The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to inv...The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to investigate the impacts of urbanization on ESV in China.However,a comprehensive and dynamic framework to reveal the relationship between ESV and urbanization processes is lacking.This study adopted multi-source datasets to portray China’s urbanization process by integrating population,land,and economic urbanization,eval-uated the ESV changes of 10 categories by gross ecosystem product(GEP)methods,and explored ESV changes within different urbanization scales and speeds.The results showed rapid urbanization in the population,land,and economic dimensions in China,with a faster process of economic urbanization.The ESV also exhibited an increasing trend,with higher levels in the southeastern coastal regions and lower levels in the northwestern regions.Urbanization had positive impacts on ESV across various research units,but the ESV exhibited heteroge-neous changes across different urbanization scales,speeds,and their interactive effects.The response of ESV to dynamic urbanization processes was influenced by socio-economic,ecological,and policy factors;it is essential to combine targeted measures with general ecological product value realization methods in each unit to maximize social-economic-ecological benefits.展开更多
There are urgent calls for new approaches to map the global urban conditions of complexity,diffuseness,diversity,and connectivity.However,existing methods mostly focus on mapping urbanized areas as bio physical entiti...There are urgent calls for new approaches to map the global urban conditions of complexity,diffuseness,diversity,and connectivity.However,existing methods mostly focus on mapping urbanized areas as bio physical entities.Here,based on the continuum of urbanity framework,we developed an approach for cross-scale urbanity map-ping from town to city and urban megaregion with different spatial resolutions using the Google Earth Engine.This approach was developed based on multi-source remote sensing data,Points of Interest-Open Street Map(POIs-OSM)big data,and the random forest regression model.This approach is scale-independent and revealed significant spatial variations in urbanity,underscoring differences in urbanization patterns across megaregions and between urban and rural areas.Urbanity was observed transcending traditional urban boundaries,diffusing into rural settlements within non-urban locales.The finding of urbanity in rural communities far from urban areas challenges the gradient theory of urban-rural development and distribution.By mapping livelihoods,lifestyles,and connectivity simultaneously,urbanity maps present a more comprehensive characterization of the complex-ity,diffuseness,diversity,and connectivity of urbanized areas than that by land cover or population density alone.It helps enhance the understanding of urbanization beyond biophysical form.This approach can provide a multifaceted understanding of urbanization,and thereby insights on urban and regional sustainability.展开更多
Landscape urbanization broadly affects ecosystems in coastal watersheds, but, until now, the influence of nonpoint source urban inputs on dissolved organic matter (DOM) amount, composition, and source is poorly unders...Landscape urbanization broadly affects ecosystems in coastal watersheds, but, until now, the influence of nonpoint source urban inputs on dissolved organic matter (DOM) amount, composition, and source is poorly understood. To understand how DOM composition varied with urbanization, fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) were determined for urban and non-urban waters from upstream to downstream sites along three adjacent coastal watersheds that flow into the Mediterranean Sea. Two humic DOM fluorescent components (humic-like and fulvic-like peaks) and two proteinic components (tyrosine-like and tryptophane-like peaks) were identified by EEM fluorescence. The results indicated that urbanization had an important influence on DOM concentration and composition, with urban waters having a high degree of DOM variation due to different land uses surrounding each body of water. Urban waters show a higher DOM fluorescence index (FI), the highest fluorescence intensity of protein-like manifested also by BIX values, and a lower value of the humification index (HIX) than non-urban waters which were dominated by allochthonous inputs. In addition, the EEM was compared in dry and wet season where higher DOM amounts and FI appeared in summer due to autochthonous production coming from algae growth compared to allochthonous input from rainfall dominated in wet season. The concentration of DOC increased from upstream to downstream for the three rivers, especially Beirut River. The increase in DOC values was observed in both dry and wet seasons by 39 and 19 times respectively compared to upstream (0.93 - 0.91 mgC/L).展开更多
Urbanization has caused significant landscape changes in rural areas,leading to the emergence of urbanized landscapes(ULs),which have been generally criticized by authorities and professionals.However,perceptions of U...Urbanization has caused significant landscape changes in rural areas,leading to the emergence of urbanized landscapes(ULs),which have been generally criticized by authorities and professionals.However,perceptions of ULs among local residents have rarely been studied.In this study,we chose five typical categories of ULs from rapidly transforming villages in Fujian Province,China–hardened water bank(HWB),big pavilion(BPA),big memorial arch(BMA),big ornamental lawn(BOL),and big square(BSQ)to do the study.We identified how these ULs were rated and ranked by on-site surveys,as well as how related aesthetic and multifunctional landscape characters(LCs)played a role.The results(N=550)showed that 1)residents supported the construction of ULs,and the most preferred category was that with the most natural elements(BOL)that was simultaneously well maintained.2)For the residents,the longer they had resided in the village and the fewer connections they had with the city,the more in favor they were of the ULs,and the more eager they were for landscape change.In addition,residents with higher education and Communist Party of China membership valued the naturalness related LCs more highly.3)Two contradictory preference features,naturalness and livability,should be well coordinated and balanced to construct an improved favorable village for the residents,to realize a balanced and sustainable development path.This study makes great theoretical contributions to landscape research and provides new insights into rural planning and construction.展开更多
