Field experiments and laboratory analysis were carried out to determine the effects of controlled drainage（CTD） and conventional drainage（CVD） technologies on drainage volume, concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, ...Field experiments and laboratory analysis were carried out to determine the effects of controlled drainage（CTD） and conventional drainage（CVD） technologies on drainage volume, concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and total phosphorus（TP）, nitrogen and phosphorus losses, rice yield,and water utilization efficiency. Results show that CTD technology can effectively reduce drainage times and volume; NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP concentrations, from the first to the fourth day after four rainstorms decreased by 28.7%e46.7%, 37.5%e47.5%, and 22.7e31.2%, respectively,with CTD. These are significantly higher rates of decrease than those observed with CVD. CTD can significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses in field drainage, compared with CVD; the reduction rates observed in this study were, respectively, 66.72%, 55.56%, and 42.81% for NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP. Furthermore, in the CTD mode, the rice yield was cut slightly. In the CVD mode, the water production efficiencies in unit irrigation water quantity, unit field water consumption, and unit evapotranspiration were, respectively, 0.85, 0.48, and 1.22 kg/m^3, while in the CTD mode they were 2.91, 0.84, and 1.61 kg/m^3 din other words, 3.42, 1.75, and 1.32 times those of CVD. Furthermore, the results of analysis of variance（ANOVA） show that the indicators in both the CVD and CTD modes, including the concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, the losses of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, irrigation water quantity, and water consumption, showed extremely significant differences between the modes, but the rice yield showed no significant difference.展开更多
The residential sector contributes a large part of the energy to the global energy balance.To date,housing demand has mostly been uncontrollable and inelastic to grid conditions.Analyzing the performance of a home ene...The residential sector contributes a large part of the energy to the global energy balance.To date,housing demand has mostly been uncontrollable and inelastic to grid conditions.Analyzing the performance of a home energy manage-ment system requires the creation of various profiles of real-world residential demand,as residential demand is complex and includes multiple factors such as occupancy,climate,user preferences,and appliance types.Average Peak Ratio(A2P)is one of the most important parameters when managing an efficient and cost-effective energy system.At the household level,the larger relative magni-tudes of certain energy devices make managing this ratio critical,albeit difficult.Various Demand Response(DR)and Demand Side Management(DSM)systems have been proposed to reduce this ratio to 1.The main ways to achieve this are economic incentives,user comfort modeling and control,or preference-based.In this study,we propose a unique opportunistic social time approach called the Time Utility Based Control Feature(TUBCF),which uses the concept of a utility function from economics to model and control consumer devices.We propose a DR model for residential customers to reduce Peak-to-Average Ratio(PAR)and improve customer satisfaction by eliminating Appliance Wait Time(WTA)during peak periods.For PAR reduction and WTA,we propose a system architecture and mathematical formulation.Our proposed model automatically schedules devices based on their temporal preferences and considers six households with different device types and operational characteristics.Simulation results show that using this strategy can reduce A2P by 80%and improve user comfort during peak hours.展开更多
With proper power scheduling and dynamic pricing,a unidirectional charger can provide benefits and regulation services to the electricity grid,at a level approaching that of bidirectional charging.Power scheduling and...With proper power scheduling and dynamic pricing,a unidirectional charger can provide benefits and regulation services to the electricity grid,at a level approaching that of bidirectional charging.Power scheduling and schedule flexibility of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles are addressed.The use of electric vehicles(EVs)as flexibility resources and associated unidirectional vehicle-to-grid benefits are investigated.Power can be scheduled with the EV charger in control of charging or via control by a utility or an aggregator.Charging cost functions suitable for charger-and utility-controlled power scheduling are presented.Ancillary service levels possible with unidirectional vehicle-to-grid are quantified using sample charging scenarios from published data.Impacts of various power schedules and vehicle participation as a flexibility resource on electricity locational prices are evaluated.These include benefits to both owners and load-serving entities.Frequency regulation is considered in the context of unidirectional charging.展开更多
