
基金Supported by Biomedical Research Institute,Pusan National University Hospital,202200420001.
文摘BACKGROUND Studies on varicose veins have focused its effects on physical function;however,whether nonsurgical treatments alter muscle oxygenation or physical function remains unclear.Moreover,the differences in such functions between individuals with varicose veins and healthy individuals remain unclear.AIM To investigate changes in physical function and the quality of life(QOL)following nonsurgical treatment of patients with varicose veins and determine the changes in their muscle oxygenation during activity.METHODS We enrolled 37 participants(those with varicose veins,n=17;healthy individuals,n=20).We performed the following measurements pre-and post-nonsurgical treatment in the varicose vein patients and healthy individuals:Calf muscle oxygenation during the two-minute step test,open eyes one-leg stance,30 s sit-to-stand test,visual analog scale(VAS)for pain,Pittsburgh sleep quality index,physical activity assessment,and QOL assessment.RESULTS Varicose veins patients and healthy individuals differ in most variables(physical function,sleep quality,and QOL).Varicose veins patients showed significant differences between pre-and post-nonsurgical treatment—results in the 30 sit-to-stand test[14.41(2.45)to 16.35(4.11),P=0.018],two-minute step test[162.29(25.98)to 170.65(23.80),P=0.037],VAS for pain[5.35(1.90)to 3.88(1.73),P=0.004],and QOL[39.34(19.98)to 26.69(17.02),P=0.005];however,no significant difference was observed for muscle oxygenation.CONCLUSION Nonsurgical treatment improved lower extremity function and QOL in varicose veins patients,bringing their condition close to that of healthy individuals.Future studies should include patients with severe varicose veins requiring surgery to confirm our findings.
文摘BACKGROUND This study aimed to describe the findings of double superior mesenteric veins(SMVs),a rare anatomical variation,on multidetector computer tomography(MDCT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)images.CASE SUMMARY We describe the case of a 34-year-old male,who underwent both MDC and MRI examinations of the upper abdomen because of liver cirrhosis.MDCT and MRI angiography images of the upper abdomen revealed an anatomic variation of the superior mesenteric vein(SMV),the double SMVs.CONCLUSION The double SMVs are a congenital abnormality without potential clinical manifestation.Physicians need to be aware of this anatomical variation during abdominal surgery to avoid iatrogenic injury.
文摘This paper models the giraffe’s jugular veins as a uniform collapsible tube from a rigid skull. The equations governing one-dimensional steady flow through such a tube for various conditions have been developed. The effects of inertial and inclination angles that have not been discussed previously have been included. It has been shown that different flows for a uniform tube (vein) are possible. However, this flow matches that of a jugular vein which is supercritical, and the steady solution has been given by the balance between the driving forces of gravity and the viscous resistance to the flow at the right atrium of the heart must be sub-critical for a fixed right-atrium pressure which means that an elastic jump is required to return the flow to sub-critical from the supercritical flow upstream this type of relationship gives rise to flow limitation at the same time given any right atrium fixed pressure there exists a maximum flow rate which when exceeded the boundary conditions of the flow do not hold boundary conditions at the right atrium are not satisfied hence making the steady flow impossible this mechanism of flow limitation is slightly different from the other one in that causes airways through forced expiration from the observation made it is clearly shown that there is an intravascular pressure difference with a change in height.
文摘The detection and characterization of human veins using infrared (IR) image processing have gained significant attention due to its potential applications in biometric identification, medical diagnostics, and vein-based authentication systems. This paper presents a low-cost approach for automatic detection and characterization of human veins from IR images. The proposed method uses image processing techniques including segmentation, feature extraction, and, pattern recognition algorithms. Initially, the IR images are preprocessed to enhance vein structures and reduce noise. Subsequently, a CLAHE algorithm is employed to extract vein regions based on their unique IR absorption properties. Features such as vein thickness, orientation, and branching patterns are extracted using mathematical morphology and directional filters. Finally, a classification framework is implemented to categorize veins and distinguish them from surrounding tissues or artifacts. A setup based on Raspberry Pi was used. Experimental results of IR images demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach in accurately detecting and characterizing human. The developed system shows promising for integration into applications requiring reliable and secure identification based on vein patterns. Our work provides an effective and low-cost solution for nursing staff in low and middle-income countries to perform a safe and accurate venipuncture.
基金funded by the International Union of Geological Science(IUGS)under its“Resourcing Future Generations”programme Coordinated at the University of Buea by CES。
文摘In a bid to identify features useful in discriminating barren from gold-bearing veins and thus assist in the training of locals on site suitability selection for shallow-depth gold exploitation from weathered veins,we investigated a major vein set in the Batouri gold district of eastern Cameroon hereafter referred to as the Mama vein system.The mineralized veins trend NE-SW and are foliated with sericitic,carbonate,sulphides and hematitic alterations.
基金Supported by the Fund of Anhui Provincial Tobacco Monopoly Bureau(AHKJ2008-03)Anhui Provincial University Key Project of Natural Science(KJ2010A114)Undergraduate Student Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Anhui Agricultural University(2010233)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to explore the related mechanisms of the breaking of flue-cured tobacco leaves. [Method] Anti-breaking models of the main veins of flue-cured tobacco leaves were constructed for principal component analysis on the anti-breaking index, leaf traits and cellulose contents. [Result] The results showed that the growth traits had certain relevance with the cellulose contents while the leaf weight assumed a significant negative correlation with the anti-breaking index, indicating that the heavier the leaf weight was, the weaker the anti-breaking capacity of flue-cured tobacco would be; the cross-sectional area of main veins and the cellulose contents had shown a positive correlation with the anti-breaking index, indicating that the thicker the main vein of flue-cured tobacco was, the higher the cellulose contents would be, and the stronger the anti-breaking capacity of flue-cured tobacco leaves would be. [Conclusion] This study provided theoretical basis and reference to improve tobacco production and enhance the quality of flue-cured tobacco.
