Currently,cultivated tea plants are classified into three varieties,namely,Camellia sinensis var.sinensis,C.sinensis var.assamica,and C.sinensis var.kucha.Three tea varieties made green teas(TVGTs)are widely consumed ...Currently,cultivated tea plants are classified into three varieties,namely,Camellia sinensis var.sinensis,C.sinensis var.assamica,and C.sinensis var.kucha.Three tea varieties made green teas(TVGTs)are widely consumed worldwide.However,a comparative investigation of the beneficial effects,mechanism,and characteristic compounds of TVGTs has not been reported.Here,three representative tea plant varieties,namely,C.sinensis var.sinensis cv.Fuding(FD),C.sinensis var.assamica cv.Yunkang 10(YK),and C.sinensis var.kucha(KC),planted in the same garden,were used to make green teas utilizing the same standard procedure.Our findings show that the TVGTs effectively improved hyperglycemia,obesity,dyslipidemia,fatty liver,and mesenteric artery(MA)hypercontractility in mice with diabetes and obesity induced by a high-fat diet(HFD)after 11-and 22-week interventions,with YK being the most effective at 22 weeks.Liver lipidomics indicated that the TVGTs restored the glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid balance and reduced triglycerides,with YK demonstrating superior effects.The TVGTs,particularly YK,suppressed triglyceride synthesis through the ARV1-FXR-SHP-SREBP-1c pathway.A chemical profile analysis revealed that YK green tea had enriched active compounds,including caffeine,quinic acid,L-theanine,gallic acid,and catechins,compared with FD and KC green teas,which may contribute to ameliorating diabetic dyslipidemia via synergistic action.As a representative tea variety of C.sinensis var.assamica,YK green tea was found to be superior to the other two green teas in preventing and treating diabetic dyslipidemia,especially with long term consumption.These data provide important information for tea plant breeders and tea consumers.展开更多
Efficient nitrogen management is crucial for developing sustainable strategies aimed at enhancing yield while mitigating negative environmental impacts.However,research focusing on this aspect in the production of fre...Efficient nitrogen management is crucial for developing sustainable strategies aimed at enhancing yield while mitigating negative environmental impacts.However,research focusing on this aspect in the production of fresh maize is limited.Therefore,this study analyzed the effects of nitrogen application rates on the yields of 40 sweet and 44 waxy maize varieties at five sites in Zhejiang Province,China,from 2015 to 2019.The nitrogen application rates were categorized as either relatively high(RHN,>300 kg ha^(-1) for sweet maize and>320 kg ha^(-1) for waxy maize)or relatively low(RLN).An increase in nitrogen application rates significantly reduced nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity in both sweet and waxy maize(R^(2)=0.616,P<0.01;R^(2)=0.643,P<0.01),indicating that the optimum nitrogen application rates in this study might be the lowest values(160 kg ha^(-1) for sweet maize and 180 kg ha^(-1) for waxy maize).The kernel number per ear of sweet maize had a potentially more significant impact on fresh grain yield than the 1,000-fresh kernel weight under both RLN and RHN.In waxy maize,1,000-kernel weight contributed more to fresh grain yield under RLN,while kernel number per ear and 1,000-kernel weight cooperatively affected the yield under RHN.This study found that sweet maize required taller plant and ear heights,along with an optimal ear-plant height ratio,to enhance dry matter accumulation and increase source size,particularly under RLN,and to ultimately achieve a higher fresh grain yield.In contrast,a lower ear height and ear-plant height ratio in waxy maize probably contributed more to the greater kernel number and weight under RLN,likely due to a lower ear height which can reduce the distance between sink and source,enabling more efficient photoassimilate allocation to the ear.展开更多
The protection system for traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)varieties,as an important policy tool to promote the development of TCM,has a long history of over 30 years,from the promulgation of the“Regulations on the P...The protection system for traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)varieties,as an important policy tool to promote the development of TCM,has a long history of over 30 years,from the promulgation of the“Regulations on the Protection of Traditional Chinese Medicine Varieties”in 1992 to the comprehensive revision of the draft for soliciting opinions in 2022.The TCM protection system evolves to meet the needs of innovative development of TCM.This paper reviews the policy developments in TCM varieties protection,collates protection data(1993 to 2024),and analyzes enterprises application strategies amid impending regulatory changes.展开更多
The agronomic and qualitative traits of 17 alfalfa varieties were analyzed in field and lab from 2006 to 2008, and these traits were evaluated by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. A total of 10 main t...The agronomic and qualitative traits of 17 alfalfa varieties were analyzed in field and lab from 2006 to 2008, and these traits were evaluated by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. A total of 10 main traits were classified as five factors： growth factor, quality factor, stem and leaf factors, plant factor and yield factor. These five factors and their correlation were selected for breeding. These 17 varieties can be divided into five clusters. The domestic varieties have better agronomic traits, while the introduced ones have better qualitative traits.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to investigate the expression level of recombinant gene P1-2A3C of FMDV Asia I in different Bombyx mori varieties,so as to screen out the B.mori varieties suitable for the foreign gene expressi...[Objective] The aim was to investigate the expression level of recombinant gene P1-2A3C of FMDV Asia I in different Bombyx mori varieties,so as to screen out the B.mori varieties suitable for the foreign gene expression.[Method] The recombinant B.mori baculovirus rBmNPV（P1-2A3C） are injected into pupae of original species and hybrids of B.mori respectively.Then,the expression of antigen is detected by ELISA method and compared.[Result] The expression level of P1-2A3C significantly differed in different B.mori varieties,in which,the hybrids of Qiufeng×TQ78 and Qiufeng×Sijiaojian could be considered as the effective bioreactors for high-level expression of foreign genes.[Conclusion] This study provided the basis for breeding special B.mori varieties which can highly express target protein of Asia I FMDV.展开更多
