For loops with UV divergences,assuming that the physical contributions of loops from UV regions are insignificant,a UV-free scheme method described by an equation is introduced to derive loop results without UV diverg...For loops with UV divergences,assuming that the physical contributions of loops from UV regions are insignificant,a UV-free scheme method described by an equation is introduced to derive loop results without UV divergences in the calculations,i.e.,a route of the analytic continuation T_(F)→T_(P)besides the traditional route∞-∞in the mathematical structure.This scheme provides a new perspective to an open question of the hierarchy problem of Higgs mass,i.e.,an alternative interpretation without fine-tuning within the standard model.展开更多
A trace analytical method based on solid-phase extraction gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(SPE–GC–MS/MS)was developed for the rapid detection of 256 semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs),including 25 pol...A trace analytical method based on solid-phase extraction gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(SPE–GC–MS/MS)was developed for the rapid detection of 256 semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs),including 25 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),70 polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),123 pesticides,20 phthalate esters(PAEs),4 organophosphate esters(OPEs),9 synthetic musks(SMs),and 5 UV filters(UVs)in water.No-tably,this method provided a decent linearity of calibration standards(R^(2)>0.999),excellent method limits of quantification(MLOQs)(0.12–11.41 ng/L),satisfactory matrix spiking recovery rates(60.4%–126%),and high precision(intra-day relative standard deviations(RSDs):1.0%–10.0%,inter-day RSDs:3.0%–15.0%,and inter-week RSDs:3.4%–15.7%),making it suitable for trace-level studies.Statistical analysis revealed that SVOCs with higher volatility exhibited enhanced recovery rates.Validation of the methodology involved analyzing SVOCs in real spring water and river water samples.Twenty-seven SVOCs were detected in spring water and 58 in river water,with an average concentration of 631.73 and 16,095 ng/L,respectively.Among the detected SVOCs,PAEs constituted the predominant proportion.This study underscored the presence of SVOCs contamination specifi-cally within the spring water,although SVOCs concentrations in river water were significantly greater than those found in spring water.In summary,this sensitive method based on SPE–GC–MS/MS was successfully developed and validated for the rapid analysis of a diverse array of 256 SVOCs at trace levels in water,including not only the traditional highly valued PAHs,PCBs,pesticides,and PAEs,but also the emerging OPEs,UVs,and SMs.展开更多
Vacuum-ultraviolet(VUV)radiation is high-energy UV radiation with a wavelength of 100-200 nm capable of decomposing/mineralizing hazardous emerging organic pollutants(EPs)in water through direct photolysis and/or by g...Vacuum-ultraviolet(VUV)radiation is high-energy UV radiation with a wavelength of 100-200 nm capable of decomposing/mineralizing hazardous emerging organic pollutants(EPs)in water through direct photolysis and/or by generating reactive free radicals(RFRs)during photolysis.However,due to the unsatisfactory photoelectric conversion rate,strong absorption by oxygen and water molecules,and other characteristics of VUV radiation,its application and development are hindered,leading to misconceptions regarding high energy consumption and insufficient free radical yield.The objectives of our assessment in this review are as follows:The illumination of the photochemical characteristics of VUV and the reactivity of aqueous solutions.Summarization of accurate UV dose and energy evaluation criteria.Comparison and analysis of the photochemical mechanisms and reaction kinetics of different types of EPs via VUV direct photolysis,as well as the interference origins of typical substrates in water for VUV decontamination.We found that quantities typically reported in VUV photochemical reactions of engineered systems are underreported in low-pressure mercury lamp(LPUV)photochemical reactions,especially a quantitative indicator of the species or energy that induces a chemical reaction.The absence of these quantities has made it difficult to assess the fundamental performance of VUV photolysis fully compared with that of UV-C.Some studies have sought to optimize VUV-advanced reduction processes(VUV-ARP)or VUV reactor treatment of these contaminants;however,an abundant evaluation of the reaction origins and processes between VUV-derived main RFRs and reactants(H_(2)O,O_(2),organic matter,inorganic ions,etc.)is essential,cause these scientific elements will provide the possibility to break the application gap for VUV in the field of EPs treating.Overall,the data compilation,analysis,and research recommendations provided in this review will form the basis for all photochemical reactions initiated by VUV radiation with water as the backing agent.展开更多
