Nowadays,spatiotemporal information,positioning,and navigation services have become critical components of new infrastructure.Precise positioning technology is indispensable for determining spatiotemporal information ...Nowadays,spatiotemporal information,positioning,and navigation services have become critical components of new infrastructure.Precise positioning technology is indispensable for determining spatiotemporal information and providing navigation services.展开更多
The world is being swept by the wave of smart cities,and Geographic Information System(GIS)technology plays a key role in it.This article explores the application status and development trend of GIS technology in urba...The world is being swept by the wave of smart cities,and Geographic Information System(GIS)technology plays a key role in it.This article explores the application status and development trend of GIS technology in urban planning from the perspective of smart cities.By sorting out the application value of GIS in urban strategic layout,multi system collaboration,and precise services,it explains the necessity of promoting the transformation of planning towards intelligence.We have summarized and organized the practical points of GIS in areas such as overall planning,underground space,landscape,and transportation,including spatial simulation,3D management,ecological integration,and dynamic optimization.Looking ahead to the future,the cross integration of GIS with artificial intelligence,3D modeling,carbon neutrality monitoring,data collaboration,and other technologies will drive planning towards a new stage of development that is more intelligent,refined,open,and green.With the empowerment of GIS,we aim to create sustainable cities that are resilient,low-carbon,and inclusive,making urban life better.展开更多
全球范围内以城市化为主要驱动力造成的景观变化,成为当今世界最大的挑战议题之一,景观变化和城市发展的可持续解决方案成为国际研究热点。以国际权威期刊Landscape and Urban Planning 2010~2019年刊载的1891篇论文为研究对象,利用科...全球范围内以城市化为主要驱动力造成的景观变化,成为当今世界最大的挑战议题之一,景观变化和城市发展的可持续解决方案成为国际研究热点。以国际权威期刊Landscape and Urban Planning 2010~2019年刊载的1891篇论文为研究对象,利用科学计量学及计量可视化软件CiteSpace,从发文量、载文类型、国家占比、合作机构、共现关键词等方面分析了国际景观规划近10年的研究热点。研究结果表明,国际景观规划近10年研究热点集中在国土利用和管理、城市绿道和绿色空间、城市雨洪管理、乡村景观、生物多样性保护、城市热岛、低碳城市、景观结构等方向。该结果可为科研工作者提供借鉴信息,为我国城市景观规划理论创新与实践发展提供有益启示。展开更多
In this paper, we identify the geographic information systems (GIS), discuss the components of GIS, which integrates five essential components: hardware, software, data, people, and methods. Present the relations betw...In this paper, we identify the geographic information systems (GIS), discuss the components of GIS, which integrates five essential components: hardware, software, data, people, and methods. Present the relations between computer and urban planning, urban planning and GIS. Moreover, the main discussion on a case study that explores the possibility of using ArcView GIS software to assemble, store, manipulate, and analyze historic site- Xinjin ferry district in Zhenjiang.展开更多
Considering the urban characteristics, a customized multi-scale numerical modeling system is established to simulate the urban meteorological environment. The system mainly involves three spatial scales: the urban sca...Considering the urban characteristics, a customized multi-scale numerical modeling system is established to simulate the urban meteorological environment. The system mainly involves three spatial scales: the urban scale, urban sub-domain scale, and single to few buildings scale. In it, different underlying surface types are employed, the building drag factor is used to replace its roughness in the influence on the urban wind field, the effects of building distribution, azimuth and screening of shortwave radiation are added, and the influence of anthropogenic heating is also taken into account. All the numerical tests indicate that the simulated results are reasonably in agreement with the observational data, so the system can be used to simulate the urban meteorological environment. Making use of it, the characteristics of the meteorological environment from the urban to urban sub-domain scales, even the among-buildings scale, can be recognized. As long as the urban planning scheme is given, the corresponding simulated results can be obtained so as to meet the need of optimizing urban planning.展开更多
Vulnerability is a new field and analytical tool in the study of urban safety. Analysis and assessment of vulnerability provide a new basis for urban planning. This study constructed a quantitative index system for as...Vulnerability is a new field and analytical tool in the study of urban safety. Analysis and assessment of vulnerability provide a new basis for urban planning. This study constructed a quantitative index system for assessing vulnerability, based on the city′s sensitivity and emergency response capacity. City size, density, and spatial form influence a city′s sensitivity to crises and risks, to which vulnerability is positively related. Levels of socio-economic development, infrastructures, and emergency management contribute to a city′s emergency response capacity, with which vulnerability is inversely associated. Vulnerability of 19 large Chinese cities was assessed. Harbin and Shenzhen demonstrated the highest and lowest vulnerability among 19 cities, while Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou ranked the 5th, the 9th and the 12th. Spatially, northern cities tended to be more vulnerable than southern cities. And the differences in vulnerability among cities were explored based on cities′ physical geography conditions, level of socioeconomic development, infrastructures, regional status, history of disaster, history of urban planning and development, government policies, etc.展开更多
By focusing on Guangzhou, this paper examines how different concepts of city in terms of urban-rural relationships are shaped in transforming China since 1949, and explores how they influence the way in which urban pl...By focusing on Guangzhou, this paper examines how different concepts of city in terms of urban-rural relationships are shaped in transforming China since 1949, and explores how they influence the way in which urban planning are practiced. In the pre-reform era, the city was defined as a productive space under the system of urban-rural segregation established for securing rapid industrialization. Urban planning was thus only concerned with the development of urban areas. In the 1980 s and 1990 s after the reform, institutional change and economic transformation mobilized the urban-rural linkages. The development of suburban areas was then considered by urban planning, but this consideration was a passive response to urban problems such as population explosion and water resources protection. Since the new millennium, the agenda for sustainable development and problems of uneven urban-rural development have called for the development of urban-rural integration. In this context, the city is conceptualized as a complex of mountain, city, river, farmland and sea, reconstructing the ideology of urban-rural division in defining urban development. Urban planning has therefore sought in an active way to develop a sustainable city embracing rural and natural elements, and to balance economic growth and environmental protection. It is argued that developing the concept of city as a complex of urban and rural elements contributes to the urban planning for sustainable urban development, while this conceptualization relies on the recognition of the integrated urban-rural relationship.展开更多