In this paper,we shall study structures of even lattice vertex operator algebras by using the geometry of the varieties of their semi-conformal vectors.We first give the varieties of semi-conformal vectors of a family...In this paper,we shall study structures of even lattice vertex operator algebras by using the geometry of the varieties of their semi-conformal vectors.We first give the varieties of semi-conformal vectors of a family of vertex operator algebras V_(√kA_(1)) associated to rank-one positive definite even lattices √kA_(1) for arbitrary positive integers k to characterize these even lattice vertex operator algebras.In such a family of lattice vertex operator algebras V_(√kA_(1)),the vertex operator algebra V_(√2A_(1)) is different from others.Hence we describe the varieties of semi-conformal vectors of V_(√2A_(1)) and the fixed vertex operator subalgebra V^(+)√2A_(1).Moreover,as applications,we study the relations between vertex operator algebras V_(√kA_(1) )and L_(sl_(2))(k,0)for arbitrary positive integers k by the viewpoint of semi-conformal homomorphisms of vertex operator algebras.For case k=2,in the series of rational simple affine vertex operator algebras L_(sl_(2))(k,0)for positive integers k,we show that L_(sl_(2))(2,0)is a unique frame vertex operator algebra with rank 3.展开更多
To improve the economic benefits and farmers’enthusiasm of Brassica napus production,this study compared the agronomic traits,economic traits,and incomes from vegetable and oilseed among five early maturing varieties...To improve the economic benefits and farmers’enthusiasm of Brassica napus production,this study compared the agronomic traits,economic traits,and incomes from vegetable and oilseed among five early maturing varieties of Brassica napus,thereby selecting the suitable materials for breeding the varieties for both vegetable and oil.The results showed that all of the five varieties had low erucic acid in oil and low glucosinolate in rapeseed meal.The economic benefits of the varieties for vegetable and oil were generally higher than those of the varieties for only oil.‘CNT01’had the best economic benefits,with the vegetable yield of 8175.3 kg/hm^(2),the rapeseed yield of 2476.5 kg/hm^(2),the vegetable income of 14859.0 yuan/hm^(2),the rapeseed income of 32701.2 yuan/hm^(2),and the net income of 35560.2 yuan/hm^(2).‘CNZ01’was selected as the variety with highest oil quality,with the rapeseed yield of 2712.6 kg/hm^(2) and the net income of 11775.6 yuan/hm^(2).In conclusion,‘CNT01’was selected as the variety for both vegetable and oil.展开更多
The globalization and nativization processes of English resulted in the appearance of a large number of regional varieties of English. Concerning their accent between the single norm theory and the multiple norm diffe...The globalization and nativization processes of English resulted in the appearance of a large number of regional varieties of English. Concerning their accent between the single norm theory and the multiple norm differences, there has always been a debate theory. This paper argues against the ＇standard-nonstandard＇ classification of English accents upheld by the former, and revises the concept of ＇the three concentric circles of English＇ proposed by the latter, providing some helpful tips on the current instruction of listening and speaking in China＇s colleges and universities.展开更多
Effects of varieties on the content of tea pigment, L＊, a＊ and b＊ value of chromatic aberration of black tea infusion was studied. The correlation relationship between content of TF, TR, TB and L＊, a＊, b＊ value ...Effects of varieties on the content of tea pigment, L＊, a＊ and b＊ value of chromatic aberration of black tea infusion was studied. The correlation relationship between content of TF, TR, TB and L＊, a＊, b＊ value was extremely significant at P＆lt;0.05. Fresh tea leaves with plucking standard of 1 bud and 2 leaves could man-ufacture black tea with higher content of tea pigment, higher a＊ and b＊ value but lower L＊ value, than those of plucking standard of 1 bud and 3 leaves. But the discrepancy of certain parameter of the two plucking standards changed with vari-eties. Varieties’ quality potential could be concealed by improper plucking standards. Six varieties were divided into four groups on the basis of gross tea polyphenols in fresh tea leaves （GTP）, consumption of tea polyphenols to gross tea polyphenols ratio （CTP/GTP） and gross tea pigment to consumption of tea polyphenols ratio （GP/CTP）. Hybrid performed the very suitability of black tea manufacturing. To en-sure high quality of made black tea, suitable variety should be chosen and reason-able plucking standard also should be taken into consideration.展开更多
English varieties have grown up in different parts of the world. The traditional prototype paradigm of ELT,which assumed that a non-native learner learned English in order to communicate with a native speaker,no longe...English varieties have grown up in different parts of the world. The traditional prototype paradigm of ELT,which assumed that a non-native learner learned English in order to communicate with a native speaker,no longer represents the primary context of the use of English today. Therefore,in ELT,besides learning standard English,sensitivity to English varieties should be cultivated so as to promote communicative competence.展开更多
In Mediterranean countries forage crops and temporary grasslands are the most important supply even if severe moisture stress is common. In Italy, forage systems are various and differently located from North to South...In Mediterranean countries forage crops and temporary grasslands are the most important supply even if severe moisture stress is common. In Italy, forage systems are various and differently located from North to South of the mainland due to strong influence by rainfall distribution. Grasses and grazing cover 3.4 million ha of Italian utilized agricultural area （UAA） while alternated grassland and grass meadows cover 1.9 million ha. Most of grasslands are located in hilly and mountainous areas and are important for reducing erosion. Italy has a great longitudinal extension which accounts for a great variety of climate systems and soils： the northern regions have a humid subtropical climate and differ greatly from the south part that fits the Mediterranean climate profile. During the last 100/150 years the Italian climate has become warmer and drier showing an increase of erratic precipitation intensity. The future of breeding of forage grasses and legumes should be focused on higher nutrient use efficiencies and increased sustainability. New applications of genomics and bioinformatics will allow advanced breeding strategies. Over the past 15 years breeders have displayed a constant interest in forage species while a greater interest has risen in turfgrass varieties. Seed production of Italian herbages does not cover the requirements of the market. More specific value for cultivation and use （VCU） tests might be an effective means to improve the screening of candidate varieties. The goal is the selection of varieties able to withstand the stress of climate change, have better water and nitrogen use efficiency and resilience of vegetation cover.展开更多
