The evaporation ofmicrometer and millimeter liquid drops,involving a liquid-to-vapor phase transition accompanied by mass and energy transfer through the liquid-vapor interface,is encountered in many natural and indus...The evaporation ofmicrometer and millimeter liquid drops,involving a liquid-to-vapor phase transition accompanied by mass and energy transfer through the liquid-vapor interface,is encountered in many natural and industrial processes as well as in numerous engineering applications.Therefore,understanding and predicting the dynamics of evaporating flows have become of primary importance.Recent efforts have been addressed using the method of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH),which has proven to be very efficient in correctly handling the intrinsic complexity introduced by the multiscale nature of the evaporation process.This paper aims to provide an overview of published work on SPH-based simulations related to the evaporation of drops suspended in static and convective environments and impacting on heated solid surfaces.After a brief theoretical account of the main ingredients necessary for the modeling of drop evaporation,the fundamental aspects of SPH are revisited along with the various existing formulations that have been implemented to address the challenges imposed by the physics of evaporating flows.In the following sections,the paper summarizes the results of SPH-based simulations of drop evaporation and ends with a few comments on the limitations of the current state-of-the-art SPHsimulations and future lines of research.展开更多
Background:The surgical management of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)has considerably evolved through recent years.Nonetheless,benefits and harms of several laser procedures are still to be determined....Background:The surgical management of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)has considerably evolved through recent years.Nonetheless,benefits and harms of several laser procedures are still to be determined.The study aimed to report perioperative and early functional results of patients treated with anatomical photo vaporization of the prostate(aPVP).Methods:Data from consecutive patients treated with aPVP by using a 180-W XPS GreenLight laser were prospectively collected in a single tertiary center between 2020 and 2023.The surgical procedure was divided into a modular step-by-step fashion.Patients were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires at baseline and during follow-up visits.Results:Overall,176 consecutive patients were enrolled.Median age was 65[interquartile range(IQR)63–72]years.The baseline median prostate volume was 61.2(IQR 52.5–71.0)mL,and the median max flow rate(Qmax)was 9.3(IQR 7.8–11.5)mL/s.Median preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS)was 25(IQR 22–29).Overall,the median operative time was 42(IQR 31–47)minutes with a median energy/mL of tissue delivered of 2447 kJ/mL.At 3 month-evaluation,significant improvements were observed,with a median Qmax of 28(IQR:24–32)mL/s and a median IPSS reduction of 15(IQR:11–18)points.A strong inverse correlation was identified between energy delivery during initial procedural steps and the severity of postoperative storage symptoms(all p<0.05),underscoring the importance of precise energy modulation.Multivariate analysis identified increased prostate volume(odds ratio[OR]:1.02;95%confidence interval[CI]1.01–1.11;p=0.001)and higher prostate width-to-length ratio(OR:1.28;95%CI 1.04–1.78;p=0.03)as independent predictors of increased energy requirements.Conclusions:aPVP with 180-W XPS GreenLight laser is a safe and effective technique showing worthy early functional results.The limitation of the energy delivered in some key phases of the procedure may be associated with a significant reduction in postoperative irritative symptoms.The shape and dimensions of the prostate also play a critical role in determining the total energy required for complete adenoma removal.展开更多
Growth of high-quality Nb_(3)Sn thin films for superconducting radiofrequency(SRF)applications using the vapor diffusion method requires a uniform distribution of tin nuclei on the niobium(Nb)surface.This study examin...Growth of high-quality Nb_(3)Sn thin films for superconducting radiofrequency(SRF)applications using the vapor diffusion method requires a uniform distribution of tin nuclei on the niobium(Nb)surface.This study examines the mechanism underlying the observed non-uniform distribution of tin nuclei with tin chloride SnCl_(2).Electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis was used to examine the correlation between the nucleation behavior and orientation of niobium grains in the substrate.The findings of the density functional theory(DFT)simulation are in good agreement with the experimental results,showing that the non-uniform distribution of tin nuclei is the result of the adsorption energy of SnCl_(2)molecules by varied niobium grain orientations.Further analysis indicated that the surface roughness and grain size of niobium also played significant roles in the nucleation behavior.This study provides valuable insights into enhancing the surface pretreatment of niobium substrates during the growth of Nb_(3)Sn thin films using the vapor diffusion method.展开更多
In the context of convection-heating-based in situ oil shale retorting,fractures serve as primary pathways for fluid migration and product extraction.This study investigates the permeability and microstructural evolut...In the context of convection-heating-based in situ oil shale retorting,fractures serve as primary pathways for fluid migration and product extraction.This study investigates the permeability and microstructural evolution of oil shale during water vapor injection in single-fracture and no-fracture scenarios.Three types of oil shale are investigated:intact oil shale,oil shale with a single straight crack,and oil shale with a single hydraulic crack.With increasing water vapor temperature,the permeabilities of the intact oil shale and oil shale with a fractured crack exhibit a trend of initial increase,followed by a decrease,and then a subsequent increase.However,the permeability of oil shale with a single straight crack consistently increases and exceeds that of oil shale with a fractured crack.The temperaturedependent permeability changes in fractured oil shale-a slight decrease in fracture cracks and a gradual increase in straight cracks-mainly occur in the range of 300℃-350℃.The permeability of oil shale with a straight crack is approximately three times that of oil shale with a fractured crack.This is attributed to the retention of viscous asphaltene and the frictional resistance caused by the rough fracture structure.For the oil shale with a single crack,the crack permeability has a dominant influence on the overall permeability of the rock.The contribution of the permeability of the straight crack exceeds 94.6%,while that of the permeability of the fractured crack is greater than 86.1%.The disparity in the contribution of these two crack structures is evident at 350℃-550℃.展开更多
High atmospheric vapor pressure deficit(VPD)reduces the calcium(Ca)distribution in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruits,severely reducing fruit mass.Reducing the VPD or increasing Ca fertilizer is an important measur...High atmospheric vapor pressure deficit(VPD)reduces the calcium(Ca)distribution in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruits,severely reducing fruit mass.Reducing the VPD or increasing Ca fertilizer is an important measure to improve Ca distribution in fruits.However,the mechanism through which VPD and Ca regulate fruit Ca distribution remains unclear.This study investigated the effects of high and low VPD and Ca levels on Ca distribution and fruit mass based on carbon fixation,water transport dynamics,and pectin and Ca content and identified key differential genes and metabolites through transcriptome and metabolome analyses.The results showed that both reducing VPD under low Ca and increasing Ca under high VPD increased water and Ca transport to fruits.The increased Ca combined with pectin to form Ca pectinate,which effectively stabilized the cell wall and enhanced the fruit mass.Reduced VPD under low Ca increased the distribution of Ca to fruits but decreased the distribution of Ca to leaves.Lower Ca distribution in leaves increased their absorption of other nutrients,such as potassium,magnesium,copper,and zinc,which increased the stomatal size and density,thereby improving plant carbon absorption and assimilation efficiency.However,transcriptomic and metabolomic data indicated that carbohydrates,as important regulatory factors under drought stress,increased significantly under high VPD,thereby reducing the fruit water potential while improving fruit water and Ca absorption.Therefore,the carbon assimilation efficiency,water transport capacity,and differential genes and metabolites regulated Ca distribution.This work provides a theoretical basis for environmental and fertilizer management in greenhouse tomato production.展开更多