This paper presents a new type of cellular automa ta (CA) model for the simulation of alternative land development using neural netw orks for urban planning. CA models can be regarded as a planning tool because th ey ...This paper presents a new type of cellular automa ta (CA) model for the simulation of alternative land development using neural netw orks for urban planning. CA models can be regarded as a planning tool because th ey can generate alternative urban growth. Alternative development patterns can b e formed by using different sets of parameter values in CA simulation. A critica l issue is how to define parameter values for realistic and idealized simulation . This paper demonstrates that neural networks can simplify CA models but genera te more plausible results. The simulation is based on a simple three-layer netw ork with an output neuron to generate conversion probability. No transition rule s are required for the simulation. Parameter values are automatically obtained f rom the training of network by using satellite remote sensing data. Original tra ining data can be assessed and modified according to planning objectives. Altern ative urban patterns can be easily formulated by using the modified training dat a sets rather than changing the model.展开更多
Sri Lanka is experiencing speedy urbanization by converting the agriculture land and other natural land cover into built-up land. The urban population of Sri Lanka is expected to reach to 60% by 2030 from 14% in 2010....Sri Lanka is experiencing speedy urbanization by converting the agriculture land and other natural land cover into built-up land. The urban population of Sri Lanka is expected to reach to 60% by 2030 from 14% in 2010. The rapid growth in urban population and urban areas in Sri Lanka may cause serious socioeconomic disparities, if they are not handled properly. Thus, planners in Sri Lanka are in need of information about past and future urban growth patterns to plan a better and sustainable urban future for Sri Lanka. In this paper, we analyzed the characteristics of past land use and land cover trends in Matara City of Sri Lanka from 1980 to 2010 to assess the historic urban dynamics. The land use change detection analysis based on remote sensing datasets reveal that the conversion of homestead/garden and paddy into urban land is evident in Matara City. The historic urban trends are projected into the near future by using SLEUTH urban growth model to identify the hot spots of future urbanization and as well as the urban growth patterns in Matara City up to the basic administrative level, i.e., Grama Niladari Divisions(GND). The urban growth simulations for the year 2030 reveal that 29 GNDs out of 66 GNDs in Matara City will be totally converted into urban land. Whereas, 28 GNDs will have urban land cover from 75% to 99% by 2030. The urban growth simulations are further analyzed with respect to the proposed Matara city development plan by the Urban Development Authority(UDA) of Sri Lanka. The results show that the UDA's city development plan of Matara will soon be outpaced by rapid urbanization. Based on the calibration and validation results, the SLEUTH model proved to be a useful planning tool to understand the near future urbanization of Sri Lankan cities.展开更多
Urban planning construction land standard is the technical specification for scientifically allocating various types of urban construction land,and it is the basis for drawing up and revising the overall urban plannin...Urban planning construction land standard is the technical specification for scientifically allocating various types of urban construction land,and it is the basis for drawing up and revising the overall urban planning scheme.Considering China’s current urban planning construction land standard,many problems exist,such as the gap in the land use control threshold,the lack of regional differences in the climate revision,and failing to consider the topographic factors.To resolve these problems,this study proposed a step-by-step process framework and quantitative calculation method for the establishment and revision of standards in accordance with the principle of Total-Structure control.By setting the conditions,a universal basic standard for construction land was established.Quantitative analysis was then conducted on the relationship between the basic standard and the selected key indicators,such as urban population size,sunshine spacing coefficient,the width of river valleys or inter-montane basins,and terrain slope,among others.Finally,revised standards were formed for climate conditions,topography,and geomorphologic conditions,which were matched with the basic standards.The key results are three-fold:(1)The per capita construction land standard of 95 m~2/person can be used as the total indicator of China’s urban planning basic standard,and the corresponding per capita single construction land comprises 32.50%of residential land,7.42%of public management and public service land,22.50%of industrial land,17.50%of transportation facilities,12.50%of green space,and 7.58%of other land-use types.The results of the revision of the urban population size indicate that the difference in population size has little effect on the total amount of per capita construction land.(2)The climate revision results of per capita residential land and per capita construction land in major cities reveal that the revised climate value varies greatly between north and south China.The revised climate values of the per capita area of construction land vary by latitude as follows:the value at 20°N is 93 m^(2)/person,the value at 30°N is 97 m^(2)/person,the value at 40°N is 103 m^(2)/person,and the value at 50°N is 115 m^(2)/person.The basic standard land value of 95 m^(2)/person is generally distributed across the Xiamen-Guilin-Kunming line.(3)The cities located in mountainous areas,hilly valleys,or inter-montane basins can reduce the allocation of community parks and comprehensive parks when the average width of an existing river valley or inter-montane basin is less than 2 km.When the average width of the valley or inter-montane basin is between 2 km to 4 km,the allocation of the comprehensive parks can be reduced.The revised results of per capita sloping construction land reveal that the terrain slope greatly affects the revised value of per capita construction land.Specifically,the revised value at 3°is 3.68%higher than the basic standard value,and the increase rates at 8°,15°,and 25°are 11.25%,26.49%,and 68.47%,respectively.展开更多