Recently severe damage of flooding by urbanization was frequently occurred. To prevent this damage, small reservoir was constructed in the urbanized residential area. This paper describes an effect of flood peak disch...Recently severe damage of flooding by urbanization was frequently occurred. To prevent this damage, small reservoir was constructed in the urbanized residential area. This paper describes an effect of flood peak discharge control by a small reservoir (control reservoir) caused by rapidly developed urbanization. Although work for this purpose was conducted, research on the effects of the control reservoir was not conducted until now. This research, conducted by simulation, was a case study in the Kurabe River Basin in the Tedori River Alluvial Fan Area, Japan, based on the precise investigation of the reservoir in the actual field. The study was conducted to determine not only the actual control reservoir capacity for the newly developed residential area but also the ideal capacity for all present residential areas and the largest capacity allowable for a maximum rainfall event that recently occurred. The control reservoir effects between individual blocks and the entire basin area were compared by dividing the test basin into 15 blocks (sub-basins). The results showed that the effects on the capacity per unit area of the residential area in blocks have close relationship with the decreasing ratio of peak discharge in blocks. Consequently, the effects of control reservoir capacity and the limitation were clarified. In the future, control reservoirs should be constructed for all of the already developed residential areas, for example, by utilizing underground car parking lot. The results of this research can contribute to the design of the control reservoir for protection against flooding damage in urbanized areas.展开更多
The common blackbird Turdus merula is one of the most highly urbanized bird species. However, to date, the use of anthropogenic structures as nesting sites in the common blackbird is rarely documented, and the factors...The common blackbird Turdus merula is one of the most highly urbanized bird species. However, to date, the use of anthropogenic structures as nesting sites in the common blackbird is rarely documented, and the factors influencing its use of the anthropogenic structures as nesting sites remain unclear. In this study, we systematically quantified and determined the factors in- fluencing the use of anthropogenie structures as nesting sites in common blackbirds in a highly urbanized city of Hangzhou, Chi- na. We searched for nests of common blackbirds during four breeding seasons from 2010 to 2013. Among the 60 nests found, 34 nests were in anthropogenic structures such as wall ledges, air condition mounts, window canopies, cable poles, guardrails, eaves, balcony frames, flowerpots and flower shelves on balconies. We found that the available anthropogenic nest sites and the availa- ble nesting trees were main factors determining the use of anthropogenic structures as nesting sites in common blackbirds. In ur- ban environments, the amount of available anthropogenic nesting sites increased significantly, whereas the number of natural nesting sites reduced greatly. Our results suggest that common blackbirds can adjust their nest sites in response to urbanization and such nesting behavior shifts may aid them to colonize urban environments. From a management viewpoint, our results indi- cate that behavioral flexibility should be taken into account for effective urban wildlife management and conservation展开更多
The Indian subcontinent is amongst the biologically better known parts of the tropics and its bird fauna has been well documented. However, avian community composition and diversity along elevational gradients and amo...The Indian subcontinent is amongst the biologically better known parts of the tropics and its bird fauna has been well documented. However, avian community composition and diversity along elevational gradients and amongst habitat types remains unclear in India. We attempted to estimate bird assemblages in terms of diversity, species composition, status and abun- dance in urban and forest habitats of Nainital district of Uttarakhand （350-2450 m asl; 29N）, Western Himalayas. We sampled different elevational gradients and to understand the effect of urbanization and season on avian community composition. Field studies were conducted during January 2005 to January 2007. Results indicated that the forest had more complex bird community structure in terms of higher species richness （14.35 vs 8.69）, higher species diversity （Shannon＇s index 4.00 vs 3.54）, higher evenness （0.838 vs 0.811） and more rare species （17 vs 5） as compared to urban habitat. However, the abundance of 11 species was higher in urban habitats. Bird Species Richness （BSR） varied considerably among study areas （91 to 113 species）, was high- est （113 species） at mid elevation （1450-1700 m asl） and decreased （22 species） at high elevation （1900-2450 m asl）. It seems that high BSR at mid altitudes is not caused by the presence of a group of mid altitude specialists but rather that there is an over- lap in the distribution of low land and high elevation specialists at this altitude. BSR and Bird Species Diversity fluctuated across seasons but not habitat type [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 318-329,2011].展开更多
The aim of this paper is to clarify the pattern and process of changes of landscape in riverside open spaces in urbanized area.The area between the old banks of the Furukawa River in Hiroshima City was examined in thi...The aim of this paper is to clarify the pattern and process of changes of landscape in riverside open spaces in urbanized area.The area between the old banks of the Furukawa River in Hiroshima City was examined in this research.The land use maps of the study area were drawn at seven different times were analyzed,and the number,sizes and perimeters of all patches of all land use types were measured.In these areas,temporal patterns of land use change over the past 30 years were divided to three stages:19661976,19761988 and 19881997.As a result of human disturbance,the riparian forest patches in urbanized areas have decreased in average size and have also become longer and narrower.展开更多