Faced with complex operational environments,liquid metal divertors are considered alternative solutions to traditional solid divertors.Experiments have been conducted using a self-designed embedded multichannel capill...Faced with complex operational environments,liquid metal divertors are considered alternative solutions to traditional solid divertors.Experiments have been conducted using a self-designed embedded multichannel capillary porous structure(EM-CPS)for plasma irradiation of lithium(Li)-prefilled EM-CPS in the high-density linear plasma device(SCU-PSI).The optical image analysis of the interaction region between the plasma and Li vapor shows that the region is not a regular geometric shape and the point of strongest light emission appears 1–2 cm in front of the target rather than on its surface.The irregularity is due to the uneven distribution and density of the Li vapor,as well as the radial and axial attenuation of the plasma.As the plasma discharge parameters increase,the vapor profile initially expands globally and then contracts locally,with the point of the strongest light emission gradually moving towards the target surface.The spectral lines of Li 670.78 nm and Ar 763.51 nm in the interaction region are produced by deexcitation.These lines gradually decrease in intensity along the axial direction,which is close to the trend of light emission intensity that initially increases and then decreases along the same direction.These findings provide a reference for studying the interaction mechanism between plasma and liquid Li capillary porous structures in linear plasma devices and future tokamak.展开更多
Chloroform and other volatile organic pollutants have garnered widespread attention from the public and researchers,because of their potential harm to the respiratory system,nervous system,skin,and eyes.However,resear...Chloroform and other volatile organic pollutants have garnered widespread attention from the public and researchers,because of their potential harm to the respiratory system,nervous system,skin,and eyes.However,research on chloroform vapor sensing is still in its early stages,primarily due to the lack of specific recognition motif.Here we report a mesoporous photonic crystal sensor incorporating carbon dots-based nanoreceptor(HMSS@CDs-PCs)for enhanced chloroform sensing.The colloidal PC packed with hollow mesoporous silica spheres provides an interconnected ordered macro-meso-hierarchical porous structure,ideal for rapid gas sensing utilizing the photonic bandgap shift as the readout signal.The as-synthesized CDs with pyridinic-N-oxide functional groups adsorbed in the hollow mesoporous silica spheres are found to not only serve as the chloroform adsorption sites,but also a molecular glue that prevents crack formation in the colloidal PC.The sensitivity of HMSS@CDs-PCs sensor is 0.79 nm ppm^(-1)and an impressively low limit of detection is 3.22 ppm,which are the best reported values in fast-response chloroform vapor sensor without multi-signal assistance.The positive response time is 7.5 s and the negative response time 9 s.Furthermore,relatively stable sensing can be maintained within a relative humidity of 20%-85%RH and temperature of 25-55℃.This study demonstrates that HMSS@CDs-PCs sensors have practical application potential in indoor and outdoor chloroform vapor detection.展开更多
Solar-driven interface evaporation with high solar-to-steam conversion efficiency has shown great potential in seawater desalination.However,due to the influence of latent heat and condensation efficiency,the water yi...Solar-driven interface evaporation with high solar-to-steam conversion efficiency has shown great potential in seawater desalination.However,due to the influence of latent heat and condensation efficiency,the water yield from solar-driven interface evaporation remains insufficient,posing a significant challenge that requires resolution.In this work,we designed a dual-mode high-flux seawater desalination device that combines solar-driven interface evaporation and capacitive desalination.By utilizing coupled desalination materials exhibiting both photothermal conversion and capacitance activity,the device demonstrated photothermal evaporation rates of 1.41 and 0.97 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)for condensate water yield under one-sun irradiation.Additionally,the device exhibited a salt adsorption capacity of up to48 mg g^(-1)and a salt adsorption rate of 2.1 mg g^(-1)min-1.In addition,the salt adsorption capacity increased by approximately 32%under one-sun irradiation.Furthermore,photo-enhanced capacitive desalination performance was explored through numerical simulations and theoretical calculations.Theoretical calculations and characterizations confirmed that the defect energy levels formed by the introduction of sulfur vacancies can effectively widen the light absorption range,improve photothermal conversion performance,and stimulate more photoelectrons to participate in capacitive desalination.Concurrently,the electron distribution state of molybdenum disulfide with sulfur vacancies and surface defect sites contributes to ion/electron transport at the solid-liquid interface.This work provides a novel pathway for integrating solar vapor generation with other low-energy desalination technologies.展开更多
The heteroepitaxy of diamond films has received widespread attention;however,its application remains limited owing to the mismatch in properties and structure between diamond and heterogeneous substrates.In this study...The heteroepitaxy of diamond films has received widespread attention;however,its application remains limited owing to the mismatch in properties and structure between diamond and heterogeneous substrates.In this study,diamond films were successfully synthesized on high-entropy alloys(HEAs)substrates using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition.The resulting diamond films were continuous,uniform,and adhered to the HEAs substrates.The mixed carbides were identified using X-ray diffraction,and the quality of the diamond films was examined using Raman spectroscopy.Moreover,the corrosion test revealed that the diamond/TiZrHfMo samples had excellent electrochemical stability and corrosion resistance with a corrosion potential value of-0.169 V in a 3.5wt%NaCl solution.A multiple regression model was established to evaluate the effects of the structure and growth parameters,which confirmed that the mixing entropy significantly affected the grain size and corrosion properties.展开更多
Drought significantly constrains vegetation growth and reduces terrestrial carbon sinks.Currently,the spatiotemporal patterns and mechanisms of the differential impacts of soil and meteorological droughts on vegetatio...Drought significantly constrains vegetation growth and reduces terrestrial carbon sinks.Currently,the spatiotemporal patterns and mechanisms of the differential impacts of soil and meteorological droughts on vegetation productivity remain inadequately understood.In this study,we analyzed soil moisture(SM),vapor pressure deficit(VPD),and gross primary productivity(GPP)to investigate their spatiotemporal patterns and the combined effects on GPP over China.The results revealed that:(1)Soil drought and meteorological drought generally exhibited temporally synchronous trends across China.(2)GPP was predominantly affected by the combined and synchronous effects of both SM and VPD,although their effects displayed directional variability differences in certain regions.(3)SM demonstrated a greater relative importance on GPP than VPD across more than half of the regions in China,whereas deciduous broadleaf forests were the only vegetation type primarily affected by VPD.(4)Under the lag effects,both SM and VPD exhibited bidirectional Granger causality with GPP,with the interaction between VPD and GPP proving more pronounced than that of SM.Our research provides valuable insights into the mechanisms through which SM and VPD influence GPP,contributing to improved predictions vegetation productivity and implementing ecological restoration.展开更多