China＇s urbanization has been over the medium-term process,which has made great achievements,but also triggered a huge problem of air pollution. Air pollution has become a big problem after the water pollution in Chi...China＇s urbanization has been over the medium-term process,which has made great achievements,but also triggered a huge problem of air pollution. Air pollution has become a big problem after the water pollution in China,and a serious threat to people＇s life and health. Under the background of ＂ the construction of beautiful China＂ and rapid urbanization,how to build a beautiful home has become the focus of attention. Taking Shenyang as an example,the author contrastively analyses the spatial distribution of the main air pollutants（ PM10,PM2. 5,and SO2） and the present situation of land use,and thus finds out the rules between pollutants distribution and land use. Then combining the urban planning scheme and the rules obtained above,reasonable suggestions are proposed for the scheme to improve the air quality,and reduce or avoid air pollution,and providing the basis for the construction of a piece of blue sky. The conclusions are as follows： 1 air pollutants concentration above Light Oil Gas Making Factory in south vice city of Shenyang reaches the peak value,and industrial point source is the main air pollutants emission source; 2 pollutants concentration above greenbelt is the lowest; 3 the overall spatial structure of urban planning can insulate the industrial agglomeration areas to some extent; greenbelt planning covers 40%- 50% of the area with high concentration of air pollutants,and it is suggested to achieve full coverage; traffic planning can achieve shunt most of the pollutants in many regions,but it can also expand the scope of pollutants in some certain regions,in such regions,it should reduce the road density.展开更多
Urban forests play an important role in the thermal comfort and overall life of local populations in large-and medium-sized cities.This study analyzes urban forest loss and maps land use and land cover(LULC)changes be...Urban forests play an important role in the thermal comfort and overall life of local populations in large-and medium-sized cities.This study analyzes urban forest loss and maps land use and land cover(LULC)changes between 1991 and 2018 by evaluating the use of urban planning instruments for the mitigation of urban forest loss in Jo?o Pessoa,Brazil.For this purpose,satellite-derived LULC images from 1991,2006,2010 and 2018 and data on urban forest loss areas obtained using the Google Earth Engine were used.In addition,this paper also discusses the instruments used for integrated urban planning,which are(a)the legal sector,responsibility and nature;(b)the urban expansion process;and(c)the elements of urban infrastructure.The results show a clear shift in land use in the study area.The major changes in LULC classes occurred in urban areas and herbaceous vegetation,while the greatest loss was in arboreal/shrub vegetation.Thus,an increase in the pressure to occupy zones intended for environmental preservation could be estimated.Our results showed similar accuracies with other studies and more spatial details.The characteristics of the patterns,traces,and hotspots of urban expansion and forest cover loss were explored.We highlighted the potential use of this proposed framework to be applied and validated in other parts of the world to help better understand and quantify various aspects of urban-related problems such as urban forest loss mapping using instruments for integrated urban planning and low-cost approaches.展开更多
Climate change vulnerability assessment is an essential tool for identifying regions that are most susceptible to the impacts of climate change and designing effective adaptation actions that can reduce vulnerability ...Climate change vulnerability assessment is an essential tool for identifying regions that are most susceptible to the impacts of climate change and designing effective adaptation actions that can reduce vulnerability and enhance long-term resilience of these regions.This study explored a framework for climate change vulnerability assessment in the new urban planning process in Jangwani Ward,Tanzania.Specifically,taking flood as an example,this study highlighted the steps and methods for climate change vulnerability assessment in the new urban planning process.In the study area,95 households were selected and interviewed through purposeful sampling.Additionally,10 respondents(4 females and 6 males)were interviewed for Focus Group Discussion(FGD),and 3 respondents(1 female and 2 males)were selected for Key Informant Interviews(KII)at the Ministry of Lands,Housing and Human Settlements Development.This study indicated that climate change vulnerability assessment framework involves the assessment of climatic hazards,risk elements,and adaptive capacity,and the determination of vulnerability levels.The average hazard risk rating of flood was 2.3.Socioeconomic and livelihood activities and physical infrastructures both had the average risk element rating of 3.0,and ecosystems had the average risk element rating of 2.9.Adaptive capacity ratings of knowledge,technology,economy or finance,and institution were 1.6,1.9,1.4,and 2.2,respectively.The vulnerability levels of socioeconomic and livelihood activities and physical infrastructure were very high(4.0).Ecosystems had a high vulnerability level(3.8)to flood.The very high vulnerability level of socioeconomic and livelihood activities was driven by high exposure and sensitivity to risk elements and low adaptive capacity.The study recommends adoption of the new urban planning process including preparation,planning,implementation,and monitoring-evaluation-review phases that integrates climate change vulnerability assessment in all phases.展开更多
Urban planning in Greece is identified by two characteristics:the domination of the legislative/legal level on the policy-making one,and the“implementation gap”between laws and plans,and related implementations.In f...Urban planning in Greece is identified by two characteristics:the domination of the legislative/legal level on the policy-making one,and the“implementation gap”between laws and plans,and related implementations.In fact,the most frequent reason for the implementation gap is the inability of local administration to compensate landowners.An additional reason for the non-implementation of Urban Plans is that if the expropriation/compensation is delayed for more than a legally specified period,the landowner can ask the lifting of the expropriation.Larissa faces such difficulties.Due to lack of money for expropriations,its¾years-old Urban Plan has been implemented only by 77%.In the city,there are nearly 120 of cases to be expropriated/compensated,and the total amount needed is estimated to 150 million Euros.Obviously,the municipality is impossible to afford this amount,and the Urban Plan is in serious risk of not being implemented.In that context,the paper suggests a re-examination and a re-classification of the prescribed spaces based on three critical factors:the“urban importance”of each“prescribed space”,the economic affordability of financing its expropriation,and the legal characteristics of property rights.展开更多
In recent years, the world has embraced rapid and large-scale urbanization making more citizens share the progress of society, such as abundant commodities, convenient and fast transportation, excellent medicine and e...In recent years, the world has embraced rapid and large-scale urbanization making more citizens share the progress of society, such as abundant commodities, convenient and fast transportation, excellent medicine and education. For the urbanization, more land inside or around the limited cities have been exploited at the expense of greenery to build buildings as well as infrastructure to satisfy the according demands caused by urbanization. But human beings can never live without greenery, and more citizens mean more needs on greenery. In view of this, the importance of greenery has been increasingly recognized by urban planners and policy makers. This essay aimed to explore the role that greenery plays in urban planning in modern Britain and provided the theoretical basis for better utilization of greenery in the future urban planning.展开更多