Patterns of specialization and the structure of interactions between bats and ectoparasitic flies have been studied mostly on non-urban environments and at local scales.Thus,how anthropogenic disturbances influence sp...Patterns of specialization and the structure of interactions between bats and ectoparasitic flies have been studied mostly on non-urban environments and at local scales.Thus,how anthropogenic disturbances influence species interactions and network structure in this system remain poorly understood.Here,we investigated patterns of interaction between Phyllostomidae bats and ectoparasitic Streblidae flies,and variations in network specialization and structure across Cerrado patches within urbanized landscapes in Brazil and between local and regional scales.We found high similarity in the richness and composition of bat and fly species across communities,associated with low turnover of interactions between networks.The high specialization of bat-streblid interactions resulted in little connected and modular networks,with the emergence of modules containing subsets of species that interact exclusively or primarily with each other.Such similarities in species and interaction composition and network structure across communities and scales suggest that bat-fly interactions within Cerrado patches are little affected by the degree of human modification in the surrounding matrix.This remarkable consistency is likely promoted by specific behaviors,the tolerance of Phyllostomidae bats to surrounding urbanized landscapes as well as by the specificity of the streblid-bat interactions shaped over evolutionary time.展开更多
Simulation and evaluation study of the three Water Supply Reservoirs in the Notwane Catchment was undertaken using a hybrid modelling approach linking the reservoir simulation model (HEC-ResSim) model and a reservoir ...Simulation and evaluation study of the three Water Supply Reservoirs in the Notwane Catchment was undertaken using a hybrid modelling approach linking the reservoir simulation model (HEC-ResSim) model and a reservoir reliability analysis (RRA) model. It was used to understand the management challenges and operation aspects facing the recent failure and declining water supply from three reservoirs in Gaborone and the surrounding areas, a typical arid and urbanized environment where current and future water supply reliability is challenged by both climate and anthropologic factors. The model was analysed for a calibration period of ten years (1993-2002), and verification period of eight years (2003-2010) and then simulation period of 40 years (2011-2050). The simulation period up to the year 2050 was considered to include the year 2035, which is the planning horizon of the National Water Master Plan. The model calibration and verification results are satisfactorily accepted for the fit of the daily water levels. The values of R<sup>2</sup> and the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency criteria for the calibration period, are 0.81/60%, 0.62/27% and 0.54/39% for the Bokaa dam, Gaborone dam and Nnywane dam, respectively. Various scenarios were considered to determine the plausible sources of uncertainty and challenge for operation and management of the water supply reservoirs considering: population and urbanization, sedimentation, seepage, climate change, operational aspects, among others. From the RRA model, it was found that Gaborone dam, which is the largest of the three dams has lower resilience, lower reliability and higher vulnerability associated with increasing population pressures, urbanisation and climatic factors. Climate change, sedimentation, seepage, operational rules, contributing to the operation and management of the dams could have accelerated the drying up of the reservoirs and the prevailing water supply situation, which might continue to be the future possible challenges of water supply in the area.展开更多
Since the last decade the central government endeavors to promote large scale of urbanization in China.Lots of new urban towns and districts are taking shape. Outline of the 12th Five-year Plan released by the central...Since the last decade the central government endeavors to promote large scale of urbanization in China.Lots of new urban towns and districts are taking shape. Outline of the 12th Five-year Plan released by the central government points out that the new towns and districts are to be regulated. But few researches are considering the new towns and districts especially in the spatial distributive pattern and status in China. Given this situation this paper, after sorting out the world-wide research and development of new urban towns and districts, gives definitions of broad and narrow meanings. Based on the broad meaning definition, the database of new towns and districts in China is established. This paper then conducts a preliminary analysis of the new towns and districts.Then the two-step work plan and the advices are also proposed to further improve the research and practice of its kind in China.展开更多
Over 100 years, urbanization has taken place along the Rouge River watershed of southeast Michigan, USA. To determine the impact(s) of urbanization on herpetofauna, species richness and distribution in 122 wetlands al...Over 100 years, urbanization has taken place along the Rouge River watershed of southeast Michigan, USA. To determine the impact(s) of urbanization on herpetofauna, species richness and distribution in 122 wetlands along 13.0 km of the urbanized Rouge River watershed were monitored from early spring to late fall 2003. Data were mapped using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Both amphibian and reptile species richness were associated with wetland size and hydroperiod. The invasive plants Alliaria petiolata and Rhamnus cathartica were coincident with lower than average amphibian species richness. In spite of the number of herpetofauna being relatively low, this study identified hydroperiod and wetland size as important features that may contribute to amphibian and reptile species sustainability in this highly disturbed and fragmented urban landscape.展开更多
Metal-contaminated soils and sediments are widespread in urbanized areas due to atmospheric deposition close to emission sources. These metals are bio-available for organisms, e.g., insects, and accumulate in food cha...Metal-contaminated soils and sediments are widespread in urbanized areas due to atmospheric deposition close to emission sources. These metals are bio-available for organisms, e.g., insects, and accumulate in food chains of insectivorous mammals.Especially bats, which live in urban regions and ingest large amounts of food relative to their body mass, are at risk of being poisoned due to the accumulation of trace metals. To determine species-specific trace metal contents in bats from urban environments, hair samples were analyzed by ICP-OES. Observed trace metal concentrations were related to species-specific foraging habitat, prey spectrum and degree of synanthropy. The species studied were Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Myotis daubentonii and Nyctalus noctula. P. pipistrellus showed the highest concentrations of lead and zinc and slightly higher concentrations of cadmium than the other two species, which was related to its high degree of synanthropy with foraging habitat mostly located in cities. In contrast, N. noctula displayed the highest contents of manganese and copper. The reason might be found in its prey spectrum, as N. noctula feeds mainly on beetles that are caught in cultured areas. Trace metal concentrations determined in hair samples of M. daubentonii ranged between the values of P. pipistrellus and N. noctula, probably reflecting an intermediate level of synanthropy.Positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of cadmium and lead and those of manganese and copper. Hair samples from bats are suitable monitoring tools to study trace metal exposure and can be used to determine differences in trace metal levels between species.展开更多