Learner's motivation is very important in learning process and learning result. It can be divided into different varieties. The positive factors which can influence learner's motivation can play a vital role i...Learner's motivation is very important in learning process and learning result. It can be divided into different varieties. The positive factors which can influence learner's motivation can play a vital role in College English teaching. In college English learning and teaching, teachers should adopt suitable teaching strategies and methods to realize these positive factors in order to im-prove college students English learning.展开更多
This paper focuses on the nativization of English in China,using Pidgin English as a case study to put Chinese English variants under the theoretical framework of eco-linguistics,and put the ecological environment suc...This paper focuses on the nativization of English in China,using Pidgin English as a case study to put Chinese English variants under the theoretical framework of eco-linguistics,and put the ecological environment such as species competition,coexistence and co-evolution,etc.The natural phenomenon is compared with the existence of language phenomenon in the development process of China English represented by Pidgin English.The study found that as the spark of the collision of the two mainstream languages of Chinese and English,the Chinese English varieties play a very important role in the exchange and enrichment of the two languages and cultures.Although academic circles have different attitudes and opinions on Chinese English variants,their existence and development conform to the law of the development of things and are also inevitable in historical development.Blindly ignoring their objective existence will definitely bring adverse effects on the ecological balance of the language.We should face up to the existence of Chinese English variants,comply with the law of language development,and allow it to develop naturally,and make efforts to protect the ecological balance of the world’s languages.展开更多
RAPD assessment of genetic variations in 33 varieties of banana (Musa nana Lour.) was carried out. Eighteen primers were screened from 249 10 bp arbitrary primers, and a total of 192 DNA bands were amplified, among wh...RAPD assessment of genetic variations in 33 varieties of banana (Musa nana Lour.) was carried out. Eighteen primers were screened from 249 10 bp arbitrary primers, and a total of 192 DNA bands were amplified, among which 183 (95.31%) were polymorphic. The average number of DNA bands amplified by each primer was 10.67, and the average genetic distance among 33 varieties was 0.3412. Based on UPGMA cluster analysis of 192 DNA bands amplified by 18 primers a DNA molecular dendrogram was established for 33 varieties of banana in China, which divided the 33 varieties into four groups: group A, B, C and D. Group A included 20 varieties, group B included 5 varieties, group C included 2 varieties and group D included 6 varieties. Group A could be divided into 3 sub-groups: A1, A2 and A3. The molecular foundation of genetic diversity of banana was also explored.展开更多
Based on the results of the national regional trail for winter rapeseed in four groups,including the upper reaches,middle reaches and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Huang-Huai region in the past twenty years,new v...Based on the results of the national regional trail for winter rapeseed in four groups,including the upper reaches,middle reaches and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Huang-Huai region in the past twenty years,new varieties of winter rapeseed showed upward trend in average yield,the yield level in Huang-huai group was higher than other groups.The changes of average effective pods per plant were not significant in any group,but the number of grain per pod and 1 000-grain weight showed increase trend.However,the increment of grains per pod in three Yangtze River groups was higher than that in Huang-Huai River group,while the increment of 1 000-grain weight was just opposite.The incidence rate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and viral disease in new varieties of winter rapeseed obviously decreased,and the incidence rate of S.sclerotiorum decreased lower than 5%.Genetic improvement for winter rapeseed should be focus on the number of grain per pod and 1 000-grain weight in the future,and yield level of new varieties in all four groups is expected to increase.展开更多
Polyphenolic compound in processing apple （Malus domestica Borkh.） varieties and the relationship between polyphenol content and enzymatic browning were studied to provide reference for raw material selection and pr...Polyphenolic compound in processing apple （Malus domestica Borkh.） varieties and the relationship between polyphenol content and enzymatic browning were studied to provide reference for raw material selection and processing method optimization. The content of polyphenol compound in 10 processing apple varieties （4 cider and 6 juice varieties） were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and HPLC. The degree of browning and the activities of polyphenol oxidase were also studied. The content and proportion of the polyphenol varied depending on the variety. Bitter varieties globally showed a higher polyphenol concentration than sweet or acid varieties. Proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid, （＋）-catechin, （-）-epicatechin were high-concentrated polyphenols in apple fruits. Phloridzin, the unique polyphenol of apple, was abundant in the bitter variety Frequin rouge fruit. Total polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, （＋）-catechin, and phloridzin had higher correlations with browning. The correlation was low between chlorogenic acid and browning. The polyphenolic profiles were correlated with the apple types. Cider apples contained more polyphenol than juice apple varieties. The content of flavan-3-ol has a close relationship with fruit browning.展开更多