Urban planning and environment have long evolved on two parallel tracks. But today, people can design a layout without addressing its environmental impacts on the environment. Documents of the regulatory urban have th...Urban planning and environment have long evolved on two parallel tracks. But today, people can design a layout without addressing its environmental impacts on the environment. Documents of the regulatory urban have the role to control the urban development of a town, they act indirectly on the urban landscape, but what about the environment？ Algeria like many countries in the world introduced an economy based on developing sustainable economy. It was officially pronounced with the promulgation of Law No. 01-20 of December 12, 2001 relating to the development and sustainable development of the territory, one of the objectives of this law is the protection, setting values and rational use of natural resources and preservations for future generations. Even with these initiatives but still certain deficiencies that may be identified by the difference between these urban planning instruments and negligence of the socio-economic component. In this context, the idea is to find a balance between present and future generations, between economic needs and ecological and cultural needs backup, between individual and collective interests. It is to develop new strategies and management laws and mastery of the environment.展开更多
This work aims at making one brief contextualization on the state of the art of the geoprocessing in urban planning to present the new paradigms and challenges of the geo technologies related to the management of the ...This work aims at making one brief contextualization on the state of the art of the geoprocessing in urban planning to present the new paradigms and challenges of the geo technologies related to the management of the cities. The visualization of planning process allowing the comprehension of the possibilities contained in public landscape planning represents the main challenge faced by this research. Another important goal is to investigate how to overcome a paradigm related to a coded urban planning system communication that hinders community understanding and participation. This state of the art of the space production justifies the current studies in the geoprocessing for the development of tools, techniques and methodologies that meet the necessities to create interpretative pictures of the urban landscapes that facilitate the dialogue among the technician, the administrators and the community. The methodology was based on the cloud of points using Lidar techniques, 3D modeling, tools of visualization and parametric modeling of urban parameters. In this direction, this work will point out the new trends of representation of the data and the decoding of the cartographic language from the geo visualizers within the values of interoperability, involvement of the actors, feedback and proposals from geo design.展开更多
Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has achieved remarkable progress through the 30-year development. The change from the past frontier town to the current megacity makes urban planning practices of Shenzhen City significa...Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has achieved remarkable progress through the 30-year development. The change from the past frontier town to the current megacity makes urban planning practices of Shenzhen City significant for the exploration of other Chinese cities. Combining with significant planning events of Shenzhen City, this paper divided its urban planning history into 3 stages: exploration, transformation and improvement, and particularly introduced its overall planning, urban design, and statutory plan, and finally proposed suggestions for other cities' development on the basis of urban planning history of Shenzhen.展开更多
The work that follows aims at evaluating the urban area/neighborhood of“Agios Konstantinos”in the city of Larissa to the extent that it meets the criteria of green-sustainable design,as these criteria are included i...The work that follows aims at evaluating the urban area/neighborhood of“Agios Konstantinos”in the city of Larissa to the extent that it meets the criteria of green-sustainable design,as these criteria are included in the LEED-Neighborhood Development system methodology.The above methodology encodes the most important elements for green urban planning and provides a quantitative assessment system with key axes those of“smart location and connectivity”,“neighborhood model and plan”and“green infrastructure and buildings”.Nowadays,there is an ongoing debate on urban space and its problems.All urban elements,such as those of the built-structured environment,its open-public areas and its natural elements formulate the urban plot.At the same time,human activities greatly affect both the plot and the living conditions.Environmental issues are often disregarded in urban space and its planning process with damaging effects on cities and,more general,on urban settlements.The advantages and benefits of formally including environmental considerations in urban planning and integrating them into urban development strategies are many,as two of the most important“urban problems”are those of the gradual deterioration and degradation of the area’s microclima and the excessive consumption of energy resources.展开更多
In the recent past years, the major challenge facing scientists and researchers in the field of knowledge engineering is classifying and sharing geographic data with both computer and human. Ontology is one of the mos...In the recent past years, the major challenge facing scientists and researchers in the field of knowledge engineering is classifying and sharing geographic data with both computer and human. Ontology is one of the most important classification schemes that aim to make data machine-interpretable. In the literature, all ontology based models developed in the field of urban planning have some limits. First, they describe the nature of each parcel of the soil while ignoring other important components of urban planning such as services, infrastructure … Secondly, these ontologies are developed according to legislation and regulations of the zone studied so they can’t be used by some urban territories that have specific urban law such as Moroccan country. This paper presents a new multi-dimensional ontology model called LUP specifically developed to overcome this flaw. The main goal is to provide semantic land use descriptions according to four dimensions: zoning, services, infrastructure and easement and to define all LUP concepts within the Moroccan urban law. We illustrate the use of our proposed model with a case study by mapping a land use planning document within the area of Ainchock municipality of Casablanca city according to our model concepts.展开更多
文摘Nowadays,spatiotemporal information,positioning,and navigation services have become critical components of new infrastructure.Precise positioning technology is indispensable for determining spatiotemporal information and providing navigation services.