BACKGROUND Current disinfection methods for gastrointestinal endoscopes consume a significant amount of water resources and produce a large volume of waste.AIM To achieve the objectives of efficiency,speed,and cost-ef...BACKGROUND Current disinfection methods for gastrointestinal endoscopes consume a significant amount of water resources and produce a large volume of waste.AIM To achieve the objectives of efficiency,speed,and cost-effectiveness,this study utilized vaporized hydrogen peroxide(VHP)generated from sodium percarbonate granules to conduct an anhydrous disinfection test on gastrointestinal endoscopes.METHODS The experimental device rapidly converts sodium percarbonate granules into VHP,and performs disinfection experiments on gastrointestinal endoscope models,disposable endoscopes,and various types of reusable gastrointestinal endoscopes.Variables such as the intraluminal flow rate(FR),relative humidity(RH),exposure dosage,and organic burden are used to explore the factors influencing the disinfection of long and narrow lumens with VHP.RESULTS The device generates a certain concentration of VHP that can achieve high-level disinfection of endoscope models within 30 minutes.RH,exposure dosage,and organic burden significantly affect the disinfection efficacy of VHP,whereas the intraluminal FR does not significantly impact disinfection efficacy.All ten artificially contaminated disposable endoscopes achieved satisfactory disinfection results.Furthermore,when this device was used to treat various types of reusable endoscopes,the disinfection and sterilization effects were not significantly different from those of automatic endoscope disinfection machines(using peracetic acid disinfectant solution)(P>0.05),and the economic cost of disinfectant required per endoscope was lower(1.5 China Yuan),with a shorter disinfection time(30 minutes).CONCLUSION The methods and results of this study provide a basis for further research on the use of VHP for the disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscopes,as well as for the development of anhydrous disinfection technology for gastrointestinal endoscopes.展开更多
The authors report the development of aλ~4.1μm quantum cascade laser grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using strain-balanced In Ga As/In Al As materials.A device with a 7.5 mm cavity length and 6.5μm...The authors report the development of aλ~4.1μm quantum cascade laser grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using strain-balanced In Ga As/In Al As materials.A device with a 7.5 mm cavity length and 6.5μm ridge width,bonded to an aluminum nitride heatsink,achieves maximum output powers of 3.4 W at 288 K in pulsed mode and 1.6 W at288 K in continuous-wave(CW)operation,with corresponding maximum wall-plug efficiencies of 14.8%and 9.3%.A kink is observed in the power–current curve under CW operation,which is absent in pulsed operation.Near-field results show that in CW operation,the horizontal beam quality factor M2fluctuates with current,indicating mode instability and highorder lateral mode excitation,while in pulsed mode,the horizontal M2remains stable around 1.3 as the current increases from 1.4 A to 1.9 A.展开更多
Vapor deposition is a promising technique for industrializing perovskite solar cells,but limited understanding of crystallization mechanisms in vapor-phase processes hampers progress.This study reveals a top-down crys...Vapor deposition is a promising technique for industrializing perovskite solar cells,but limited understanding of crystallization mechanisms in vapor-phase processes hampers progress.This study reveals a top-down crystallization growth mechanism during a two-step vapor-solid reaction and introduces an accelerated diffusion-buried homogeneous seed(AD-BHS)strategy.By utilizing the rapid diffusion of methylammonium chloride and inducing crystallization with buried seeds,we eliminate residual lead iodide,reduce crystallization time disparities across the film,and enhance uniformity.As a result,we achieve efficiencies of 22.40%for small-area(0.148 cm^(2))cells and 19.75%for large-area(10.0 cm^(2))modules,both representing state-of-the-art performance for vapor-solid reaction-based perovskite solar cells.This study provides critical insights into regulating crystallization growth in vapor-deposited perovskite thin films.展开更多
An extraordinary tropical cyclone-remote rainstorm with a 24-hour precipitation amount of 624.1 mm occurred in Zhengzhou,China,on 20 July 2021,during which a severe hourly precipitation amount of 201.9 mm at 1700 LST(...An extraordinary tropical cyclone-remote rainstorm with a 24-hour precipitation amount of 624.1 mm occurred in Zhengzhou,China,on 20 July 2021,during which a severe hourly precipitation amount of 201.9 mm at 1700 LST(LST=UTC+8)caused significant economic losses and casualties.Observational analysis and backward trajectory modeling showed that low-level water vapor for this extraordinary rainstorm was transported by the southeasterly jet below 900 hPa from the intensifying Typhoon In-Fa(2021)in the western North Pacific(low-level southeasterly channel).Although the southerly flow between 900 and 800 hPa brought water vapor from the developing Typhoon Cempaka in the South China Sea(low-level southerly channel),it did not converge over Zhengzhou.展开更多
Coating techniques are efficient routes to modify surface property of composite membranes for enhanced membrane separations.However,it remains challenge to deposit continuous inorganic layers on hollow fiber substrate...Coating techniques are efficient routes to modify surface property of composite membranes for enhanced membrane separations.However,it remains challenge to deposit continuous inorganic layers on hollow fiber substrates.This study combines surface segregation with physical vapor deposition(PVD)to construct intensified TiO_(2)layers on polyether sulfone(PES)hollow fiber substrates.During membrane fabrication,polyethylene-polypropylene glycol(F127)is used as surface segregation agent in casting solution,which enables PES hollow fibers with abundant hydroxy groups,thus improving the compatibility between PES and vaporized TiO_(2).The obtained PES/F127@TiO_(2)membranes exhibit tight TiO_(2)layers with tunable thickness,high mechanical strength,narrowed pore size and enhanced hydrophilicity.Moreover,the optimized PES/F127@TiO_(2)membranes show competitive antifouling performances in water treatment,with a water permeability up to 97 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1)·bar^(-1)and bovine serum albumin(BSA)rejection of~99%.This work is expected to provide a material design idea to deposit functional layers on polymers for fortified performances.展开更多
Refrigeration systems are essential across various sectors,including food preservation,medical storage,and climate control.However,their high energy consumption and environmental impact necessitate innovative solution...Refrigeration systems are essential across various sectors,including food preservation,medical storage,and climate control.However,their high energy consumption and environmental impact necessitate innovative solutions to enhance efficiency while minimizing energy usage.This paper investigates the integration of Phase Change Materials(PCMs)into a vapor compression refrigeration system to enhance energy efficiency and temperature regulation for food preservation.A multifunctional prototype was tested under two configurations:(1)a standard thermally insulated room,and(2)the same room augmented with eutectic plates filled with either Glaceol(-10℃ melting point)or distilled water(0℃ melting point).Thermocouples were calibrated and deployed to record air and PCM temperatures during freeze–thaw cycles at thermostat setpoints of and Additionally,a-30℃ -35℃ .defrosting resistor and timer were added to mitigate frost buildup,a known cause of efficiency loss.The experimental results show that PCM-enhanced rooms achieved up to 10.98℃ greater temperature stability during defrost cycles and reduced energy consumption by as much as 7.76%(from 0.4584 to 0.4231 kWh/h).Moreover,the effectiveness of PCMs depended strongly on thermostat settings and PCM type,with distilled water demonstrating broader solidification across plates under higher ambient loads.These findings highlight the potential of PCM integration to improve cold-chain performance,offering rapid cooling,moisture retention,and extended product conservation during power interruptions.展开更多