This study was to analyze the mineral elements in famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province. Eighteen mineral elements in the samples of 13 famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province were measured via related instruments...This study was to analyze the mineral elements in famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province. Eighteen mineral elements in the samples of 13 famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province were measured via related instruments. The results showed, of all the 18 measured samples, that the contents of K, P, S, Ca and Mg were relatively higher（ 〉1 500 mg/kg） in famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province, while those of Ba, Cr, V, Co and Se were relatively lower（ 〈 10 mg/kg） ; compared to common green tea, the famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province contained higher contents of K, Zn, P, Na, Ni, Cu, S, Se and Co（0.38% -115.65% higher than that in common green tea）, and lower contents of Mg, Mn, AI, Ca, V, Rb, Fe and Cr（7.20% -46.67% lower than that in common green tea）; of the 13 tested tea varieties, Hongyanyingchun, Yongchuanxiuya and Qingchengxueya were rich in mineral elements, while Yuchengyunwu and Yuqiancha lacked in mineral elements. The re- suits show that Hongyanyingchun, Yongchuanxiuya and Qingchengxueya are the elites in the famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province.展开更多
The traditional rice-fish farming system is selected as a ＂globally important agricultural heritage system＂ （GIAHS） by the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO）,United Nations Development Programme （UNDP）,an...The traditional rice-fish farming system is selected as a ＂globally important agricultural heritage system＂ （GIAHS） by the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO）,United Nations Development Programme （UNDP）,and Global Environment Facility （GEF）,etc.In Zhejiang Province of China,where the pilot site for this GIAHS farming system is located,we compared the use of traditional rice varieties in rice-fish co-culture and rice monoculture.Further,we determined how traditional rice varieties were performed in this rice-fish system.Only 19% of the farmers who practiced rice monoculture planted traditional varieties while 52% of farmers who practiced rice-fish co-culture planted traditional varieties.Traditional varieties represented 13% of the total land cultivated under rice in the rice-fish system but only 2% in the rice monoculture system.In the rice-fish system,yield was lower for traditional rice varieties than hybrid varieties but application of fertilizers and pesticides was also lower.In a field experiment in the rice-fish system without pesticides,rice planthopper numbers and sheath blight incidence were lower from three traditional varieties than one hybrid variety;yields were 8 to 32% lower from the traditional varieties than the hybrid.Our results showed that traditional rice varieties can be preserved through conserving GIAHS rice-fish co-culture.Our study also indicated that traditional rice varieties can survive in the rice-fish system because these varieties are helpful to the whole system and beneficial to the farmers.展开更多
Experiment was conducted at the Gongzhuling Experimental Station of Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Province, China, during 2009-2010. Six representative varieties of maize ...Experiment was conducted at the Gongzhuling Experimental Station of Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Province, China, during 2009-2010. Six representative varieties of maize （Baihe in the 1950s, Jidan 101 in the 1960s, Zhongdan 2 in the 1970s, Yedan 13 in the 1980s, Zhengdan 958 in the 1990s, and Xianyu 335 in the 2000s） were each planted under two different densities （52 500 and 82 500 plants ha-~） and two different nitrogen application levels （150 and 300 kg ha-l）. Root characteristics and distribution among soil layers were studied by the field root digging method. The results showed that root mass increased with the process of the growth and development of the plant, and it peaked at kernel filling stage, and decreased at maturity due to the root senesces. Root mass of different maize varieties from the 1950s to 1980s had a trend of increase, while it decreased for the modern varieties. Root length and root surface areas had the similar changing trend. The study suggested that early maize varieties may have root redundancy, and reducing root redundancy may be a direction for variety improvement for high yield. Root characteristics were affected by nitrogen application level and density; modern varieties were more suitable for higher fertilizer application level and density conditions. Root characteristics distribution among soil layers decreased by an exponent equation, but the regression coefficients of different varieties were different. Though the root length density （RLD） of every soil layer of different varieties also decreased by an exponent equation, there were large variations of RLD in every part of a layer.展开更多
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, which is distributed worldwide, is considered a major constraint on rice production in Asia. The present study used the root gall index and number of nematodes inside th...The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, which is distributed worldwide, is considered a major constraint on rice production in Asia. The present study used the root gall index and number of nematodes inside the roots to evaluate resistance/susceptibility to M. graminicola in different subpopulations of Oryza sativa （aus, hybrid aus, indica, hybrid indica, temperate japonica, tropical japonica）. Nematode development in highly resistant varieties was also evaluated. Analyses of randomly selected 35 varieties showed the number of M. graminicola nematodes inside the roots correlated very strongly （r=0.87, P≤0.05） with the nematode gall index, and the results from pot and field experiments revealed similar rankings of the varieties for resistance/susceptibility. Among the 136 tested varieties, temperate japonica displayed the highest gall index, followed by tropical japonica, indica, hybrid indica, aus, and hybrid aus. Zhonghua 11 （aus）, Shenliangyou 1 （hybrid aus） and Cliangyou 4418 （hybrid indica） were highly resistant to M. graminicola under both pot and field conditions. Further examination of nematode development suggested that compared to susceptible rice, M. graminicola penetrated less often into highly resistant varieties and more frequently failed to develop into females. The promising varieties found in the present research might be useful for the breeding of hybrid rice in China and for the further development of practical nematode management measures.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1601102)by a key joint grant for regional innovation from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U19A2034)+2 种基金a key grant for University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(GXXT-2019-49)a grant from the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-19)a grant for supporting an animal core facility in Anhui Agricultural University from the Department of Sciences and Technology of Anhui Province.