文摘The world is being swept by the wave of smart cities,and Geographic Information System(GIS)technology plays a key role in it.This article explores the application status and development trend of GIS technology in urban planning from the perspective of smart cities.By sorting out the application value of GIS in urban strategic layout,multi system collaboration,and precise services,it explains the necessity of promoting the transformation of planning towards intelligence.We have summarized and organized the practical points of GIS in areas such as overall planning,underground space,landscape,and transportation,including spatial simulation,3D management,ecological integration,and dynamic optimization.Looking ahead to the future,the cross integration of GIS with artificial intelligence,3D modeling,carbon neutrality monitoring,data collaboration,and other technologies will drive planning towards a new stage of development that is more intelligent,refined,open,and green.With the empowerment of GIS,we aim to create sustainable cities that are resilient,low-carbon,and inclusive,making urban life better.
文摘全球范围内以城市化为主要驱动力造成的景观变化,成为当今世界最大的挑战议题之一,景观变化和城市发展的可持续解决方案成为国际研究热点。以国际权威期刊Landscape and Urban Planning 2010~2019年刊载的1891篇论文为研究对象,利用科学计量学及计量可视化软件CiteSpace,从发文量、载文类型、国家占比、合作机构、共现关键词等方面分析了国际景观规划近10年的研究热点。研究结果表明,国际景观规划近10年研究热点集中在国土利用和管理、城市绿道和绿色空间、城市雨洪管理、乡村景观、生物多样性保护、城市热岛、低碳城市、景观结构等方向。该结果可为科研工作者提供借鉴信息,为我国城市景观规划理论创新与实践发展提供有益启示。
文摘In this paper, we identify the geographic information systems (GIS), discuss the components of GIS, which integrates five essential components: hardware, software, data, people, and methods. Present the relations between computer and urban planning, urban planning and GIS. Moreover, the main discussion on a case study that explores the possibility of using ArcView GIS software to assemble, store, manipulate, and analyze historic site- Xinjin ferry district in Zhenjiang.
基金sponsored by the Key Project(96-920-34-07)of the Ministry of Science and Technology,Chinathe Nationa1 Natura1 Science Foundation of China(40333027).
文摘Considering the urban characteristics, a customized multi-scale numerical modeling system is established to simulate the urban meteorological environment. The system mainly involves three spatial scales: the urban scale, urban sub-domain scale, and single to few buildings scale. In it, different underlying surface types are employed, the building drag factor is used to replace its roughness in the influence on the urban wind field, the effects of building distribution, azimuth and screening of shortwave radiation are added, and the influence of anthropogenic heating is also taken into account. All the numerical tests indicate that the simulated results are reasonably in agreement with the observational data, so the system can be used to simulate the urban meteorological environment. Making use of it, the characteristics of the meteorological environment from the urban to urban sub-domain scales, even the among-buildings scale, can be recognized. As long as the urban planning scheme is given, the corresponding simulated results can be obtained so as to meet the need of optimizing urban planning.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40635030)
文摘Vulnerability is a new field and analytical tool in the study of urban safety. Analysis and assessment of vulnerability provide a new basis for urban planning. This study constructed a quantitative index system for assessing vulnerability, based on the city′s sensitivity and emergency response capacity. City size, density, and spatial form influence a city′s sensitivity to crises and risks, to which vulnerability is positively related. Levels of socio-economic development, infrastructures, and emergency management contribute to a city′s emergency response capacity, with which vulnerability is inversely associated. Vulnerability of 19 large Chinese cities was assessed. Harbin and Shenzhen demonstrated the highest and lowest vulnerability among 19 cities, while Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou ranked the 5th, the 9th and the 12th. Spatially, northern cities tended to be more vulnerable than southern cities. And the differences in vulnerability among cities were explored based on cities′ physical geography conditions, level of socioeconomic development, infrastructures, regional status, history of disaster, history of urban planning and development, government policies, etc.