The rapid drop in the groundwater level has raised concerns in the sustainable water management plan in many cities of the world. It is important to understand the underlying factors of such depletion. To improve know...The rapid drop in the groundwater level has raised concerns in the sustainable water management plan in many cities of the world. It is important to understand the underlying factors of such depletion. To improve knowledge of the changes in groundwater, this study investigates a long-term perspective of urbanization, and evaluates the influence of several factors including land cover, water use, and abstraction. Multi-year land cover maps are used to detect urbanization and land cover types. Hotspot analysis and correlation-regression are applied to assess the relationship between changes in groundwater and the driving factors. The investigations confirm that an extensive withdrawal of groundwater due to urbanization results in a progressive drop in the water level. However, the major industrial and commercial zone shows the consistent hotspot of groundwater depletion. The results indicate that groundwater abstraction and types of water use have a high influence on the changes in urban groundwater.展开更多
By examining the urbanization process underway in China, this paper predicts potential consumption expansion andits sustainability in the next decade and beyond.In years past, China’s urbanization pattern has transfo...By examining the urbanization process underway in China, this paper predicts potential consumption expansion andits sustainability in the next decade and beyond.In years past, China’s urbanization pattern has transformed fromsemi-inclusive to inclusive, embodied in the better inclusion of migrant workers and their families under the umbrellaof public services and changes in household registration (hukou) identity.This trend is expected to create a giant newconsumer group in 10 years; 2020 is the target year the Chinese leadership has set for achieving a better-off society.Inthis paper we examine this by summarizing existing research.展开更多
The superposition effect of river floods and urban waterlogging is becoming more common in urbanized watersheds.A quantitative assessment method was proposed based on the copula function and hydrological and hydrodyna...The superposition effect of river floods and urban waterlogging is becoming more common in urbanized watersheds.A quantitative assessment method was proposed based on the copula function and hydrological and hydrodynamic models to explore the exacerbating effect on urban inundation.The suggested method was applied to construct the joint distribution pattern of river flood and heavy rainfall in a typical urbanized watershed,the North Canal Basin in Tongzhou District,Beijing.An integrated model was constructed to simulate the hydrological and hydrodynamic processes during river floods and urban waterlogging.The 38 different combination patterns of rainfall and river flood scenarios were analysed,and the results showed a significant exacerbating effect on urban inundation when a river flood encounters heavy rainfall.The insight factor analysis showed that the water depth was more sensitive to river flooding changes than to rainfall.Taking the 50-year return period as an example,compared with scenarios with only rainfall or river flood,the maximum water depth under the superimposed scenarios increased by 1.7 and 0.2 m,respectively.The simulation results indicated that the simultaneous occurrence of river floods and heavy rainfall would have a superimposed amplification effect on urban inundation risk.展开更多
This study investigates the inundation depths of urban floods induced by real storm events,focusing on the development and assessment of super-resolution model based on ensemble learning methods.Unlike traditional dee...This study investigates the inundation depths of urban floods induced by real storm events,focusing on the development and assessment of super-resolution model based on ensemble learning methods.Unlike traditional deep neural networks which require extensive training and high parameterization,this study utilizes ensemble learning model to reconstruct high-resolution flood predictions from low-resolution hydrodynamic simulations.Hydrodynamic modeling results of real pluvial flood event at various spatial resolution are used for constructing datasets and for training and testing the point-based super-resolution model.Influencing factors related to urban terrain,subsurface,rainfall inputs and the hydrodynamic modeling results at coarser resolutions are used as features in the super-resolution model on basis of Random Forest,in which hyperparameters are tuned with Bayesian optimization method.The trained super-resolution models effectively reconstruct high-resolution inundation conditions from 30 m to 5 m coarse resolution inputs,highlighting an increase in correlation coefficients and a decrease in root mean squared error(RMSE)as resolution improves.Dominant influencing factors in the super-resolution models are identified together with variances in their contributions to the model performance.Two optimization approaches are applied to enhance accuracy and mitigate overestimation at coarse resolutions for the super-resolution models.The first integrates outputs from various coarse resolution models as features,notably reducing overestimation,especially with finer 5 m resolutions.The second employs ensemble modeling with super-resolution models from different datasets,which improves the performance across all tested resolutions,demonstrating the robustness of combining multiple predictive models for better flood forecasting in urban environments.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41931293)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42271275).