文摘Currently,cultivated tea plants are classified into three varieties,namely,Camellia sinensis var.sinensis,C.sinensis var.assamica,and C.sinensis var.kucha.Three tea varieties made green teas(TVGTs)are widely consumed worldwide.However,a comparative investigation of the beneficial effects,mechanism,and characteristic compounds of TVGTs has not been reported.Here,three representative tea plant varieties,namely,C.sinensis var.sinensis cv.Fuding(FD),C.sinensis var.assamica cv.Yunkang 10(YK),and C.sinensis var.kucha(KC),planted in the same garden,were used to make green teas utilizing the same standard procedure.Our findings show that the TVGTs effectively improved hyperglycemia,obesity,dyslipidemia,fatty liver,and mesenteric artery(MA)hypercontractility in mice with diabetes and obesity induced by a high-fat diet(HFD)after 11-and 22-week interventions,with YK being the most effective at 22 weeks.Liver lipidomics indicated that the TVGTs restored the glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid balance and reduced triglycerides,with YK demonstrating superior effects.The TVGTs,particularly YK,suppressed triglyceride synthesis through the ARV1-FXR-SHP-SREBP-1c pathway.A chemical profile analysis revealed that YK green tea had enriched active compounds,including caffeine,quinic acid,L-theanine,gallic acid,and catechins,compared with FD and KC green teas,which may contribute to ameliorating diabetic dyslipidemia via synergistic action.As a representative tea variety of C.sinensis var.assamica,YK green tea was found to be superior to the other two green teas in preventing and treating diabetic dyslipidemia,especially with long term consumption.These data provide important information for tea plant breeders and tea consumers.
基金funded by the Zhejiang Science and Technology Major Program on Agricultural New Variety Breeding,China(2021C02064-4)the Zhejiang Province“Three Rural and Nine Party”Science and Technology Cooperation Plan Project,China(2023SNJF002).
文摘Efficient nitrogen management is crucial for developing sustainable strategies aimed at enhancing yield while mitigating negative environmental impacts.However,research focusing on this aspect in the production of fresh maize is limited.Therefore,this study analyzed the effects of nitrogen application rates on the yields of 40 sweet and 44 waxy maize varieties at five sites in Zhejiang Province,China,from 2015 to 2019.The nitrogen application rates were categorized as either relatively high(RHN,>300 kg ha^(-1) for sweet maize and>320 kg ha^(-1) for waxy maize)or relatively low(RLN).An increase in nitrogen application rates significantly reduced nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity in both sweet and waxy maize(R^(2)=0.616,P<0.01;R^(2)=0.643,P<0.01),indicating that the optimum nitrogen application rates in this study might be the lowest values(160 kg ha^(-1) for sweet maize and 180 kg ha^(-1) for waxy maize).The kernel number per ear of sweet maize had a potentially more significant impact on fresh grain yield than the 1,000-fresh kernel weight under both RLN and RHN.In waxy maize,1,000-kernel weight contributed more to fresh grain yield under RLN,while kernel number per ear and 1,000-kernel weight cooperatively affected the yield under RHN.This study found that sweet maize required taller plant and ear heights,along with an optimal ear-plant height ratio,to enhance dry matter accumulation and increase source size,particularly under RLN,and to ultimately achieve a higher fresh grain yield.In contrast,a lower ear height and ear-plant height ratio in waxy maize probably contributed more to the greater kernel number and weight under RLN,likely due to a lower ear height which can reduce the distance between sink and source,enabling more efficient photoassimilate allocation to the ear.
文摘The protection system for traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)varieties,as an important policy tool to promote the development of TCM,has a long history of over 30 years,from the promulgation of the“Regulations on the Protection of Traditional Chinese Medicine Varieties”in 1992 to the comprehensive revision of the draft for soliciting opinions in 2022.The TCM protection system evolves to meet the needs of innovative development of TCM.This paper reviews the policy developments in TCM varieties protection,collates protection data(1993 to 2024),and analyzes enterprises application strategies amid impending regulatory changes.