In order to address challenges posed by the reduction in transistor size,researchers are concentrating on two-dimensional(2D)materials with high dielectric constants and large band gaps.Monoclinic ZrO_(2)(m-ZrO_(2))ha...In order to address challenges posed by the reduction in transistor size,researchers are concentrating on two-dimensional(2D)materials with high dielectric constants and large band gaps.Monoclinic ZrO_(2)(m-ZrO_(2))has emerged as a promising gate dielectric material due to its suitable dielectric constant,wide band gap,ideal valence-band offset,and good thermodynamic stability.However,current deposition methods face compatibility issues with 2D semiconductors,highlighting the need for high-quality dielectrics and interfaces.Here,high-quality 2D m-ZrO_(2)single crystals are successfully prepared using a onestep chemical vapor deposition(CVD)method,aided by 5A molecular sieves for oxygen supply.The prepared ZrO_(2)is utilized as a gate dielectric in the construction of MoS2 field-effect transistors(FETs)to investigate its electrical property.The FETs exhibit a high carrier mobility of up to 5.50 cm^(2)·V^(−1)·s^(−1),and a current switching ratio(Ion/off)of approximately 10^(4),which aligns with the current standards of logic circuits,indicating that ZrO_(2)has application value as a gate dielectric.The successful onestep preparation of single-crystal ZrO_(2)paves the way for the utilization of high-κgate dielectrics and creates favorable conditions for the development of high-performance semiconductor devices,offering new possibilities for transistor miniaturization.展开更多
With the rapid development of nuclear energy,the removal of radioactive iodine generated during spent fuel reprocessing has become increasingly important.Based on the unique straw-like structure of populus tomentosa f...With the rapid development of nuclear energy,the removal of radioactive iodine generated during spent fuel reprocessing has become increasingly important.Based on the unique straw-like structure of populus tomentosa fiber(PTF)and the highly active iodine vapor capture ability of zero-valent silver nanoparticles(PTF@Ag^(0)NP),an Ag^(0)NP composite functional material with highly efficient iodine vapor capture capability was synthesized from biowaste PTF through ultrasonic and hightemperature hydrothermal methods in this study.The iodine capture experiment demonstrated that PTF@Ag^(0)NP exhibits rapid iodine capture efficiency,reaching dynamic equilibrium within 4 h and a maximum capture capacity of 1008.1 mg/g.Density functional theory calculations show that PTF@Ag^(0)NP exhibits extremely high chemical reactivity toward iodine,with a reaction binding energy of-2.88 e V.Additionally,the molecular dynamics of PTF@Ag^(0)NP indicate that there is no atomic displacement at 77?C,indicating the excellent temperature stability of the material at the operating temperature.The capture mechanism suggests that iodine vapor primarily reacts with Ag^(0)NP to form Ag I,and that the hydroxyl groups in PTF can also effectively capture iodine vapor by adsorption induction.In conclusion,PTF@Ag^(0)NP is expected to be an effective candidate adsorbent material for removing radioactive iodine vapor from exhaust gases during spent fuel reprocessing.展开更多
Graphene-metal based materials have been utilized in lithium-sulfur(Li–S)batteries owing to their integrated functionalities thus far.However,their synthesis has predominantly relied on wet-chemistry routes,which lim...Graphene-metal based materials have been utilized in lithium-sulfur(Li–S)batteries owing to their integrated functionalities thus far.However,their synthesis has predominantly relied on wet-chemistry routes,which limited their practical activity in Li–S reaction systems.In this study,we introduce a chemical vapor deposition(CVD)-triggered dry-chemistry approach for the preparation of graphene-cobalt(Co)based catalysts.The versatile CVD technique provides a dry and controllable reaction environment,effectively pledging the compact and clean catalytic interfaces between graphene and Co-based components.Additionally,programmed reactions introduce defects such as vacancies and nitrogen heteroatoms into the catalysts.Notably,the graphene layer number and Co valence state can be delicately manipulated by altering the CVD reaction temperature.Specifically,few-layer graphene wrapped Co/Co_(3)O_(4)(FGr-Co/Co_(3)O_(4))prepared at 450 ℃ shows higher catalytic activity than the multi-layer graphene wrapped Co/CoO(MGr-Co/CoO)synthesized at 550 ℃,attributed to its comprehensive control of clean interface,valence distribution range and defects.Leveraging these advantages,the battery with FGr-Co/Co_(3)O_(4)shows favorable working stability with a degradation rate of only 0.08%over 500 cycles at 1.0 C.Furthermore,under an elevated sulfur loading of 6.1 mg cm^(–2),the battery harvests a remarkable areal capacity of 5.9 mA h cm^(–2)along with stable cyclic operation.展开更多
Ruthenium(Ru)-based chalcogenide(S,Se)is a promising material in various fields,such as optics,photoelectrodes,and electrocatalysis,owing to its suitable bandgap for generating charge carriers under light illumination...Ruthenium(Ru)-based chalcogenide(S,Se)is a promising material in various fields,such as optics,photoelectrodes,and electrocatalysis,owing to its suitable bandgap for generating charge carriers under light illumination ranging from visible to near-infrared(NIR)and its high absorption coefficient.In this study,we report the synthesis of Ru Se_(2)thin films by chemical vapor deposition(CVD)with a bandgap matching the NIR region at 0.52 e V.Further,we demonstrated Ru S_(2x)Se_(2-2x)alloy films using the post-sulfurization process after CVD Ru Se_(2)with a tunable bandgap from 0.52 to 1.39 e V depending on sulfur composition.Remarkably,Ru S_(2x)Se_(2-2x)alloy film metal–semiconductor–metal(MSM)photodetector sulfurized at 500°C,with a 0.75 e V bandgap,exhibits enhanced broad absorption across NIR spectral ranges,suppressed dark current and high photoresponsivity in NIR wavelengths range even at zero-bias.We believe the bandgaptunable Ru S_(2x)Se_(2-2x)thin film through an efficient deposition method could be suitable for various optoelectronic applications.展开更多
文摘The evaporation ofmicrometer and millimeter liquid drops,involving a liquid-to-vapor phase transition accompanied by mass and energy transfer through the liquid-vapor interface,is encountered in many natural and industrial processes as well as in numerous engineering applications.Therefore,understanding and predicting the dynamics of evaporating flows have become of primary importance.Recent efforts have been addressed using the method of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH),which has proven to be very efficient in correctly handling the intrinsic complexity introduced by the multiscale nature of the evaporation process.This paper aims to provide an overview of published work on SPH-based simulations related to the evaporation of drops suspended in static and convective environments and impacting on heated solid surfaces.After a brief theoretical account of the main ingredients necessary for the modeling of drop evaporation,the fundamental aspects of SPH are revisited along with the various existing formulations that have been implemented to address the challenges imposed by the physics of evaporating flows.In the following sections,the paper summarizes the results of SPH-based simulations of drop evaporation and ends with a few comments on the limitations of the current state-of-the-art SPHsimulations and future lines of research.