Poly(phenylene oxide)(PPO)exhibits excellent dielectric properties,making it an ideal substrate for high-frequency,high-speed copper-clad laminates.The phenolic hydroxyl group at the end of PPO plays a key role in its...Poly(phenylene oxide)(PPO)exhibits excellent dielectric properties,making it an ideal substrate for high-frequency,high-speed copper-clad laminates.The phenolic hydroxyl group at the end of PPO plays a key role in its reactivity.Accurately quantifying the phenolic hydroxyl content in PPO is essential but challenging.In this study,we proposed a method for measuring the phenolic hydroxyl content of PPO using differential UV absorption spectroscopy.In alkaline solutions,the phenolic hydroxyl in PPO completely ionizes to form phenoxide ions,leading to a significant increase in UV absorbance at approximately 250 and 300 nm.Notably,the differential UV absorbance at approximately 300 nm was directly proportional to the phenolic hydroxyl concentration.Using 2,6-dimethylphenol as a standard,a calibration curve was established to relate the phenolic hydroxyl concentration to differential UV absorbance at approximately 300 nm,providing a precise and straightforward method for phenolic hydroxyl quantification in PPO with distinct advantages over conventional techniques.展开更多
The increasing production and release of synthetic organic chemicals,including pharmaceuticals,into our envi-ronment has allowed these substances to accumulate in our surface water systems.Current purification technol...The increasing production and release of synthetic organic chemicals,including pharmaceuticals,into our envi-ronment has allowed these substances to accumulate in our surface water systems.Current purification technolo-gies have been unable to eliminate these pollutants,resulting in their ongoing release into aquatic ecosystems.This study focuses on cloperastine(CPS),a cough suppressant and antihistamine medication.The environmental impact of CPS usage has become a concern,mainly due to its increased detection during the COVID-19 pandemic.CPS has been found in wastewater treatment facilities,effluents from senior living residences,river waters,and sewage sludge.However,the photosensitivity of CPS and its photodegradation profile remain largely unknown.This study investigates the photodegradation process of CPS under simulated tertiary treatment conditions using UV photolysis,a method commonly applied in some wastewater treatment plants.Several transformation prod-ucts were identified,evaluating their kinetic profiles using chemometric approaches(i.e.,curve fitting and the hard-soft multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares(HS-MCR-ALS)algorithm)and calculating the reaction quantum yield.As a result,three different transformation products have been detected and correctly identified.In addition,a comprehensive description of the kinetic pathway involved in the photodegradation process of the CPS drug has been provided,including observed kinetic rate constants.展开更多
Bio-based 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid polyesters offer significant promise for reducing energy and environmental crises.However,their intrinsic flammability remains a critical limitation,and conventional flame-retardan...Bio-based 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid polyesters offer significant promise for reducing energy and environmental crises.However,their intrinsic flammability remains a critical limitation,and conventional flame-retardant strategies often compromise their mechanical properties,hindering their practical applications.Herein,a 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide(DOPO)-based comonomer(DDP)was used to synthesize flame-retardant poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate-co-phosphaphenanthrene)(PEFDn).The covalent integration of DDP confers intrinsic flame retardancy,avoiding the plasticization and migration issues associated with additive-type systems.Upon thermal decomposition,the DOPO-derived moieties release phosphoric acid and radical scavengers,promoting char formation and suppressing flame propagation.Furthermore,density functional theory(DFT)calculations combined with non-covalent interaction(NCI)analysis revealed that DOPO dimer molecules adopt a stable parallel-displaced π-π stacking configu ration,potentially facilitating microphase separation and enhancing the energy dissipation capability.PEFD_(10)achieves a UL-94 V-0 rating while simultaneously increasing impact toughness from 1.5 kJ/m^(2) to 14.7 kJ/m^(2).Im portantly,PEFDn maintained acceptable oxygen-barrier properties.PEFD10 also exhibited high transparency and UV-shielding performance.The combination of intrinsic flame safety,im pact-toughness resistance,UV shielding,and an oxygen barrier ensures reliable protection of electrical components and long-term operational stability.The integration of multiple critical properties within a single bio-based material represents a novel approach fo r enabling sustainable polymer solutions for high-pe rformance electrical applications.展开更多
基金supported by the open project of the theoretical physics academic exchange platform of Chongqing University。
文摘For loops with UV divergences,assuming that the physical contributions of loops from UV regions are insignificant,a UV-free scheme method described by an equation is introduced to derive loop results without UV divergences in the calculations,i.e.,a route of the analytic continuation T_(F)→T_(P)besides the traditional route∞-∞in the mathematical structure.This scheme provides a new perspective to an open question of the hierarchy problem of Higgs mass,i.e.,an alternative interpretation without fine-tuning within the standard model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51939009)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Nos.JCYJ20241202125905008 and GXWD20201231165807007-20200810165349001).