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program of China ( 973 Program) ( 2007CB108906)~~
文摘The agronomic and qualitative traits of 17 alfalfa varieties were analyzed in field and lab from 2006 to 2008, and these traits were evaluated by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. A total of 10 main traits were classified as five factors： growth factor, quality factor, stem and leaf factors, plant factor and yield factor. These five factors and their correlation were selected for breeding. These 17 varieties can be divided into five clusters. The domestic varieties have better agronomic traits, while the introduced ones have better qualitative traits.
基金Supported by863Project for Development and Production of New FMDV accine for Livestock(2011AA10A211)Fund for Agricultural Since and Technology Achievements Transformation(2009GB23260437)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to investigate the expression level of recombinant gene P1-2A3C of FMDV Asia I in different Bombyx mori varieties,so as to screen out the B.mori varieties suitable for the foreign gene expression.[Method] The recombinant B.mori baculovirus rBmNPV（P1-2A3C） are injected into pupae of original species and hybrids of B.mori respectively.Then,the expression of antigen is detected by ELISA method and compared.[Result] The expression level of P1-2A3C significantly differed in different B.mori varieties,in which,the hybrids of Qiufeng×TQ78 and Qiufeng×Sijiaojian could be considered as the effective bioreactors for high-level expression of foreign genes.[Conclusion] This study provided the basis for breeding special B.mori varieties which can highly express target protein of Asia I FMDV.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12475002).
文摘In this paper,we shall study structures of even lattice vertex operator algebras by using the geometry of the varieties of their semi-conformal vectors.We first give the varieties of semi-conformal vectors of a family of vertex operator algebras V_(√kA_(1)) associated to rank-one positive definite even lattices √kA_(1) for arbitrary positive integers k to characterize these even lattice vertex operator algebras.In such a family of lattice vertex operator algebras V_(√kA_(1)),the vertex operator algebra V_(√2A_(1)) is different from others.Hence we describe the varieties of semi-conformal vectors of V_(√2A_(1)) and the fixed vertex operator subalgebra V^(+)√2A_(1).Moreover,as applications,we study the relations between vertex operator algebras V_(√kA_(1) )and L_(sl_(2))(k,0)for arbitrary positive integers k by the viewpoint of semi-conformal homomorphisms of vertex operator algebras.For case k=2,in the series of rational simple affine vertex operator algebras L_(sl_(2))(k,0)for positive integers k,we show that L_(sl_(2))(2,0)is a unique frame vertex operator algebra with rank 3.
文摘To improve the economic benefits and farmers’enthusiasm of Brassica napus production,this study compared the agronomic traits,economic traits,and incomes from vegetable and oilseed among five early maturing varieties of Brassica napus,thereby selecting the suitable materials for breeding the varieties for both vegetable and oil.The results showed that all of the five varieties had low erucic acid in oil and low glucosinolate in rapeseed meal.The economic benefits of the varieties for vegetable and oil were generally higher than those of the varieties for only oil.‘CNT01’had the best economic benefits,with the vegetable yield of 8175.3 kg/hm^(2),the rapeseed yield of 2476.5 kg/hm^(2),the vegetable income of 14859.0 yuan/hm^(2),the rapeseed income of 32701.2 yuan/hm^(2),and the net income of 35560.2 yuan/hm^(2).‘CNZ01’was selected as the variety with highest oil quality,with the rapeseed yield of 2712.6 kg/hm^(2) and the net income of 11775.6 yuan/hm^(2).In conclusion,‘CNT01’was selected as the variety for both vegetable and oil.
文摘The globalization and nativization processes of English resulted in the appearance of a large number of regional varieties of English. Concerning their accent between the single norm theory and the multiple norm differences, there has always been a debate theory. This paper argues against the ＇standard-nonstandard＇ classification of English accents upheld by the former, and revises the concept of ＇the three concentric circles of English＇ proposed by the latter, providing some helpful tips on the current instruction of listening and speaking in China＇s colleges and universities.
基金Supported by Black Tea Team of Department of National Tea Industry and Technology System(CARS-23)Key Team of Department of Agriculture of Zhejiang Province(2011006)~~
文摘Effects of varieties on the content of tea pigment, L＊, a＊ and b＊ value of chromatic aberration of black tea infusion was studied. The correlation relationship between content of TF, TR, TB and L＊, a＊, b＊ value was extremely significant at P＆lt;0.05. Fresh tea leaves with plucking standard of 1 bud and 2 leaves could man-ufacture black tea with higher content of tea pigment, higher a＊ and b＊ value but lower L＊ value, than those of plucking standard of 1 bud and 3 leaves. But the discrepancy of certain parameter of the two plucking standards changed with vari-eties. Varieties’ quality potential could be concealed by improper plucking standards. Six varieties were divided into four groups on the basis of gross tea polyphenols in fresh tea leaves （GTP）, consumption of tea polyphenols to gross tea polyphenols ratio （CTP/GTP） and gross tea pigment to consumption of tea polyphenols ratio （GP/CTP）. Hybrid performed the very suitability of black tea manufacturing. To en-sure high quality of made black tea, suitable variety should be chosen and reason-able plucking standard also should be taken into consideration.