文摘Background:The surgical management of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)has considerably evolved through recent years.Nonetheless,benefits and harms of several laser procedures are still to be determined.The study aimed to report perioperative and early functional results of patients treated with anatomical photo vaporization of the prostate(aPVP).Methods:Data from consecutive patients treated with aPVP by using a 180-W XPS GreenLight laser were prospectively collected in a single tertiary center between 2020 and 2023.The surgical procedure was divided into a modular step-by-step fashion.Patients were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires at baseline and during follow-up visits.Results:Overall,176 consecutive patients were enrolled.Median age was 65[interquartile range(IQR)63–72]years.The baseline median prostate volume was 61.2(IQR 52.5–71.0)mL,and the median max flow rate(Qmax)was 9.3(IQR 7.8–11.5)mL/s.Median preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS)was 25(IQR 22–29).Overall,the median operative time was 42(IQR 31–47)minutes with a median energy/mL of tissue delivered of 2447 kJ/mL.At 3 month-evaluation,significant improvements were observed,with a median Qmax of 28(IQR:24–32)mL/s and a median IPSS reduction of 15(IQR:11–18)points.A strong inverse correlation was identified between energy delivery during initial procedural steps and the severity of postoperative storage symptoms(all p<0.05),underscoring the importance of precise energy modulation.Multivariate analysis identified increased prostate volume(odds ratio[OR]:1.02;95%confidence interval[CI]1.01–1.11;p=0.001)and higher prostate width-to-length ratio(OR:1.28;95%CI 1.04–1.78;p=0.03)as independent predictors of increased energy requirements.Conclusions:aPVP with 180-W XPS GreenLight laser is a safe and effective technique showing worthy early functional results.The limitation of the energy delivered in some key phases of the procedure may be associated with a significant reduction in postoperative irritative symptoms.The shape and dimensions of the prostate also play a critical role in determining the total energy required for complete adenoma removal.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12175283)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2020410)Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory(HND20TDSPCD,HND22PTDZD).
文摘Growth of high-quality Nb_(3)Sn thin films for superconducting radiofrequency(SRF)applications using the vapor diffusion method requires a uniform distribution of tin nuclei on the niobium(Nb)surface.This study examines the mechanism underlying the observed non-uniform distribution of tin nuclei with tin chloride SnCl_(2).Electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis was used to examine the correlation between the nucleation behavior and orientation of niobium grains in the substrate.The findings of the density functional theory(DFT)simulation are in good agreement with the experimental results,showing that the non-uniform distribution of tin nuclei is the result of the adsorption energy of SnCl_(2)molecules by varied niobium grain orientations.Further analysis indicated that the surface roughness and grain size of niobium also played significant roles in the nucleation behavior.This study provides valuable insights into enhancing the surface pretreatment of niobium substrates during the growth of Nb_(3)Sn thin films using the vapor diffusion method.
基金funded by the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources,China University of Mining and Technology(Grant No.SKLCRSM23KF018)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52104144)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFA0705501).
文摘In the context of convection-heating-based in situ oil shale retorting,fractures serve as primary pathways for fluid migration and product extraction.This study investigates the permeability and microstructural evolution of oil shale during water vapor injection in single-fracture and no-fracture scenarios.Three types of oil shale are investigated:intact oil shale,oil shale with a single straight crack,and oil shale with a single hydraulic crack.With increasing water vapor temperature,the permeabilities of the intact oil shale and oil shale with a fractured crack exhibit a trend of initial increase,followed by a decrease,and then a subsequent increase.However,the permeability of oil shale with a single straight crack consistently increases and exceeds that of oil shale with a fractured crack.The temperaturedependent permeability changes in fractured oil shale-a slight decrease in fracture cracks and a gradual increase in straight cracks-mainly occur in the range of 300℃-350℃.The permeability of oil shale with a straight crack is approximately three times that of oil shale with a fractured crack.This is attributed to the retention of viscous asphaltene and the frictional resistance caused by the rough fracture structure.For the oil shale with a single crack,the crack permeability has a dominant influence on the overall permeability of the rock.The contribution of the permeability of the straight crack exceeds 94.6%,while that of the permeability of the fractured crack is greater than 86.1%.The disparity in the contribution of these two crack structures is evident at 350℃-550℃.