文摘A trace analytical method based on solid-phase extraction gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(SPE–GC–MS/MS)was developed for the rapid detection of 256 semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs),including 25 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),70 polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),123 pesticides,20 phthalate esters(PAEs),4 organophosphate esters(OPEs),9 synthetic musks(SMs),and 5 UV filters(UVs)in water.No-tably,this method provided a decent linearity of calibration standards(R^(2)>0.999),excellent method limits of quantification(MLOQs)(0.12–11.41 ng/L),satisfactory matrix spiking recovery rates(60.4%–126%),and high precision(intra-day relative standard deviations(RSDs):1.0%–10.0%,inter-day RSDs:3.0%–15.0%,and inter-week RSDs:3.4%–15.7%),making it suitable for trace-level studies.Statistical analysis revealed that SVOCs with higher volatility exhibited enhanced recovery rates.Validation of the methodology involved analyzing SVOCs in real spring water and river water samples.Twenty-seven SVOCs were detected in spring water and 58 in river water,with an average concentration of 631.73 and 16,095 ng/L,respectively.Among the detected SVOCs,PAEs constituted the predominant proportion.This study underscored the presence of SVOCs contamination specifi-cally within the spring water,although SVOCs concentrations in river water were significantly greater than those found in spring water.In summary,this sensitive method based on SPE–GC–MS/MS was successfully developed and validated for the rapid analysis of a diverse array of 256 SVOCs at trace levels in water,including not only the traditional highly valued PAHs,PCBs,pesticides,and PAEs,but also the emerging OPEs,UVs,and SMs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3210100).
文摘Vacuum-ultraviolet(VUV)radiation is high-energy UV radiation with a wavelength of 100-200 nm capable of decomposing/mineralizing hazardous emerging organic pollutants(EPs)in water through direct photolysis and/or by generating reactive free radicals(RFRs)during photolysis.However,due to the unsatisfactory photoelectric conversion rate,strong absorption by oxygen and water molecules,and other characteristics of VUV radiation,its application and development are hindered,leading to misconceptions regarding high energy consumption and insufficient free radical yield.The objectives of our assessment in this review are as follows:The illumination of the photochemical characteristics of VUV and the reactivity of aqueous solutions.Summarization of accurate UV dose and energy evaluation criteria.Comparison and analysis of the photochemical mechanisms and reaction kinetics of different types of EPs via VUV direct photolysis,as well as the interference origins of typical substrates in water for VUV decontamination.We found that quantities typically reported in VUV photochemical reactions of engineered systems are underreported in low-pressure mercury lamp(LPUV)photochemical reactions,especially a quantitative indicator of the species or energy that induces a chemical reaction.The absence of these quantities has made it difficult to assess the fundamental performance of VUV photolysis fully compared with that of UV-C.Some studies have sought to optimize VUV-advanced reduction processes(VUV-ARP)or VUV reactor treatment of these contaminants;however,an abundant evaluation of the reaction origins and processes between VUV-derived main RFRs and reactants(H_(2)O,O_(2),organic matter,inorganic ions,etc.)is essential,cause these scientific elements will provide the possibility to break the application gap for VUV in the field of EPs treating.Overall,the data compilation,analysis,and research recommendations provided in this review will form the basis for all photochemical reactions initiated by VUV radiation with water as the backing agent.