基金Under the auspices of Program of International Cooperation and Exchanges of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41320104001)Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41130747)
文摘By focusing on Guangzhou, this paper examines how different concepts of city in terms of urban-rural relationships are shaped in transforming China since 1949, and explores how they influence the way in which urban planning are practiced. In the pre-reform era, the city was defined as a productive space under the system of urban-rural segregation established for securing rapid industrialization. Urban planning was thus only concerned with the development of urban areas. In the 1980 s and 1990 s after the reform, institutional change and economic transformation mobilized the urban-rural linkages. The development of suburban areas was then considered by urban planning, but this consideration was a passive response to urban problems such as population explosion and water resources protection. Since the new millennium, the agenda for sustainable development and problems of uneven urban-rural development have called for the development of urban-rural integration. In this context, the city is conceptualized as a complex of mountain, city, river, farmland and sea, reconstructing the ideology of urban-rural division in defining urban development. Urban planning has therefore sought in an active way to develop a sustainable city embracing rural and natural elements, and to balance economic growth and environmental protection. It is argued that developing the concept of city as a complex of urban and rural elements contributes to the urban planning for sustainable urban development, while this conceptualization relies on the recognition of the integrated urban-rural relationship.
文摘This paper presents a new type of cellular automa ta (CA) model for the simulation of alternative land development using neural netw orks for urban planning. CA models can be regarded as a planning tool because th ey can generate alternative urban growth. Alternative development patterns can b e formed by using different sets of parameter values in CA simulation. A critica l issue is how to define parameter values for realistic and idealized simulation . This paper demonstrates that neural networks can simplify CA models but genera te more plausible results. The simulation is based on a simple three-layer netw ork with an output neuron to generate conversion probability. No transition rule s are required for the simulation. Parameter values are automatically obtained f rom the training of network by using satellite remote sensing data. Original tra ining data can be assessed and modified according to planning objectives. Altern ative urban patterns can be easily formulated by using the modified training dat a sets rather than changing the model.
文摘Sri Lanka is experiencing speedy urbanization by converting the agriculture land and other natural land cover into built-up land. The urban population of Sri Lanka is expected to reach to 60% by 2030 from 14% in 2010. The rapid growth in urban population and urban areas in Sri Lanka may cause serious socioeconomic disparities, if they are not handled properly. Thus, planners in Sri Lanka are in need of information about past and future urban growth patterns to plan a better and sustainable urban future for Sri Lanka. In this paper, we analyzed the characteristics of past land use and land cover trends in Matara City of Sri Lanka from 1980 to 2010 to assess the historic urban dynamics. The land use change detection analysis based on remote sensing datasets reveal that the conversion of homestead/garden and paddy into urban land is evident in Matara City. The historic urban trends are projected into the near future by using SLEUTH urban growth model to identify the hot spots of future urbanization and as well as the urban growth patterns in Matara City up to the basic administrative level, i.e., Grama Niladari Divisions(GND). The urban growth simulations for the year 2030 reveal that 29 GNDs out of 66 GNDs in Matara City will be totally converted into urban land. Whereas, 28 GNDs will have urban land cover from 75% to 99% by 2030. The urban growth simulations are further analyzed with respect to the proposed Matara city development plan by the Urban Development Authority(UDA) of Sri Lanka. The results show that the UDA's city development plan of Matara will soon be outpaced by rapid urbanization. Based on the calibration and validation results, the SLEUTH model proved to be a useful planning tool to understand the near future urbanization of Sri Lankan cities.
基金The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program,No.2019QZKK0406。
文摘Urban planning construction land standard is the technical specification for scientifically allocating various types of urban construction land,and it is the basis for drawing up and revising the overall urban planning scheme.Considering China’s current urban planning construction land standard,many problems exist,such as the gap in the land use control threshold,the lack of regional differences in the climate revision,and failing to consider the topographic factors.To resolve these problems,this study proposed a step-by-step process framework and quantitative calculation method for the establishment and revision of standards in accordance with the principle of Total-Structure control.By setting the conditions,a universal basic standard for construction land was established.Quantitative analysis was then conducted on the relationship between the basic standard and the selected key indicators,such as urban population size,sunshine spacing coefficient,the width of river valleys or inter-montane basins,and terrain slope,among others.Finally,revised standards were formed for climate conditions,topography,and geomorphologic conditions,which were matched with the basic standards.The key results are three-fold:(1)The per capita construction land standard of 95 m~2/person can be used as the total indicator of China’s urban planning basic standard,and the corresponding per capita single construction land comprises 32.50%of residential land,7.42%of public management and public service land,22.50%of industrial land,17.50%of transportation facilities,12.50%of green space,and 7.58%of other land-use types.The results of the revision of the urban population size indicate that the difference in population size has little effect on the total amount of per capita construction land.(2)The climate revision results of per capita residential land and per capita construction land in major cities reveal that the revised climate value varies greatly between north and south China.The revised climate values of the per capita area of construction land vary by latitude as follows:the value at 20°N is 93 m^(2)/person,the value at 30°N is 97 m^(2)/person,the value at 40°N is 103 m^(2)/person,and the value at 50°N is 115 m^(2)/person.The basic standard land value of 95 m^(2)/person is generally distributed across the Xiamen-Guilin-Kunming line.(3)The cities located in mountainous areas,hilly valleys,or inter-montane basins can reduce the allocation of community parks and comprehensive parks when the average width of an existing river valley or inter-montane basin is less than 2 km.When the average width of the valley or inter-montane basin is between 2 km to 4 km,the allocation of the comprehensive parks can be reduced.The revised results of per capita sloping construction land reveal that the terrain slope greatly affects the revised value of per capita construction land.Specifically,the revised value at 3°is 3.68%higher than the basic standard value,and the increase rates at 8°,15°,and 25°are 11.25%,26.49%,and 68.47%,respectively.