基金supported by grants from the Construction of Shaanxi Vegetable Industry Technology System in 2022[Grant No.NYKJ-2022-(XN)-03]the Construction of the Scientists+Engineers Team in Qin Chuangyuan,Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2023KXJ-024)。
文摘High atmospheric vapor pressure deficit(VPD)reduces the calcium(Ca)distribution in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruits,severely reducing fruit mass.Reducing the VPD or increasing Ca fertilizer is an important measure to improve Ca distribution in fruits.However,the mechanism through which VPD and Ca regulate fruit Ca distribution remains unclear.This study investigated the effects of high and low VPD and Ca levels on Ca distribution and fruit mass based on carbon fixation,water transport dynamics,and pectin and Ca content and identified key differential genes and metabolites through transcriptome and metabolome analyses.The results showed that both reducing VPD under low Ca and increasing Ca under high VPD increased water and Ca transport to fruits.The increased Ca combined with pectin to form Ca pectinate,which effectively stabilized the cell wall and enhanced the fruit mass.Reduced VPD under low Ca increased the distribution of Ca to fruits but decreased the distribution of Ca to leaves.Lower Ca distribution in leaves increased their absorption of other nutrients,such as potassium,magnesium,copper,and zinc,which increased the stomatal size and density,thereby improving plant carbon absorption and assimilation efficiency.However,transcriptomic and metabolomic data indicated that carbohydrates,as important regulatory factors under drought stress,increased significantly under high VPD,thereby reducing the fruit water potential while improving fruit water and Ca absorption.Therefore,the carbon assimilation efficiency,water transport capacity,and differential genes and metabolites regulated Ca distribution.This work provides a theoretical basis for environmental and fertilizer management in greenhouse tomato production.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFE03130000)。
文摘Faced with complex operational environments,liquid metal divertors are considered alternative solutions to traditional solid divertors.Experiments have been conducted using a self-designed embedded multichannel capillary porous structure(EM-CPS)for plasma irradiation of lithium(Li)-prefilled EM-CPS in the high-density linear plasma device(SCU-PSI).The optical image analysis of the interaction region between the plasma and Li vapor shows that the region is not a regular geometric shape and the point of strongest light emission appears 1–2 cm in front of the target rather than on its surface.The irregularity is due to the uneven distribution and density of the Li vapor,as well as the radial and axial attenuation of the plasma.As the plasma discharge parameters increase,the vapor profile initially expands globally and then contracts locally,with the point of the strongest light emission gradually moving towards the target surface.The spectral lines of Li 670.78 nm and Ar 763.51 nm in the interaction region are produced by deexcitation.These lines gradually decrease in intensity along the axial direction,which is close to the trend of light emission intensity that initially increases and then decreases along the same direction.These findings provide a reference for studying the interaction mechanism between plasma and liquid Li capillary porous structures in linear plasma devices and future tokamak.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3205500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U23A20360 and 62303192)QL wishes to thank Water Research Australia(WRA 1144/21)for funding support.
文摘Chloroform and other volatile organic pollutants have garnered widespread attention from the public and researchers,because of their potential harm to the respiratory system,nervous system,skin,and eyes.However,research on chloroform vapor sensing is still in its early stages,primarily due to the lack of specific recognition motif.Here we report a mesoporous photonic crystal sensor incorporating carbon dots-based nanoreceptor(HMSS@CDs-PCs)for enhanced chloroform sensing.The colloidal PC packed with hollow mesoporous silica spheres provides an interconnected ordered macro-meso-hierarchical porous structure,ideal for rapid gas sensing utilizing the photonic bandgap shift as the readout signal.The as-synthesized CDs with pyridinic-N-oxide functional groups adsorbed in the hollow mesoporous silica spheres are found to not only serve as the chloroform adsorption sites,but also a molecular glue that prevents crack formation in the colloidal PC.The sensitivity of HMSS@CDs-PCs sensor is 0.79 nm ppm^(-1)and an impressively low limit of detection is 3.22 ppm,which are the best reported values in fast-response chloroform vapor sensor without multi-signal assistance.The positive response time is 7.5 s and the negative response time 9 s.Furthermore,relatively stable sensing can be maintained within a relative humidity of 20%-85%RH and temperature of 25-55℃.This study demonstrates that HMSS@CDs-PCs sensors have practical application potential in indoor and outdoor chloroform vapor detection.
基金financially supported by research grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China(52173235,22265010,12204071,62074022)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3803300)+2 种基金Youth Talent Support Program of Chongqing(CQYC2021059206)Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(ZDYF2024SHFZ038)Science and Technology Innovation and Improving Project of Army Medical University(No.2021XJS24)。
文摘Solar-driven interface evaporation with high solar-to-steam conversion efficiency has shown great potential in seawater desalination.However,due to the influence of latent heat and condensation efficiency,the water yield from solar-driven interface evaporation remains insufficient,posing a significant challenge that requires resolution.In this work,we designed a dual-mode high-flux seawater desalination device that combines solar-driven interface evaporation and capacitive desalination.By utilizing coupled desalination materials exhibiting both photothermal conversion and capacitance activity,the device demonstrated photothermal evaporation rates of 1.41 and 0.97 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)for condensate water yield under one-sun irradiation.Additionally,the device exhibited a salt adsorption capacity of up to48 mg g^(-1)and a salt adsorption rate of 2.1 mg g^(-1)min-1.In addition,the salt adsorption capacity increased by approximately 32%under one-sun irradiation.Furthermore,photo-enhanced capacitive desalination performance was explored through numerical simulations and theoretical calculations.Theoretical calculations and characterizations confirmed that the defect energy levels formed by the introduction of sulfur vacancies can effectively widen the light absorption range,improve photothermal conversion performance,and stimulate more photoelectrons to participate in capacitive desalination.Concurrently,the electron distribution state of molybdenum disulfide with sulfur vacancies and surface defect sites contributes to ion/electron transport at the solid-liquid interface.This work provides a novel pathway for integrating solar vapor generation with other low-energy desalination technologies.
基金financial support from the Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(No.2024-057)the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Research and Promotion Project of Shanxi Province,China(No.2025GM13)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52571048).
文摘The heteroepitaxy of diamond films has received widespread attention;however,its application remains limited owing to the mismatch in properties and structure between diamond and heterogeneous substrates.In this study,diamond films were successfully synthesized on high-entropy alloys(HEAs)substrates using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition.The resulting diamond films were continuous,uniform,and adhered to the HEAs substrates.The mixed carbides were identified using X-ray diffraction,and the quality of the diamond films was examined using Raman spectroscopy.Moreover,the corrosion test revealed that the diamond/TiZrHfMo samples had excellent electrochemical stability and corrosion resistance with a corrosion potential value of-0.169 V in a 3.5wt%NaCl solution.A multiple regression model was established to evaluate the effects of the structure and growth parameters,which confirmed that the mixing entropy significantly affected the grain size and corrosion properties.