The paper analyzes the main problems existing in mine gas control and recycling in China, summarizes the development status of gas control, gas extraction and gas utilization, and puts forward the technical framework ...The paper analyzes the main problems existing in mine gas control and recycling in China, summarizes the development status of gas control, gas extraction and gas utilization, and puts forward the technical framework of hydraulic disturbance gas extraction in order to realize safe and efficient green development of mine. A safe, efficient and green deep mine development model has been established, which can provide reference for the development of similar mines in China.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51409124)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20140564)the Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering(Grant No.2013490711)
文摘Field experiments and laboratory analysis were carried out to determine the effects of controlled drainage（CTD） and conventional drainage（CVD） technologies on drainage volume, concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and total phosphorus（TP）, nitrogen and phosphorus losses, rice yield,and water utilization efficiency. Results show that CTD technology can effectively reduce drainage times and volume; NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP concentrations, from the first to the fourth day after four rainstorms decreased by 28.7%e46.7%, 37.5%e47.5%, and 22.7e31.2%, respectively,with CTD. These are significantly higher rates of decrease than those observed with CVD. CTD can significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses in field drainage, compared with CVD; the reduction rates observed in this study were, respectively, 66.72%, 55.56%, and 42.81% for NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP. Furthermore, in the CTD mode, the rice yield was cut slightly. In the CVD mode, the water production efficiencies in unit irrigation water quantity, unit field water consumption, and unit evapotranspiration were, respectively, 0.85, 0.48, and 1.22 kg/m^3, while in the CTD mode they were 2.91, 0.84, and 1.61 kg/m^3 din other words, 3.42, 1.75, and 1.32 times those of CVD. Furthermore, the results of analysis of variance（ANOVA） show that the indicators in both the CVD and CTD modes, including the concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, the losses of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, irrigation water quantity, and water consumption, showed extremely significant differences between the modes, but the rice yield showed no significant difference.
基金supported by King Saud University through Researchers Supporting Project number(RSP-2021/387),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The residential sector contributes a large part of the energy to the global energy balance.To date,housing demand has mostly been uncontrollable and inelastic to grid conditions.Analyzing the performance of a home energy manage-ment system requires the creation of various profiles of real-world residential demand,as residential demand is complex and includes multiple factors such as occupancy,climate,user preferences,and appliance types.Average Peak Ratio(A2P)is one of the most important parameters when managing an efficient and cost-effective energy system.At the household level,the larger relative magni-tudes of certain energy devices make managing this ratio critical,albeit difficult.Various Demand Response(DR)and Demand Side Management(DSM)systems have been proposed to reduce this ratio to 1.The main ways to achieve this are economic incentives,user comfort modeling and control,or preference-based.In this study,we propose a unique opportunistic social time approach called the Time Utility Based Control Feature(TUBCF),which uses the concept of a utility function from economics to model and control consumer devices.We propose a DR model for residential customers to reduce Peak-to-Average Ratio(PAR)and improve customer satisfaction by eliminating Appliance Wait Time(WTA)during peak periods.For PAR reduction and WTA,we propose a system architecture and mathematical formulation.Our proposed model automatically schedules devices based on their temporal preferences and considers six households with different device types and operational characteristics.Simulation results show that using this strategy can reduce A2P by 80%and improve user comfort during peak hours.
文摘With proper power scheduling and dynamic pricing,a unidirectional charger can provide benefits and regulation services to the electricity grid,at a level approaching that of bidirectional charging.Power scheduling and schedule flexibility of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles are addressed.The use of electric vehicles(EVs)as flexibility resources and associated unidirectional vehicle-to-grid benefits are investigated.Power can be scheduled with the EV charger in control of charging or via control by a utility or an aggregator.Charging cost functions suitable for charger-and utility-controlled power scheduling are presented.Ancillary service levels possible with unidirectional vehicle-to-grid are quantified using sample charging scenarios from published data.Impacts of various power schedules and vehicle participation as a flexibility resource on electricity locational prices are evaluated.These include benefits to both owners and load-serving entities.Frequency regulation is considered in the context of unidirectional charging.
文摘The paper analyzes the main problems existing in mine gas control and recycling in China, summarizes the development status of gas control, gas extraction and gas utilization, and puts forward the technical framework of hydraulic disturbance gas extraction in order to realize safe and efficient green development of mine. A safe, efficient and green deep mine development model has been established, which can provide reference for the development of similar mines in China.