文摘China＇s urbanization has been over the medium-term process,which has made great achievements,but also triggered a huge problem of air pollution. Air pollution has become a big problem after the water pollution in China,and a serious threat to people＇s life and health. Under the background of ＂ the construction of beautiful China＂ and rapid urbanization,how to build a beautiful home has become the focus of attention. Taking Shenyang as an example,the author contrastively analyses the spatial distribution of the main air pollutants（ PM10,PM2. 5,and SO2） and the present situation of land use,and thus finds out the rules between pollutants distribution and land use. Then combining the urban planning scheme and the rules obtained above,reasonable suggestions are proposed for the scheme to improve the air quality,and reduce or avoid air pollution,and providing the basis for the construction of a piece of blue sky. The conclusions are as follows： 1 air pollutants concentration above Light Oil Gas Making Factory in south vice city of Shenyang reaches the peak value,and industrial point source is the main air pollutants emission source; 2 pollutants concentration above greenbelt is the lowest; 3 the overall spatial structure of urban planning can insulate the industrial agglomeration areas to some extent; greenbelt planning covers 40%- 50% of the area with high concentration of air pollutants,and it is suggested to achieve full coverage; traffic planning can achieve shunt most of the pollutants in many regions,but it can also expand the scope of pollutants in some certain regions,in such regions,it should reduce the road density.
基金Brazilian Agency for the Improvement of Higher Education(Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–CAPES)–Fund Code 001The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development+1 种基金Brazil–CNPq,No.304213/2017-9,No.304540/2017-0The Federal University of Paraíba。
文摘Urban forests play an important role in the thermal comfort and overall life of local populations in large-and medium-sized cities.This study analyzes urban forest loss and maps land use and land cover(LULC)changes between 1991 and 2018 by evaluating the use of urban planning instruments for the mitigation of urban forest loss in Jo?o Pessoa,Brazil.For this purpose,satellite-derived LULC images from 1991,2006,2010 and 2018 and data on urban forest loss areas obtained using the Google Earth Engine were used.In addition,this paper also discusses the instruments used for integrated urban planning,which are(a)the legal sector,responsibility and nature;(b)the urban expansion process;and(c)the elements of urban infrastructure.The results show a clear shift in land use in the study area.The major changes in LULC classes occurred in urban areas and herbaceous vegetation,while the greatest loss was in arboreal/shrub vegetation.Thus,an increase in the pressure to occupy zones intended for environmental preservation could be estimated.Our results showed similar accuracies with other studies and more spatial details.The characteristics of the patterns,traces,and hotspots of urban expansion and forest cover loss were explored.We highlighted the potential use of this proposed framework to be applied and validated in other parts of the world to help better understand and quantify various aspects of urban-related problems such as urban forest loss mapping using instruments for integrated urban planning and low-cost approaches.
文摘Climate change vulnerability assessment is an essential tool for identifying regions that are most susceptible to the impacts of climate change and designing effective adaptation actions that can reduce vulnerability and enhance long-term resilience of these regions.This study explored a framework for climate change vulnerability assessment in the new urban planning process in Jangwani Ward,Tanzania.Specifically,taking flood as an example,this study highlighted the steps and methods for climate change vulnerability assessment in the new urban planning process.In the study area,95 households were selected and interviewed through purposeful sampling.Additionally,10 respondents(4 females and 6 males)were interviewed for Focus Group Discussion(FGD),and 3 respondents(1 female and 2 males)were selected for Key Informant Interviews(KII)at the Ministry of Lands,Housing and Human Settlements Development.This study indicated that climate change vulnerability assessment framework involves the assessment of climatic hazards,risk elements,and adaptive capacity,and the determination of vulnerability levels.The average hazard risk rating of flood was 2.3.Socioeconomic and livelihood activities and physical infrastructures both had the average risk element rating of 3.0,and ecosystems had the average risk element rating of 2.9.Adaptive capacity ratings of knowledge,technology,economy or finance,and institution were 1.6,1.9,1.4,and 2.2,respectively.The vulnerability levels of socioeconomic and livelihood activities and physical infrastructure were very high(4.0).Ecosystems had a high vulnerability level(3.8)to flood.The very high vulnerability level of socioeconomic and livelihood activities was driven by high exposure and sensitivity to risk elements and low adaptive capacity.The study recommends adoption of the new urban planning process including preparation,planning,implementation,and monitoring-evaluation-review phases that integrates climate change vulnerability assessment in all phases.