文摘English varieties have grown up in different parts of the world. The traditional prototype paradigm of ELT,which assumed that a non-native learner learned English in order to communicate with a native speaker,no longer represents the primary context of the use of English today. Therefore,in ELT,besides learning standard English,sensitivity to English varieties should be cultivated so as to promote communicative competence.
文摘In Mediterranean countries forage crops and temporary grasslands are the most important supply even if severe moisture stress is common. In Italy, forage systems are various and differently located from North to South of the mainland due to strong influence by rainfall distribution. Grasses and grazing cover 3.4 million ha of Italian utilized agricultural area （UAA） while alternated grassland and grass meadows cover 1.9 million ha. Most of grasslands are located in hilly and mountainous areas and are important for reducing erosion. Italy has a great longitudinal extension which accounts for a great variety of climate systems and soils： the northern regions have a humid subtropical climate and differ greatly from the south part that fits the Mediterranean climate profile. During the last 100/150 years the Italian climate has become warmer and drier showing an increase of erratic precipitation intensity. The future of breeding of forage grasses and legumes should be focused on higher nutrient use efficiencies and increased sustainability. New applications of genomics and bioinformatics will allow advanced breeding strategies. Over the past 15 years breeders have displayed a constant interest in forage species while a greater interest has risen in turfgrass varieties. Seed production of Italian herbages does not cover the requirements of the market. More specific value for cultivation and use （VCU） tests might be an effective means to improve the screening of candidate varieties. The goal is the selection of varieties able to withstand the stress of climate change, have better water and nitrogen use efficiency and resilience of vegetation cover.
文摘Learner's motivation is very important in learning process and learning result. It can be divided into different varieties. The positive factors which can influence learner's motivation can play a vital role in College English teaching. In college English learning and teaching, teachers should adopt suitable teaching strategies and methods to realize these positive factors in order to im-prove college students English learning.
文摘This paper focuses on the nativization of English in China,using Pidgin English as a case study to put Chinese English variants under the theoretical framework of eco-linguistics,and put the ecological environment such as species competition,coexistence and co-evolution,etc.The natural phenomenon is compared with the existence of language phenomenon in the development process of China English represented by Pidgin English.The study found that as the spark of the collision of the two mainstream languages of Chinese and English,the Chinese English varieties play a very important role in the exchange and enrichment of the two languages and cultures.Although academic circles have different attitudes and opinions on Chinese English variants,their existence and development conform to the law of the development of things and are also inevitable in historical development.Blindly ignoring their objective existence will definitely bring adverse effects on the ecological balance of the language.We should face up to the existence of Chinese English variants,comply with the law of language development,and allow it to develop naturally,and make efforts to protect the ecological balance of the world’s languages.
文摘RAPD assessment of genetic variations in 33 varieties of banana (Musa nana Lour.) was carried out. Eighteen primers were screened from 249 10 bp arbitrary primers, and a total of 192 DNA bands were amplified, among which 183 (95.31%) were polymorphic. The average number of DNA bands amplified by each primer was 10.67, and the average genetic distance among 33 varieties was 0.3412. Based on UPGMA cluster analysis of 192 DNA bands amplified by 18 primers a DNA molecular dendrogram was established for 33 varieties of banana in China, which divided the 33 varieties into four groups: group A, B, C and D. Group A included 20 varieties, group B included 5 varieties, group C included 2 varieties and group D included 6 varieties. Group A could be divided into 3 sub-groups: A1, A2 and A3. The molecular foundation of genetic diversity of banana was also explored.
文摘Based on the results of the national regional trail for winter rapeseed in four groups,including the upper reaches,middle reaches and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Huang-Huai region in the past twenty years,new varieties of winter rapeseed showed upward trend in average yield,the yield level in Huang-huai group was higher than other groups.The changes of average effective pods per plant were not significant in any group,but the number of grain per pod and 1 000-grain weight showed increase trend.However,the increment of grains per pod in three Yangtze River groups was higher than that in Huang-Huai River group,while the increment of 1 000-grain weight was just opposite.The incidence rate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and viral disease in new varieties of winter rapeseed obviously decreased,and the incidence rate of S.sclerotiorum decreased lower than 5%.Genetic improvement for winter rapeseed should be focus on the number of grain per pod and 1 000-grain weight in the future,and yield level of new varieties in all four groups is expected to increase.
文摘Polyphenolic compound in processing apple （Malus domestica Borkh.） varieties and the relationship between polyphenol content and enzymatic browning were studied to provide reference for raw material selection and processing method optimization. The content of polyphenol compound in 10 processing apple varieties （4 cider and 6 juice varieties） were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and HPLC. The degree of browning and the activities of polyphenol oxidase were also studied. The content and proportion of the polyphenol varied depending on the variety. Bitter varieties globally showed a higher polyphenol concentration than sweet or acid varieties. Proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid, （＋）-catechin, （-）-epicatechin were high-concentrated polyphenols in apple fruits. Phloridzin, the unique polyphenol of apple, was abundant in the bitter variety Frequin rouge fruit. Total polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, （＋）-catechin, and phloridzin had higher correlations with browning. The correlation was low between chlorogenic acid and browning. The polyphenolic profiles were correlated with the apple types. Cider apples contained more polyphenol than juice apple varieties. The content of flavan-3-ol has a close relationship with fruit browning.