文摘The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to investigate the impacts of urbanization on ESV in China.However,a comprehensive and dynamic framework to reveal the relationship between ESV and urbanization processes is lacking.This study adopted multi-source datasets to portray China’s urbanization process by integrating population,land,and economic urbanization,eval-uated the ESV changes of 10 categories by gross ecosystem product(GEP)methods,and explored ESV changes within different urbanization scales and speeds.The results showed rapid urbanization in the population,land,and economic dimensions in China,with a faster process of economic urbanization.The ESV also exhibited an increasing trend,with higher levels in the southeastern coastal regions and lower levels in the northwestern regions.Urbanization had positive impacts on ESV across various research units,but the ESV exhibited heteroge-neous changes across different urbanization scales,speeds,and their interactive effects.The response of ESV to dynamic urbanization processes was influenced by socio-economic,ecological,and policy factors;it is essential to combine targeted measures with general ecological product value realization methods in each unit to maximize social-economic-ecological benefits.
基金support from the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.42225104)the National Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.U21A2010).
文摘There are urgent calls for new approaches to map the global urban conditions of complexity,diffuseness,diversity,and connectivity.However,existing methods mostly focus on mapping urbanized areas as bio physical entities.Here,based on the continuum of urbanity framework,we developed an approach for cross-scale urbanity map-ping from town to city and urban megaregion with different spatial resolutions using the Google Earth Engine.This approach was developed based on multi-source remote sensing data,Points of Interest-Open Street Map(POIs-OSM)big data,and the random forest regression model.This approach is scale-independent and revealed significant spatial variations in urbanity,underscoring differences in urbanization patterns across megaregions and between urban and rural areas.Urbanity was observed transcending traditional urban boundaries,diffusing into rural settlements within non-urban locales.The finding of urbanity in rural communities far from urban areas challenges the gradient theory of urban-rural development and distribution.By mapping livelihoods,lifestyles,and connectivity simultaneously,urbanity maps present a more comprehensive characterization of the complex-ity,diffuseness,diversity,and connectivity of urbanized areas than that by land cover or population density alone.It helps enhance the understanding of urbanization beyond biophysical form.This approach can provide a multifaceted understanding of urbanization,and thereby insights on urban and regional sustainability.
文摘Landscape urbanization broadly affects ecosystems in coastal watersheds, but, until now, the influence of nonpoint source urban inputs on dissolved organic matter (DOM) amount, composition, and source is poorly understood. To understand how DOM composition varied with urbanization, fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) were determined for urban and non-urban waters from upstream to downstream sites along three adjacent coastal watersheds that flow into the Mediterranean Sea. Two humic DOM fluorescent components (humic-like and fulvic-like peaks) and two proteinic components (tyrosine-like and tryptophane-like peaks) were identified by EEM fluorescence. The results indicated that urbanization had an important influence on DOM concentration and composition, with urban waters having a high degree of DOM variation due to different land uses surrounding each body of water. Urban waters show a higher DOM fluorescence index (FI), the highest fluorescence intensity of protein-like manifested also by BIX values, and a lower value of the humification index (HIX) than non-urban waters which were dominated by allochthonous inputs. In addition, the EEM was compared in dry and wet season where higher DOM amounts and FI appeared in summer due to autochthonous production coming from algae growth compared to allochthonous input from rainfall dominated in wet season. The concentration of DOC increased from upstream to downstream for the three rivers, especially Beirut River. The increase in DOC values was observed in both dry and wet seasons by 39 and 19 times respectively compared to upstream (0.93 - 0.91 mgC/L).
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42171093Scientific and Innovative Action Plan of Shanghai,No.21ZR1408500+2 种基金Shanghai Pujiang Program,No.21PJ1401600Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration,No.SHUES2021A02China Scholarship Council。
文摘Urbanization has caused significant landscape changes in rural areas,leading to the emergence of urbanized landscapes(ULs),which have been generally criticized by authorities and professionals.However,perceptions of ULs among local residents have rarely been studied.In this study,we chose five typical categories of ULs from rapidly transforming villages in Fujian Province,China–hardened water bank(HWB),big pavilion(BPA),big memorial arch(BMA),big ornamental lawn(BOL),and big square(BSQ)to do the study.We identified how these ULs were rated and ranked by on-site surveys,as well as how related aesthetic and multifunctional landscape characters(LCs)played a role.The results(N=550)showed that 1)residents supported the construction of ULs,and the most preferred category was that with the most natural elements(BOL)that was simultaneously well maintained.2)For the residents,the longer they had resided in the village and the fewer connections they had with the city,the more in favor they were of the ULs,and the more eager they were for landscape change.In addition,residents with higher education and Communist Party of China membership valued the naturalness related LCs more highly.3)Two contradictory preference features,naturalness and livability,should be well coordinated and balanced to construct an improved favorable village for the residents,to realize a balanced and sustainable development path.This study makes great theoretical contributions to landscape research and provides new insights into rural planning and construction.