基金the“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2023C01072)the Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou for their financial support。
文摘Poly(phenylene oxide)(PPO)exhibits excellent dielectric properties,making it an ideal substrate for high-frequency,high-speed copper-clad laminates.The phenolic hydroxyl group at the end of PPO plays a key role in its reactivity.Accurately quantifying the phenolic hydroxyl content in PPO is essential but challenging.In this study,we proposed a method for measuring the phenolic hydroxyl content of PPO using differential UV absorption spectroscopy.In alkaline solutions,the phenolic hydroxyl in PPO completely ionizes to form phenoxide ions,leading to a significant increase in UV absorbance at approximately 250 and 300 nm.Notably,the differential UV absorbance at approximately 300 nm was directly proportional to the phenolic hydroxyl concentration.Using 2,6-dimethylphenol as a standard,a calibration curve was established to relate the phenolic hydroxyl concentration to differential UV absorbance at approximately 300 nm,providing a precise and straightforward method for phenolic hydroxyl quantification in PPO with distinct advantages over conventional techniques.
基金supported by the grants PID2020-113371RA-C22 and TED2021-130845A-C32,funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.M.Marín-García,R.González-OlmosC.Gómez-Canela are members of the GESPA group(Grup d’Enginyeria i Simulacióde Processos Ambientals)at IQS-URL,which has been acknowledged as a Consolidated Research Group by the Government of Catalonia(No.2021-SGR-00321)+1 种基金In addition,M.Marín-García has been awarded a public grant for the Investigo Programme,aimed at hiring young job seekers to undertake research and innovation projects under the Recovery,Transformation,and Resilience Plan(PRTR),European Union Next Generation,for the year 2022,through the Government of Catalonia and the Spanish Ministry for Work and Social Economy(No.100045ID16)Ana Belén Cuenca for her support and expertise,which helped to confirm the proposed reaction mechanism involved in the UV photolysis of cloperastine.
文摘The increasing production and release of synthetic organic chemicals,including pharmaceuticals,into our envi-ronment has allowed these substances to accumulate in our surface water systems.Current purification technolo-gies have been unable to eliminate these pollutants,resulting in their ongoing release into aquatic ecosystems.This study focuses on cloperastine(CPS),a cough suppressant and antihistamine medication.The environmental impact of CPS usage has become a concern,mainly due to its increased detection during the COVID-19 pandemic.CPS has been found in wastewater treatment facilities,effluents from senior living residences,river waters,and sewage sludge.However,the photosensitivity of CPS and its photodegradation profile remain largely unknown.This study investigates the photodegradation process of CPS under simulated tertiary treatment conditions using UV photolysis,a method commonly applied in some wastewater treatment plants.Several transformation prod-ucts were identified,evaluating their kinetic profiles using chemometric approaches(i.e.,curve fitting and the hard-soft multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares(HS-MCR-ALS)algorithm)and calculating the reaction quantum yield.As a result,three different transformation products have been detected and correctly identified.In addition,a comprehensive description of the kinetic pathway involved in the photodegradation process of the CPS drug has been provided,including observed kinetic rate constants.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB3700300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52573017 and U21B2093)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo(No.2022Z200)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.LY23E030005)。
文摘Bio-based 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid polyesters offer significant promise for reducing energy and environmental crises.However,their intrinsic flammability remains a critical limitation,and conventional flame-retardant strategies often compromise their mechanical properties,hindering their practical applications.Herein,a 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide(DOPO)-based comonomer(DDP)was used to synthesize flame-retardant poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate-co-phosphaphenanthrene)(PEFDn).The covalent integration of DDP confers intrinsic flame retardancy,avoiding the plasticization and migration issues associated with additive-type systems.Upon thermal decomposition,the DOPO-derived moieties release phosphoric acid and radical scavengers,promoting char formation and suppressing flame propagation.Furthermore,density functional theory(DFT)calculations combined with non-covalent interaction(NCI)analysis revealed that DOPO dimer molecules adopt a stable parallel-displaced π-π stacking configu ration,potentially facilitating microphase separation and enhancing the energy dissipation capability.PEFD_(10)achieves a UL-94 V-0 rating while simultaneously increasing impact toughness from 1.5 kJ/m^(2) to 14.7 kJ/m^(2).Im portantly,PEFDn maintained acceptable oxygen-barrier properties.PEFD10 also exhibited high transparency and UV-shielding performance.The combination of intrinsic flame safety,im pact-toughness resistance,UV shielding,and an oxygen barrier ensures reliable protection of electrical components and long-term operational stability.The integration of multiple critical properties within a single bio-based material represents a novel approach fo r enabling sustainable polymer solutions for high-pe rformance electrical applications.