基金National Key Research and Development Program,No.2021xjkk0303。
文摘Drought significantly constrains vegetation growth and reduces terrestrial carbon sinks.Currently,the spatiotemporal patterns and mechanisms of the differential impacts of soil and meteorological droughts on vegetation productivity remain inadequately understood.In this study,we analyzed soil moisture(SM),vapor pressure deficit(VPD),and gross primary productivity(GPP)to investigate their spatiotemporal patterns and the combined effects on GPP over China.The results revealed that:(1)Soil drought and meteorological drought generally exhibited temporally synchronous trends across China.(2)GPP was predominantly affected by the combined and synchronous effects of both SM and VPD,although their effects displayed directional variability differences in certain regions.(3)SM demonstrated a greater relative importance on GPP than VPD across more than half of the regions in China,whereas deciduous broadleaf forests were the only vegetation type primarily affected by VPD.(4)Under the lag effects,both SM and VPD exhibited bidirectional Granger causality with GPP,with the interaction between VPD and GPP proving more pronounced than that of SM.Our research provides valuable insights into the mechanisms through which SM and VPD influence GPP,contributing to improved predictions vegetation productivity and implementing ecological restoration.
基金Supported by the Joint Logistics Support Force Comprehensive Equipment Research Project,No.LB2023B010100-09.
文摘BACKGROUND Current disinfection methods for gastrointestinal endoscopes consume a significant amount of water resources and produce a large volume of waste.AIM To achieve the objectives of efficiency,speed,and cost-effectiveness,this study utilized vaporized hydrogen peroxide(VHP)generated from sodium percarbonate granules to conduct an anhydrous disinfection test on gastrointestinal endoscopes.METHODS The experimental device rapidly converts sodium percarbonate granules into VHP,and performs disinfection experiments on gastrointestinal endoscope models,disposable endoscopes,and various types of reusable gastrointestinal endoscopes.Variables such as the intraluminal flow rate(FR),relative humidity(RH),exposure dosage,and organic burden are used to explore the factors influencing the disinfection of long and narrow lumens with VHP.RESULTS The device generates a certain concentration of VHP that can achieve high-level disinfection of endoscope models within 30 minutes.RH,exposure dosage,and organic burden significantly affect the disinfection efficacy of VHP,whereas the intraluminal FR does not significantly impact disinfection efficacy.All ten artificially contaminated disposable endoscopes achieved satisfactory disinfection results.Furthermore,when this device was used to treat various types of reusable endoscopes,the disinfection and sterilization effects were not significantly different from those of automatic endoscope disinfection machines(using peracetic acid disinfectant solution)(P>0.05),and the economic cost of disinfectant required per endoscope was lower(1.5 China Yuan),with a shorter disinfection time(30 minutes).CONCLUSION The methods and results of this study provide a basis for further research on the use of VHP for the disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscopes,as well as for the development of anhydrous disinfection technology for gastrointestinal endoscopes.
文摘The authors report the development of aλ~4.1μm quantum cascade laser grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using strain-balanced In Ga As/In Al As materials.A device with a 7.5 mm cavity length and 6.5μm ridge width,bonded to an aluminum nitride heatsink,achieves maximum output powers of 3.4 W at 288 K in pulsed mode and 1.6 W at288 K in continuous-wave(CW)operation,with corresponding maximum wall-plug efficiencies of 14.8%and 9.3%.A kink is observed in the power–current curve under CW operation,which is absent in pulsed operation.Near-field results show that in CW operation,the horizontal beam quality factor M2fluctuates with current,indicating mode instability and highorder lateral mode excitation,while in pulsed mode,the horizontal M2remains stable around 1.3 as the current increases from 1.4 A to 1.9 A.
基金financial support by the Joint Foundation for Innovation and Development of Hubei Natural Science Foundation(2023AFD032)Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2023AFA010)。
文摘Vapor deposition is a promising technique for industrializing perovskite solar cells,but limited understanding of crystallization mechanisms in vapor-phase processes hampers progress.This study reveals a top-down crystallization growth mechanism during a two-step vapor-solid reaction and introduces an accelerated diffusion-buried homogeneous seed(AD-BHS)strategy.By utilizing the rapid diffusion of methylammonium chloride and inducing crystallization with buried seeds,we eliminate residual lead iodide,reduce crystallization time disparities across the film,and enhance uniformity.As a result,we achieve efficiencies of 22.40%for small-area(0.148 cm^(2))cells and 19.75%for large-area(10.0 cm^(2))modules,both representing state-of-the-art performance for vapor-solid reaction-based perovskite solar cells.This study provides critical insights into regulating crystallization growth in vapor-deposited perovskite thin films.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42305007).
文摘An extraordinary tropical cyclone-remote rainstorm with a 24-hour precipitation amount of 624.1 mm occurred in Zhengzhou,China,on 20 July 2021,during which a severe hourly precipitation amount of 201.9 mm at 1700 LST(LST=UTC+8)caused significant economic losses and casualties.Observational analysis and backward trajectory modeling showed that low-level water vapor for this extraordinary rainstorm was transported by the southeasterly jet below 900 hPa from the intensifying Typhoon In-Fa(2021)in the western North Pacific(low-level southeasterly channel).Although the southerly flow between 900 and 800 hPa brought water vapor from the developing Typhoon Cempaka in the South China Sea(low-level southerly channel),it did not converge over Zhengzhou.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22408072 and 22208074)Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(No.ZDYF2024GXJS300)Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.222QN225)。
文摘Coating techniques are efficient routes to modify surface property of composite membranes for enhanced membrane separations.However,it remains challenge to deposit continuous inorganic layers on hollow fiber substrates.This study combines surface segregation with physical vapor deposition(PVD)to construct intensified TiO_(2)layers on polyether sulfone(PES)hollow fiber substrates.During membrane fabrication,polyethylene-polypropylene glycol(F127)is used as surface segregation agent in casting solution,which enables PES hollow fibers with abundant hydroxy groups,thus improving the compatibility between PES and vaporized TiO_(2).The obtained PES/F127@TiO_(2)membranes exhibit tight TiO_(2)layers with tunable thickness,high mechanical strength,narrowed pore size and enhanced hydrophilicity.Moreover,the optimized PES/F127@TiO_(2)membranes show competitive antifouling performances in water treatment,with a water permeability up to 97 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1)·bar^(-1)and bovine serum albumin(BSA)rejection of~99%.This work is expected to provide a material design idea to deposit functional layers on polymers for fortified performances.
基金supported in entire part by the Biomaterials and Transport Phenomena Laboratory Agreement No.30303-12-2003,at the University of Medea.