文摘Recently severe damage of flooding by urbanization was frequently occurred. To prevent this damage, small reservoir was constructed in the urbanized residential area. This paper describes an effect of flood peak discharge control by a small reservoir (control reservoir) caused by rapidly developed urbanization. Although work for this purpose was conducted, research on the effects of the control reservoir was not conducted until now. This research, conducted by simulation, was a case study in the Kurabe River Basin in the Tedori River Alluvial Fan Area, Japan, based on the precise investigation of the reservoir in the actual field. The study was conducted to determine not only the actual control reservoir capacity for the newly developed residential area but also the ideal capacity for all present residential areas and the largest capacity allowable for a maximum rainfall event that recently occurred. The control reservoir effects between individual blocks and the entire basin area were compared by dividing the test basin into 15 blocks (sub-basins). The results showed that the effects on the capacity per unit area of the residential area in blocks have close relationship with the decreasing ratio of peak discharge in blocks. Consequently, the effects of control reservoir capacity and the limitation were clarified. In the future, control reservoirs should be constructed for all of the already developed residential areas, for example, by utilizing underground car parking lot. The results of this research can contribute to the design of the control reservoir for protection against flooding damage in urbanized areas.
基金Acknowledgements We thank Dr. Jukka Jokimaki, Karl Evans and three anonymous referees for helpful comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to many people for kindly reporting the anthropogenic nests of blackbirds and providing help during the study. This study was supported by the Na- tional Natural Science Foundation of China （31071908, 31100394） and the Project-sponsored by SRF for ROCS, SEM （J20130585）.
文摘The common blackbird Turdus merula is one of the most highly urbanized bird species. However, to date, the use of anthropogenic structures as nesting sites in the common blackbird is rarely documented, and the factors influencing its use of the anthropogenic structures as nesting sites remain unclear. In this study, we systematically quantified and determined the factors in- fluencing the use of anthropogenie structures as nesting sites in common blackbirds in a highly urbanized city of Hangzhou, Chi- na. We searched for nests of common blackbirds during four breeding seasons from 2010 to 2013. Among the 60 nests found, 34 nests were in anthropogenic structures such as wall ledges, air condition mounts, window canopies, cable poles, guardrails, eaves, balcony frames, flowerpots and flower shelves on balconies. We found that the available anthropogenic nest sites and the availa- ble nesting trees were main factors determining the use of anthropogenic structures as nesting sites in common blackbirds. In ur- ban environments, the amount of available anthropogenic nesting sites increased significantly, whereas the number of natural nesting sites reduced greatly. Our results suggest that common blackbirds can adjust their nest sites in response to urbanization and such nesting behavior shifts may aid them to colonize urban environments. From a management viewpoint, our results indi- cate that behavioral flexibility should be taken into account for effective urban wildlife management and conservation
文摘The Indian subcontinent is amongst the biologically better known parts of the tropics and its bird fauna has been well documented. However, avian community composition and diversity along elevational gradients and amongst habitat types remains unclear in India. We attempted to estimate bird assemblages in terms of diversity, species composition, status and abun- dance in urban and forest habitats of Nainital district of Uttarakhand （350-2450 m asl; 29N）, Western Himalayas. We sampled different elevational gradients and to understand the effect of urbanization and season on avian community composition. Field studies were conducted during January 2005 to January 2007. Results indicated that the forest had more complex bird community structure in terms of higher species richness （14.35 vs 8.69）, higher species diversity （Shannon＇s index 4.00 vs 3.54）, higher evenness （0.838 vs 0.811） and more rare species （17 vs 5） as compared to urban habitat. However, the abundance of 11 species was higher in urban habitats. Bird Species Richness （BSR） varied considerably among study areas （91 to 113 species）, was high- est （113 species） at mid elevation （1450-1700 m asl） and decreased （22 species） at high elevation （1900-2450 m asl）. It seems that high BSR at mid altitudes is not caused by the presence of a group of mid altitude specialists but rather that there is an over- lap in the distribution of low land and high elevation specialists at this altitude. BSR and Bird Species Diversity fluctuated across seasons but not habitat type [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 318-329,2011].