文摘This study was to analyze the mineral elements in famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province. Eighteen mineral elements in the samples of 13 famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province were measured via related instruments. The results showed, of all the 18 measured samples, that the contents of K, P, S, Ca and Mg were relatively higher（ 〉1 500 mg/kg） in famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province, while those of Ba, Cr, V, Co and Se were relatively lower（ 〈 10 mg/kg） ; compared to common green tea, the famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province contained higher contents of K, Zn, P, Na, Ni, Cu, S, Se and Co（0.38% -115.65% higher than that in common green tea）, and lower contents of Mg, Mn, AI, Ca, V, Rb, Fe and Cr（7.20% -46.67% lower than that in common green tea）; of the 13 tested tea varieties, Hongyanyingchun, Yongchuanxiuya and Qingchengxueya were rich in mineral elements, while Yuchengyunwu and Yuqiancha lacked in mineral elements. The re- suits show that Hongyanyingchun, Yongchuanxiuya and Qingchengxueya are the elites in the famous tea varieties in Sichuan Province.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB100406)the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province,China(2008C12064)+2 种基金the Ministry of Environment Protection of China (201090020)the Wenzhou Bureau of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province,China(N20080024)the Key Laboratory of Non-Point Sources Pollution Control,Ministry of Agriculture of China (KYJD09021)
文摘The traditional rice-fish farming system is selected as a ＂globally important agricultural heritage system＂ （GIAHS） by the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO）,United Nations Development Programme （UNDP）,and Global Environment Facility （GEF）,etc.In Zhejiang Province of China,where the pilot site for this GIAHS farming system is located,we compared the use of traditional rice varieties in rice-fish co-culture and rice monoculture.Further,we determined how traditional rice varieties were performed in this rice-fish system.Only 19% of the farmers who practiced rice monoculture planted traditional varieties while 52% of farmers who practiced rice-fish co-culture planted traditional varieties.Traditional varieties represented 13% of the total land cultivated under rice in the rice-fish system but only 2% in the rice monoculture system.In the rice-fish system,yield was lower for traditional rice varieties than hybrid varieties but application of fertilizers and pesticides was also lower.In a field experiment in the rice-fish system without pesticides,rice planthopper numbers and sheath blight incidence were lower from three traditional varieties than one hybrid variety;yields were 8 to 32% lower from the traditional varieties than the hybrid.Our results showed that traditional rice varieties can be preserved through conserving GIAHS rice-fish co-culture.Our study also indicated that traditional rice varieties can survive in the rice-fish system because these varieties are helpful to the whole system and beneficial to the farmers.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB118605)the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (31071362)the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011BAD16B08)
文摘Experiment was conducted at the Gongzhuling Experimental Station of Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Province, China, during 2009-2010. Six representative varieties of maize （Baihe in the 1950s, Jidan 101 in the 1960s, Zhongdan 2 in the 1970s, Yedan 13 in the 1980s, Zhengdan 958 in the 1990s, and Xianyu 335 in the 2000s） were each planted under two different densities （52 500 and 82 500 plants ha-~） and two different nitrogen application levels （150 and 300 kg ha-l）. Root characteristics and distribution among soil layers were studied by the field root digging method. The results showed that root mass increased with the process of the growth and development of the plant, and it peaked at kernel filling stage, and decreased at maturity due to the root senesces. Root mass of different maize varieties from the 1950s to 1980s had a trend of increase, while it decreased for the modern varieties. Root length and root surface areas had the similar changing trend. The study suggested that early maize varieties may have root redundancy, and reducing root redundancy may be a direction for variety improvement for high yield. Root characteristics were affected by nitrogen application level and density; modern varieties were more suitable for higher fertilizer application level and density conditions. Root characteristics distribution among soil layers decreased by an exponent equation, but the regression coefficients of different varieties were different. Though the root length density （RLD） of every soil layer of different varieties also decreased by an exponent equation, there were large variations of RLD in every part of a layer.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571986)the National Basic Research Programme of China (2013CB127502)
文摘The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, which is distributed worldwide, is considered a major constraint on rice production in Asia. The present study used the root gall index and number of nematodes inside the roots to evaluate resistance/susceptibility to M. graminicola in different subpopulations of Oryza sativa （aus, hybrid aus, indica, hybrid indica, temperate japonica, tropical japonica）. Nematode development in highly resistant varieties was also evaluated. Analyses of randomly selected 35 varieties showed the number of M. graminicola nematodes inside the roots correlated very strongly （r=0.87, P≤0.05） with the nematode gall index, and the results from pot and field experiments revealed similar rankings of the varieties for resistance/susceptibility. Among the 136 tested varieties, temperate japonica displayed the highest gall index, followed by tropical japonica, indica, hybrid indica, aus, and hybrid aus. Zhonghua 11 （aus）, Shenliangyou 1 （hybrid aus） and Cliangyou 4418 （hybrid indica） were highly resistant to M. graminicola under both pot and field conditions. Further examination of nematode development suggested that compared to susceptible rice, M. graminicola penetrated less often into highly resistant varieties and more frequently failed to develop into females. The promising varieties found in the present research might be useful for the breeding of hybrid rice in China and for the further development of practical nematode management measures.