文摘Refrigeration systems are essential across various sectors,including food preservation,medical storage,and climate control.However,their high energy consumption and environmental impact necessitate innovative solutions to enhance efficiency while minimizing energy usage.This paper investigates the integration of Phase Change Materials(PCMs)into a vapor compression refrigeration system to enhance energy efficiency and temperature regulation for food preservation.A multifunctional prototype was tested under two configurations:(1)a standard thermally insulated room,and(2)the same room augmented with eutectic plates filled with either Glaceol(-10℃ melting point)or distilled water(0℃ melting point).Thermocouples were calibrated and deployed to record air and PCM temperatures during freeze–thaw cycles at thermostat setpoints of and Additionally,a-30℃ -35℃ .defrosting resistor and timer were added to mitigate frost buildup,a known cause of efficiency loss.The experimental results show that PCM-enhanced rooms achieved up to 10.98℃ greater temperature stability during defrost cycles and reduced energy consumption by as much as 7.76%(from 0.4584 to 0.4231 kWh/h).Moreover,the effectiveness of PCMs depended strongly on thermostat settings and PCM type,with distilled water demonstrating broader solidification across plates under higher ambient loads.These findings highlight the potential of PCM integration to improve cold-chain performance,offering rapid cooling,moisture retention,and extended product conservation during power interruptions.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21975067)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20220530160407016).
文摘In order to address challenges posed by the reduction in transistor size,researchers are concentrating on two-dimensional(2D)materials with high dielectric constants and large band gaps.Monoclinic ZrO_(2)(m-ZrO_(2))has emerged as a promising gate dielectric material due to its suitable dielectric constant,wide band gap,ideal valence-band offset,and good thermodynamic stability.However,current deposition methods face compatibility issues with 2D semiconductors,highlighting the need for high-quality dielectrics and interfaces.Here,high-quality 2D m-ZrO_(2)single crystals are successfully prepared using a onestep chemical vapor deposition(CVD)method,aided by 5A molecular sieves for oxygen supply.The prepared ZrO_(2)is utilized as a gate dielectric in the construction of MoS2 field-effect transistors(FETs)to investigate its electrical property.The FETs exhibit a high carrier mobility of up to 5.50 cm^(2)·V^(−1)·s^(−1),and a current switching ratio(Ion/off)of approximately 10^(4),which aligns with the current standards of logic circuits,indicating that ZrO_(2)has application value as a gate dielectric.The successful onestep preparation of single-crystal ZrO_(2)paves the way for the utilization of high-κgate dielectrics and creates favorable conditions for the development of high-performance semiconductor devices,offering new possibilities for transistor miniaturization.
基金supported by the Sichuan Outstanding Young Scientific and Technological Talents Project(No.2021JDJQ0016)Doctoral Initiation Project of China West Normal University(No.22k E043)and Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province(No.2022NSFSC0388)。
文摘With the rapid development of nuclear energy,the removal of radioactive iodine generated during spent fuel reprocessing has become increasingly important.Based on the unique straw-like structure of populus tomentosa fiber(PTF)and the highly active iodine vapor capture ability of zero-valent silver nanoparticles(PTF@Ag^(0)NP),an Ag^(0)NP composite functional material with highly efficient iodine vapor capture capability was synthesized from biowaste PTF through ultrasonic and hightemperature hydrothermal methods in this study.The iodine capture experiment demonstrated that PTF@Ag^(0)NP exhibits rapid iodine capture efficiency,reaching dynamic equilibrium within 4 h and a maximum capture capacity of 1008.1 mg/g.Density functional theory calculations show that PTF@Ag^(0)NP exhibits extremely high chemical reactivity toward iodine,with a reaction binding energy of-2.88 e V.Additionally,the molecular dynamics of PTF@Ag^(0)NP indicate that there is no atomic displacement at 77?C,indicating the excellent temperature stability of the material at the operating temperature.The capture mechanism suggests that iodine vapor primarily reacts with Ag^(0)NP to form Ag I,and that the hydroxyl groups in PTF can also effectively capture iodine vapor by adsorption induction.In conclusion,PTF@Ag^(0)NP is expected to be an effective candidate adsorbent material for removing radioactive iodine vapor from exhaust gases during spent fuel reprocessing.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52172239,52202038,and 52402247)the Innovative Funds Plan of Henan University of Technology(Grant No.2020ZKCJ07)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2022QE081)。
文摘Graphene-metal based materials have been utilized in lithium-sulfur(Li–S)batteries owing to their integrated functionalities thus far.However,their synthesis has predominantly relied on wet-chemistry routes,which limited their practical activity in Li–S reaction systems.In this study,we introduce a chemical vapor deposition(CVD)-triggered dry-chemistry approach for the preparation of graphene-cobalt(Co)based catalysts.The versatile CVD technique provides a dry and controllable reaction environment,effectively pledging the compact and clean catalytic interfaces between graphene and Co-based components.Additionally,programmed reactions introduce defects such as vacancies and nitrogen heteroatoms into the catalysts.Notably,the graphene layer number and Co valence state can be delicately manipulated by altering the CVD reaction temperature.Specifically,few-layer graphene wrapped Co/Co_(3)O_(4)(FGr-Co/Co_(3)O_(4))prepared at 450 ℃ shows higher catalytic activity than the multi-layer graphene wrapped Co/CoO(MGr-Co/CoO)synthesized at 550 ℃,attributed to its comprehensive control of clean interface,valence distribution range and defects.Leveraging these advantages,the battery with FGr-Co/Co_(3)O_(4)shows favorable working stability with a degradation rate of only 0.08%over 500 cycles at 1.0 C.Furthermore,under an elevated sulfur loading of 6.1 mg cm^(–2),the battery harvests a remarkable areal capacity of 5.9 mA h cm^(–2)along with stable cyclic operation.
基金supported by TANAKA KIKINZOKU KOGYO K.Kfinancially supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.NRF-2022R1A2C2006764)the Materials and Components Technology Development Program of MOTIE/KEIT(No.[20012460])。
文摘Ruthenium(Ru)-based chalcogenide(S,Se)is a promising material in various fields,such as optics,photoelectrodes,and electrocatalysis,owing to its suitable bandgap for generating charge carriers under light illumination ranging from visible to near-infrared(NIR)and its high absorption coefficient.In this study,we report the synthesis of Ru Se_(2)thin films by chemical vapor deposition(CVD)with a bandgap matching the NIR region at 0.52 e V.Further,we demonstrated Ru S_(2x)Se_(2-2x)alloy films using the post-sulfurization process after CVD Ru Se_(2)with a tunable bandgap from 0.52 to 1.39 e V depending on sulfur composition.Remarkably,Ru S_(2x)Se_(2-2x)alloy film metal–semiconductor–metal(MSM)photodetector sulfurized at 500°C,with a 0.75 e V bandgap,exhibits enhanced broad absorption across NIR spectral ranges,suppressed dark current and high photoresponsivity in NIR wavelengths range even at zero-bias.We believe the bandgaptunable Ru S_(2x)Se_(2-2x)thin film through an efficient deposition method could be suitable for various optoelectronic applications.