文摘The aim of this paper is to clarify the pattern and process of changes of landscape in riverside open spaces in urbanized area.The area between the old banks of the Furukawa River in Hiroshima City was examined in this research.The land use maps of the study area were drawn at seven different times were analyzed,and the number,sizes and perimeters of all patches of all land use types were measured.In these areas,temporal patterns of land use change over the past 30 years were divided to three stages:19661976,19761988 and 19881997.As a result of human disturbance,the riparian forest patches in urbanized areas have decreased in average size and have also become longer and narrower.
基金supported by the CAPES[Process number:1591062]CNPq[Process number:304616/2015-0]+1 种基金Fundaqao de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino,and Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul(FUNDECT)for supporting[Process number:23/200.662/2014]Paraiba State Research Foundation(FAPESQ)by a doctoral scholarship from Grant 518/18 to G.L.U.J.V.-B.
文摘Patterns of specialization and the structure of interactions between bats and ectoparasitic flies have been studied mostly on non-urban environments and at local scales.Thus,how anthropogenic disturbances influence species interactions and network structure in this system remain poorly understood.Here,we investigated patterns of interaction between Phyllostomidae bats and ectoparasitic Streblidae flies,and variations in network specialization and structure across Cerrado patches within urbanized landscapes in Brazil and between local and regional scales.We found high similarity in the richness and composition of bat and fly species across communities,associated with low turnover of interactions between networks.The high specialization of bat-streblid interactions resulted in little connected and modular networks,with the emergence of modules containing subsets of species that interact exclusively or primarily with each other.Such similarities in species and interaction composition and network structure across communities and scales suggest that bat-fly interactions within Cerrado patches are little affected by the degree of human modification in the surrounding matrix.This remarkable consistency is likely promoted by specific behaviors,the tolerance of Phyllostomidae bats to surrounding urbanized landscapes as well as by the specificity of the streblid-bat interactions shaped over evolutionary time.
文摘Simulation and evaluation study of the three Water Supply Reservoirs in the Notwane Catchment was undertaken using a hybrid modelling approach linking the reservoir simulation model (HEC-ResSim) model and a reservoir reliability analysis (RRA) model. It was used to understand the management challenges and operation aspects facing the recent failure and declining water supply from three reservoirs in Gaborone and the surrounding areas, a typical arid and urbanized environment where current and future water supply reliability is challenged by both climate and anthropologic factors. The model was analysed for a calibration period of ten years (1993-2002), and verification period of eight years (2003-2010) and then simulation period of 40 years (2011-2050). The simulation period up to the year 2050 was considered to include the year 2035, which is the planning horizon of the National Water Master Plan. The model calibration and verification results are satisfactorily accepted for the fit of the daily water levels. The values of R<sup>2</sup> and the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency criteria for the calibration period, are 0.81/60%, 0.62/27% and 0.54/39% for the Bokaa dam, Gaborone dam and Nnywane dam, respectively. Various scenarios were considered to determine the plausible sources of uncertainty and challenge for operation and management of the water supply reservoirs considering: population and urbanization, sedimentation, seepage, climate change, operational aspects, among others. From the RRA model, it was found that Gaborone dam, which is the largest of the three dams has lower resilience, lower reliability and higher vulnerability associated with increasing population pressures, urbanisation and climatic factors. Climate change, sedimentation, seepage, operational rules, contributing to the operation and management of the dams could have accelerated the drying up of the reservoirs and the prevailing water supply situation, which might continue to be the future possible challenges of water supply in the area.
文摘Since the last decade the central government endeavors to promote large scale of urbanization in China.Lots of new urban towns and districts are taking shape. Outline of the 12th Five-year Plan released by the central government points out that the new towns and districts are to be regulated. But few researches are considering the new towns and districts especially in the spatial distributive pattern and status in China. Given this situation this paper, after sorting out the world-wide research and development of new urban towns and districts, gives definitions of broad and narrow meanings. Based on the broad meaning definition, the database of new towns and districts in China is established. This paper then conducts a preliminary analysis of the new towns and districts.Then the two-step work plan and the advices are also proposed to further improve the research and practice of its kind in China.
文摘Over 100 years, urbanization has taken place along the Rouge River watershed of southeast Michigan, USA. To determine the impact(s) of urbanization on herpetofauna, species richness and distribution in 122 wetlands along 13.0 km of the urbanized Rouge River watershed were monitored from early spring to late fall 2003. Data were mapped using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Both amphibian and reptile species richness were associated with wetland size and hydroperiod. The invasive plants Alliaria petiolata and Rhamnus cathartica were coincident with lower than average amphibian species richness. In spite of the number of herpetofauna being relatively low, this study identified hydroperiod and wetland size as important features that may contribute to amphibian and reptile species sustainability in this highly disturbed and fragmented urban landscape.