文摘Urban planning in Greece is identified by two characteristics:the domination of the legislative/legal level on the policy-making one,and the“implementation gap”between laws and plans,and related implementations.In fact,the most frequent reason for the implementation gap is the inability of local administration to compensate landowners.An additional reason for the non-implementation of Urban Plans is that if the expropriation/compensation is delayed for more than a legally specified period,the landowner can ask the lifting of the expropriation.Larissa faces such difficulties.Due to lack of money for expropriations,its¾years-old Urban Plan has been implemented only by 77%.In the city,there are nearly 120 of cases to be expropriated/compensated,and the total amount needed is estimated to 150 million Euros.Obviously,the municipality is impossible to afford this amount,and the Urban Plan is in serious risk of not being implemented.In that context,the paper suggests a re-examination and a re-classification of the prescribed spaces based on three critical factors:the“urban importance”of each“prescribed space”,the economic affordability of financing its expropriation,and the legal characteristics of property rights.
文摘In recent years, the world has embraced rapid and large-scale urbanization making more citizens share the progress of society, such as abundant commodities, convenient and fast transportation, excellent medicine and education. For the urbanization, more land inside or around the limited cities have been exploited at the expense of greenery to build buildings as well as infrastructure to satisfy the according demands caused by urbanization. But human beings can never live without greenery, and more citizens mean more needs on greenery. In view of this, the importance of greenery has been increasingly recognized by urban planners and policy makers. This essay aimed to explore the role that greenery plays in urban planning in modern Britain and provided the theoretical basis for better utilization of greenery in the future urban planning.
文摘Urban planning and environment have long evolved on two parallel tracks. But today, people can design a layout without addressing its environmental impacts on the environment. Documents of the regulatory urban have the role to control the urban development of a town, they act indirectly on the urban landscape, but what about the environment？ Algeria like many countries in the world introduced an economy based on developing sustainable economy. It was officially pronounced with the promulgation of Law No. 01-20 of December 12, 2001 relating to the development and sustainable development of the territory, one of the objectives of this law is the protection, setting values and rational use of natural resources and preservations for future generations. Even with these initiatives but still certain deficiencies that may be identified by the difference between these urban planning instruments and negligence of the socio-economic component. In this context, the idea is to find a balance between present and future generations, between economic needs and ecological and cultural needs backup, between individual and collective interests. It is to develop new strategies and management laws and mastery of the environment.
文摘This work aims at making one brief contextualization on the state of the art of the geoprocessing in urban planning to present the new paradigms and challenges of the geo technologies related to the management of the cities. The visualization of planning process allowing the comprehension of the possibilities contained in public landscape planning represents the main challenge faced by this research. Another important goal is to investigate how to overcome a paradigm related to a coded urban planning system communication that hinders community understanding and participation. This state of the art of the space production justifies the current studies in the geoprocessing for the development of tools, techniques and methodologies that meet the necessities to create interpretative pictures of the urban landscapes that facilitate the dialogue among the technician, the administrators and the community. The methodology was based on the cloud of points using Lidar techniques, 3D modeling, tools of visualization and parametric modeling of urban parameters. In this direction, this work will point out the new trends of representation of the data and the decoding of the cartographic language from the geo visualizers within the values of interoperability, involvement of the actors, feedback and proposals from geo design.
基金Sponsored by"Twelfth Five-year Plan"of Jiangxi Provincial Social Science Program(14SH05)Humanities and Social Science Program of Jiangxi Provincial Universities and Colleges(JC1434)Jiangxi Provincial Arts and Science Program(YG2014113)
文摘Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has achieved remarkable progress through the 30-year development. The change from the past frontier town to the current megacity makes urban planning practices of Shenzhen City significant for the exploration of other Chinese cities. Combining with significant planning events of Shenzhen City, this paper divided its urban planning history into 3 stages: exploration, transformation and improvement, and particularly introduced its overall planning, urban design, and statutory plan, and finally proposed suggestions for other cities' development on the basis of urban planning history of Shenzhen.
文摘The work that follows aims at evaluating the urban area/neighborhood of“Agios Konstantinos”in the city of Larissa to the extent that it meets the criteria of green-sustainable design,as these criteria are included in the LEED-Neighborhood Development system methodology.The above methodology encodes the most important elements for green urban planning and provides a quantitative assessment system with key axes those of“smart location and connectivity”,“neighborhood model and plan”and“green infrastructure and buildings”.Nowadays,there is an ongoing debate on urban space and its problems.All urban elements,such as those of the built-structured environment,its open-public areas and its natural elements formulate the urban plot.At the same time,human activities greatly affect both the plot and the living conditions.Environmental issues are often disregarded in urban space and its planning process with damaging effects on cities and,more general,on urban settlements.The advantages and benefits of formally including environmental considerations in urban planning and integrating them into urban development strategies are many,as two of the most important“urban problems”are those of the gradual deterioration and degradation of the area’s microclima and the excessive consumption of energy resources.
文摘In the recent past years, the major challenge facing scientists and researchers in the field of knowledge engineering is classifying and sharing geographic data with both computer and human. Ontology is one of the most important classification schemes that aim to make data machine-interpretable. In the literature, all ontology based models developed in the field of urban planning have some limits. First, they describe the nature of each parcel of the soil while ignoring other important components of urban planning such as services, infrastructure … Secondly, these ontologies are developed according to legislation and regulations of the zone studied so they can’t be used by some urban territories that have specific urban law such as Moroccan country. This paper presents a new multi-dimensional ontology model called LUP specifically developed to overcome this flaw. The main goal is to provide semantic land use descriptions according to four dimensions: zoning, services, infrastructure and easement and to define all LUP concepts within the Moroccan urban law. We illustrate the use of our proposed model with a case study by mapping a land use planning document within the area of Ainchock municipality of Casablanca city according to our model concepts.