基金partly funded by the Municipal Authority of Giessen, grant number JLU-82400111 (project ID)
文摘Metal-contaminated soils and sediments are widespread in urbanized areas due to atmospheric deposition close to emission sources. These metals are bio-available for organisms, e.g., insects, and accumulate in food chains of insectivorous mammals.Especially bats, which live in urban regions and ingest large amounts of food relative to their body mass, are at risk of being poisoned due to the accumulation of trace metals. To determine species-specific trace metal contents in bats from urban environments, hair samples were analyzed by ICP-OES. Observed trace metal concentrations were related to species-specific foraging habitat, prey spectrum and degree of synanthropy. The species studied were Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Myotis daubentonii and Nyctalus noctula. P. pipistrellus showed the highest concentrations of lead and zinc and slightly higher concentrations of cadmium than the other two species, which was related to its high degree of synanthropy with foraging habitat mostly located in cities. In contrast, N. noctula displayed the highest contents of manganese and copper. The reason might be found in its prey spectrum, as N. noctula feeds mainly on beetles that are caught in cultured areas. Trace metal concentrations determined in hair samples of M. daubentonii ranged between the values of P. pipistrellus and N. noctula, probably reflecting an intermediate level of synanthropy.Positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of cadmium and lead and those of manganese and copper. Hair samples from bats are suitable monitoring tools to study trace metal exposure and can be used to determine differences in trace metal levels between species.
文摘The rapid drop in the groundwater level has raised concerns in the sustainable water management plan in many cities of the world. It is important to understand the underlying factors of such depletion. To improve knowledge of the changes in groundwater, this study investigates a long-term perspective of urbanization, and evaluates the influence of several factors including land cover, water use, and abstraction. Multi-year land cover maps are used to detect urbanization and land cover types. Hotspot analysis and correlation-regression are applied to assess the relationship between changes in groundwater and the driving factors. The investigations confirm that an extensive withdrawal of groundwater due to urbanization results in a progressive drop in the water level. However, the major industrial and commercial zone shows the consistent hotspot of groundwater depletion. The results indicate that groundwater abstraction and types of water use have a high influence on the changes in urban groundwater.
文摘By examining the urbanization process underway in China, this paper predicts potential consumption expansion andits sustainability in the next decade and beyond.In years past, China’s urbanization pattern has transformed fromsemi-inclusive to inclusive, embodied in the better inclusion of migrant workers and their families under the umbrellaof public services and changes in household registration (hukou) identity.This trend is expected to create a giant newconsumer group in 10 years; 2020 is the target year the Chinese leadership has set for achieving a better-off society.Inthis paper we examine this by summarizing existing research.
基金supported by the Chinese National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2022YFC3090600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52192671)+2 种基金the IWHR Research&Development Support Program(Grant No.WR110145B0022022)the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin(Grant No.SKL2022TS11)the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of River Basin Digital Twinning of Ministry of Water Resources。
文摘The superposition effect of river floods and urban waterlogging is becoming more common in urbanized watersheds.A quantitative assessment method was proposed based on the copula function and hydrological and hydrodynamic models to explore the exacerbating effect on urban inundation.The suggested method was applied to construct the joint distribution pattern of river flood and heavy rainfall in a typical urbanized watershed,the North Canal Basin in Tongzhou District,Beijing.An integrated model was constructed to simulate the hydrological and hydrodynamic processes during river floods and urban waterlogging.The 38 different combination patterns of rainfall and river flood scenarios were analysed,and the results showed a significant exacerbating effect on urban inundation when a river flood encounters heavy rainfall.The insight factor analysis showed that the water depth was more sensitive to river flooding changes than to rainfall.Taking the 50-year return period as an example,compared with scenarios with only rainfall or river flood,the maximum water depth under the superimposed scenarios increased by 1.7 and 0.2 m,respectively.The simulation results indicated that the simultaneous occurrence of river floods and heavy rainfall would have a superimposed amplification effect on urban inundation risk.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42201026,52201325 and 42407619)the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST(Grant No.2023r009).
文摘This study investigates the inundation depths of urban floods induced by real storm events,focusing on the development and assessment of super-resolution model based on ensemble learning methods.Unlike traditional deep neural networks which require extensive training and high parameterization,this study utilizes ensemble learning model to reconstruct high-resolution flood predictions from low-resolution hydrodynamic simulations.Hydrodynamic modeling results of real pluvial flood event at various spatial resolution are used for constructing datasets and for training and testing the point-based super-resolution model.Influencing factors related to urban terrain,subsurface,rainfall inputs and the hydrodynamic modeling results at coarser resolutions are used as features in the super-resolution model on basis of Random Forest,in which hyperparameters are tuned with Bayesian optimization method.The trained super-resolution models effectively reconstruct high-resolution inundation conditions from 30 m to 5 m coarse resolution inputs,highlighting an increase in correlation coefficients and a decrease in root mean squared error(RMSE)as resolution improves.Dominant influencing factors in the super-resolution models are identified together with variances in their contributions to the model performance.Two optimization approaches are applied to enhance accuracy and mitigate overestimation at coarse resolutions for the super-resolution models.The first integrates outputs from various coarse resolution models as features,notably reducing overestimation,especially with finer 5 m resolutions.The second employs ensemble modeling with super-resolution models from different datasets,which improves the performance across all tested resolutions,demonstrating the robustness of combining multiple predictive models for better flood forecasting in urban environments.
